1
|
Lorentz L, Schüppen A, Suchan B, Binkofski F. Neural correlates of virtual reality-based attention training: An fMRI study. Neuroimage 2023; 284:120454. [PMID: 37979896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Virtual Reality technology is increasingly used in attention rehabilitation for functional training purposes. However, the neural mechanisms by which Virtual Reality can affect attentional functioning are still unclear. The current study's objective is to examine the effects of stereoscopic vs. monoscopic presentation on neural processing during a visual attention task. METHOD Thirty-two healthy participants performed a visual attention task in an immersive virtual environment that was displayed via MR-compatible video goggles in an MRI scanner. The paradigm altered between trials that required active engagement with the task and mere observation trials. Furthermore, the form of binocular presentation switched between monoscopic and stereoscopic presentation. RESULTS Analyses yielded evidence for increased activation in stereoscopic compared to monoscopic trials in the tertiary visual cortex area V3A as well as elevated activation in the dorsal attention network when engaging in the attention task. An additional ROI analysis of area V3A revealed significantly lower attentional engagement costs in stereoscopic conditions. DISCUSSION Results support previous findings suggesting that V3A is involved in binocular depth perception. Furthermore, heightened activation in V3A following stereoscopic presentation seemed to facilitate attentional engagement with the task. Considering that V3A is the origin of the dorso-dorsal, ventro-dorsal, and ventral visual processing pathways, we regard it as a gating area that decides which kind of visual perception is processed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lorentz
- Division of Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Clinical Neuropsychology, Neuropsychological Therapy Centre, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - André Schüppen
- Division of Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Brain Imaging Facility, Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Boris Suchan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Clinical Neuropsychology, Neuropsychological Therapy Centre, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Binkofski
- Division of Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Research Center Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Carter SL, Patel R, Fisk JD, Figley CR, Marrie RA, Mazerolle EL, Uddin MN, Wong K, Graff LA, Bolton JM, Marriott JJ, Bernstein CN, Kornelsen J. Differences in resting state functional connectivity relative to multiple sclerosis and impaired information processing speed. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1250894. [PMID: 37928146 PMCID: PMC10625423 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1250894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fifty-one percent of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) develop cognitive impairment (CI) in information processing speed (IPS). Although IPS scores are associated with health and well-being, neural changes that underlie IPS impairments in MS are not understood. Resting state fMRI can provide insight into brain function changes underlying impairment in persons with MS. Objectives We aimed to assess functional connectivity (FC) differences in (i) persons with MS compared to healthy controls (HC), (ii) persons with both MS and CI (MS-CI) compared to HC, (iii) persons with MS that are cognitively preserved (MS-CP) compared to HC, (iv) MS-CI compared to MS-CP, and (v) in relation to cognition within the MS group. Methods We included 107 participants with MS (age 49.5 ± 12.9, 82% women), and 94 controls (age 37.9 ± 15.4, 66% women). Each participant was administered the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and underwent a resting state fMRI scan. The MS-CI group was created by applying a z-score cut-off of ≤ -1.5 to locally normalized SDMT scores. The MS-CP group was created by applying a z-score of ≥0. Control groups (HCMS-CI and HCMS-CP) were based on the nearest age-matched HC participants. A whole-brain ROI-to-ROI analysis was performed followed by specific contrasts and a regression analysis. Results Individuals with MS showed FC differences compared to HC that involved the cerebellum, visual and language-associated brain regions, and the thalamus, hippocampus, and basal ganglia. The MS-CI showed FC differences compared to HCMS-CI that involved the cerebellum, visual and language-associated areas, thalamus, and caudate. SDMT scores were correlated with FC between the cerebellum and lateral occipital cortex in MS. No differences were observed between the MS-CP and HCMS-CP or MS-CI and MS-CP groups. Conclusion Our findings emphasize FC changes of cerebellar, visual, and language-associated areas in persons with MS. These differences were apparent for (i) all MS participants compared to HC, (ii) MS-CI subgroup and their matched controls, and (iii) the association between FC and SDMT scores within the MS group. Our findings strongly suggest that future work that examines the associations between FC and IPS impairments in MS should focus on the involvement of these regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean L. Carter
- Neuroscience Research Program, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Winnipeg Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Winnipeg Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ronak Patel
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - John D. Fisk
- Nova Scotia Health and the Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, and Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Chase R. Figley
- Neuroscience Research Program, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Winnipeg Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Winnipeg Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ruth Ann Marrie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Erin L. Mazerolle
- Department of Psychology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
| | - Md Nasir Uddin
- Department of Radiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hajim School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Kaihim Wong
- Neuroscience Research Program, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Winnipeg Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Winnipeg Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lesley A. Graff
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - James M. Bolton
- Department of Psychiatry, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - James J. Marriott
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Charles N. Bernstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jennifer Kornelsen
- Neuroscience Research Program, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Winnipeg Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Winnipeg Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu BS, Ge YJ, Zhang W, Chen SD, Xiang ST, Zhang YR, Ou YN, Jiang YC, Tan L, Cheng W, Suckling J, Feng JF, Yu JT, Mao Y. Genome-wide association study of cerebellar white matter microstructure and genetic overlap with common brain disorders. Neuroimage 2023; 269:119928. [PMID: 36740028 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cerebellum is recognized as being involved in neurocognitive and motor functions with communication with extra-cerebellar regions relying on the white matter integrity of the cerebellar peduncles. However, the genetic determinants of cerebellar white matter integrity remain largely unknown. METHODS We conducted a genome-wide association analysis of cerebellar white matter microstructure using diffusion tensor imaging data from 25,415 individuals from UK Biobank. The integrity of cerebellar white matter microstructure was measured as fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). Identification of independent genomic loci, functional annotation, and tissue and cell-type analysis were conducted with FUMA. The linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) was used to calculate genetic correlations between cerebellar white matter microstructure and regional brain volumes and brain-related traits. Furthermore, the conditional/conjunctional false discovery rate (condFDR/conjFDR) framework was employed to identify the shared genetic basis between cerebellar white matter microstructure and common brain disorders. RESULTS We identified 11 genetic loci (P < 8.3 × 10-9) and 86 genes associated with cerebellar white matter microstructure. Further functional enrichment analysis implicated the involvement of GABAergic neurons and cholinergic pathways. Significant polygenetic overlap between cerebellar white matter tracts and their anatomically connected or adjacent brain regions was detected. In addition, we report the overall genetic correlation and specific loci shared between cerebellar white matter microstructural integrity and brain-related traits, including movement, cognitive, psychiatric, and cerebrovascular categories. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this study represents a step forward in understanding the genetics of cerebellar white matter microstructure and its shared genetic etiology with common brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Sheng Wu
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Jun Ge
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Dong Chen
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Tong Xiang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Ru Zhang
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Nan Ou
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu-Chao Jiang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Fudan ISTBI-ZJNU Algorithm Centre for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China; Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - John Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Mapping Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Jian-Feng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guidotti R, D'Andrea A, Basti A, Raffone A, Pizzella V, Marzetti L. Long-Term and Meditation-Specific Modulations of Brain Connectivity Revealed Through Multivariate Pattern Analysis. Brain Topogr 2023; 36:409-418. [PMID: 36977909 PMCID: PMC10164028 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-023-00950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have provided evidence that extensive meditation practice modifies the functional and structural properties of the human brain, such as large-scale brain region interplay. However, it remains unclear how different meditation styles are involved in the modulation of these large-scale brain networks. Here, using machine learning and fMRI functional connectivity, we investigated how focused attention and open monitoring meditation styles impact large-scale brain networks. Specifically, we trained a classifier to predict the meditation style in two groups of subjects: expert Theravada Buddhist monks and novice meditators. We showed that the classifier was able to discriminate the meditation style only in the expert group. Additionally, by inspecting the trained classifier, we observed that the Anterior Salience and the Default Mode networks were relevant for the classification, in line with their theorized involvement in emotion and self-related regulation in meditation. Interestingly, results also highlighted the role of specific couplings between areas crucial for regulating attention and self-awareness as well as areas related to processing and integrating somatosensory information. Finally, we observed a larger involvement of left inter-hemispheric connections in the classification. In conclusion, our work supports the evidence that extensive meditation practice modulates large-scale brain networks, and that the different meditation styles differentially affect connections that subserve style-specific functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Guidotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "Gabriele d'Annunzio" University Chieti- Pescara, Via dei Vestini 33, 66013, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antea D'Andrea
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "Gabriele d'Annunzio" University Chieti- Pescara, Via dei Vestini 33, 66013, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessio Basti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "Gabriele d'Annunzio" University Chieti- Pescara, Via dei Vestini 33, 66013, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonino Raffone
- Department of Psychology, "La Sapienza" University Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Pizzella
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "Gabriele d'Annunzio" University Chieti- Pescara, Via dei Vestini 33, 66013, Chieti, Italy.
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, "Gabriele d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66013, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Laura Marzetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "Gabriele d'Annunzio" University Chieti- Pescara, Via dei Vestini 33, 66013, Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, "Gabriele d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66013, Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hafiz R, Gandhi TK, Mishra S, Prasad A, Mahajan V, Natelson BH, Di X, Biswal BB. Assessing functional connectivity differences and work-related fatigue in surviving COVID-negative patients. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2022.02.01.478677. [PMID: 35132408 PMCID: PMC8820653 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.01.478677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected all aspects of life around the world. Neuroimaging evidence suggests the novel coronavirus can attack the central nervous system (CNS), causing cerebro-vascular abnormalities in the brain. This can lead to focal changes in cerebral blood flow and metabolic oxygen consumption rate in the brain. However, the extent and spatial locations of brain alterations in COVID-19 survivors are largely unknown. In this study, we have assessed brain functional connectivity (FC) using resting-state functional MRI (RS-fMRI) in 38 (25 males) COVID patients two weeks after hospital discharge, when PCR negative and 31 (24 males) healthy subjects. FC was estimated using independent component analysis (ICA) and dual regression. When compared to the healthy group, the COVID group demonstrated significantly enhanced FC in the basal ganglia and precuneus networks (family wise error (fwe) corrected, pfwe < 0.05), while, on the other hand, reduced FC in the language network (pfwe < 0.05). The COVID group also experienced higher fatigue levels during work, compared to the healthy group (p < 0.001). Moreover, within the precuneus network, we noticed a significant negative correlation between FC and fatigue scores across groups (Spearman's ρ = -0.47, p = 0.001, r2 = 0.22). Interestingly, this relationship was found to be significantly stronger among COVID survivors within the left parietal lobe, which is known to be structurally and functionally associated with fatigue in other neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakibul Hafiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), 323 Dr Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Tapan Kumar Gandhi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Block II, IIT Delhi Main Rd, IIT Campus, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sapna Mishra
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Block II, IIT Delhi Main Rd, IIT Campus, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Alok Prasad
- Internal Medicine, Irene Hospital & Senior Consultant Medicine, Metro Heart and Super-specialty Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Vidur Mahajan
- Centre for Advanced Research in Imaging, Neuroscience & Genomics, Mahajan Imaging, New Delhi, India
| | - Benjamin H. Natelson
- Pain and Fatigue Study Center, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Xin Di
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), 323 Dr Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Bharat B. Biswal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), 323 Dr Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schottelkotte KM, Crone SA. Forebrain control of breathing: Anatomy and potential functions. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1041887. [PMID: 36388186 PMCID: PMC9663927 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1041887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The forebrain plays important roles in many critical functions, including the control of breathing. We propose that the forebrain is important for ensuring that breathing matches current and anticipated behavioral, emotional, and physiological needs. This review will summarize anatomical and functional evidence implicating forebrain regions in the control of breathing. These regions include the cerebral cortex, extended amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and thalamus. We will also point out areas where additional research is needed to better understand the specific roles of forebrain regions in the control of breathing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl M. Schottelkotte
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Steven A. Crone
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Steven A. Crone
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Beeraka NM, Nikolenko VN, Khaidarovich ZF, Valikovna OM, Aliagayevna RN, Arturovna ZL, Alexandrovich KA, Mikhaleva LM, Sinelnikov MY. Recent Investigations on the Functional Role of Cerebellar Neural Networks in Motor Functions & Nonmotor Functions -Neurodegeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1865-1878. [PMID: 35272590 PMCID: PMC9886798 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220310121441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is a well-established primary brain center in charge of controlling sensorimotor functions and non-motor functions. Recent reports depicted the significance of cerebellum in higher-order cognitive functions, including emotion-processing, language, reward-related behavior, working memory, and social behavior. As it can influence diverse behavioral patterns, any defects in cerebellar functions could invoke neuropsychiatric diseases as indicated by the incidence of alexithymia and induce alterations in emotional and behavioral patterns. Furthermore, its defects can trigger motor diseases, such as ataxia and Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, we have extensively discussed the role of cerebellum in motor and non-motor functions and how the cerebellum malfunctions in relation to the neural circuit wiring as it could impact brain function and behavioral outcomes in patients with neuropsychiatric diseases. Relevant data regarding cerebellar non-motor functions have been vividly described, along with anatomy and physiology of these functions. In addition to the defects in basal ganglia, the lack of activity in motor related regions of the cerebellum could be associated with the severity of motor symptoms. All together, this review delineates the importance of cerebellar involvement in patients with PD and unravels a crucial link for various clinical aspects of PD with specific cerebellar sub-regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir N. Nikolenko
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Human Anatomy,I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Department of Human Anatomy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mikhail Y. Sinelnikov
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Human Anatomy,I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Department of Human Anatomy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Matsugi A, Mori N, Hosomi K, Saitoh Y. Cerebellar repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation modulates the motor learning of visually guided voluntary postural control task. Neurosci Lett 2022; 788:136859. [PMID: 36038031 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether vermal cerebellar low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (crTMS) affects motor learning of visually guided postural tracking training (VTT) using foot center of pressure (COP) as well as the stability and sensory contribution of upright standing. Twenty-one healthy volunteers participated (10 in the sham-crTMS group and 11 in the active-crTMS group). For VTT, participants stood on the force plate 1.5 m from the monitor on which the COP and target moved in a circle. Participants tracked the target with their own COP for 1 min, and 10 VTT sessions were conducted. The tracking error (TE) was compared between trials. Active- or sham-crTMS sessions were conducted prior to VTT. At baseline (before crTMS), pre-VTT (after crTMS), and post-VTT, the COP trajectory during upright static standing under four conditions (eyes, open/closed; surface, hard/rubber) was recorded. Comparison of the length of the COP trajectory or path and sensory-contribution-rate showed no significant difference between baseline and pre- and post-VTT. There was a significant decrease in TE in the sham-crTMS but not in the active-crTMS group. VTT and crTMS did not immediately affect the stability and sensory contribution of upright standing; however, crTMS immediately affected motor learning. The vermal cerebellum may contribute to motor learning of voluntary postural control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Matsugi
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Shijonawate Gakuen University, Hojo 5-11-10, Daitou City, Osaka 574-0011, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiko Mori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichi Hosomi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Youichi Saitoh
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering Science, Machikaneyama 1-3, Toyonaka City, Osaka 560-8531, Japan; Tokuyukai Rehabilitation Clinic, Shinsenri-nishimachi 2-24-18, Toyonaka City, Osaka 560-0083, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plastic changes to brain structure and function have been reported in elite athletes of various sports. Interestingly, different regions of the brain were engaged according to the type of sports analyzed. Our laboratory reported no difference in total cerebellar volume of basketball players compared to that in the control group using the manual segmentation method. Further detailed analyses showed that elite basketball players had increased volume of the striatum and vermian lobules VI-VII of the cerebellum. We analyzed the brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of basketball players to understand their cerebral cortical plasticity through automatic analysis tools for MRI. METHODS Brain MRI data were collected from 19 male university basketball players and 20 age-, sex-, and height-matched control groups. In order to understand the changes in the cerebral cortices of basketball players, we employed automated MRI brain analysis techniques, including voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and surface-based morphometry (SBM). RESULTS VBM showed increased gray and white matter volume in both precentral gyri, paracentral lobules and increased gray matter volume in the right anterior superior temporal gyrus. SBM revealed a left dominant increase in both pericentral gyri. Fractal dimensional analysis showed an increase in the area of both precentral gyri, the left subcallosal gyrus, and the right posterior cingulate gyrus. These results suggest a significant role not only for the primary motor cortex, but also for the cingulate gyrus during basketball. CONCLUSION Plastic changes of both precentral gyri, the pericentral area, paracentral lobules, and the right superior temporal gyrus were observed in elite basketball players. There was a strong increase of fractal complexity in both precentral gyri and a weak increase in the right posterior cingulate gyrus and left collateral gyrus. In this study, plastic regions linked to functional neuroanatomy were related to the competence required to play basketball.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Suk Tae
- Brain Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Im Joo Rhyu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Korea 21 FOUR, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The Role of the Cerebellum in Repetitive Behavior Across Species: Childhood Stereotypies and Deer Mice. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 21:440-451. [PMID: 34390462 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the cerebellum may have a significant role in repetitive behaviors. In primary complex motor stereotypies, typically developing children have repetitive movements usually involving rhythmic flapping/waving arm/hand movements. Similarly, the deer mouse animal model exhibits inherited repetitive behaviors, with increased frequencies of spontaneous jumping and rearing. In this study, data from both children with motor stereotypies and deer mice were used to investigate the role of the cerebellum in repetitive behaviors. The 3.0-T MRI volumetric imaging of the cerebellum was obtained in 20 children with primary complex motor stereotypies and 20 healthy controls. In deer mice, cerebellar volume (n = 7/group) and cell counts (n = 9/group) were compared between high- and low-activity animals. Levels of cerebellar neurotransmitters were also determined via HPLC (n = 10/group). In children with stereotypies, (a) there were a statistically significant reduction (compared to controls) in the white matter volume of the posterior cerebellar lobule VI-VII that negatively correlated with motor control and (b) an 8% increase in the anterior vermis gray matter that positively correlated with motor Stereotypy Severity Scores (SSS). In deer mice, (a) there was a significant increase in the volume of the anterior vermal granular cell layer that was associated with higher activity and (b) dentate nucleus cell counts were higher in high activity animals. Similar increases in volume were observed in anterior vermis in children with stereotypies and a deer mouse model of repetitive behaviors. These preliminary findings support the need for further investigation of the cerebellum in repetitive behaviors.
Collapse
|
11
|
Boyraz RK, Kirpinar I, Yilmaz O, Özyurt O, Kiliçarslan T, Aralasmak A. A Treatment-Response Comparison Study of Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Between Standard Treatment of SSRI and Standard Treatment of SSRI Plus Non-dominant Hand-Writing Task in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:698954. [PMID: 34539460 PMCID: PMC8446543 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.698954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Researches have recently shifted from functional/structural imaging studies to functional connectivity (FC) studies in major depressive disorder (MDD). We aimed to compare treatment response of two treatment groups before and after treatment, in terms of both with psychiatric evaluation scales and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) changes in order to objectively demonstrate the possible contribution of the non-dominant hand-writing exercise (NHE) effect on depression treatment. Methods: A total of 26 patients who were right-handed women with similar sociodemographic characteristics were enrolled. Their pre-treatment resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and neuropsychiatric tests were recorded, and then, patients were divided into two groups randomly. A standard treatment (ST) (fix sertraline 50 mg/day) was given to both groups. One randomly selected group was given the NHE in addition to the ST. After 8 weeks of treatment, all patients were reevaluated with rs-fMRI and neuropsychiatric tests. Pre- and post-treatment FC changes within the groups and post-treatment connectivity changes between groups were evaluated. Results: Post-treatment neuropsychiatric tests were significantly different in both groups. Post-treatment, two brain regions' connectivity changed in the ST group, whereas 10 brain regions' connectivity changed significantly in the ST + NHE group. When treatment groups were compared with each other after the treatment, the FC of 13 regions changed in the ST + NHE group compared to the ST group (p-unc/p-PFD <0.05). The density of connectivity changes in the frontal and limbic regions, especially connectivities shown to change in depression treatment, in the ST + NHE group indicates a positive contribution to depression treatment, which is also supported by neuropsychiatric scale changes. Conclusion: NHE, which we developed with inspiration from the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) method, showed significantly more connecitivity changes related with MDD treatment. Beyond offering a new additional treatment method, our study will also contribute to the current literature with our efforts to evaluate all brain regions and networks that may be related to MDD and its treatment together, without being limited to a few regions. Trial Registration: The rs-fMRI and treatment registers were recorded in the BizMed system, which is the patient registration system of Bezmialem Vakif University Medicine Faculty, under the BAP support project approval code and the registration number 3.2018/8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Kevser Boyraz
- Bezmialem VAKIF University, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismet Kirpinar
- Bezmialem VAKIF University, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Yilmaz
- Bezmialem VAKIF University, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Özyurt
- Bogaziçi University, Bogaziçi Engineering Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tezer Kiliçarslan
- Bezmialem VAKIF University, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Aralasmak
- Bezmialem Vakıf University, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shi X, Wei H, Chen Z, Wang J, Qu W, Huang Z, Dai C. Whole-brain monosynaptic inputs and outputs of glutamatergic neurons of the vestibular nuclei complex in mice. Hear Res 2020; 401:108159. [PMID: 33401198 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.108159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vestibular nuclei complex (VN) glutamatergic neurons play a critical role in the multisensory and multimodal processing. The dysfunction of VN leads to a series of vestibular concurrent symptoms, such as disequilibrium, spatial disorientation, autonomic disorders and even emotion disorders. However, the reciprocal neural connectivity in the whole brain of VN glutamatergic neurons was incompletely understood. Here, we employed a cell-type-specific, cre-dependent, modified virus vector to retrogradely and anterogradely trace VN glutamatergic neurons in the VGLUT2-IRES-Cre mouse line. We identified and analyzed statistically the afferents and efferents of VN glutamatergic neurons in the whole brain, and also reconstructed monosynaptic inputs distribution of VN glutamatergic neurons at the three-dimensional level with the combination of a fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography system (fMOST). We found that VN glutamatergic neurons primarily received afferents from 57 nuclei and send efferents to 59 nuclei in the whole brain, intensively located in the brainstem and cerebellum. Projections from nuclei in the cerebellum targeting VN glutamatergic neurons mainly performed the balance control - the principal function of the vestibular system. In addition, VN glutamatergic neurons sent projections to oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus and abducens nucleus dominating the eye movement. Except for the maintenance of balance, VN glutamatergic neurons were also directly connected with other functional regions, such as sleep-wake state (locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, gigantocellular reticular nucleus, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, periaqueductal gray, subcoeruleus nucleus, parvicellular reticular nucleus, paramedian raphe nucleus), and emotional regulation (locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe nucleus). Hence, this study revealed a comprehensive whole-brain neural connectivity of VN glutamatergic neurons and provided with a neuroanatomic foundation to further study on central vestibular circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xunbei Shi
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Haohua Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zeka Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weimin Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhili Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Chunfu Dai
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Development of lateral pulvinar resting state functional connectivity and its role in attention. Cortex 2020; 136:77-88. [PMID: 33486158 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The lateral pulvinar nucleus (LPN) has a well-established role in visual attention. Oscillatory activity of the LPN is critical for cortico-cortical communication within and among occipital and temporal visual processing regions. However, the functional development of the LPN and its role in attention deficits is not understood. This study examined the development of thalamic functional connectivity and its relation to attention abilities. METHOD Resting state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging images from 950 participants (ages 8-21) in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC) were used to examine age effects. Follow-up General Linear Models were performed to examine brain-behavior effects with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptom ratings and D-prime scores from the Penn Continuous Performance Task, a behavioral measure of selective attention. RESULTS LPN functional connectivity with ventral visual stream regions of the occipital and temporal cortices decreased with age, while LPN functional connectivity with the supplementary motor area increased with age. Weaker LPN connectivity in the inferior parietal lobule, supramarginal gyrus, posterior insula, and inferior frontal gyrus was associated with more ADHD symptoms; stronger pulvinar-cerebellar connectivity was also associated with more ADHD symptoms. Better D-prime scores were associated with greater connectivity between the pulvinar and superior parietal gyrus; better D-prime scores were associated with weaker pulvinar connectivity with striatal, middle temporal gyrus, and medial prefrontal cortex regions. CONCLUSION These findings implicate the LPN in the development of the ventral visual processing stream between late childhood and early adulthood and suggest that LPN connectivity with higher order attention networks is important for attention abilities.
Collapse
|
14
|
Dovjak GO, Diogo MC, Brugger PC, Gruber GM, Weber M, Glatter S, Seidl R, Bettelheim D, Prayer D, Kasprian GJ. Quantitative fetal magnetic resonance imaging assessment of cystic posterior fossa malformations. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2020; 56:78-85. [PMID: 31595598 PMCID: PMC7384051 DOI: 10.1002/uog.21890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Normal cognitive development usually requires a structurally intact and complete cerebellar vermis. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether quantification by fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of vermis- and brainstem-specific imaging markers improves the definition of cystic posterior fossa malformations (cPFM). METHODS Fetuses diagnosed with cPFM that had an available midsagittal plane on T2-weighted MRI were identified retrospectively and compared with gestational-age (GA) matched brain-normal controls. Fetuses with cPFM were assigned to three groups, according to standard criteria (vermian size and brainstem-vermis (BV) angle): normal vermian area and BV angle < 25° (Group 1); reduced vermian area and/or BV angle of 25-45° (Group 2); and reduced vermian area and BV angle > 45° (Group 3; Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM) group). The number of differentiable vermian lobules and the areas of the vermis, mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata were quantified, correlated with and controlled for GA, and compared between the study groups. RESULTS In total, 142 cases of cPFM were included, with a mean GA of 25.20 ± 5.11 weeks. Cases comprised Blake's pouch cyst (n = 46), arachnoid cyst (n = 12), inferior vermian hypoplasia (n = 5), megacisterna magna (n = 35) and classic DWM (n = 44). In the control group, 148 fetuses were included, with a mean GA of 25.26 ± 4.12 weeks. All quantified areas and the number of differentiable vermian lobules had a significant positive correlation with GA. The number of vermian lobules and the areas of all quantified regions, except for that of the medulla oblongata, differed significantly between the study groups (P ≤ 0.015 for all). The control group had the highest number of differentiable vermian lobules and the DWM group had the lowest (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Prenatal MRI assessment of vermian lobules is a useful addition to standard neuroradiological and neurosonographic techniques. The quantification of vermian lobules using fetal MRI allows further differentiation of cPFM into subgroups and thereby improves the classification of hindbrain malformations. © 2019 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. O. Dovjak
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐Guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - M. C. Diogo
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐Guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - P. C. Brugger
- Department of Anatomy and BiomechanicsKarl Landsteiner University of Health SciencesKremsAustria
| | - G. M. Gruber
- Department of Anatomy and BiomechanicsKarl Landsteiner University of Health SciencesKremsAustria
| | - M. Weber
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐Guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - S. Glatter
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - R. Seidl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - D. Bettelheim
- Department of Obstetrics and Feto‐Maternal MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - D. Prayer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐Guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - G. J. Kasprian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐Guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chan JC, Stout JC, Vogel AP. Speech in prodromal and symptomatic Huntington’s disease as a model of measuring onset and progression in dominantly inherited neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:450-460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
16
|
Learning to play badminton altered resting-state activity and functional connectivity of the cerebellar sub-regions in adults. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223234. [PMID: 31574108 PMCID: PMC6771995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that sport experts are different from novices in functions and structures of the cerebellar sub-regions and the functional connectivity (FC) associated with the cerebellum, suggesting the role of the cerebellum on motor skill learning (MSL). However, the manipulation of individuals with different motor skills fails to exclude the effects of innate talents. In addition, individuals with higher motor skills often start with the MSL in their young ages. It is still unclear whether the effects regarding the cerebellum would be shown at one's adult age. The present study was to directly alter individuals' motor skills to investigate whether MSL (taking learning to play badminton as an example) in adulthood influences resting-state activity in the cerebellum. To this end, young adults without ball training experience were recruited as participants and were assigned randomly into the experimental group and the control group. Participants in the experimental group were asked to attend a badminton training course for 12 weeks, while the control group did not regularly attend any ball sports during this period. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was recorded before and after the training. Results showed that compared to the control group, the experimental group had smaller amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in right cerebellar hemispheric VI and left VIII after training. For the experimental group, right hemispheric VIII had a stronger FC with left hemispheric IV-V, cerebellar vermal IX, left middle cingulate gyrus and right hippocampus after training. Taken together, these findings suggested that MSL, at least learning to play badminton in adulthood, reduces resting-state activity in different sub-regions in the cerebellum but increases FC between sub-regions of the cerebellum as well as between sub-regions of the cerebellum and cerebral cortices (e.g., middle cingulate cortex and hippocampus).
Collapse
|