1
|
Kim TH, Bae S, Goo S, Myoung J. Distinctive Combinations of RBD Mutations Contribute to Antibody Evasion in the Case of the SARS-CoV-2 Beta Variant. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:1587-1295. [PMID: 37915256 PMCID: PMC10772562 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2308.08020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Since its first report in 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed a grave threat to public health. Virus-specific countermeasures, such as vaccines and therapeutics, have been developed and have contributed to the control of the viral pandemic, which has become endemic. Nonetheless, new variants continue to emerge and could cause a new pandemic. Consequently, it is important to comprehensively understand viral evolution and the roles of mutations in viral infectivity and transmission. SARS-CoV-2 beta variant encode mutations (D614G, N501Y, E484K, and K417N) in the spike which are frequently found in other variants as well. While their individual role in viral infectivity has been elucidated against various therapeutic antibodies, it still remains unclear whether those mutations may act additively or synergistically when combined. Here, we report that N501Y mutation shows differential effect on two therapeutic antibodies tested. Interestingly, the relative importance of E484K and K417N mutations in antibody evasion varies depending on the antibody type. Collectively, these findings suggest that continuous efforts to develop effective antibody therapeutics and combinatorial treatment with multiple antibodies are more rational and effective forms of treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hun Kim
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Department of Bioactive Material Science and Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojung Bae
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Department of Bioactive Material Science and Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggeun Goo
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Department of Bioactive Material Science and Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjong Myoung
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Department of Bioactive Material Science and Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54531, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zeng Q, Liu J, Hao C, Zhang B, Zhang H. Making sense of flavivirus non-strctural protein 1 in innate immune evasion and inducing tissue-specific damage. Virus Res 2023; 336:199222. [PMID: 37716670 PMCID: PMC10518729 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses include medically important mosquito-borne pathogens, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV), that cause hundreds of millions of infections each year. Currently, there are no approved effect therapies against mosquito-borne flaviviruses. The flaviviruses encoded nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a secreted glycoprotein widely involved in viral replication, immune evasion, and directly causing tissue-specific damage during flaviviruses infection. Upon viral infection of host cell, NS1 can be found in multiple oligomeric forms and include a dimer on the cell surface, and a soluble secreted hexameric lipoparticle. In the recent decade, the detailed crystal structure of several flaviviruses NS1 have been determined and unraveled its broader and deeper functions. Consistent with the potential immune function revealed by its structure, NS1 is involved in the escaping of host signal immune pathway mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including RIG-I-like receptors (RLRS) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Moreover, the flavivirus NS1 is efficiently secreted by infected cells and circulates in the blood of the host to directly induce specific tissues damage. The NS1 of ZIKV, JEV and WNV changes the permeability of brain microvascular endothelial cell to cause endothelial cell dysfunction and promote virus pathogenesis. DENV NS1 can induce systemic tissues damage in humans through multiple strategies. Mutations of several key amino acids in NS1 can reduce the neurovirulence of the flavivirus. In this article, we provide an overview of the latest research on this fascinating protein in these disparate areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Chenlin Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Honglei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dobrzyńska M, Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Skrzydlewska E. Metabolic response to CNS infection with flaviviruses. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:218. [PMID: 37775774 PMCID: PMC10542253 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are arthropod-borne RNA viruses found worldwide that, when introduced into the human body, cause diseases, including neuroinfections, that can lead to serious metabolic consequences and even death. Some of the diseases caused by flaviviruses occur continuously in certain regions, while others occur intermittently or sporadically, causing epidemics. Some of the most common flaviviruses are West Nile virus, dengue virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Zika virus and Japanese encephalitis virus. Since all the above-mentioned viruses are capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier through different mechanisms, their actions also affect the central nervous system (CNS). Like other viruses, flaviviruses, after entering the human body, contribute to redox imbalance and, consequently, to oxidative stress, which promotes inflammation in skin cells, in the blood and in CNS. This review focuses on discussing the effects of oxidative stress and inflammation resulting from pathogen invasion on the metabolic antiviral response of the host, and the ability of viruses to evade the consequences of metabolic changes or exploit them for increased replication and further progression of infection, which affects the development of sequelae and difficulties in therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dobrzyńska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14, 15-540, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bernardo-Menezes LC, Agrelli A, Oliveira ASLED, Azevedo EDAN, Morais CNLD. Zika virus: Critical crosstalk between pathogenesis, cytopathic effects, and macroautophagy. J Cell Biochem 2023. [PMID: 37334850 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a re-emerging positive-sense RNA arbovirus. Its genome encodes a polyprotein that is cleaved by proteases into three structural proteins (Envelope, pre-Membrane, and Capsid) and seven nonstructural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5). These proteins have essential functions in viral replication cycle, cytopathic effects, and host cellular response. When infected by ZIKV, host cells promote macroautophagy, which is believed to favor virus entry. Although several authors have attempted to understand this link between macroautophagy and viral infection, little is known. Herein, we performed a narrative review of the molecular connection between macroautophagy and ZIKV infection while focusing on the roles of the structural and nonstructural proteins. We concluded that ZIKV proteins are major virulence factors that modulate host-cell machinery to its advantage by disrupting and/or blocking specific cellular systems and organelles' function, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Coêlho Bernardo-Menezes
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapeutics (LaViTE), Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Almerinda Agrelli
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Materials (LMNANO), Strategic Technologies Center of Northeast (CETENE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Elisa de Almeida Neves Azevedo
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapeutics (LaViTE), Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Clarice Neuenschwander Lins de Morais
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapeutics (LaViTE), Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu H, Feng Y, He ML. Targeting Type I Interferon Induction and Signaling: How Zika Virus Escapes from Host Innate Immunity. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:3015-3028. [PMID: 37416780 PMCID: PMC10321277 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.83056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causes neurological disorders and draws great attention. ZIKV infection can elicit a wide range of immune response. Type I interferons (IFNs) as well as its signaling cascade play crucial role in innate immunity against ZIKV infection and in turn ZIKV can antagonize them. ZIKV genome are mainly recognized by Toll-like receptors 3 (TLR3), TLR7/8 and RIG-I-like receptor 1 (RIG-1), which induces the expression of Type I IFNs and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). ISGs exert antiviral activity at different stages of the ZIKV life cycle. On the other hand, ZIKV takes multiple strategies to antagonize the Type Ⅰ IFN induction and its signaling pathway to establish a pathogenic infection, especially by using the viral nonstructural (NS) proteins. Most of the NS proteins can directly interact with the factors in the pathways to escape the innate immunity. In addition, structural proteins also participate in the innate immune evasion and activation of antibody-binding of blood dendritic cell antigen 2 (BDCA2) or inflammasome also be used to enhance ZIKV replication. In this review, we summarize the recent findings about the interaction between ZIKV infection and type I IFNs pathways and suggest potential strategies for antiviral drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Hu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yaxiu Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lu AY, Gustin A, Newhouse D, Gale M. Viral Protein Accumulation of Zika Virus Variants Links with Regulation of Innate Immunity for Differential Control of Viral Replication, Spread, and Response to Interferon. J Virol 2023; 97:e0198222. [PMID: 37162358 PMCID: PMC10231147 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01982-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Asian lineage Zika virus (ZIKV) strains emerged globally, causing outbreaks linked with critical clinical disease outcomes unless the virus is effectively restricted by host immunity. We have previously shown that retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) senses ZIKV to trigger innate immunity to direct interferon (IFN) production and antiviral responses that can control ZIKV infection. However, ZIKV proteins have been demonstrated to antagonize IFN. Here, we conducted in vitro analyses to assess how divergent prototypic ZIKV variants differ in virologic properties, innate immune regulation, and infection outcome. We comparatively assessed African lineage ZIKV/Dakar/1984/ArD41519 (ZIKV/Dakar) and Asian lineage ZIKV/Malaysia/1966/P6740 (ZIKV/Malaysia) in a human epithelial cell infection model. De novo viral sequence determination identified amino acid changes within the ZIKV/Dakar genome compared to ZIKV/Malaysia. Viral growth analyses revealed that ZIKV/Malaysia accumulated viral proteins and genome copies earlier and to higher levels than ZIKV/Dakar. Both ZIKV strains activated RIG-I/IFN regulatory factor (IRF3) and NF-κB pathways to induce inflammatory cytokine expression and types I and III IFNs. However, ZIKV/Malaysia, but not ZIKV/Dakar, potently blocked downstream IFN signaling. Remarkably, ZIKV/Dakar protein accumulation and genome replication were rescued in RIG-I knockout (KO) cells late in acute infection, resulting in ZIKV/Dakar-mediated blockade of IFN signaling. We found that RIG-I signaling specifically restricts viral protein accumulation late in acute infection where early accumulation of viral proteins in infected cells confers enhanced ability to limit IFN signaling, promoting viral replication and spread. Our results demonstrate that RIG-I-mediated innate immune signaling imparts restriction of ZIKV protein accumulation, which permits IFN signaling and antiviral actions controlling ZIKV infection. IMPORTANCE ZIKV isolates are classified under African or Asian lineages. Infection with emerging Asian lineage-derived ZIKV strains is associated with increased incidence of neurological symptoms that were not previously reported during infection with African or preemergent Asian lineage viruses. In this study, we utilized in vitro models to compare the virologic properties of and innate immune responses to two prototypic ZIKV strains from distinct lineages: African lineage ZIKV/Dakar and Asian lineage ZIKV/Malaysia. Compared to ZIKV/Dakar, ZIKV/Malaysia accumulates viral proteins earlier, replicates to higher levels, and robustly blocks IFN signaling during acute infection. Early accumulation of ZIKV/Malaysia NS5 protein confers enhanced ability to antagonize IFN signaling, dampening innate immune responses to promote viral spread. Our data identify the kinetics of viral protein accumulation as a major regulator of host innate immunity, influencing host-mediated control of ZIKV replication and spread. Importantly, these findings provide a novel framework for evaluating the virulence of emerging variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y. Lu
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew Gustin
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel Newhouse
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chan YT, Cheok YY, Cheong HC, Tang TF, Sulaiman S, Hassan J, Looi CY, Tan KK, AbuBakar S, Wong WF. Immune Recognition versus Immune Evasion Systems in Zika Virus Infection. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020642. [PMID: 36831177 PMCID: PMC9952926 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The reemergence of the Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in recent years has posed a serious threat to global health. Despite being asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic in a majority of infected individuals, ZIKV infection can result in severe manifestations including neurological complications in adults and congenital abnormalities in newborns. In a human host, ZIKV is primarily recognized by RIG-like receptors and Toll-like receptors that elicit anti-viral immunity through the secretion of type I interferon (IFN) to limit viral survival, replication, and pathogenesis. Intriguingly, ZIKV evades its host immune system through various immune evasion strategies, including suppressing the innate immune receptors and signaling pathways, mutation of viral structural and non-structural proteins, RNA modulation, or alteration of cellular pathways. Here, we present an overview of ZIKV recognition by the host immune system and the evasion strategies employed by ZIKV. Characterization of the host-viral interaction and viral disease mechanism provide a platform for the rational design of novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against ZIKV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yee Teng Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yi Ying Cheok
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Heng Choon Cheong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Ting Fang Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sofiah Sulaiman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Jamiyah Hassan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1, Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Kim-Kee Tan
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), Higher Education Center of Excellence (HICoE), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), Higher Education Center of Excellence (HICoE), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-(3)-7967-6672
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dong S, Xiao MZX, Liang Q. Modulation of cellular machineries by Zika virus-encoded proteins. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28243. [PMID: 36262094 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The strain of Zika virus (ZIKV) that circulated during the 2015 epidemic in Brazil has been associated with more than 2000 cases of microcephaly from September 2015 through November 2016. The viral genome determines the biology and pathogenesis of a virus and the virus employs its own gene products to evade host immune surveillance, manipulate cellular machineries, and establish efficient replication. Therefore, understanding the functions of virus-encoded protein not only aids the knowledge of ZIKV biology but also guides the development of anti-ZIKV drugs. In this review, we focus on 10 proteins encoded by ZIKV and summarize their functions in ZIKV replication and pathogenesis according to studies published in the past 6 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Dong
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Maggie Z X Xiao
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Qiming Liang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu Y, Chen Y, Wang J, Fan X, He Z, Qiao S, Hou S, Zou P. A peptide derived from the N-terminal of NS2A for the preparation of ZIKV NS2A recognition polyclonal antibody. J Immunol Methods 2023; 512:113396. [PMID: 36463933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus non-structural protein NS2A participates in viral replication, organization, and budding, as well as escaping host immunity. NS2A also involved in the induction of microcephaly by ZIKV. However, the above studies were mainly performed through NS2A with a tag due to the lack of available antibodies against NS2A. ZIKV NS2A is a multiplex transmembrane protein, which leads to difficulties in the preparation of its recognition antibodies, thus seriously affecting the study of ZIKV NS2A. In this study, we found that a peptide (GSTDHMDHFSLGVLC) derived from the N-terminal of ZIKV NS2A coupled to KLH induced antibodies recognizing ZIKV NS2A in rabbits. The purified polyclonal antibody recognized ZIKV NS2A in ZIKV-infected cells with high efficiency and specificity, as detected by western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Our study has important implications for the preparation of ZIKV NS2A antibodies and the in-depth study of ZIKV NS2A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Yu
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Proteins, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Yongkang Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Proteins, Shanxi Jinbo Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Xiuling Fan
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Proteins, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Zhenrui He
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Proteins, Shanxi Jinbo Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Shaojun Qiao
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Proteins, Shanxi Jinbo Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Shishi Hou
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Proteins, Shanxi Jinbo Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gao S, Liu X, Han B, Wang N, Lv X, Guan X, Xu G, Huang J, Shi W, Liu M. Salmonid alphavirus non-structural protein 2 is a key protein that activates the NF-κB signaling pathway to mediate inflammatory responses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 129:182-190. [PMID: 36058437 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) infection of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) causes pancreas disease (PD) with typical inflammatory responses, such as necrosis of the exocrine pancreas, cardiomyopathy and skeletal myopathy. However, the pathogenic mechanism underlying SAV infection is still unclear. Inflammation may cause damage to the body, but it is a defense response against infection by pathogenic microorganisms, of which nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is the main regulator. This study revealed that SAV can activate NF-κB, of which the viral nonstructural protein Nsp2 is the major activating protein. SAV activates the NF-κB signaling pathway by simultaneously up-regulating TLR3, 7, 8 and then the expression of the signaling molecule myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). We found that Nsp2 can induce IκB degradation and p65 phosphorylation and transnucleation, and activate NF-κB downstream inflammatory cytokines. Nsp2 may simultaneously activate NF-κB through TLR3,7,8-dependent signaling pathways. Overexpression of Nsp2 can up-regulate mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and then promote the expression of IFNa1 and antiviral protein Mx, which inhibits viral replication. This study shows that Nsp2 acts as a key activator protein for the NF-κB signaling pathway, which induces inflammation post-SAV infection. This study systematically analyzes the molecular mechanism of SAV activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, and provides a theoretical basis for revealing the mechanism of innate immune response and inflammatory injury caused by SAV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Lv
- Beijing Aquaculture Technology Extention Station, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueting Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Gefeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinshan Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kerget B, Kerget F, Aydın M, Karaşahin Ö. Effect of montelukast therapy on clinical course, pulmonary function, and mortality in patients with COVID-19. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1950-1958. [PMID: 34958142 PMCID: PMC9015221 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory/anti‐inflammatory balance has an important role in the clinical course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) (coronavirus disease [COVID‐19]) infection, which has affected over 200 million people since it first appeared in China in December 2019. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of montelukast, which has known anti‐inflammatory and bronchodilatory effects, in these patients. The prospective randomized controlled study included 180 patients who were hospitalized in the infectious diseases department of our hospital between May and July 2021 and were diagnosed with the delta variant of SARS‐CoV‐2 by real‐time polymerase chain reaction of nasopharyngeal swabs. The patients were divided into three groups and received only standard treatment according to national guidelines (Group 1) or standard treatment plus 10 mg/day montelukast (Group 2) or 20 mg/day montelukast (Group 3). Laboratory parameters and pulmonary function tests (PFTs) at admission and on Day 5 of treatment were compared. Comparison of laboratory parameters on Day 5 showed that Groups 2 and 3 had significantly lower levels of lactate dehydrogenase, fibrinogen, D‐dimer, C‐reactive protein, and procalcitonin compared with Group 1 (p = 0.04, 0.002, 0.05, 0.03, and 0.04, respectively). In the comparison between Groups 2 and 3, only fibrinogen was significantly lower in Group 3 (p = 0.02). PFT results did not differ between the groups at admission, while on Day 5, only Group 3 showed significant improvements in forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity, and peak expiratory flow 25–75 compared with admission (p = 0.001 for all). Montelukast may be beneficial in COVID‐19 patients to maintain the inflammatory/anti‐inflammatory balance, prevent respiratory failure through its bronchodilator activity, and reduce mortality. The study included 180 participants who were divided into three groups: Group 1 (n = 60) received standard treatment in accordance with our national COVID‐19 diagnosis and treatment guide, Group 2 (n = 60) received 10 mg/day oral montelukast in addition to standard treatment, and Group 3 (n = 60) received 20 mg/day oral montelukast in addition to standard treatment. We aimed to investigate the effect of treatment with varying doses of montelukast as an adjunct to standard antiviral therapy on pulmonary function tests and clinical courses in patients with COVID‐19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Buğra Kerget
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Ataturk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ferhan Kerget
- Department of Infection Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Health Sciences University Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Murat Aydın
- Department of Infection Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Health Sciences University Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ömer Karaşahin
- Department of Infection Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Health Sciences University Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bae S, Lee, JY, Myoung J. Chikungunya Virus nsP2 Impairs MDA5/RIG-I-Mediated Induction of NF-κB Promoter Activation: A Potential Target for Virus-Specific Therapeutics. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1801-1809. [PMID: 33323678 PMCID: PMC9728393 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2012.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was first identified in 1952 as a causative agent of outbreaks. CHIKV is transmitted by two mosquito species, Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus. Symptoms after CHIKV infection in human are typically fever and joint pain, but can also include headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, polyarthralgia, and rash. CHIKV is an enveloped single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus with a diameter of approximately 70 nm. The pathogenesis of CHIKV infection and the mechanism by which the virus evades the innate immune system remain poorly understood. Moreover, little is known about the roles of CHIKV-encoded genes in the viral evasion of host immune responses, especially type I interferon (IFN) responses. Therefore, in the present study, we screened CHIKV-encoded genes for their regulatory effect on the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a critical transcription factor for the optimal activation of IFN-β. Among others, nonstructural protein 2 (nsP2) strongly inhibited melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5)-mediated induction of the NF-κB pathway in a dose-dependent manner. Elucidation of the detailed mechanisms of nsP2-mediated inhibition of the MDA5/RIG-I signaling pathway is anticipated to contribute to the development of virus-specific therapeutics against CHIKV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sojung Bae
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Department of Bioactive Material Science and Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Yoon Lee,
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Department of Bioactive Material Science and Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjong Myoung
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Department of Bioactive Material Science and Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54531, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|