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Lohrmann KB, Rojas R, Valdivia AL, Abarca A, René Durán L, Barría C, Oliva D. Histopathological survey of parasites harboured by the clam Tawera elliptica (Lamarck, 1818) from Chiloé Archipelago, southeastern Pacific. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 195:107847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Bennion M, Lane H, McDonald IR, Ross P. Histopathology of a threatened surf clam, toheroa (Paphies ventricosa) from Aotearoa New Zealand. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 188:107716. [PMID: 35031296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The toheroa (Paphies ventricosa) is endemic to Aotearoa (New Zealand). Following decades of overfishing in the 1900 s, commercial and recreational fishing of toheroa is now prohibited. For unknown reasons, protective measures in place for over 40 years have not ensured the recovery of toheroa populations. For the first time, a systematic pathology survey was undertaken to provide a baseline of toheroa health in remaining major populations. Using histopathology, parasites and pathologies in a range of tissues are assessed and quantified spatio-temporally. Particular focus is placed on intracellular microcolonies of bacteria (IMCs). Bayesian ordinal logistic regression is used to model IMC infection and several facets of toheroa health. Model outputs show condition to be the most important predictor of IMC intensity in toheroa tissues. The precarious state of many toheroa populations around Aotearoa should warrant greater attention from scientists, conservationists, and regulators. It is hoped that this study will provide some insight into the current health status of a treasured and iconic constituent of several expansive surf beaches in Aotearoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bennion
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Tauranga 3110, New Zealand.
| | - Henry Lane
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ian R McDonald
- School of Science - Te Aka Matuatua, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Phil Ross
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Tauranga 3110, New Zealand
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Howells J, Jaramillo D, Brosnahan CL, Pande A, Lane HS. Intracellular bacteria in New Zealand shellfish are identified as Endozoicomonas species. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 143:27-37. [PMID: 33506813 DOI: 10.3354/dao03547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Kaimoana (shellfish, seafood) is an important food source and a significant social and cultural component of many New Zealand communities, especially the indigenous Māori. Over the past decade a decline has been detected in shellfish health and an increase in mortality events around New Zealand. Intracellular bacteria termed Rickettsia-like organisms (RLOs) have been observed in New Zealand bivalve molluscs during shellfish mortality events. Affected bivalves include cockles Austrovenus stutchburyi, ringed dosinia Dosinia anus, green-lipped mussels Perna canaliculus, pipi Paphies australis, toheroa Paphies ventricosa, tuatua Paphies subtriangulata, deepwater tuatua Paphies donacina and scallops Pecten novaezelandiae. RLOs are an informal morphology-based classification of intracellular bacteria, with the exact identification often unknown. Using shellfish collected during mortality events from 2014 to 2019 and apparently healthy samples collected in 2018 and 2019, we aimed to identify RLOs in New Zealand shellfish. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences from RLO-infected shellfish showed >95% identity to published Endozoicomonas species. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of the sequenced gene in the gill epithelium and digestive epithelium of all study species. A genus-specific quantitative PCR, targeting the 16S rRNA gene was developed to detect Endozoicomonas spp. in shellfish tissue. Prevalence of Endozoicomonas spp. in samples from mortality events and healthy shellfish analysed by quantitative PCR was high. Samples collected from mortality events, however, had a significantly higher load of Endozoicomonas spp. than the healthy samples. These results give us a greater understanding of these intracellular bacteria and their presence in populations of New Zealand shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Howells
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt, 5140, New Zealand
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Parasites in two coexisting bivalves of the Patagonia coast, southwestern Atlantic Ocean: The Puelche oyster (Ostrea puelchana) and false oyster (Pododesmus rudis). J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 158:6-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ross PM, Pande A, Jones JB, Cope J, Flowers G. First detection of gas bubble disease and Rickettsia-like organisms in Paphies ventricosa, a New Zealand surf clam. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:187-190. [PMID: 28708277 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P M Ross
- University of Waikato, Coastal Marine Field Station, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - A Pande
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - J B Jones
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - J Cope
- University of Waikato, Coastal Marine Field Station, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - G Flowers
- University of Waikato, Coastal Marine Field Station, Tauranga, New Zealand
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Carvalho YBM, da Silva Santos JJ, Raibenberg FC, Poersch LH, Romano LA. Use of Polymerase Chain Reaction for Bivalve Pathogen Surveillance in the Yellow Clam Mesodesma mactroides. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2016; 28:114-117. [PMID: 27221761 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2016.1152324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The yellow clam Mesodesma mactroides is a valuable shellfish occurring from the southeastern coast of Brazil to the northern coast of Argentina. Populations of yellow clams are disappearing from their entire range, and the cause is still unknown. The objective of this paper was to search for World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)-listed pathogens and their relatives in the genera Marteilia, Bonamia, and Perkinsus as well as Mikrocytos mackini and the virus OsHV-1 μ var the yellow clam population in southern Brazil using molecular techniques and classic histology protocols. A total of 180 clams were manually collected in the intertidal region at six sampling points covering the entire coast of Rio Grande do Sul State (length, 622 km) in 2013. Tissue samples were tested by OIE-recommended single-step conventional polymerase chain reaction assays. The screening showed no evidence of the specific sequences of the protistan parasites and viral pathogens at any site within the six zones under study. We recommend continuous monitoring of the mollusks in the region. Received July 3, 2015; accepted February 3, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Bovi Morais Carvalho
- a Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande , Rua do Hotel, number 2, CEP 96210-030, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juan Jethro da Silva Santos
- a Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande , Rua do Hotel, number 2, CEP 96210-030, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando C Raibenberg
- b Dirección de Acuicultura , Ministerio de Agricultura , Ganadería y Pesca, Paseo Colon 982 (1063), Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Luis Henrique Poersch
- a Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande , Rua do Hotel, number 2, CEP 96210-030, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luis Alberto Romano
- a Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande , Rua do Hotel, number 2, CEP 96210-030, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Silva Santos JJ, Carvalho YB, de Alcantara Lopes DL, Romano LA. Immunological Profile of the Yellow Clam Mesodesma mactroides (Mesodesmatidae) from the Southern Coast of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2016; 28:11-20. [PMID: 26913557 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2015.1116471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The yellow clam Mesodesma mactroides (Mesodesmatidae) is a sandy beach bivalve that is distributed from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to the south of Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The yellow clam population has been declining in recent decades. To increase our understanding of this species, we evaluated the immunological status of yellow clams collected during different seasons from various areas in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We characterized the hemocytes, determined the differential hemocyte counts (DHCs), calculated the apoptotic index, and evaluated the incidence of parasites in yellow clams through histological analysis. We identified two types of hemocyte (hyaline and granular) that showed significant variation in DHCs among sampling areas during the summer and winter. The apoptotic index only exhibited significant variation during the summer. Histopathological analysis results did not significantly differ among sampling areas. This work demonstrated that environmental variation (e.g., temperature and salinity) associated with anthropogenic actions may be affecting the immune system of yellow clams. However, more studies are needed to determine the full influence of these factors on the yellow clam's immune system and thus contribute to future management and aquaculture of the species. Received May 10, 2015; accepted October 28, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jethro Silva Santos
- a Laboratório de Patologia de Organismos Aquáticos , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande , Codigo Postal 474, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul 96201-900 , Brazil
| | - Yuri Bovi Carvalho
- a Laboratório de Patologia de Organismos Aquáticos , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande , Codigo Postal 474, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul 96201-900 , Brazil
| | - Diogo Luiz de Alcantara Lopes
- b Laboratório de Piscicultura Estuarina e Marinha , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande , Codigo Postal 474, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul 96201-900 , Brazil
| | - Luis Alberto Romano
- a Laboratório de Patologia de Organismos Aquáticos , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande , Codigo Postal 474, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul 96201-900 , Brazil
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Carvalho YBM, Jethro J, Poersch LH, Romano LA. India ink induces apoptosis in the yellow clam Mesodesma mactroides (Deshayes, 1854). Optical and ultrastructural study. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2015; 87:1981-9. [PMID: 26628034 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520140600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports on the acute inflammatory and cellular process in the yellow clam, Mesodesma mactroides, induced by injection of India ink into the muscular foot. Histological observations with optical and electronic microscopy were made at 24 and 48 h after injection. The induced cellular inflammatory response consisted of a general hemocyte infiltration without necrosis and apoptotic activity. Migration of ink-laden phagocytes across the intestinal epithelium was recorded. It appeared that the yellow clam "excreted" ink particles through the gill and kidney. The positive staining for apoptosis was observed in the digestive gland. Electronic microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptotic bodies in the digestive gland. The mechanism by which the India ink particles induce apoptosis remains unknown, but might possibly be associated with the endoplasmic reticulum stress. This work has highlighted features that require further discussion in the restricted field the inflammatory responses of mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri B M Carvalho
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Organismos Aquáticos, Estação Marinha de Aquicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Juan Jethro
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Organismos Aquáticos, Estação Marinha de Aquicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis H Poersch
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Organismos Aquáticos, Estação Marinha de Aquicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis A Romano
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Organismos Aquáticos, Estação Marinha de Aquicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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