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Beraldo CHM, Versteg A, Spinelli A, Scharnagl N, da Conceição TF. Anticorrosive properties of chitosan-derivatives coatings on Mg AZ31 alloy in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129390. [PMID: 38218288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the preparation of chitosan-derivatives coatings on AZ31 Mg alloy for corrosion protection in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS). The derivatives were prepared by reacting chitosan with natural aldehydes (vanillin, benzaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde) and the coatings were characterized by means of water contact angle, scanning electron microscopy and swelling essays. The corrosion behavior of the samples was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and hydrogen evolution essays. All derivatives present superior corrosion protection than neat chitosan and the best performance is observed for the vanillin derivative with the highest modification degree, which present hydrogen evolution rate of 0.05 mL cm-2 day-1, below the tolerance limit for biomedical application, and |Z|max in the order of 104.6 Ω cm2 even after 14 days of exposure to the corrosive solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Augusto Versteg
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Almir Spinelli
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Nico Scharnagl
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon GmbH, Institute of Surface Science, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
| | - Thiago Ferreira da Conceição
- Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil; Chemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil.
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2
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El-Salamouni NS, Yakout MA, Labib GS, Farid RM. Preparation and evaluation of vaginal suppo-sponges loaded with benzydamine, in-vitro/in-vivo study. Pharm Dev Technol 2024; 29:86-97. [PMID: 38243554 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2024.2306803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to design a new Benzydamine HCl (BNZ) suppo-sponge for controlled, mucoadhesive dosage form for vaginal candidiasis treatment, offering advantages over traditional creams, ointments, or gels. BNZ-loaded suppo-sponges were fabricated by simple casting / freeze-drying technique utilizing the cross-linking of chitosan (Cs) with vanillin (V). Vaginal suppo-sponges were prepared based on different vanillin cross-linking ratios (V).n), from 0 to 2%w/w. To best of our knowledge, this is the first study that uses Schiff's base between chitosan and vanillin as a drug delivery system to treat fungal vaginal infections. Schiff's base formation was confirmed by FT-IR. In-vitro appraisal showed acceptable physical and mechanical characteristics. Formulations based on cross-linking of Cs with V showed a more pronounced in-vitro antifungal activity. In-vitro drug release revealed a prolonged release pattern, becoming more noticeable with the higher cross-linked suppo-sponges (22.34% after 8 h). In-vivo testing of CsV2 suppo-sponge indicated a more pronounced reduction in fungal count than both CsV0 and Tantum® Rosa in the first week, with a peak reduction on day 7 and the 10th and 11th days of the second week. Conclusively, Chitosan/vanillin suppo-sponges represent a promising delivery system for drugs intended for local treatment of vaginal candidiasis. than both CsV0 and Tantum® Rosa in the first week, with a peak reduction on day 7 and the 10th and 11th days of the second week. Conclusively, Chitosan/vanillin suppo-sponges represent a promising delivery system for drugs intended for local treatment of vaginal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha S El-Salamouni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Yakout
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gihan S Labib
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ragwa M Farid
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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Yasar M, Oktay B, Dal Yontem F, Haciosmanoglu Aldogan E, Kayaman Apohan N. Development of Self-Healing Vanillin/PEI Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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4
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New relations between modification degree, swelling and impedance in anticorrosion chitosan-derivative coatings on magnesium alloy AZ31. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Milusheva RY, Rashidova SS. Obtaining chitosan nanoparticles from Bombyx mori. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Karakurt I, Ozaltin K, Vargun E, Kucerova L, Suly P, Harea E, Minařík A, Štěpánková K, Lehocky M, Humpolícek P, Vesel A, Mozetic M. Controlled release of enrofloxacin by vanillin-crosslinked chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol blends. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 126:112125. [PMID: 34082942 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In transdermal drug delivery applications uniform drug distribution and sustained release are of great importance to decrease the side effects. In this direction in the present research, vanillin crosslinked chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend based matrix-type transdermal system was prepared by casting and drying of aqueous solutions for local delivery of enrofloxacin (ENR) drug. Subsequently, the properties including the morphology, chemical structure, thermal behavior, tensile strength, crosslinking degree, weight uniformity, thickness, swelling and drug release of the CS-PVA blend films before and after crosslinking were characterized. In vitro drug release profiles showed the sustained release of ENR by the incorporation of vanillin as a crosslinker into the CS-PVA polymer matrix. Furthermore, the release kinetic profiles revealed that the followed mechanism for all samples was Higuchi and the increase of vanillin concentration in the blend films resulted in the change of diffusion mechanism from anomalous transport to Fickian diffusion. Overall, the obtained results suggest that the investigated vanillin crosslinked CS-PVA matrix-type films are potential candidates for transdermal drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Karakurt
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic.
| | - Kadir Ozaltin
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic.
| | - Elif Vargun
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Kotekli, 48000 Mugla, Turkey.
| | - Liliana Kucerova
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavol Suly
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic.
| | - Evghenii Harea
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavreckova 275, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Antonín Minařík
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavreckova 275, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Štěpánková
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic.
| | - Marian Lehocky
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavreckova 275, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Humpolícek
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavreckova 275, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Alenka Vesel
- Department of Surface Engineering, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Miran Mozetic
- Department of Surface Engineering, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Sivanesan I, Muthu M, Gopal J, Hasan N, Kashif Ali S, Shin J, Oh JW. Nanochitosan: Commemorating the Metamorphosis of an ExoSkeletal Waste to a Versatile Nutraceutical. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:821. [PMID: 33806968 PMCID: PMC8005131 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chitin (poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) is the second (after cellulose) most abundant organic polymer. In its deacetylated form-chitosan-becomes a very interesting material for medical use. The chitosan nano-structures whose preparation is described in this article shows unique biomedical value. The preparation of nanochitosan, as well as the most vital biomedical applications (antitumor, drug delivery and other medical uses), have been discussed in this review. The challenges confronting the progress of nanochitosan from benchtop to bedside clinical settings have been evaluated. The need for inclusion of nano aspects into chitosan research, with improvisation from nanotechnological inputs has been prescribed for breaking down the limitations. Future perspectives of nanochitosan and the challenges facing nanochitosan applications and the areas needing research focus have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyyakkannu Sivanesan
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Laboratory of Neo Natural Farming, Chunnampet, Tamil Nadu 603 401, India; (M.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Judy Gopal
- Laboratory of Neo Natural Farming, Chunnampet, Tamil Nadu 603 401, India; (M.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Nazim Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114, Saudi Arabia; (N.H.); (S.K.A.)
| | - Syed Kashif Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114, Saudi Arabia; (N.H.); (S.K.A.)
| | - Juhyun Shin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
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Gadkari RR, Suwalka S, Yogi MR, Ali W, Das A, Alagirusamy R. Green synthesis of chitosan-cinnamaldehyde cross-linked nanoparticles: Characterization and antibacterial activity. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 226:115298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Thyriyalakshmi P, Radha KV. Fabrication of chitosan-bis (4-formyl-2 methoxy phenyl carbonate) Schiff base nanoparticles and evaluation of their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4333-4347. [PMID: 31115838 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04887-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study details on the mechanism of synthesis of bis (4-formyl-2 methoxy phenyl carbonate), using two green reagents dimethyl carbonate and vanillin for application as therapeutic agent. The synthesized FMPC was identified from the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The novel modified Schiff base nanoparticles resulted from the crosslinking of FMPC with chitosan were confirmed by cross-polarization magic angle spinning carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The incorporation of the FMPC was identified from the amorphous X-ray diffraction patterns of C-FMPC-Nps. The thermal stability of the formed nanoparticles was predicted using thermogravimetric analysis. The morphology of the nanoparticles as observed from HRTEM was found to be smooth and spherical in nature. Both FMPC and C-FMPC-Nps showed significant radical scavenging potential and anticancer property. The carbonate ester backbone and the moiety present in chitosan-FMPC-nanoparticles, underwent hydrolysis at the targeted cancer causing microenvironment to release vanillin and chitosan and enhance the anticancer activity. Both FMPC and C-FMPC-Nps exhibits a dose dependent cytotoxicity towards the different cell lines and it was tested with a commercial drug for application studies. Effective synthesis of FMPC, successful incorporation onto chitosan nanoparticles for the formation of C-FMPC-Nps. The formed Schiff base compound proves to have enhanced antioxidant and anticancer efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thyriyalakshmi
- Bioproducts Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C. Tech, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India
| | - K V Radha
- Bioproducts Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C. Tech, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India.
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10
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Naskar S, Koutsu K, Sharma S. Chitosan-based nanoparticles as drug delivery systems: a review on two decades of research. J Drug Target 2018; 27:379-393. [PMID: 30103626 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1512112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) is one of the most functional natural biopolymer widely used in the pharmaceutical field due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. These privileges lead to its application in the synthesis of nanoparticles for the drug during the last two decades. This article gives rise to a general review of the different chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) preparation techniques: Ionic gelation, emulsion cross-linking, spray-drying, emulsion-droplet coalescence method, nanoprecipitation, reverse micellar method, desolvation method, modified ionic gelation with radial polymerisation and emulsion solvent diffusion, from the point of view of the methodological and mechanistic aspects involved. The physicochemical behaviour of CSNPs including drug loading, drug release, particles size, zeta potential and stability are briefly discussed. This review also directs to bring an outline of the major applications of CSNPs in drug delivery according to drug and route of administration. Finally, derivatives of CSNPs and CS nano-complexes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweet Naskar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Jadavpur University , Kolkata , India
| | - Ketousetuo Koutsu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Jadavpur University , Kolkata , India
| | - Suraj Sharma
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Jadavpur University , Kolkata , India
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Qin X, Kräft T, Goycoolea FM. Chitosan encapsulation modulates the effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde on AHL-regulated quorum sensing activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 169:453-461. [PMID: 29852434 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Qin
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossgarten 3, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Tabea Kräft
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossgarten 3, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Francisco M Goycoolea
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossgarten 3, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
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Tartrate/tripolyphosphate as co-crosslinker for water soluble chitosan used in protein antigens encapsulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:381-93. [PMID: 27246374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In drug delivery research, several toxic chemical crosslinkers and non-toxic ionic crosslinkers have been exploited for the synthesis of microparticles from acetic acid soluble chitosan. This paper hypothesized the implementation of sodium potassium tartrate (SPT) as an alternative crosslinker for sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and SPT/TPP co-crosslinkers for synthesis of the microparticles using water soluble chitosan (WSC) for encapsulation of Bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein, and Tetanus toxoid (TT) as a model vaccine. The crosslinking was confirmed by FT-IR, SEM with EDS. The XRD entailed molecular dispersion of proteins and thermal analysis confirmed the higher stability of STP/TPP co-crosslinked formulations. The resultant microparticles were exhibiting crosslinking degree (52-67%), entrapment efficiency (72-80%), particle size (0.3-1.7μm), zeta potential (+24 to 46mV) and mucoadhesion (41-68%). The superiority of SPT over TPP was confirmed by higher crosslinking degree and entrapment efficiency. However, co-crosslinking were advantageous in higher regression values for Langmuir adsorption isotherm, slower swelling tendency and extended 30days controlled in-vitro release study. TT release obeyed the Quasi-Fickian diffusion mechanism for single and cocrosslinked formulations. Overall, in crosslinking of chitosan as biological macromolecules, STP/TPP may be alternative for single ionic crosslinked formulations for protein antigen delivery.
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Fabrication of chitosan microspheres using vanillin/TPP dual crosslinkers for protein antigens encapsulation. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 128:188-98. [PMID: 26005155 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Microspheres were prepared from water soluble chitosan using dual vanillin/TPP crosslinkers. Placebo (C1), Bovine serum albumin (BSA) (C2), monovalent tetanus toxoid (TT) (C3) and divalent tetanus (TT) and diphtheria toxoids (DT) (C4) encapsulated microspheres were studied in terms of size (1-4 μm), encapsulation efficiency (75-80%), swelling and mucoadhesion (56-68%). FT-IR, TGA, XRD and SEM characterization of microspheres suggested specific interaction, more thermal stability, amorphous nature and rough surfaces of encapsulated microspheres. EDS confirmed the co-crosslinking and ninhydrin tests were showing higher crosslinking density. Zeta potential was 47.7 to 66.2 +mV indicating the potential stability of the colloidal system. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms described encapsulated microspheres followed the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting monolayer adsorption of the mucin on microspheres. In-vitro release studies up to four weeks indicated zero order kinetics and obeyed swelling-controlled super case II transport release mechanism. Thus, the present study could be helpful in developing the multivalent oral vaccine.
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Li PW, Wang G, Yang ZM, Duan W, Peng Z, Kong LX, Wang QH. Development of drug-loaded chitosan-vanillin nanoparticles and its cytotoxicity against HT-29 cells. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:30-5. [PMID: 24712731 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.900590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan as a natural polysaccharide derived from chitin of arthropods like shrimp and crab, attracts much interest due to its inherent properties, especially for application in biomedical materials. Presently, biodegradable and biocompatible chitosan nanoparticles are attractive for drug delivery. However, some physicochemical characteristics of chitosan nanoparticles still need to be further improved in practice. In this work, chitosan nanoparticles were produced by crosslinking chitosan with 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (vanillin) through a Schiff reaction. Chitosan nanoparticles were 200-250 nm in diameter with smooth surface and were negatively charged with a zeta potential of - 17.4 mV in neutral solution. Efficient drug loading and drug encapsulation were achieved using 5-fluorouracil as a model of hydrophilic drug. Drug release from the nanoparticles was constant and controllable. The in vitro cytotoxicity against HT-29 cells and cellular uptake of the chitosan nanoparticles were evaluated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium method, confocal laser scanning microscope and flow cytometer, respectively. The results indicate that the chitosan nanoparticles crosslinked with vanillin are a promising vehicle for the delivery of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Wang Li
- a Agricultural Product Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Zhanjiang , P.R. China
| | - Guang Wang
- a Agricultural Product Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Zhanjiang , P.R. China
| | - Zi-Ming Yang
- a Agricultural Product Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Zhanjiang , P.R. China
| | - Wei Duan
- b Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus , Australia , and
| | - Zheng Peng
- a Agricultural Product Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Zhanjiang , P.R. China
| | - Ling-Xue Kong
- b Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus , Australia , and
| | - Qing-Huang Wang
- a Agricultural Product Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Zhanjiang , P.R. China .,c National Center for Important Tropical Crops Engineering and Technology Research , Haikou , P.R. China
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