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El Maouardi M, Kharbach M, Cherrah Y, De Braekeleer K, Bouklouze A, Vander Heyden Y. Quality Control and Authentication of Argan Oils: Application of Advanced Analytical Techniques. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041818. [PMID: 36838806 PMCID: PMC9966767 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the nutritional and therapeutic benefits, Argan oil is praised for its unique bio-ecological and botanic interest. It has been used for centuries to treat cardiovascular issues, diabetes, and skin infections, as well as for its anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties. Argan oil is widely commercialized as a result of these characteristics. However, falsifiers deliberately blend Argan oil with cheaper vegetable oils to make economic profits. This reduces the quality and might result in health issues for consumers. Analytical techniques that are rapid, precise, and accurate are employed to monitor its quality, safety, and authenticity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of studies on the quality assessment of Moroccan Argan oil using both untargeted and targeted approaches. To extract relevant information on quality and adulteration, the analytical data are coupled with chemometric techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryeme El Maouardi
- Biopharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat 10100, Morocco
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mourad Kharbach
- Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Yahya Cherrah
- Biopharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Kris De Braekeleer
- Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis & Drug Discovery Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Libre Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Abdelaziz Bouklouze
- Biopharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Norhazlindah MF, Jahurul MHA, Norliza M, Shihabul A, Islam S, Nyam KL, Zaidul ISM. Techniques for extraction, characterization, and application of oil from sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) seed: a review. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Authentication of Argan (Argania spinosa L.) Oil Using Novel DNA-Based Approaches: Detection of Olive and Soybean Oils as Potential Adulterants. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162498. [PMID: 36010499 PMCID: PMC9407626 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Argan oil is a traditional product obtained from the fruits of the argan tree (Argania spinosa L.), which is endemic only to Morocco. It is commercialized worldwide as cosmetic and food-grade argan oil, attaining very high prices in the international market. Therefore, argan oil is very prone to adulteration with cheaper vegetable oils. The present work aims at developing novel real-time PCR approaches to detect olive and soybean oils as potential adulterants, as well as ascertain the presence of argan oil. The ITS region, matK and lectin genes were the targeted markers, allowing to detect argan, olive and soybean DNA down to 0.01 pg, 0.1 pg and 3.2 pg, respectively, with real-time PCR. Moreover, to propose practical quantitative methods, two calibrant models were developed using the normalized ΔCq method to estimate potential adulterations of argan oil with olive or soybean oils. The results allowed for the detection and quantification of olive and soybean oils within 50–1% and 25–1%, respectively, both in argan oil. Both approaches provided acceptable performance parameters and accurate determinations, as proven by their applicability to blind mixtures. Herein, new qualitative and quantitative PCR assays are proposed for the first time as reliable and high-throughput tools to authenticate and valorize argan oil.
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Gharby S, Charrouf Z. Argan Oil: Chemical Composition, Extraction Process, and Quality Control. Front Nutr 2022; 8:804587. [PMID: 35187023 PMCID: PMC8850956 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.804587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Argan oil is considered a relatively international product exported from Morocco, although different companies in Europe and North America distribute argan oil around the globe. Argan oil is non-refined vegetable oil, of the more well-known “virgin oil” type, is produced from the argan tree [Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels]. The argan tree is deemed to be an important forest species from both social and economic standpoints. Argan oil has rapidly emerged as an important product able to bring more income to the local population. In addition, it also has important environmental implications, owing to its ability to stand against desert progression. Currently, argan oil is mainly produced by women's cooperatives in Morocco using a semi-industrial mechanical extraction process. This allows the production of high-quality argan oil. Depending on the method used to prepare argan kernels, two types of argan oil can be obtained: food or cosmetic grade. Cosmetic argan oil is prepared from unroasted kernels, whereas food argan oil is achieved by cold pressing kernels roasted for a few minutes. Previously, the same food argan oil was prepared exclusively by women according to a laborious ancestral process. Extraction technology has been evolved to obtain high-quality argan oil at a large scale. The extraction process and several accompanying parameters can influence the quality, stability, and purity of argan oil. In view of this, the present review discusses different aspects related to argan oil chemical composition along with its nutritional and cosmetic values. Similarly, it details different processes used to prepare argan oil, as well as its quality control, oxidative stability, and authenticity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Gharby
- Laboratory Biotechnology, Materials and Environment, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Taroudant, Morocco
- *Correspondence: Said Gharby
| | - Zoubida Charrouf
- Laboratory of Plant Chemistry and Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
- Zoubida Charrouf
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Boukyoud Z, Ibourki M, Gharby S, Sakar EH, Bijla L, Atifi H, Matthäus B, Laknifli A, Charrouf Z. Can the water quality influence the chemical composition, sensory properties, and oxidative stability of traditionally extracted argan oil? MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-210005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Argan oil (AO) is an appreciated vegetable oil thanks to its high nutritional and cosmetic values. AO extraction technology has evolved to meet the market demand. However artisanal production is still widely practiced. The present study aimed at highlighting the influence of water quality on the physicochemical and sensory properties of artisanally extracted AO. To meet this objective, AO was prepared using various water types namely: well water (AOWW), tap water (AOTW), mineral water (AOMW), distilled water (AODW), and ultra-pure water (AOUW). The obtained AOs were evaluated in terms of routinely measured quality indices: iodine, peroxide, acidity, and anisidine values, UV specific extinction coefficients, refraction index, and moisture content. Chemical composition (fatty acids, sterols content, and tocopherols content) was investigated together with oxidative stability (OS) and sensory properties. As revealed by the statistical test used, water quality impacted significantly mainly on AO chemical composition, OS, and sensory properties. Obtained results of almost studied quality attributes were consistent with the Official Moroccan Norm. The greatest values of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were recorded in AOMW and OAWW, respectively, while AOUW together with AOTW displayed the best record of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, the highest values of tocopherols were found in AOTW and AOUW. AODW and AOUW presented greatest values of sterols content, OS, and shelf life. Likewise, sensory analysis was satisfactory in almost obtained AOs. Principal component analysis confirmed these results and allowed a good separation among AOs especially with sterols and tocopherols. Based on these outcomes, it could be concluded that water quality is an important parameter to consider by AO producers, ultra-pure and distilled water seemed to exert an ameliorative effect on quality, stability, and shelf life of AOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaineb Boukyoud
- Laboratory Biotechnology, Materials and Environment (LBME), Faculty Polydisciplinary of Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Ibourki
- Laboratory Biotechnology, Materials and Environment (LBME), Faculty Polydisciplinary of Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
- African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Laayoune, Morocco
| | - Said Gharby
- Laboratory Biotechnology, Materials and Environment (LBME), Faculty Polydisciplinary of Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - El Hassan Sakar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tetuan, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Mhannech II, Tetuan, Morocco
| | - Laila Bijla
- Laboratory Biotechnology, Materials and Environment (LBME), Faculty Polydisciplinary of Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Hajar Atifi
- Laboratory Biotechnology, Materials and Environment (LBME), Faculty Polydisciplinary of Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Bertrand Matthäus
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Department for Safety and Quality of Cereals, Working Group for Lipid Research, Schützenberg 12, 32756 Detmold, Germany
| | - Abdelatif Laknifli
- Laboratory Biotechnology, Materials and Environment (LBME), Faculty Polydisciplinary of Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Zoubida Charrouf
- Laboratory of Plant Chemistry and Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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Mohammed F, Guillaume D, Warland J, Abdulwali N. Analytical methods to detect adulteration of argan oil: A critical review. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kamoun J, Krichen F, Koubaa I, Zouari N, Bougatef A, Abousalham A, Aloulou A. In vitro lipolysis and physicochemical characterization of unconventional star anise oil towards the development of new lipid-based drug delivery systems. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06717. [PMID: 33898835 PMCID: PMC8056425 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-based drug delivery systems are widely used for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, following oral intake, lipid excipients often undergo gastrointestinal lipolysis, which drastically affects drugs solubility and bioavailability. That's why developing new lipid excipients which are resistant to digestion would be of great interest. We studied here the potential role of the unconventional Chinese star anise whole seedpod oil (CSAO) as an alternative multifunctional lipid excipient. Pancreatic lipase-mediated digestion of the extracted crude oil emulsion was assessed in vitro. Pancreatic lipase, being a strict sn-1,3-regioselective lipase, showed a high (16-fold) olive oil to CSAO activity ratio, which could be attributed to fatty acids composition and triglycerides intramolecular structure. For the sake of comparison, the non-regioselective lipase Novozyme® 435 exhibited higher activity than pancreatic lipase on CSAO emulsion, perhaps due to its ability to release fatty acids from the internal sn-2 position of TAGs. Apart counteracting lipolysis, CSAO oil also showed additional biopharmaceutical benefits including moderate antioxidant and antihypertensive activities. Altogether, these findings highlight for the first time the potential use of star anise unconventional whole seedpod oil as a multifunctional lipid excipient for the development of new lipid formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannet Kamoun
- University of Sfax, National Engineering School of Sfax, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, Sfax 3038, Tunisia.,Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), UMR 5246 CNRS, Génie Enzymatique, Membranes Biomimétiques et Assemblages Supramoléculaires (GEMBAS), Bât Raulin, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Fatma Krichen
- University of Sfax, National Engineering School of Sfax, Laboratory of Plant Improvement and Valorization of Agro-resources, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Imed Koubaa
- University of Sfax, Faculty of Science of Sfax, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Nacim Zouari
- University of Gabes, Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine, Medenine 4119, Tunisia
| | - Ali Bougatef
- University of Sfax, National Engineering School of Sfax, Laboratory of Plant Improvement and Valorization of Agro-resources, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Abdelkarim Abousalham
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), UMR 5246 CNRS, Génie Enzymatique, Membranes Biomimétiques et Assemblages Supramoléculaires (GEMBAS), Bât Raulin, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Ahmed Aloulou
- University of Sfax, National Engineering School of Sfax, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
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Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A, Rodríguez P, Medina M, Santos FJ, Moyano E. Pigment profiles of Spanish extra virgin olive oils by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1075-1086. [PMID: 32427055 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1753891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This work studies the natural pigment profiles (chlorophylls and carotenoids) of Spanish Extra Virgin Olive Oils (EVOO) produced in different Spanish regions. The simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of EVOO natural pigments has been performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) using atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI). The results showed a similar natural pigment pattern for all the analysed EVOOs, although the total pigments content differed significantly. Moreover, the chlorophyll/carotenoid ratio was close to 1, while the lutein/β-carotene ratio was higher than 1, showing that lutein is the most abundant carotenoid in the studied Spanish EVOOs. Data from multivariate statistical approach demonstrated that the olive variety does not discriminate between EVOO samples. However, they were classified based on their origin allowing good differentiation of samples from the Basque Country and Canary Islands from the rest of regions. The results of this study show the differences of the nature and pigments concentration of Spanish EVOO samples, parameters that are of significance for reliable characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilar Rodríguez
- Laboratori Agroalimentari, Generalitat De Catalunya , Cabrils, Spain
| | - Mireia Medina
- Laboratori Agroalimentari, Generalitat De Catalunya , Cabrils, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Encarnacion Moyano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
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Krajnc B, Bontempo L, Luis Araus J, Giovanetti M, Alegria C, Lauteri M, Augusti A, Atti N, Smeti S, Taous F, Amenzou NE, Podgornik M, Camin F, Reis P, Máguas C, Bučar Miklavčič M, Ogrinc N. Selective Methods to Investigate Authenticity and Geographical Origin of Mediterranean Food Products. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1717521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bor Krajnc
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Italy
| | - Jose Luis Araus
- Section of Plant Physiology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, AGROTECNIO, Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuela Giovanetti
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Alegria
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marco Lauteri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Porano, Italy
| | - Angela Augusti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Porano, Italy
| | - Naziha Atti
- Laboratoire de Production Animale et Fourragère, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samir Smeti
- Laboratoire de Production Animale et Fourragère, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fouad Taous
- Centre National de L’énergie, Des Sciences Et Techniques Nucleaires, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nour Eddine Amenzou
- Centre National de L’énergie, Des Sciences Et Techniques Nucleaires, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Maja Podgornik
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Oliveculture, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Federica Camin
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Italy
| | - Pedro Reis
- Sistemas agrários e florestais e sanidade vegetal, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária E Veterinária, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cristina Máguas
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Nives Ogrinc
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Çelik SE, Asfoor A, Şenol O, Apak R. Screening Method for Argan Oil Adulteration with Vegetable Oils: An Online HPLC Assay with Postcolumn Detection Utilizing Chemometric Multidata Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8279-8289. [PMID: 31259549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study is focused on examining the tocopherol isomers (α-, γ-, and δ-) fingerprinting by online RP-HPLC analysis with post column detection using CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity) methodology for argan oil authenticity. The proposed online assay was validated with good precision, reproducibility, and linearity. Sixteen argan oil samples (100% pure-certified and other commercial argan oils), possible adulterating vegetable oils (i.e., olive, sunflower, corn, and soya oils), and virgin argan oil blended with olive, sunflower, corn, and soya oils at levels of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% were analyzed. Spectrophotometric CUPRAC, DPPH, and ABTS assays were applied. Discrimination of fraudulent argan oils from virgin samples was performed by utilizing orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) regression modeling with good sensitivity and specificity. We suggested [γ-toc/α-toc] value as a new first screening adulteration factor (AF) that could be used to assess fraudulent argan oil samples. The distinct decrement in AF value was observed by the increase of adulteration rate. The AF values for virgin argan oils were ranged from 11.8 (lower limit) to 18.6 (upper limit). The presence of β-sitosterol detected in commercial argan oils (with AF values out of limit values) was evaluated as fraudulent which was in accordance with the proposed assay. Our method enabled the detection of argan oil samples at adulteration levels of >5% in the case of sunflower, olive, and soya oils, >15% in the case of corn oil. This method may be an alternative and specific assay for the authentication and quality detection of commercial argan oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Esin Çelik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa , Avcilar 34320 , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Adel Asfoor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa , Avcilar 34320 , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Onur Şenol
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ataturk University , 25240 , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Reşat Apak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa , Avcilar 34320 , Istanbul , Turkey
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA) , Piyade Sokak No. 27 , 06690 Çankaya , Ankara , Turkey
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Flores García M, Vergara CE, Forero-Doria O, Guzman L, Perez-Camino MDC. Chemical evaluation and thermal behavior of Chilean hazelnut oil (Gevuina avellana Mol) a comparative study with extra virgin olive oil. Eur Food Res Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-018-3206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hanana M, Mezghenni H, Ben Ayed R, Ben Dhiab A, Jarradi S, Jamoussi B, Hamrouni L. Nutraceutical potentialities of Tunisian Argan oil based on its physicochemical properties and fatty acid content as assessed through Bayesian network analyses. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:138. [PMID: 29903007 PMCID: PMC6003034 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Argan oil is traditionally produced by cold pressing in South-western Morocco where rural population uses it as edible oil as well as for its therapeutic properties which give them in counterpart valuable income. Given the economical interest of this oil, several attempts of fraudulency have been registered in the world global market leading to loss of authenticity. Our purpose is to launch a program of Tunisian Argan oil valorization since trees from this species have been introduced sixty years ago in Tunisia. The first step was thus to characterize the physicochemical properties and determine the chemical composition of Tunisian Argan oil in order to assess its quality. METHODS Physicochemical parameters of oil quality were determined according to the international standard protocols. Fatty acid content analysis of Argan oils was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrophotometry. A comparative study was realized among Tunisian, Moroccan and Algerian samples differing also by their extraction procedure. The impact of geographical localisation on the fatty acids composition was studied by statistical and modeling Bayesian analyses. RESULTS Physicochemical parameters analysis showed interestingly that Tunisian Argan oil could be classified as extra virgin oil. Argan oil is mainly composed by unsaturated fatty acids (80%), mainly oleic and linoleic acid (linoleic acid was positively influenced by the geographical localization (r = 0.899, p = 0.038) and the P/S index (r = 0.987, p = 0.002)) followed by saturated fatty acids (20%) with other beneficial compounds from the unsaponifiable fraction like polyphenols and carotenoids. Together with fatty acid content, these minor components are likely to be responsible for its nutraceutical properties and beneficial effects. CONCLUSION Tunisian Argan oil displayed valuable qualitative parameters proving its competitiveness in comparison with Moroccan and Algerian oils, and could be therefore considered as extra virgin edible oil for nutraceutical purposes as well as for cosmetic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Hanana
- Extremophile Plants Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Hajer Mezghenni
- Laboratory of Forestry Resources Management and Valorization, National Research Institute of Rural Engineering, Water and Forests, P.B. 10, 2080, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Rayda Ben Ayed
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, PB '1177', 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | | | - Slim Jarradi
- General Direction of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Hydraulic Resources and Fishing, 30 Avenue Alain Savary, 1002, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Bassem Jamoussi
- Laboratory of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, High Institute of Continue Education and Formation, 43 Rue de la Liberté, 2019, Le Bardo, Tunisie
| | - Lamia Hamrouni
- Laboratory of Forestry Resources Management and Valorization, National Research Institute of Rural Engineering, Water and Forests, P.B. 10, 2080, Ariana, Tunisia
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Stokes TD, Foteini M, Brownfield B, Kalivas JH, Mousdis G, Amine A, Georgiou C. Feasibility Assessment of Synchronous Fluorescence Spectral Fusion by Application to Argan Oil for Adulteration Analysis. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 72:432-441. [PMID: 29199851 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817749232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) is used for quantitative analysis as well as for qualitative analysis, such as with classification methods. With SFS, determination of a useful wavelength interval between the excitation and emission wavelengths (Δλ) is required. There are a multitude of Δλ intervals that can be evaluated and optimization of the best one is complex. Presented here is a fusion approach for combining Δλ intervals, thereby negating the need to perform the selection by a skilled operator. To demonstrate the feasibility of omitting selection of the best Δλ interval, adulterated argan oil samples are studied. Argan oil is made from the argan tree, endemic to southwestern Morocco, and is well-known for its cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and nutritional applications. It is considered a luxury product and exported from Morocco around the world. Consequently, detection of argan oil adulteration followed by quantitative analysis of the adulterant concentration is important. This study uses fusion of SFS spectra obtained at ten Δλ intervals to first detect adulteration of argan oil by corn oil and then determination of the corn oil content. For detection of adulteration, 15 one-class classification methods were used simultaneously over the ten Δλ sets of SFS spectra. For tuning parameter dependent classifiers such as Mahalanobis distance, non-optimized classifiers are used. Raw classification values are used, removing the need to set classifier-dependent threshold values, albeit, ultimately, a fusion decision rule is needed for classification. For quantitative analysis, two calibration approaches are evaluated with fusion of these ten Δλ SFS spectral data sets. One is multivariate calibration by partial least squares (PLS). The second approach is a univariate calibration process where the SFS spectra are summed over respective SFS spectral ranges, also known as the area under the curve (AUC). For adulteration detection and quantitation of the corn oil, prediction errors decrease with fusion compared to individually using the ten Δλ interval SFS specific data sets. For this argan oil data set, the AUC method generally provides equivalent prediction errors to PLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Stokes
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - Mellou Foteini
- 2 Chemistry laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Brett Brownfield
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - John H Kalivas
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - George Mousdis
- 3 Theoretical & Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Aziz Amine
- 4 Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Environnement, Université Hassanll-Mohammedia, Morocco
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Pagliuca G, Bozzi C, Gallo FR, Multari G, Palazzino G, Porrà R, Panusa A. Triacylglycerol “hand-shape profile” of Argan oil. Rapid and simple UHPLC-PDA-ESI-TOF/MS and HPTLC methods to detect counterfeit Argan oil and Argan-oil-based products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 150:121-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Deep-fried foods sold by unlicensed street vendors are a health concern for various reasons, but oil quality is particularly important considering known links between fat consumption and cardiovascular disease. To diagnose the exact gravity of this situation in Chile, a country where street vendors are proliferate, the physicochemical parameters of fat fractions from fried food samples were assessed. Fat quality was assessed through the acidity index, peroxide index, extinction coefficient, TOTOX index, polar compounds percentage, and fatty acid profile. Most food samples (80%) had at least a 10% fat content. Many samples also had high peroxide values (1.7–103.3 meqO2/kg) and extinction coefficients (K232 and K270), findings indicative of advanced oil deterioration. These results were supported by values for para-anisidine (100.2–311.0), TOTOX (>103.6), and polar compounds (14.2–49.7%). All assessed food samples contained saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as trans-fatty acids (0.6–1.7%). According to national regulations on polar compounds, 50% of the assessed food samples are unfit for human consumption. When applying national limits for C18, all food samples should be discarded. These findings stress the urgent need to strictly control deep-fried foods sold by street vendors.
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Chasquibol NA, Gómez-Coca RB, Yácono JC, Guinda Á, Moreda W, Del Aguila C, Pérez-Camino MC. Markers of quality and genuineness of commercial extra virgin sacha inchi oils. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2016. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.0457161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This work tackles the study of the quality and authenticity of oils labeled and commercialized as extra virgin sacha inchi oil. Major and minor components as triglycerides, fatty acid methyl esters, tocopherols, sterols and hydrocarbons are determined as well as other physicochemical parameters (density, viscosity, acidity and peroxide value). The results showed that some of the commercialized oils do not fulfill the basic requirement established in the regulation such as the content of α-linolenic acid, higher than 44.7 or 55.0% in the cases of P. volubilis and P. huayllabambana, respectively. The calculated stigmasterol/campesterol ratio for genuine sacha inchi oils should be around 4, however not all commercial oils analyzed comply with this requirement. The presence of the flavons sesamin and sesamolin indicates the addition of compounds from sesame oils. Finally, some of the commercial oils showed to contain trans fatty acids although this was not accompanied by the sterene hydrocarbon presence.
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Chasquibol NA, del Aguila C, Yácono JC, Guinda Á, Moreda W, Gómez-Coca RB, Pérez-Camino MC. Characterization of glyceridic and unsaponifiable compounds of Sacha inchi (Plukenetia huayllabambana L.) oils. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10162-10169. [PMID: 25228323 DOI: 10.1021/jf5028697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work deals with the characterization of the main glyceridic and unsaponifiable components of oils obtained from Sacha inchi (Plukenetia huayllabambana L.) seed ecotypes collected during two harvests in the Department of Amazonas in Peru. The seed-oil yield was 30.3-41.2%; standing out are the high percentages of the ω3- and ω6-fatty acids series whose ranges lie within those of the present Regulation for Sacha inchi oils. Triacylglycerols with even equivalent carbon number (ECN; 36-42) were the main components. Minor glyceridic polar compounds such as oxidized triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, and free fatty acids were determined by high-performance size exclusion chromatography. The low campesterol/stigmasterol ratio (1:6), unusual in the majority of vegetable oils, stands out. Regarding aliphatic hydrocarbons, these oils showed a particular profile for the saturated series of odd and even carbon atom numbers. According to our results Sacha inchi P. huayllabambana oils can be offered as a good alternative to P. volubilis, the species mainly commercialized for this vegetable oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Chasquibol
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Institute of Scientific Research, (IDIC), Universidad de Lima , Avenida Javier Prado Este, cuadra 46 s/n, Monterrico, Lima 33, Perú
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Esslinger S, Riedl J, Fauhl-Hassek C. Potential and limitations of non-targeted fingerprinting for authentication of food in official control. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Dankowska A, Małecka M, Kowalewski W. Discrimination of edible olive oils by means of synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy with multivariate data analysis. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2013. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.012613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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