1
|
Lee S, Jung SY, Yoo D, Go D, Park JY, Lee JM, Um W. Alternatives of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as potential therapeutic platforms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1478517. [PMID: 39315312 PMCID: PMC11417005 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1478517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
With outstanding therapeutic potential in the tissue regeneration and anti-inflammation, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-EXOs) have emerged as a prominent therapeutic in recent. However, poor production yield and reproducibility have remained as significant challenges of their practical applications. To surmount these challenges, various alternative materials with stem cell-like functions, have been recently investigated, however, there has been no comprehensive analysis in these alternatives so far. Here, we discuss the recent progress of alternatives of MSC-EXOs, including exosomes and exosome-like nanovesicles from various biological sources such as plants, milk, microbes, and body fluids. Moreover, we extensively compare each alternative by summarizing their unique functions and mode of actions to suggest the expected therapeutic target and future directions for developing alternatives for MSC-EXOs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jong Min Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooram Um
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li X, Yu D, Chen X, Huang Z, Zhao Y. A strategy for oral delivery of FGF21 for mitigating inflammation and multi-organ damage in sepsis. Int J Pharm 2024; 656:124115. [PMID: 38614430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) shows great therapeutic potential in metabolic, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. However, current FGF21 administration predominantly relies on injection rather than oral ingestion due to its limited stability and activity post-gastrointestinal transit, thereby hindering its clinical utility. Milk-derived exosomes (mEx) have emerged as a promising vehicle for oral drug delivery due to their ability to maintain structural integrity in the gastrointestinal milieu. To address the challenge associated with oral delivery of FGF21, we encapsulated FGF21 within mEx (mEx@FGF21) to protect its activity post-oral administration. Additionally, we modified the surface of mEx@FGF21 by introducing transferrin (TF) to enhance intestinal absorption and transport, designated TF-mEx@FGF21. In vitro results demonstrated that the surface modification of TF promoted FGF21 internalization by intestinal epithelial cells. Orally administered TF-mEx@FGF21 showed promising therapeutic effects in septic mice. This study represents a practicable strategy for advancing the clinical application of oral FGF21 delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinze Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Dedong Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xuanhe Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yingzheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo 315300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oliver C, Mishra VSN, Santoro J, Mukhopadhya A, Buckley F, O'Driscoll L, Giblin L, Brodkorb A. Effect of In Vitro Enzyme Digestion and Bile Treatment on Milk Extracellular Vesicles Stability. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300620. [PMID: 38708685 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE Milk extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized particles with potential immune bioactivities. This study examines their fate during in vitro infant gastrointestinal digestion (GI). METHODS AND RESULTS Bovine milk is digested using the in vitro INFOGEST method, adjusted for the infant. To unravel the contribution of digestive enzymes from bile, milk is treated with digestive enzymes, bile, or a combination of both. EVs are collected posttreatment using differential ultracentrifugation. EVs characterization includes electrophoresis, immunoblotting, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and atomic force microscopy. EVs protein markers programmed cell death 6-interacting protein (ALIX), tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101), cluster of differentiation 9 (CD9), and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) are detected after gastric digestion (G60), but their signal intensity is significantly reduced by intestinal conditions (p < 0.05). Enzyme digestion, compared to bile treatment (I60 + bile), results in a significant reduction of signal intensities for TSG101 and CD9 (p < 0.05). Nanoparticle tracking analysis shows a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of EV numbers at the end of the intestinal phase. EVs are detected by atomic force microscopy at the end of the intestinal phase, showing that intact EVs can survive upper gut digestion. CONCLUSION Intact EVs can be found at the end of the intestinal phase. However, digestive enzymes and bile reduce the quantity and characteristics of EVs, with digestive enzymes playing a larger role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Oliver
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61C996, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Vinay S N Mishra
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61C996, Ireland
| | - Jessie Santoro
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Anindya Mukhopadhya
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Frank Buckley
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland
| | - Lorraine O'Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Linda Giblin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61C996, Ireland
| | - André Brodkorb
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61C996, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salehi M, Negahdari B, Mehryab F, Shekari F. Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Biomedical Applications, Current Challenges, and Future Perspectives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8304-8331. [PMID: 38587896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano to-micrometer-sized sacs that are released by almost all animal and plant cells and act as intercellular communicators by transferring their cargos between the source and target cells. As a safe and scalable alternative to conditioned medium-derived EVs, milk-derived EVs (miEVs) have recently gained a great deal of popularity. Numerous studies have shown that miEVs have intrinsic therapeutic actions that can treat diseases and enhance human health. Additionally, they can be used as natural drug carriers and novel classes of biomarkers. However, due to the complexity of the milk, the successful translation of miEVs from benchtop to bedside still faces several unfilled gaps, especially a lack of standardized protocols for the isolation of high-purity miEVs. In this work, by comprehensively reviewing the bovine miEVs studies, we provide an overview of current knowledge and research on miEVs while highlighting their challenges and enormous promise as a novel class of theranostics. It is hoped that this study will pave the way for clinical applications of miEVs by addressing their challenges and opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Salehi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14177-55469, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14177-55469, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mehryab
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6153, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148, Iran
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP-TDC), Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dai C, Xu Q, Li L, Liu Y, Qu S. Milk Extracellular Vesicles: Natural Nanoparticles for Enhancing Oral Drug Delivery against Bacterial Infections. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1988-2000. [PMID: 38529792 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Oral drug delivery is typically preferred as a therapeutic intervention due to the complexities and expenses associated with intravenous administration. However, some drugs are poorly absorbed orally, requiring intravenous administration to bypass the gastrointestinal tract and deliver the drug directly into the bloodstream. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel drug delivery platforms to overcome the challenges of oral drug delivery with low solubility, low permeability, oral degradation, and low bioavailability. Advances in extracellular vesicles (EVs) as natural carriers have provided emerging approaches to improve potential therapeutic applications. Milk not only contains traditional nutrients but is also rich in EVs. In this Review, we focus mainly on the purification of milk EVs (mEVs), their safety, and the advantages of mEV-based drug carriers in combatting intestinal infections. Additionally, we summarize several advantages of mEVs over conventional synthetic carriers, such as low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility, and the ability to transfer bioactive molecules between cells. Considering the unmet gaps of mEVs in clinical translation, it is essential to review the cargo loading into mEVs and future perspectives for their use as natural drug carriers for oral delivery. This overview of mEV-based drug carriers for oral delivery sheds light on alternative approaches to treat clinical infections associated with intestinal pathogens and the development of novel oral delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cunchun Dai
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qingjun Xu
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lin Li
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shaoqi Qu
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kankaanpää S, Nurmi M, Lampimäki M, Leskinen H, Nieminen A, Samoylenko A, Vainio SJ, Mäkinen S, Ahonen L, Kangasluoma J, Petäjä T, Viitala S. Comparative analysis of the effects of different purification methods on the yield and purity of cow milk extracellular vesicles. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 3:e149. [PMID: 38938848 PMCID: PMC11080921 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Isolation of extracellular vesicles (EV) has been developing rapidly in parallel with the interest in EVs. However, commonly utilized protocols may not suit more challenging sample matrixes and could potentially yield suboptimal results. Knowing and assessing the pitfalls of isolation procedure to be used, should be involved to some extent for EV analytics. EVs in cow milk are of great interest due to their abundancy and large-scale availability as well as their cross-species bioavailability and possible use as drug carriers. However, the characteristics of milk EVs overlap with those of other milk components. This makes it difficult to isolate and study EVs individually. There exists also a lack of consensus for isolation methods. In this study, we demonstrated the differences between various differential centrifugation-based approaches for isolation of large quantities of EVs from cow milk. Samples were further purified with gradient centrifugation and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and differences were analyzed. Quality measurements were conducted on multiple independent platforms. Particle analysis, electron microscopy and RNA analysis were used, to comprehensively characterize the isolated samples and to identify the limitations and possible sources of contamination in the EV isolation protocols. Vesicle concentration to protein ratio and RNA to protein ratios were observed to increase as samples were purified, suggesting co-isolation with major milk proteins in direct differential centrifugation protocols. We demonstrated a novel size assessment of vesicles using a particle mobility analyzer that matched the sizing using electron microscopy in contrast to commonly utilized nanoparticle tracking analysis. Based on the standards of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and the quick checklist of EV-Track.org for EV isolation, we emphasize the need for complete characterization and validation of the isolation protocol with all EV-related work to ensure the accuracy of results and allow further analytics and experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Nurmi
- Natural Resources Institute FinlandJokioinenFinland
| | - Markus Lampimäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR) / PhysicsUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Anni Nieminen
- Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine FinlandUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Anatoliy Samoylenko
- University of Oulu, Kvantum Institute, Infotech Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Disease Networks Research UnitOulu UniversityOuluFinland
| | - Seppo J. Vainio
- University of Oulu, Kvantum Institute, Infotech Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Disease Networks Research UnitOulu UniversityOuluFinland
| | - Sari Mäkinen
- Natural Resources Institute FinlandJokioinenFinland
| | - Lauri Ahonen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR) / PhysicsUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Juha Kangasluoma
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR) / PhysicsUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR) / PhysicsUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lu D, Liu Y, Kang L, Zhang X, Hu J, Ye H, Huang B, Wu Y, Zhao J, Dai Z, Wang J, Han D. Maternal fiber-rich diet promotes early-life intestinal development in offspring through milk-derived extracellular vesicles carrying miR-146a-5p. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:65. [PMID: 38365722 PMCID: PMC10870446 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS The intestinal development in early life is profoundly influenced by multiple biological components of breast milk, in which milk-derived extracellular vesicles (mEVs) contain a large amount of vertically transmitted signal from the mother. However, little is known about how maternal fiber-rich diet regulates offspring intestinal development by influencing the mEVs. RESULTS In this study, we found that maternal resistant starch (RS) consumption during late gestation and lactation improved the growth and intestinal health of offspring. The mEVs in breast milk are the primary factor driving these beneficial effects, especially enhancing intestinal cell proliferation and migration. To be specific, administration of mEVs after maternal RS intake enhanced intestinal cell proliferation and migration in vivo (performed in mice model and indicated by intestinal histological observation, EdU assay, and the quantification of cyclin proteins) and in vitro (indicated by CCK8, MTT, EdU, and wound healing experiments). Noteworthily, miR-146a-5p was found to be highly expressed in the mEVs from maternal RS group, which also promotes intestinal cell proliferation in cells and mice models. Mechanically, miR-146a-5p target to silence the expression of ubiquitin ligase 3 gene NEDD4L, thereby inhibiting DVL2 ubiquitination, activating the Wnt pathway, and promoting intestinal development. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated the beneficial role of mEVs in the connection between maternal fiber rich diet and offspring intestinal growth. In addition, we identified a novel miRNA-146a-5p-NEDD4L-β-catenin/Wnt signaling axis in regulating early intestinal development. This work provided a new perspective for studying the influence of maternal diet on offspring development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6700 AH, The Netherlands
| | - Yisi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Luyuan Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hao Ye
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6700 AH, The Netherlands
| | - Bingxu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yujun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinbiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Furukawa S, Kawaguchi K, Chikama K, Yamada R, Kamatari YO, Lim LW, Koyama H, Inoshima Y, Ikemoto MJ, Yoshida S, Hirata Y, Furuta K, Takemori H. Simple methods for measuring milk exosomes using fluorescent compound GIF-2250/2276. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 696:149505. [PMID: 38219490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (EVs) found in culture supernatants, blood, and breast milk. The size of these nanocomplexes limits the methods of EV analyses. In this study, nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD), a fluorophore, conjugated endosome-lysosome imager, GIF-2250 and its derivative, GIF-2276, were evaluated for exosome analyses. A correlation was established between GIF-2250 intensity and protein maker levels in bovine milk exosomes. We found that high-temperature sterilization milk may not contain intact exosomes. For precise analysis, we synthesized GIF-2276, which allows for the covalent attachment of NBD to the Lys residue of exosome proteins, and labeled milk exosomes were separated using a gel filtration system. GIF-2276 showed chromatographic peaks of milk exosomes containing >3 ng protein. The area (quantity) and retention time (size) of the exosome peaks were correlated to biological activity (NO synthesis suppression in RAW264.7 murine macrophages). Heat denaturation of purified milk-derived exosomes disrupted these indicators. Proteome analyses revealed GIF-2276-labeled immunomodulators, such as butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. The immunogenicity and quantity of these factors decreased by heat denaturation. When milk exosomes were purified from market-sourced milk we found that raw and low-temperature sterilization milk samples, contained exosomes (none in high-temperature sterilization milk). These results were also supported by transmission electron microscopy analyses. We also found that GIF-2276 could monitor exosome transportation into HEK293 cells. These results suggested that GIF-2250/2276 may be helpful to evaluate milk exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saho Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kyoka Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kotomi Chikama
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yamada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuji O Kamatari
- Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan; The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Lee Wah Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroko Koyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan; The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuo Inoshima
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mitsushi J Ikemoto
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan; Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Saishi Yoshida
- Seki Gyunyu Co. Ltd, 41, Kannonmae, Seki, Gifu, 501-3835, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirata
- Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kyoji Furuta
- GIFU EXOSOME Co. Ltd, 1-11-9, Yabuta-minani, Gifu, 500-8384, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemori
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan; The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan; GIFU EXOSOME Co. Ltd, 1-11-9, Yabuta-minani, Gifu, 500-8384, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao Q, Wang T, Wang H, Cao P, Jiang C, Qiao H, Peng L, Lin X, Jiang Y, Jin H, Zhang H, Wang S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Fan J, Li B, Li G, Liu B, Li Z, Qi S, Zhang M, Zheng J, Zhou J, Zheng L, Zhao K. Consensus statement on research and application of Chinese herbal medicine derived extracellular vesicles-like particles (2023 edition). CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2024; 16:3-12. [PMID: 38375050 PMCID: PMC10874762 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
To promote the development of extracellular vesicles of herbal medicine especially the establishment of standardization, led by the National Expert Committee on Research and Application of Chinese Herbal Vesicles, research experts in the field of herbal medicine and extracellular vesicles were invited nationwide with the support of the Expert Committee on Research and Application of Chinese Herbal Vesicles, Professional Committee on Extracellular Vesicle Research and Application, Chinese Society of Research Hospitals and the Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Herbal Vesicles. Based on the collation of relevant literature, we have adopted the Delphi method, the consensus meeting method combined with the nominal group method to form a discussion draft of "Consensus statement on research and application of Chinese herbal medicine derived extracellular vesicles-like particles (2023)". The first draft was discussed in online and offline meetings on October 12, 14, November 2, 2022 and April and May 2023 on the current status of research, nomenclature, isolation methods, quality standards and research applications of extracellular vesicles of Chinese herbal medicines, and 13 consensus opinions were finally formed. At the Third Academic Conference on Research and Application of Chinese Herbal Vesicles, held on May 26, 2023, Kewei Zhao, convenor of the consensus, presented and read the consensus to the experts of the Expert Committee on Research and Application of Chinese Herbal Vesicles. The consensus highlights the characteristics and advantages of Chinese medicine, inherits the essence, and keeps the righteousness and innovation, aiming to provide a reference for colleagues engaged in research and application of Chinese herbal vesicles at home and abroad, decode the mystery behind Chinese herbal vesicles together, establish a safe, effective and controllable accurate Chinese herbal vesicle prevention and treatment system, and build a bridge for Chinese medicine to the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Herbal Vesicles, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510378, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510378, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Institute of Life and Health Engineering, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Herbal Vesicles, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510378, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510378, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Chengyu Jiang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Hongzhi Qiao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Lihua Peng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Xingdong Lin
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Herbal Vesicles, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510378, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510378, China
| | - Yunyao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Honglei Jin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510378, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huantian Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510378, China
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Aomen 999078, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Junbing Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bo Li
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Geng Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Bifeng Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Suhua Qi
- School of Medical and Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Jianjian Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, WenZhou 325035, China
| | - Jiuyao Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Herbal Vesicles, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510378, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510378, China
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kewei Zhao
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Herbal Vesicles, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510378, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510378, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Colella AP, Prakash A, Miklavcic JJ. Homogenization and thermal processing reduce the concentration of extracellular vesicles in bovine milk. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:131-140. [PMID: 38268886 PMCID: PMC10804120 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in bovine milk confer beneficial physiologic effects to consumers. Industrial processing treatments may affect the amount or bioactivity of EVs intrinsic to bovine milk. We investigated how the content and concentration of EVs were affected by homogenization and thermal processing of raw bovine milk. Raw milk was processed by homogenization, low-temperature (LT) heat, or pasteurization [high-temperature short-time (HTST) and ultra-high-temperature (UHT)] in a pilot processing facility. EVs were isolated from the raw and processed bovine milk using differential ultracentrifugation and quantified using a nanoparticle tracking analyzer. Bovine milk EVs were assessed for total miRNA and protein concentrations standardized to particle count using a fluorometric assay. There were 1.01 × 1010 (±3.30 × 109) EV particles per ml of bovine milk. All industrial processing treatments caused >60% decrease in EV concentration compared to the raw bovine milk. Homogenization and heat treatments independently and additively reduced the content of EVs in bovine milk. The averages of total miRNA/particle and total protein/particle concentrations were elevated threefold by low-temperature heat-processing treatment relative to HTST and UHT pasteurizations. The average diameter of EVs was reduced by 11%-16% by low temperature compared to raw milk (127 ± 13 nm). Homogenization and pasteurization indiscriminately reduce the EV concentration of bovine milk. Smaller EVs with higher protein content resist degradation when processing bovine milk at sub-pasteurization temperature. This new foundational knowledge may contribute to food product development on the preservation of EVs in processed dairy products, including bovine milk-based infant formulas that some newborns are dependent on for adequate growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna P. Colella
- Schmid College of Science and TechnologyChapman UniversityOrangeCaliforniaUSA
| | - Anuradha Prakash
- Schmid College of Science and TechnologyChapman UniversityOrangeCaliforniaUSA
| | - John J. Miklavcic
- Schmid College of Science and TechnologyChapman UniversityOrangeCaliforniaUSA
- School of PharmacyChapman UniversityIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stastna M. Advances in separation and identification of biologically important milk proteins and peptides. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:101-119. [PMID: 37289082 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Milk is a rich source of biologically important proteins and peptides. In addition, milk contains a variety of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, that carry their own proteome cargo. EVs are essential for cell-cell communication and modulation of biological processes. They act as nature carriers of bioactive proteins/peptides in targeted delivery during various physiological and pathological conditions. Identification of the proteins and protein-derived peptides in milk and EVs and recognition of their biological activities and functions had a tremendous impact on food industry, medicine research, and clinical applications. Advanced separation methods, mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic approaches and innovative biostatistical procedures allowed for characterization of milk protein isoforms, genetic/splice variants, posttranslational modifications and their key roles, and contributed to novel discoveries. This review article discusses recently published developments in separation and identification of bioactive proteins/peptides from milk and milk EVs, including MS-based proteomic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Stastna
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Soukup J, Moško T, Kereïche S, Holada K. Large extracellular vesicles transfer more prions and infect cell culture better than small extracellular vesicles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 687:149208. [PMID: 37949026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Prions are responsible for a number of lethal neurodegenerative and transmissible diseases in humans and animals. Extracellular vesicles, especially small exosomes, have been extensively studied in connection with various diseases. In contrast, larger microvesicles are often overlooked. In this work, we compared the ability of large extracellular vesicles (lEVs) and small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) to spread prions in cell culture. We utilized CAD5 cell culture model of prion infection and isolated lEVs by 20,000×g force and sEVs by 110,000×g force. The lEV fraction was enriched in β-1 integrin with a vesicle size starting at 100 nm. The fraction of sEVs was partially depleted of β-1 integrin with a mean size of 79 nm. Both fractions were enriched in prion protein, but the lEVs contained a higher prion-converting activity. In addition, lEV infection led to stronger prion signals in both cell cultures, as detected by cell and western blotting. These results were verified on N2a-PK1 cell culture. Our data suggest the importance of lEVs in the trafficking and spread of prions over extensively studied small EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Soukup
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tibor Moško
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sami Kereïche
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Holada
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sukreet S, Braga CP, Adamec J, Cui J, Zempleni J. The absorption of bovine milk small extracellular vesicles largely depends on galectin 3 and galactose ligands in human intestinal cells and C57BL/6J mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1421-C1430. [PMID: 37955122 PMCID: PMC10861145 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00282.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles in milk (sMEVs) have attracted attention in drug delivery and as bioactive food compounds. Previous studies implicate galactose residues on the sMEV surface in sMEV transport across intestinal and endothelial barriers in humans, but details of glycoprotein-dependent transport are unknown. We used a combination of cell biology and genetics protocols to identify glycoproteins on the sMEV surface that facilitate sMEV absorption. We identified 256 proteins on the bovine sMEVs surface by using LC-MS/MS, and bioinformatics analysis suggested that 42, 13, and 13 surface proteins were N-, O-, and 13 C-glycosylated, respectively. Lectin blots confirmed the presence of mannose, galactose, N-acetyl galactose, fucose, and neuraminate. When surface proteins were removed by various treatment with various proteases, sMEV uptake decreased by up to 58% and 67% in FHs-74 Int and Caco-2 cells, respectively, compared with controls (P < 0.05). When glycans were removed by treatment with various glycosidases, sMEV uptake decreased by up to 54% and 74% in FHs-74 Int and Caco-2 cells, respectively (P < 0.05). When galactose and N-acetyl galactosamine residues were blocked with agglutinins, sMEV uptake decreased by more than 50% in FHs-74 Int cells (P < 0.05). When bovine sMEVs were administered to Galectin-3 knockout mice by oral gavage, hepatic sMEV accumulation decreased by 56% compared with wild-type mice (P < 0.05), consistent with a role of β-galactoside glycan structures in the absorption of sMEVs. We conclude that sMEVs are decorated with glycoproteins, and Galectin-3 and its galactose ligands are particularly important for sMEV absorption.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first paper to assess the role of unique glycans and their Galectin-3 receptor in the transport and distribution of small extracellular vesicles ("exosomes") from milk in mammals. The research assessed milk exosome transport and distribution by using multiple approaches and platforms including cell cultures, various exosome labels, knockout and mutant mice, enzymatic removal of surface proteins and glycans, and lectin blocking of glycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Sukreet
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States
| | - Camila Pereira Braga
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States
| | - Jiri Adamec
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States
| | - Juan Cui
- School of Computing, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States
| | - Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang Y, Belaid M, Luo X, Daci A, Limani R, Mantaj J, Zilbauer M, Nayak K, Vllasaliu D. Probing milk extracellular vesicles for intestinal delivery of RNA therapies. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:406. [PMID: 37924132 PMCID: PMC10623793 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral delivery remains unattainable for nucleic acid therapies. Many nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have been investigated for this, but most suffer from poor gut stability, poor mucus diffusion and/or inefficient epithelial uptake. Extracellular vesicles from bovine milk (mEVs) possess desirable characteristics for oral delivery of nucleic acid therapies since they both survive digestion and traverse the intestinal mucosa. RESULTS Using novel tools, we comprehensively examine the intestinal delivery of mEVs, probing whether they could be used as, or inform the design of, nanoparticles for oral nucleic acid therapies. We show that mEVs efficiently translocate across the Caco-2 intestinal model, which is not compromised by treatment with simulated intestinal fluids. For the first time, we also demonstrate transport of mEVs in novel 3D 'apical-out' and monolayer-based human intestinal epithelial organoids (IEOs). Importantly, mEVs loaded with small interfering RNA (siRNA) induced (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH) gene silencing in macrophages. Using inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as an example application, we show that administration of anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) siRNA-loaded mEVs reduced inflammation in a IBD rat model. CONCLUSIONS Together, this work demonstrates that mEVs could either act as natural and safe systems for oral delivery or nucleic acid therapies, or inform the design of synthetic systems for such application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyue Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Mona Belaid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Xiang Luo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Armond Daci
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", 10000, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Rinë Limani
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", 10000, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Julia Mantaj
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Komal Nayak
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Driton Vllasaliu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Krupova Z, Leroux C, Péchoux C, Bevilacqua C, Martin P. Comparison of goat and cow milk-derived extracellular vesicle miRNomes. Sci Data 2023; 10:465. [PMID: 37468505 PMCID: PMC10356914 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02347-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
miRNAs present in milk are mainly found in extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are nanosized membrane vesicles released by most of the cell types to ensure intercellular communication. The majority of the studies performed so far on these vesicles have been conducted on human and cow's milk and focused on their miRNA content. The objectives of this study were to profile the miRNA content of purified EVs from five healthy goats and to compare their miRNome to those obtained from five healthy cows, at an early stage of lactation. EV populations were morphologically characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis. The presence of EV protein markers checked by Western blotting and the absence of contamination of preparations by milk proteins. The size distribution and concentration of bovine and goat milk-derived EVs were similar. RNA-sequencing were performed, and all sequences were mapped to the cow genome identifying a total of 295 miRNAs. This study reports for the first-time a goat miRNome from milk EVs and its validation using cow miRNomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Krupova
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christine Leroux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Christine Péchoux
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claudia Bevilacqua
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Patrice Martin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Timofeeva AM, Paramonik AP, Sedykh SS, Nevinsky GA. Milk Exosomes: Next-Generation Agents for Delivery of Anticancer Drugs and Therapeutic Nucleic Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10194. [PMID: 37373342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles 40-120 nm in diameter secreted by almost all cell types and providing humoral intercellular interactions. Given the natural origin and high biocompatibility, the potential for loading various anticancer molecules and therapeutic nucleic acids inside, and the surface modification possibility for targeted delivery, exosomes are considered to be a promising means of delivery to cell cultures and experimental animal organisms. Milk is a unique natural source of exosomes available in semi-preparative and preparative quantities. Milk exosomes are highly resistant to the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. In vitro studies have demonstrated that milk exosomes have an affinity to epithelial cells, are digested by cells by endocytosis mechanism, and can be used for oral delivery. With milk exosome membranes containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic components, exosomes can be loaded with hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. This review covers a number of scalable protocols for isolating and purifying exosomes from human, cow, and horse milk. Additionally, it considers passive and active methods for drug loading into exosomes, as well as methods for modifying and functionalizing the surface of milk exosomes with specific molecules for more efficient and specific delivery to target cells. In addition, the review considers various approaches to visualize exosomes and determine cellular localization and bio-distribution of loaded drug molecules in tissues. In conclusion, we outline new challenges for studying milk exosomes, a new generation of targeted delivery agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Timofeeva
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia P Paramonik
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey S Sedykh
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy A Nevinsky
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Khanam A, Ngu A, Zempleni J. Bioavailability of orally administered small extracellular vesicles from bovine milk in C57BL/6J mice. Int J Pharm 2023; 639:122974. [PMID: 37105241 PMCID: PMC10175213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sMEVs) from bovine milk are studied for delivering therapeutics. Here, we estimated sMEV bioavailability of an oral dose of sMEVs. Bovine sMEVs were labeled covalently with HiLyteTM 750 (MEV-750) and administered by oral gavage to C57BL/6J mice. Plasma, urine, feces, and tissues were harvested at timed intervals for up to 24 h and fluorescence was assessed. Fecal excretion amounted to approximately 55% of the oral MEV-750 dose in males and females. The levels of MEV-750 peaked in the intestinal mucosa and plasma approximately 6 h after oral gavage and returned to baseline at time point 24 h. MEV-750 were detectable in peripheral tissues approximately 12 h after gavage. MEV-750 excretion in urine peaked approximately 6 h after oral gavage and returned to background levels after 24 h. Analysis by size exclusion chromatography suggested that HiLyteTM detached from sMEVs in artificial gastric fluid but not in plasma, i.e., HiLyteTM allows to estimate sMEV bioavailability with comparably high confidence. We conclude that the apparent bioavailability of sMEVs is 45%, and sMEVs are transported to peripheral tissues in C57BL/6J mice; excretion in feces and urine are the main routes of sMEV elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afsana Khanam
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 316 Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0806, USA
| | - Alice Ngu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 316 Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0806, USA
| | - Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 316 Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0806, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhong Y, Wang X, Zhao X, Shen J, Wu X, Gao P, Yang P, Chen J, An W. Multifunctional Milk-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles and Their Biomedical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1418. [PMID: 37242660 PMCID: PMC10223436 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have been regarded as the next generation of novel delivery systems after lipid nanoparticles because of their advantages and huge prospects in drug delivery. Studies have shown that sEVs are abundant in milk and therefore can be a large and economical source of sEVs. Natural milk-derived small extracellular vesicles (msEVs) have important functions such as immune regulation, anti-bacterial infection, anti-oxidative, etc., and play a beneficial role in human health at multiple levels, including intestinal health, bone/muscle metabolism, and microbiota regulation. In addition, because they can pass the gastrointestinal barrier and have low immunogenicity, good biocompatibility, and stability, msEVs are considered a crucial oral drug delivery vehicle. Moreover, msEVs can be further engineered for targeted delivery to prolong the circulation time or enhance local drug concentrations. However, msEVs separation and purification, complex contents, and quality control hinder their application in drug delivery. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the biogenesis and characteristics, isolation and purification, composition, loading methods, and function of msEVs, based on which their applications in biomedical fields are further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youxiu Zhong
- Wenlin An’s Laboratory, National Vaccine & Serum Institute (NVSI), China National Biotech Group (CNBG), Sinopharm Group, No. 38 Jing Hai Second Road, Beijing 101111, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Wenlin An’s Laboratory, National Vaccine & Serum Institute (NVSI), China National Biotech Group (CNBG), Sinopharm Group, No. 38 Jing Hai Second Road, Beijing 101111, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Wenlin An’s Laboratory, National Vaccine & Serum Institute (NVSI), China National Biotech Group (CNBG), Sinopharm Group, No. 38 Jing Hai Second Road, Beijing 101111, China
| | - Jiuheng Shen
- Wenlin An’s Laboratory, National Vaccine & Serum Institute (NVSI), China National Biotech Group (CNBG), Sinopharm Group, No. 38 Jing Hai Second Road, Beijing 101111, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Wenlin An’s Laboratory, National Vaccine & Serum Institute (NVSI), China National Biotech Group (CNBG), Sinopharm Group, No. 38 Jing Hai Second Road, Beijing 101111, China
| | - Peifen Gao
- Wenlin An’s Laboratory, National Vaccine & Serum Institute (NVSI), China National Biotech Group (CNBG), Sinopharm Group, No. 38 Jing Hai Second Road, Beijing 101111, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Wenlin An’s Laboratory, National Vaccine & Serum Institute (NVSI), China National Biotech Group (CNBG), Sinopharm Group, No. 38 Jing Hai Second Road, Beijing 101111, China
| | - Junge Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine & Shenzhen Institute of Beihang University, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenlin An
- Wenlin An’s Laboratory, National Vaccine & Serum Institute (NVSI), China National Biotech Group (CNBG), Sinopharm Group, No. 38 Jing Hai Second Road, Beijing 101111, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Melnik BC, Stadler R, Weiskirchen R, Leitzmann C, Schmitz G. Potential Pathogenic Impact of Cow’s Milk Consumption and Bovine Milk-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076102. [PMID: 37047075 PMCID: PMC10094152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence supports an association between cow’s milk consumption and the risk of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma worldwide. This narrative review intends to elucidate the potential impact of milk-related agents, predominantly milk-derived exosomes (MDEs) and their microRNAs (miRs) in lymphomagenesis. Upregulation of PI3K-AKT-mTORC1 signaling is a common feature of DLBCL. Increased expression of B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) and suppression of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP1)/PR domain-containing protein 1 (PRDM1) are crucial pathological deviations in DLBCL. Translational evidence indicates that during the breastfeeding period, human MDE miRs support B cell proliferation via epigenetic upregulation of BCL6 (via miR-148a-3p-mediated suppression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and miR-155-5p/miR-29b-5p-mediated suppression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA) and suppression of BLIMP1 (via MDE let-7-5p/miR-125b-5p-targeting of PRDM1). After weaning with the physiological termination of MDE miR signaling, the infant’s BCL6 expression and B cell proliferation declines, whereas BLIMP1-mediated B cell maturation for adequate own antibody production rises. Because human and bovine MDE miRs share identical nucleotide sequences, the consumption of pasteurized cow’s milk in adults with the continued transfer of bioactive bovine MDE miRs may de-differentiate B cells back to the neonatal “proliferation-dominated” B cell phenotype maintaining an increased BLC6/BLIMP1 ratio. Persistent milk-induced epigenetic dysregulation of BCL6 and BLIMP1 expression may thus represent a novel driving mechanism in B cell lymphomagenesis. Bovine MDEs and their miR cargo have to be considered potential pathogens that should be removed from the human food chain.
Collapse
|
20
|
Liang JQ, Xie MY, Hou LJ, Wang HL, Luo JY, Sun JJ, Xi QY, Jiang QY, Chen T, Zhang YL. miRNAs derived from milk small extracellular vesicles inhibit porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection. Antiviral Res 2023; 212:105579. [PMID: 36907442 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, causes acute diarrhea and/or vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality in neonatal piglets. It has caused huge economic losses to animal husbandry worldwide. Current commercial PEDV vaccines do not provide enough protection against variant and evolved virus strains. No specific drugs are available to treat PEDV infection. The development of more effective therapeutic anti-PEDV agents is urgently needed. Our previous study suggested that porcine milk small extracellular vesicles (sEV) facilitate intestinal tract development and prevent lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal injury. However, the effects of milk sEV during viral infection remain unclear. Our study found that porcine milk sEV, which was isolated and purified by differential ultracentrifugation, could inhibit PEDV replication in IPEC-J2 and Vero cells. Simultaneously, we constructed a PEDV infection model for piglet intestinal organoids and found that milk sEV also inhibited PEDV infection. Subsequently, in vivo experiments showed that milk sEV pre-feeding exerted robust protection of piglets from PEDV-induced diarrhea and mortality. Strikingly, we found that the miRNAs extracted from milk sEV inhibited PEDV infection. miRNA-seq, bioinformatics analysis, and experimental verification demonstrated that miR-let-7e and miR-27b, which were identified in milk sEV targeted PEDV N and host HMGB1, suppressed viral replication. Taken together, we revealed the biological function of milk sEV in resisting PEDV infection and proved its cargo miRNAs, miR-let-7e and miR-27b, possess antiviral functions. This study is the first description of the novel function of porcine milk sEV in regulating PEDV infection. It provides a better understanding of milk sEV resistance to coronavirus infection, warranting further studies to develop sEV as an attractive antiviral.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Qi Liang
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Mei-Ying Xie
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510520, China
| | - Lian-Jie Hou
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, 511518, China
| | - Hai-Long Wang
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Jun-Yi Luo
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Jia-Jie Sun
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Qian-Yun Xi
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Qing-Yan Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Ting Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.
| | - Yong-Liang Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tian MY, Hao DX, Liu Y, He J, Zhao ZH, Guo TY, Li X, Zhang Y. Milk exosomes: an oral drug delivery system with great application potential. Food Funct 2023; 14:1320-1337. [PMID: 36722924 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02013k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with the smallest diameter, usually divided into cellular sources and body fluid sources. Due to their special properties different from cell-derived exosomes, the application of milk exosomes as an oral drug delivery system has increased greatly. This article introduces the physical and chemical properties of exosomes, separation technology, dyeing and labeling technology, targeted modification technology, and the application of milk exosomes in drug loading and disease therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education; National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China; College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Dong-Xia Hao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education; National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China; College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education; National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China; College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jin He
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education; National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China; College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Zhuo-Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education; National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China; College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ting-Yu Guo
- The International Department of the High School Affiliated to Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education; National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China; College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education; National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China; College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Qu S, Han Y, Liu Y, Zhu J, Acaroz U, Shen J, Zhu K. Milk Exosomes Facilitate Oral Delivery of Drugs against Intestinal Bacterial Infections. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:16069-16079. [PMID: 36515136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II and IV drugs exhibit low solubility and suffer a limitation in oral administration. Exosomes have attracted intensive attention in the efficient delivery of such compounds. However, low gastrointestinal stability and high production cost of exosomes hinder their development as drug carriers. Here, milk exosomes are functionalized with phosphatidylserine and are capable of improving the solubility of BCS class II and IV drugs, resulting in facilitating the oral delivery of the drugs. A natural flavonoid, α-mangostin, is loaded into exosomes (AExo) to enhance the antibacterial efficiency, demonstrated by clearing 99% of bacteria in macrophages. Furthermore, AExo exhibits high mucus penetrability and shows a significant therapeutic efficacy in two animal infection models. Collectively, this work expands the application of exosomes from bovine milk with simple operation and low cost, shedding light on the potential of milk exosomes in improving the solubility of drugs to enhance the efficacy of oral administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqi Qu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yiming Han
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiajia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ulas Acaroz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar 03200, Turkey
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mecocci S, Trabalza-Marinucci M, Cappelli K. Extracellular Vesicles from Animal Milk: Great Potentialities and Critical Issues. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233231. [PMID: 36496752 PMCID: PMC9740508 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Other than representing the main source of nutrition for newborn mammals, milk delivers a sophisticated signaling system from mother to child that promotes postnatal health. The bioactive components transferred through the milk intake are important for the development of the newborn immune system and include oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, lysozyme, α-La, and immunoglobulins. In the last 15 years, a pivotal role in this mother-to-child exchange has been attributed to extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are micro- and nanosized structures enclosed in a phospholipidic double-layer membrane that are produced by all cell types and released in the extracellular environment, reaching both close and distant cells. EVs mediate the intercellular cross-talk from the producing to the receiving cell through the transfer of molecules contained within them such as proteins, antigens, lipids, metabolites, RNAs, and DNA fragments. The complex cargo can induce a wide range of functional modulations in the recipient cell (i.e., anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, angiogenetic, and pro-regenerative modulations) depending on the type of producing cells and the stimuli that these cells receive. EVs can be recovered from every biological fluid, including blood, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, saliva, bile, and milk, which is one of the most promising scalable vesicle sources. This review aimed to present the state-of-the-art of animal-milk-derived EV (mEV) studies due to the exponential growth of this field. A focus on the beneficial potentialities for human health and the issues of studying vesicles from milk, particularly for the analytical methodologies applied, is reported.
Collapse
|
24
|
Milk-Derived miR-22-3p Promotes Proliferation of Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells (HIECs) by Regulating Gene Expression. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224901. [PMID: 36432587 PMCID: PMC9695551 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) is small non-coding RNA involved in gene silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Milk exosomes are microvesicles containing microRNAs (miRNAs). miR-22-3p (miR-22) is plentiful in human milk exosomes and may contribute to intestinal development since milk exosomes and microRNAs are resistant to gastrointestinal digestion in infants. After miR-22 mimics were transfected to human intestinal crypt-like epithelial cells (HIECs) using Lipofectamine for 24 h, RNA was isolated for microarray assay. Microarray results show that miR-22 markedly regulates gene expression, and the roles of miR-22 include promotion of proliferation, regulation of immune functions, and inhibition of apoptosis. Based on the microarray results and miR-22 predicted target genes, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (C/EBPδ) may be an important direct target of miR-22. C/EBPδ is a transcription factor that regulates numerous biological processes including cell proliferation. In miR-22 transfected HIECs, expression of the C/EBPδ gene was significantly inhibited. Silencing of the C/EBPδ gene by siRNA resulted in increased proliferation of HIECs. A luciferase assay showed that miR-22 specifically binds to the 3'-untranslated region of C/EBPδ mRNA. In summary, milk-derived miR-22 promotes intestinal proliferation by modifying gene expression, and C/EBPδ may be an important target for miR-22 involved in this effect.
Collapse
|
25
|
Roglia V, Potestà M, Minchella A, Bruno SP, Bernardini R, Lettieri-Barbato D, Iacovelli F, Gismondi A, Aquilano K, Canini A, Muleo R, Colizzi V, Mattei M, Minutolo A, Montesano C. Exogenous miRNAs from Moringa oleifera Lam. recover a dysregulated lipid metabolism. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1012359. [PMID: 36465560 PMCID: PMC9715436 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1012359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A balanced diet is critical for human health, and edible plants play an important role in providing essential micronutrients as well as specific microRNAs (miRNAs) that can regulate human gene expression. Here we present the effects of Moringa oleifera (MO) miRNAs (mol-miRs) on lipid metabolism. Through in silico studies we identified the potential genes involved in lipid metabolism targeted by mol-miRs. To this end, we tested the efficacy of an aqueous extract of MO seeds (MOES), as suggested in traditional African ethnomedicine, or its purified miRNAs. The biological properties of MO preparations were investigated using a human derived hepatoma cell line (HepG2) as a model. MOES treatment decreased intracellular lipid accumulation and induced apoptosis in HepG2. In the same cell line, transfection with mol-miRs showed similar effects to MOES. Moreover, the effect of the mol-miR pool was investigated in a pre-obese mouse model, in which treatment with mol-miRs was able to prevent dysregulation of lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Roglia
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Potestà
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- UNESCO Interdisciplinary Chair in Biotechnology and Bioethics, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Paola Bruno
- Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Bernardini
- Interdepartmental Center for Animal Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Lettieri-Barbato
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Gismondi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Canini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosario Muleo
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Science, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Vittorio Colizzi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- UNESCO Interdisciplinary Chair in Biotechnology and Bioethics, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mattei
- UNESCO Interdisciplinary Chair in Biotechnology and Bioethics, Rome, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Animal Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Minutolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Montesano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- UNESCO Interdisciplinary Chair in Biotechnology and Bioethics, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hosseini-Giv N, Basas A, Hicks C, El-Omar E, El-Assaad F, Hosseini-Beheshti E. Bacterial extracellular vesicles and their novel therapeutic applications in health and cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:962216. [PMID: 36439225 PMCID: PMC9691856 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.962216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cells communicate with host cells and other bacteria through the release of membrane vesicles known as bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEV). BEV are established mediators of intracellular signaling, stress tolerance, horizontal gene transfer, immune stimulation and pathogenicity. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria produce extracellular vesicles through different mechanisms based on cell structure. BEV contain and transfer different types of cargo such as nucleic acids, proteins and lipids, which are used to interact with and affect host cells such as cytotoxicity and immunomodulation. The role of these membranous microvesicles in host communication, intra- and inter-species cell interaction and signaling, and contribution to various diseases have been well demonstrated. Due to their structure, these vesicles can be easily engineered to be utilized for clinical application, as shown with its role in vaccine therapy, and could be used as a diagnostic and cancer drug delivery tool in the future. However, like other novel therapeutic approaches, further investigation and standardization is imperative for BEV to become a routine vector or a conventional treatment method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Hosseini-Giv
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alyza Basas
- UNSW Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chloe Hicks
- UNSW Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emad El-Omar
- UNSW Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fatima El-Assaad
- UNSW Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elham Hosseini-Beheshti
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- The Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Extracellular Vesicles in Veterinary Medicine. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192716. [PMID: 36230457 PMCID: PMC9559303 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane-bound vesicles involved in many physiological and pathological processes not only in humans but also in all the organisms of the eukaryotic and prokaryotic kingdoms. EV shedding constitutes a fundamental universal mechanism of intra-kingdom and inter-kingdom intercellular communication. A tremendous increase of interest in EVs has therefore grown in the last decades, mainly in humans, but progressively also in animals, parasites, and bacteria. With the present review, we aim to summarize the current status of the EV research on domestic and wild animals, analyzing the content of scientific literature, including approximately 220 papers published between 1984 and 2021. Critical aspects evidenced through the veterinarian EV literature are discussed. Then, specific subsections describe details regarding EVs in physiology and pathophysiology, as biomarkers, and in therapy and vaccines. Further, the wide area of research related to animal milk-derived EVs is also presented in brief. The numerous studies on EVs related to parasites and parasitic diseases are excluded, deserving further specific attention. The literature shows that EVs are becoming increasingly addressed in veterinary studies and standardization in protocols and procedures is mandatory, as in human research, to maximize the knowledge and the possibility to exploit these naturally produced nanoparticles.
Collapse
|
28
|
Melnik BC, Schmitz G. Milk Exosomal microRNAs: Postnatal Promoters of β Cell Proliferation but Potential Inducers of β Cell De-Differentiation in Adult Life. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911503. [PMID: 36232796 PMCID: PMC9569743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β cell expansion and functional maturation during the birth-to-weaning period is driven by epigenetic programs primarily triggered by growth factors, hormones, and nutrients provided by human milk. As shown recently, exosomes derived from various origins interact with β cells. This review elucidates the potential role of milk-derived exosomes (MEX) and their microRNAs (miRs) on pancreatic β cell programming during the postnatal period of lactation as well as during continuous cow milk exposure of adult humans to bovine MEX. Mechanistic evidence suggests that MEX miRs stimulate mTORC1/c-MYC-dependent postnatal β cell proliferation and glycolysis, but attenuate β cell differentiation, mitochondrial function, and insulin synthesis and secretion. MEX miR content is negatively affected by maternal obesity, gestational diabetes, psychological stress, caesarean delivery, and is completely absent in infant formula. Weaning-related disappearance of MEX miRs may be the critical event switching β cells from proliferation to TGF-β/AMPK-mediated cell differentiation, whereas continued exposure of adult humans to bovine MEX miRs via intake of pasteurized cow milk may reverse β cell differentiation, promoting β cell de-differentiation. Whereas MEX miR signaling supports postnatal β cell proliferation (diabetes prevention), persistent bovine MEX exposure after the lactation period may de-differentiate β cells back to the postnatal phenotype (diabetes induction).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-52-4198-8060
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Norouzi M, Bakhtiarizadeh MR, Salehi A. Investigation of the transability of dietary small non-coding RNAs to animals. Front Genet 2022; 13:933709. [PMID: 36134021 PMCID: PMC9483711 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.933709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our daily diet not only provides essential nutrients needed for survival and growth but also supplies bioactive ingredients to promote health and prevent disease. Recent studies have shown that exogenous microRNAs (miRNAs), xenomiRs, may enter the consumer’s body through dietary intake and regulate gene expression. This fascinating phenomenon suggests that xenomiRs can act as a new class of bioactive substances associated with mammalian systems. In contrast, several studies have failed to detect xenomiRs in consumers and reported that the observed diet-derived miRNAs in the previous studies can be related to the false positive effects of experiments. This discrepancy can be attributed to the potential artifacts related to the process of experiments, small sample size, and inefficient bioinformatics pipeline. Since this hypothesis is not generally accepted yet, more studies are required. Here, a stringent and reliable bioinformatics pipeline was used to analyze 133 miRNA sequencing data from seven different studies to investigate this phenomenon. Generally, our results do not support the transfer of diet-derived miRNAs into the animal/human tissues in every situation. Briefly, xenomiRs were absent from most samples, and also, their expressions were very low in the samples where they were present, which is unlikely to be sufficient to regulate cell transcripts. Furthermore, this study showed that the possibility of miRNAs being absorbed through animals’ diets and thus influencing gene expression during specific periods of biological development is not inconceivable. In this context, our results were in agreement with the theory of the transfer of small RNAs under certain conditions and periods as xenomiRs were found in colostrum which may modulate infants’ immune systems via post-transcriptional regulation. These findings provide evidence for the selective absorption of diet-derived small RNAs, which need to be investigated in future studies to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the transference of diet-derived miRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Norouzi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abdolreza Salehi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Alonso-Bernáldez M, Asensio A, Palou-March A, Sánchez J, Palou A, Serra F, Palou M. Breast Milk MicroRNAs Related to Leptin and Adiponectin Function Can Be Modulated by Maternal Diet and Influence Offspring Phenotype in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137237. [PMID: 35806240 PMCID: PMC9266562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence of the role of milk components in the metabolic programming of offspring. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of a diet during lactation on breast milk leptin, adiponectin, and related miRNAs’ expression, and their impact on dams and their offspring. Dams were fed a control diet (controls) or a diet enriched with oleic acid, betaine, and leucine (TX) throughout lactation. A TX diet promoted higher leptin at lactation day (LD) five and lower adiponectin on LD15 (vs. controls) in milk, resulting in increased leptin to adiponectin (L/A) ratio throughout lactation. Moreover, TX diet reduced milk levels of miR-27a, miR-103, miR-200a, and miR-222. Concerning TX offspring, higher body fat was early observed and maintained into adult life, accompanied by higher HOMA-IR than controls at three months of age. Offspring body fat content in adulthood correlated positively with milk L/A ratio at LD15 and negatively with miRNAs modulated by the TX diet. In conclusion, maternal diet during lactation can modulate leptin and adiponectin interplay with miRNAs in milk, setting up the metabolic programming of the offspring. Better knowledge about the influence of diet on this process is necessary to promote a healthy adult life in the progeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Alonso-Bernáldez
- Alimentómica S.L. (Spin off no. 001 from UIB), Parc Bit, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.A.-B.); (A.A.); (A.P.-M.); (M.P.)
| | - Antoni Asensio
- Alimentómica S.L. (Spin off no. 001 from UIB), Parc Bit, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.A.-B.); (A.A.); (A.P.-M.); (M.P.)
| | - Andreu Palou-March
- Alimentómica S.L. (Spin off no. 001 from UIB), Parc Bit, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.A.-B.); (A.A.); (A.P.-M.); (M.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation Group), University of the Balearic Islands, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (J.S.); (A.P.)
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Juana Sánchez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation Group), University of the Balearic Islands, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (J.S.); (A.P.)
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation Group), University of the Balearic Islands, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (J.S.); (A.P.)
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Serra
- Alimentómica S.L. (Spin off no. 001 from UIB), Parc Bit, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.A.-B.); (A.A.); (A.P.-M.); (M.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation Group), University of the Balearic Islands, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (J.S.); (A.P.)
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariona Palou
- Alimentómica S.L. (Spin off no. 001 from UIB), Parc Bit, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.A.-B.); (A.A.); (A.P.-M.); (M.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation Group), University of the Balearic Islands, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (J.S.); (A.P.)
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wells JM, Gao Y, de Groot N, Vonk MM, Ulfman L, van Neerven RJJ. Babies, Bugs, and Barriers: Dietary Modulation of Intestinal Barrier Function in Early Life. Annu Rev Nutr 2022; 42:165-200. [PMID: 35697048 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-122221-103916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is essential in early life to prevent infection, inflammation, and food allergies. It consists of microbiota, a mucus layer, an epithelial layer, and the immune system. Microbial metabolites, the mucus, antimicrobial peptides, and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) protect the intestinal mucosa against infection. The complex interplay between these functionalities of the intestinal barrier is crucial in early life by supporting homeostasis, development of the intestinal immune system, and long-term gut health. Exclusive breastfeeding is highly recommended during the first 6 months. When breastfeeding is not possible, milk-based infant formulas are the only safe alternative. Breast milk contains many bioactive components that help to establish the intestinal microbiota and influence the development of the intestinal epithelium and the immune system. Importantly, breastfeeding lowers the risk for intestinal and respiratory tract infections. Here we review all aspects of intestinal barrier function and the nutritional components that impact its functionality in early life, such as micronutrients, bioactive milk proteins, milk lipids, and human milk oligosaccharides. These components are present in breast milk and can be added to milk-based infant formulas to support gut health and immunity. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 42 is August 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M Wells
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yifan Gao
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - R J Joost van Neerven
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Exosome Carrier Effects; Resistance to Digestion in Phagolysosomes May Assist Transfers to Targeted Cells; II Transfers of miRNAs Are Better Analyzed via Systems Approach as They Do Not Fit Conventional Reductionist Stoichiometric Concepts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116192. [PMID: 35682875 PMCID: PMC9181154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Carrier effects of extracellular vesicles (EV) like exosomes refer to properties of the vesicles that contribute to the transferred biologic effects of their contents to targeted cells. This can pertain to ingested small amounts of xenogeneic plant miRNAs and oral administration of immunosuppressive exosomes. The exosomes contribute carrier effects on transfers of miRNAs by contributing both to the delivery and the subsequent functional intracellular outcomes. This is in contrast to current quantitative canonical rules that dictate just the minimum copies of a miRNA for functional effects, and thus successful transfers, independent of the EV carrier effects. Thus, we argue here that transfers by non-canonical minute quantities of miRNAs must consider the EV carrier effects of functional low levels of exosome transferred miRNA that may not fit conventional reductionist stoichiometric concepts. Accordingly, we have examined traditional stoichiometry vs. systems biology that may be more appropriate for delivered exosome functional responses. Exosome carrier properties discussed include; their required surface activating interactions with targeted cells, potential alternate targets beyond mRNAs, like reaching a threshold, three dimensional aspects of the RNAs, added EV kinetic dynamic aspects making transfers four dimensional, and unique intracellular release from EV that resist intracellular digestion in phagolysosomes. Together these EV carrier considerations might allow systems analysis. This can then result in a more appropriate understanding of transferred exosome carrier-assisted functional transfers. A plea is made that the miRNA expert community, in collaboration with exosome experts, perform new experiments on molecular and quantitative miRNA functional effects in systems that include EVs, like variation in EV type and surface constituents, delivery, dose and time to hopefully create more appropriate and truly current canonical concepts of the consequent miRNA functional transfers by EVs like exosomes.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Exosomes are natural nanoparticles that originate in the endocytic system. Exosomes play an important role in cell-to-cell communication by transferring RNAs, lipids, and proteins from donor cells to recipient cells or by binding to receptors on the recipient cell surface. The concentration of exosomes and the diversity of cargos are high in milk. Exosomes and their cargos resist degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and during processing of milk in dairy plants. They are absorbed and accumulate in tissues following oral administrations, cross the blood-brain barrier, and dietary depletion and supplementation elicit phenotypes. These features have sparked the interest of the nutrition and pharmacology communities for exploring milk exosomes as novel bioactive food compounds and for delivering drugs to diseased tissues. This review discusses the current knowledgebase, uncertainties, and controversies in these lines of scholarly endeavor and health research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ngu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Haichuan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Afsana Khanam
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang Y, Xu Q, Hou J, Huang G, Zhao S, Zheng N, Wang J. Loss of bioactive microRNAs in cow's milk by ultra-high-temperature treatment but not by pasteurization treatment. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:2676-2685. [PMID: 34689341 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk microRNA (miRNA) with bioactivity is beneficial for human health. However, the effect of heat treatment on miRNA in milk is still not clear. In this study, the miRNAs in raw (RM), pasteurized (PM) and ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk (UM) from the same batch were extracted, sequenced and analyzed. RESULTS The results showed that there was a significant difference in miRNAs between RM and UM, but not between RM and PM. The total read counts of milk miRNAs were significantly decreased by heat treatment, with the least counts in UM (P < 0.05). The average length and GC percentage of miRNAs were significantly reduced by heat treatment (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in these terms between RM and PM. The content of miRNAs was verified by qPCR, finding that miR-17-5p, miR-25, miR-27b and miR-9-5p were significantly reduced in UM (P < 0.05) but not significantly affected in PM (except miR-27b). In addition, the targeting gene ontology enrichment functions of the different presented miRNAs were mostly enriched in biological process, cellular component and molecular function. The top 20 enriched miRNAs with different levels in heat-treated milk were identified by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis. Interestingly, most of the functions of these miRNA targeting genes are involved in cancer or inflammation activity. CONCLUSION This study revealed that the bioactive miRNA in RM was lost after UHT treatment but not in pasteurized treatment. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingbiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinxiu Hou
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pieri M, Theori E, Dweep H, Flourentzou M, Kalampalika F, Maniori MA, Papagregoriou G, Papaneophytou C, Felekkis K. A bovine miRNA, bta-miR-154c, withstands in vitro human digestion but does not affect cell viability of colorectal human cell lines after transfection. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:925-936. [PMID: 35318810 PMCID: PMC9063428 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent human cancer with over 1.3 million new cases globally. CRC is a complex disease caused by interactions between genetic and environmental factors; in particular, high consumption of red meat, including beef, is considered a risk factor for CRC initiation and progression. Recent data demonstrate that exogenous microRNAs (miRNAs) entering the body via ingestion could pose an effect on the consumer. In this study, we focused on bovine miRNAs that do not share a seed sequence with humans and mice. We identified bta-miR-154c, a bovine miRNA found in edible parts of beef and predicted via cross-species bioinformatic analysis to affect cancer-related pathways in human cells. When bovine tissue was subjected to cooking and a simulation of human digestion, bta-miR-154c was still detected after all procedures, albeit at reduced concentrations. However, lipofection of bta-miR-154c in three different colorectal human cell lines did not affect their viability as evaluated at various time points and concentrations. These data indicate that bta-miR-154c (a) may affect cancer-related pathways in human cells, (b) can withstand digestion and be detected after all stages of an in vitro digestion protocol, but (c) it does not appear to alter epithelial cell viability after entering human enterocytes, even at supraphysiological amounts. Further experiments will elucidate whether bta-miR-154c exerts a different functional effect on the human gut epithelium, which may cause it to contribute to CRC progression through its consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myrtani Pieri
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Elena Theori
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Harsh Dweep
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kyriacos Felekkis
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pieters BCH, Arntz OJ, Aarts J, Feitsma AL, van Neerven RJJ, van der Kraan PM, Oliveira MC, van de Loo FAJ. Bovine Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Inhibit Catabolic and Inflammatory Processes in Cartilage from Osteoarthritis Patients. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2100764. [PMID: 34965027 PMCID: PMC9285407 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative shows that females who drink milk regularly have less joint cartilage loss and OA progression, but the biologic mechanism is unclear. Bovine milk is a rich source of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are small phospholipid bilayer bound structures that facilitate intercellular communication. In this study, the authors aim to evaluate whether these EVs may have the capacity to protect cartilage from osteoarthritis patients, ex vivo, by directly effecting chondrocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS Human cartilage explants are exposed to cow's milk-derived EVs (CMEVs), which results in reduced sulfated glycosaminoglycan release and inhibition of metalloproteinase-1 expression. Incubation of articular chondrocytes with CMEVs also effectively reduces expression of cartilage destructive enzymes (ADAMTS5, MMPs), which play key roles in the disease progression. In part, these findings are attributed to the presence of TGFβ on these vesicles, and in addition, a possible role is reserved for miR-148a, which is functionally transferred by CMEVs. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of local CMEV delivery in osteoarthritic joints, where inflammatory and catabolic mediators are responsible for joint pathology. CMEVs are carriers of both TGFβ and miR-148a, two essential regulators for maintaining chondrocyte homeostasis and protection against cartilage destruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Onno J. Arntz
- Department of RheumatologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Joyce Aarts
- Department of RheumatologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
| | | | - R. J. Joost van Neerven
- FrieslandCampinaAmersfoortThe Netherlands
- Cell Biology and ImmunologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Marina C. Oliveira
- Department of NutritionNursing SchoolUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMinas GeraisBrazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mecocci S, Ottaviani A, Razzuoli E, Fiorani P, Pietrucci D, De Ciucis CG, Dei Giudici S, Franzoni G, Chillemi G, Cappelli K. Cow Milk Extracellular Vesicle Effects on an In Vitro Model of Intestinal Inflammation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030570. [PMID: 35327370 PMCID: PMC8945533 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer nano-dimensional spherical structures and act mainly as signaling mediators between cells, in particular modulating immunity and inflammation. Milk-derived EVs (mEVs) can have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, and milk is one of the most promising food sources of EVs. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate bovine mEVs anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects on an in vitro co-culture (Caco-2 and THP-1) model of intestinal inflammation through gene expression evaluation with RT-qPCR and cytokine release through ELISA. After establishing a pro-inflammatory environment due to IFN-γ and LPS stimuli, CXCL8, IL1B, TNFA, IL12A, IL23A, TGFB1, NOS2, and MMP9 were significantly up-regulated in inflamed Caco-2 compared to the basal co-culture. Moreover, IL-17, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α release was increased in supernatants of THP-1. The mEV administration partially restored initial conditions with an effective anti-inflammatory activity. Indeed, a decrease in gene expression and protein production of most of the tested cytokines was detected, together with a significant gene expression decrease in MMP9 and the up-regulation of MUC2 and TJP1. These results showed a fundamental capability of mEVs to modulate inflammation and their potential beneficial effect on the intestinal mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Mecocci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
- Sports Horse Research Center (CRCS), University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessio Ottaviani
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy;
- Correspondence: (E.R.); (G.C.); (K.C.); Tel.: +39-010-542274 (E.R.); +39-0761-357429 (G.C.); +39-075-5857722 (K.C.)
| | - Paola Fiorani
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, CNR, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Daniele Pietrucci
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, IBIOM, National Research Council, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Chiara Grazia De Ciucis
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy;
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.D.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.D.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, IBIOM, National Research Council, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.R.); (G.C.); (K.C.); Tel.: +39-010-542274 (E.R.); +39-0761-357429 (G.C.); +39-075-5857722 (K.C.)
| | - Katia Cappelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
- Sports Horse Research Center (CRCS), University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.R.); (G.C.); (K.C.); Tel.: +39-010-542274 (E.R.); +39-0761-357429 (G.C.); +39-075-5857722 (K.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xu M, Chen G, Dong Y, Yang J, Liu Y, Song H, Song H, Wang Y. Liraglutide Loaded-Milk Exosomes Lower Blood Glucose when Given by Sublingual Route. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100758. [PMID: 35199481 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bovine milk is rich in extracellular vesicles (mEVs) which have been suggested as a possible drug delivery vehicle with oral bioavailability. As the digestive fluids contain many lipid- and protein-degrading enzymes, we explored whether mEVs given sublingually could be taken up systemically. mEVs were isolated using three different protocols, which were 120 nm in diameter and carried bovine CD81. Fluorescently stained mEVs given by sublingual route were detected in the circulation, whereas mEVs given by gavage were detected at 2-Log lower concentrations. As proof of the concept, we loaded mEVs with the antidiabetic drug Liraglutide (LRT-EV), which reduced blood glucose levels when given by the sublingual route but showed no efficacy via gavaging. This study suggests that mEV may be an efficient delivery vehicle for drugs that are not orally bioavailable, and LRT-loaded EVs have the potential as the next-generation drug delivery platform for the treatment of chronic diseases, including diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Xu
- National Center of Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 37 ZGC Life Sciences Park Rd., Changping District, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Gang Chen
- National Center of Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 37 ZGC Life Sciences Park Rd., Changping District, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Yanan Dong
- National Center of Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 37 ZGC Life Sciences Park Rd., Changping District, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Jing Yang
- National Center of Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 37 ZGC Life Sciences Park Rd., Changping District, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Yongxue Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Pharmacology, 27 Bei Taiping Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Haijing Song
- PLA Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Emergency Medicine, PLA Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Anxiang Bei Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Haifeng Song
- National Center of Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 37 ZGC Life Sciences Park Rd., Changping District, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Yi Wang
- National Center of Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 37 ZGC Life Sciences Park Rd., Changping District, 102206, Beijing, CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mun D, Oh S, Kim Y. Perspectives on Bovine Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for
Therapeutic Applications in Gut Health. Food Sci Anim Resour 2022; 42:197-209. [PMID: 35310566 PMCID: PMC8907791 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2022.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized vesicles secreted from cells into the
extracellular environment and are composed of a lipid bilayer that contains
cargos with biological activity, such as lipids, proteins, mRNAs, and noncoding
microRNAs (miRNAs). Due to their biological activity and their role in
cell-to-cell communication, interest in EVs is rapidly increasing. Bovine milk
is a food consumed by people of all ages around the world that contains not only
a significant amount of nutrients but also EVs. Milk-derived EVs also exhibit
biological activity similar to other source-derived EVs, and studies on bovine
milk EVs have been conducted in various research fields regarding sufficient
milk production. In particular, not only are the effects of milk EVs themselves
being studied, but the possibility of using them as drug carriers or biomarkers
is also being studied. In this review, the characteristics and cargo of milk EVs
are summarized, as well as their uptake and stability, efficacy and biological
effects as carriers, and future research directions are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daye Mun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sangnam Oh
- Department of Functional Food and
Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069,
Korea
- Corresponding author : Sangnam
Oh, Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju
55069, Korea, Tel: +82-63-220-3109, Fax: +82-63-220-2054, E-mail:
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Corresponding author :
Younghoon Kim, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute
of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea,
Tel: +82-2-880-4808, Fax: +82-2-873-2271, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chiba T, Kooka A, Kowatari K, Yoshizawa M, Chiba N, Takaguri A, Fukushi Y, Hongo F, Sato H, Wada S. Expression profiles of hsa-miR-148a-3p and hsa-miR-125b-5p in human breast milk and infant formulae. Int Breastfeed J 2022; 17:1. [PMID: 34980190 PMCID: PMC8725387 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-021-00436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Milk-derived microRNAs (miRNAs), including hsa-miR-148a-3p (miR-148a) and hsa-miR-125b-5p (miR-125b), have been shown to be beneficial to the gastrointestinal function in infants. Here, we investigated their expression during lactation in humans and determined whether the infant formulae available in Japan contain these miRNAs. Methods Healthy Japanese women (n = 16) who gave birth vaginally or by cesarean section at the Teine Keijinkai Hospital between 1 September 2020, and 31 April 2021 were included in this study. Breast milk was collected by nurses on days 4 or 5 after delivery (hereinafter, transition milk) and on day 30 of postpartum (hereinafter, mature milk). The levels of miR-148a and miR-125b in breastmilk and six commercially available infant formulae were compared and evaluated using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results In all participants, the miR-148a level in mature breastmilk was significantly lower than that in the transition milk. The changes in miR-125b expression during lactation showed similar trends to the changes in miR-148a expression. The miR-148a and miR-125b levels in all analyzed infant formulae were lower than 1/500th and 1/100th of those in mature breastmilk, respectively. Conclusions The levels of both miR-148a and miR-125b in human breast milk decreased on day 30 postpartum compared with those in the transition milk. Additionally, the expression of these miRNAs in infant formulae available in Japan was very low. Further studies with larger populations are required to understand precisely the lactational changes in the expression of miR148a and miR-125b in breast milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Chiba
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, 15-4-1, Maeda 7-jo, Teine-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, 006-8565, Japan. .,Creation Research Institute of Life Science in KITA-no-DAICHI, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Aya Kooka
- Department of Pharmacy, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kowatari
- Department of Nursing, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Megumi Yoshizawa
- Department of Nursing, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Akira Takaguri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, 15-4-1, Maeda 7-jo, Teine-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, 006-8565, Japan.,Creation Research Institute of Life Science in KITA-no-DAICHI, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukushi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Fuminori Hongo
- Department of Pharmacy, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hideki Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, 15-4-1, Maeda 7-jo, Teine-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, 006-8565, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Wada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Matic S, Dia VP. Bovine milk exosomes affected proliferation of macrophages under hypoxia. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:2108-2113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
42
|
Prasad A, Kothari N. Cow products: boon to human health and food security. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 54:12. [PMID: 34894304 PMCID: PMC8665701 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-03014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The world population exceeded 7.8 billion people in 2020 and is predicted to reach 9.9 billion by 2050 as per the current increasing rate of 25%. In view of this, ensuring human health and food security has become an issue of key importance to countries with different degrees of economic development. At the same time, the livestock sector plays a strategic role in improving the economic, environmental, and sociocultural stewardship of any nation. The cow (Bos indicus) has held a distinctive role in human history ever since its domestication because of its valued harvests like dairy products (milk, clarified butter, yogurt, curd, and buttermilk) excreta like dung and urine. These products, except dung, provide all the necessary energy and nutrients to ensure the proper growth and development of the human. They are the source of many bioactive substances, which possess immense pharmacotherapeutic action against various physiological, metabolic and infectious disorders, including COVID-19. The use of urine and dung can be considered a low-cost agricultural practice for farmers and has been extensively used in modern agriculture practices to ensure food security via soil fertility, plant pathogens, and pests. Cow urine mediated synthesized nanomaterial also display distinctive characteristics and novel applications in various fields of science and technology. Thus, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of cow products, describing their biochemical constituents, bioactivities, and their utilization in the area ranging from human welfare to agriculture sustainability. An attempt is also made to present possible applications in bioenergy production and pollution reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arti Prasad
- Laboratory of Public Health Entomology, Department of Zoology, M. L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Naresh Kothari
- Laboratory of Public Health Entomology, Department of Zoology, M. L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wu L, Wang L, Liu X, Bai Y, Wu R, Li X, Mao Y, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Gong T, Zhang Z, Huang Y. Milk-derived exosomes exhibit versatile effects for improved oral drug delivery. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 12:2029-2042. [PMID: 35847507 PMCID: PMC9279706 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuli Bai
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ruinan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yutong Mao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Sichuan University, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongxiang Zheng
- Sichuan University West China School of Pharmacy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Baumrucker CR, Macrina AL, Bruckmaier RM. Colostrogenesis: Role and Mechanism of the Bovine Fc Receptor of the Neonate (FcRn). J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:419-453. [PMID: 35080749 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Colostrogenesis is a separate and unique phase of mammary epithelial cell activity occurring in the weeks before parturition and rather abruptly ending after birth in the bovine. It has been the focus of research to define what controls this process and how it produces high concentrations of specific biologically active components important for the neonate. In this review we consider colostrum composition and focus upon components that appear in first milked colostrum in concentrations exceeding that in blood serum. The Fc Receptor of the Neonate (FcRn) is recognized as the major immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin binding protein that accounts for the proteins' long half-lives. We integrate the action of the pinocytotic (fluid phase) uptake of extracellular components and merge them with FcRn in sorting endosomes. We define and explore the means of binding, sorting, and the transcytotic delivery of IgG1 while recycling IgG2 and albumin. We consider the means of releasing the ligands from the receptor within the endosome and describe a new secretion mechanism of cargo release into colostrum without the appearance of FcRn itself in colostrum. We integrate the insulin-like growth factor family, some of which are highly concentrated bioactive components of colostrum, with the mechanisms related to FcRn endosome action. In addition to secretion, we highlight the recent findings of a role of the FcRn in phagocytosis and antigen presentation and relate its significant and abrupt change in cellular location after parturition to a role in the prevention and resistance to mastitis infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Baumrucker
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ann L Macrina
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Rupert M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang Y, Fang J, Zeng HF, Zhong JF, Li HX, Chen KL. Identification and bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed milk exosomal microRNAs in milk exosomes of heat-stressed Holstein cows. Funct Integr Genomics 2021; 22:77-87. [PMID: 34839400 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-021-00814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In summer, heat stress is one of the primary reasons for the compromised health and low milk productivity of dairy cows. Hyperthermia affects milk synthesis and secretion in the mammary glands of dairy cows. As molecules for intercellular communication, milk-derived exosomes carry genetic material, proteins, and lipids, playing a crucial role in mammary tissue growth and milk synthesis in dairy cows. The aim of this study was to explore the milk exosomal miRNA profile of heat-stressed and normal Holstein cows. We isolated and identified milk exosomes to screening for differentially expressed miRNAs using small RNA sequencing. Then, TargetScan and miRanda algorithms were used to predict the putative targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs, whereas GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed for the differentially expressed miRNA-target genes. Our results showed that 215 miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in heat-stressed milk exosomes, of which one was upregulated and 214 were significantly downregulated. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that differentially expressed miRNAs might play a role in apoptosis, autophagy, and the p38 MAPK pathway. qRT-PCR assay verified that the expression of miRNAs was consistent with the sequencing results, warranting further verification of their specific targets of action. In conclusion, changes in the miRNA expression profile of milk exosomes indicated the role of exosomal miRNAs in regulating heat stress resistance and apoptosis in dairy cows. Our results suggested that milk-derived exosomal miRNAs could increase mammary gland resistance to heat stress, thereby enhancing milk synthesis in dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jian Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Han-Fang Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ji-Feng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.,Youyuan Research Institute of Dairy Industry Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Hui-Xia Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Kun-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Transcriptomic Characterization of Cow, Donkey and Goat Milk Extracellular Vesicles Reveals Their Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312759. [PMID: 34884564 PMCID: PMC8657891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk extracellular vesicles (mEVs) seem to be one of the main maternal messages delivery systems. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are micro/nano-sized membrane-bound structures enclosing signaling molecules and thus acting as signal mediators between distant cells and/or tissues, exerting biological effects such as immune modulation and pro-regenerative activity. Milk is also a unique, scalable, and reliable source of EVs. Our aim was to characterize the RNA content of cow, donkey, and goat mEVs through transcriptomic analysis of mRNA and small RNA libraries. Over 10,000 transcripts and 2000 small RNAs were expressed in mEVs of each species. Among the most represented transcripts, 110 mRNAs were common between the species with cow acting as the most divergent. The most represented small RNA class was miRNA in all the species, with 10 shared miRNAs having high impact on the immune regulatory function. Functional analysis for the most abundant mRNAs shows epigenetic functions such as histone modification, telomere maintenance, and chromatin remodeling for cow; lipid catabolism, oxidative stress, and vitamin metabolism for donkey; and terms related to chemokine receptor interaction, leukocytes migration, and transcriptional regulation in response to stress for goat. For miRNA targets, shared terms emerged as the main functions for all the species: immunity modulation, protein synthesis, cellular cycle regulation, transmembrane exchanges, and ion channels. Moreover, donkey and goat showed additional terms related to epigenetic modification and DNA maintenance. Our results showed a potential mEVs immune regulatory purpose through their RNA cargo, although in vivo validation studies are necessary.
Collapse
|
47
|
Tan XH, Fang D, Xu YD, Nan TG, Song WP, Gu YY, Gu SJ, Yuan YM, Xin ZC, Zhou LQ, Guan RL, Li XS. Skimmed Bovine Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Isolated via "Salting-Out": Characterizations and Potential Functions as Nanocarriers. Front Nutr 2021; 8:769223. [PMID: 34778348 PMCID: PMC8582325 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.769223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine milk-derived extracellular vesicles (BM-EVs) are recognized as promising nanoscale delivery vectors owing to their large availability. However, few isolation methods can achieve high purity and yield simultaneously. Therefore, we developed a novel and cost-effective procedure to separate BM-EVs via "salting-out." First, BM-EVs were isolated from skimmed milk using ammonium sulfate. The majority of BM-EVs were precipitated between 30 and 40% saturation and 34% had a relatively augmented purity. The separated BM-EVs showed a spherical shape with a diameter of 60-150 nm and expressed the marker proteins CD63, TSG101, and Hsp70. The purity and yield were comparable to the BM-EVs isolated via ultracentrifugation while ExoQuick failed to separate a relatively pure fraction of BM-EVs. The uptake of BM-EVs into endothelial cells was dose- and time-dependent without significant cytotoxicity. The levels of endothelial nitric oxide syntheses were regulated by BM-EVs loaded with icariside II and miRNA-155-5p, suggesting their functions as delivery vehicles. These findings have demonstrated that it is an efficient procedure to isolate BM-EVs via "salting-out," holding great promise toward therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Tan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Fang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-De Xu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tie-Gui Nan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Peng Song
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China.,Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-Yang Gu
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China.,Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Ji Gu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Ming Yuan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Cheng Xin
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Qun Zhou
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Li Guan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Song Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Askenase PW. Exosomes provide unappreciated carrier effects that assist transfers of their miRNAs to targeted cells; I. They are 'The Elephant in the Room'. RNA Biol 2021; 18:2038-2053. [PMID: 33944671 PMCID: PMC8582996 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1885189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV), such as exosomes, are emerging biologic entities that mediate important newly recognized functional effects. Exosomes are intracellular endosome-originating, cell-secreted, small nano-size EV. They can transfer cargo molecules like miRNAs to act intracellularly in targeted acceptor cells, to then mediate epigenetic functional alterations. Exosomes among EV, are universal nanoparticles of life that are present across all species. Some critics mistakenly hold exosomes to concepts and standards of cells, whereas they are subcellular nanospheres that are a million times smaller, have neither nuclei nor mitochondria, are far less complex and currently cannot be studied deeply and elegantly by many and diverse technologies developed for cells over many years. There are important concerns about the seeming impossibility of biologically significant exosome transfers of very small amounts of miRNAs resulting in altered targeted cell functions. These hesitations are based on current canonical concepts developed for non-physiological application of miRNAs alone, or artificial non-quantitative genetic expression. Not considered is that the natural physiologic intercellular transit via exosomes can contribute numerous augmenting carrier effects to functional miRNA transfers. Some of these are particularly stimulated complex extracellular and intracellular physiologic processes activated in the exosome acceptor cells that can crucially influence the intracellular effects of the transferred miRNAs. These can lead to molecular chemical changes altering DNA expression for mediating functional changes of the targeted cells. Such exosome mediated molecular transfers of epigenetic functional alterations, are the most exciting and life-altering property that these nano EV bring to virtually all of biology and medicine. .Abbreviations: Ab, Antibody Ag Antigen; APC, Antigen presenting cells; CS, contact sensitivity; DC, Dendritic cells; DTH, Delayed-type hypersensitivity; EV, extracellular vesicles; EV, Extracellular vesicle; FLC, Free light chains of antibodies; GI, gastrointestinal; IP, Intraperitoneal administration; IV, intravenous administration; OMV, Outer membrane vesicles released by bacteria; PE, Phos-phatidylethanolamine; PO, oral administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip W. Askenase
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
López de Las Hazas MC, Del Pozo-Acebo L, Hansen MS, Gil-Zamorano J, Mantilla-Escalante DC, Gómez-Coronado D, Marín F, Garcia-Ruiz A, Rasmussen JT, Dávalos A. Dietary bovine milk miRNAs transported in extracellular vesicles are partially stable during GI digestion, are bioavailable and reach target tissues but need a minimum dose to impact on gene expression. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:1043-1056. [PMID: 34716465 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Extracellular RNAs are unstable and rapidly degraded unless protected. Bovine-milk extracellular vesicles (EVs) confer protection to dietary miRNAs, although it remains unclear whether this importantly improves their chances of reaching host target cells to exert biological effects. METHODS Caco-2, HT-29, Hep-G2 and FHs-74 cell lines were exposed to natural/labelled milk EVs to evaluate cellular uptake. Five frequently reported human milk miRNAs (miR-146b-5p, miR-148a-3p, miR-30a-5p, miR-26a-5p, and miR-22-3p) were loaded into EVs. The intracellular concentration of each miRNA in cells was determined. In addition, an animal study giving an oral dose of loaded EVs in C57BL6/ mice were performed. Gene expression regulation was assessed by microarray analysis. RESULTS Digestive stability analysis showed high overall degradation of exogenous miRNAs, although EV-protected miRNAs better resisted gastrointestinal digestion compared to free miRNAs (tenfold higher levels). Importantly, orally delivered EV-loaded miRNAs reached host organs, including brain, in mice. However, no biological effect has been identified. CONCLUSION Milk EVs protect miRNAs from degradation and facilitate cellular uptake. miRNA concentration in EVs from bovine milk might be insufficient to produce gene modulation. Nevertheless, sizable amounts of exogenous miRNAs may be loaded into EVs, and orally delivered EV-loaded miRNAs can reach tissues in vivo, increasing the possibility of exerting biological effects. Further investigation is justified as this could have an impact in the field of nutrition and health (i.e., infant formulas elaboration).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María-Carmen López de Las Hazas
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Ctra. De Cantoblanco 8, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Del Pozo-Acebo
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Ctra. De Cantoblanco 8, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria S Hansen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Judit Gil-Zamorano
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Ctra. De Cantoblanco 8, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana C Mantilla-Escalante
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Ctra. De Cantoblanco 8, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Gómez-Coronado
- Department of Biochemistry-Research, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Marín
- Department of Applied Chemistry-Physics, Faculty of Science, University Autónoma of Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Garcia-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Ctra. De Cantoblanco 8, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan T Rasmussen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alberto Dávalos
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Ctra. De Cantoblanco 8, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Feng X, Chen X, Zheng X, Zhu H, Qi Q, Liu S, Zhang H, Che J. Latest Trend of Milk Derived Exosomes: Cargos, Functions, and Applications. Front Nutr 2021; 8:747294. [PMID: 34778341 PMCID: PMC8589029 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.747294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized phospholipid bilayer vesicles released to the extracellular environment. Exosomes from various tissues or cells are being studied and there has been a growing interest in milk exosomes research due to their emerging role as messengers between cells and the fact that it can be produced in large quantities with rich source of milk. Milk derived exosomes (MDEs) contain lipids, microRNAs, proteins, mRNAs as well as DNA. Studies of exosome cargo have been conducted widely in many research areas, especially exosomal miRNAs. In this paper, we reviewed the current knowledge in isolation and identification, cargos, functions mainly in intestinal tract and immunity system of MDEs. Its application as drug carriers and diseases biomarker are also discussed. Furthermore, we also consider critical challenges of MDEs application and provide possible directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xucan Zheng
- Foshan Nanhai Poultry Breeding Co., Ltd., Foshan, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Qien Qi
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Shen Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Huihua Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Jianwei Che
- Department of Orthopaedics, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|