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Oh J, Ham LK, Shin H, Han SH, Kim Y. Assessment of hard and soft tissue thickness at mandibular symphysis in skeletal Class III patients with different vertical patterns. Orthod Craniofac Res 2024. [PMID: 38953566 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to assess the bony and soft tissue parameters at mandibular symphysis among skeletal Class III patients with different vertical growth patterns, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS CBCT images of 60 skeletal Class III non-growing patients were evaluated (mean age 24.9 ± 8.4 years). Study samples were classified into three facial types based on the mandibular plane angle (SN-MP angle): low, normal, and high angle. The bony and soft tissue parameters at the mandibular symphysis were evaluated. RESULTS Among hard tissue variables, symphysis and pogonion width were significantly narrower in the high-angle group (P < .05). The thickness of the buccal cortex at pogonion was also significantly thinner in subjects with high angles (P < .01). Symphysis height showed an increasing tendency from the low-angle to the high-angle group. However, no significant differences were found in chin width and height according to vertical patterns. Across all soft tissue measurements, the low-angle group exhibited the highest thickness, which gradually decreased in the high-angle group. Statistically significant differences in soft tissue thickness were observed at Menton (Me) and Gnathion (Gn) (P < .05). A significant negative correlation was observed between the SN-MP angle and the thickness of both hard and soft tissues. CONCLUSIONS In skeletal Class III subjects, significant differences existed in both hard and soft tissues at the mandibular symphysis, depending on the vertical patterns. These results provide a comprehensive evaluation of symphyseal area, which can aid clinicians in identifying appropriate treatment approaches, especially for combined orthognathic and orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Oh
- Department of Orthodontics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lyun Kwang Ham
- Department of Orthodontics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyemin Shin
- Department of Orthodontics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Han
- Department of Orthodontics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoonji Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Kiełczykowski M, Perkowski K, Kamiński K, Zadurska M, Czochrowska E. Evaluation of the soft tissue facial profile in different skeletal malocclusions in relation to age. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:711. [PMID: 38902685 PMCID: PMC11191204 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to assess the thickness of the soft tissue facial profile (STFP) in relation to the skeletal malocclusion, age and gender. METHODS All patients, aged 7-35 years, who were seeking orthodontic treatment at the Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Warsaw between 2019 and 22 were included in the study. All patients had lateral head radiographs taken before the treatment. The cephalometric analysis was performed including the STFP analysis. The patients were allocated to one of six groups based on age and skeletal relations (ANB angle). The minimum number of patients in each group was 60 with equal gender distribution. The STFP analysis included ten linear measurements. RESULTS A total of 300 patients were included in the study and allocated to five groups. Group 6 (growing patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion) was not included in the study as it failed to achieve the assumed group size. There were significant differences in the thickness of the STFP in relation to the skeletal malocclusions. Adults with skeletal Class III malocclusion had significantly thicker subnasal soft tissues compared to patients with skeletal Class I and Class II malocclusions. The thickness of the lower lip in patients with Class II skeletal malocclusion was significantly bigger compared to the other groups. Children and adolescents with Class II malocclusions had thicker lower lip in comparison to the group with Class I malocclusion. The majority of the STFP measurements were significantly smaller in children and adolescents compared to adults. The thickness of the STFP in males was significantly bigger in all age groups compared to females. CONCLUSIONS The thickness of facial soft tissues depends on the patient's age and gender. The degree of compensation of the skeletal malocclusion in the STFP may be a decisive factor during orthodontic treatment planning regarding a surgical approach or a camouflage treatment of skeletal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kiełczykowski
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University in Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-097, Poland
| | - Konrad Perkowski
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University in Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-097, Poland
| | - Konrad Kamiński
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University in Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-097, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zadurska
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University in Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-097, Poland
| | - Ewa Czochrowska
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University in Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-097, Poland.
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Hona TWPT, Stephan CN. Global facial soft tissue thicknesses for craniofacial identification (2023): a review of 140 years of data since Welcker's first study. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:519-535. [PMID: 37804332 PMCID: PMC10861615 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
This year (2023) marks 140 years since the first publication of a facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) study. Since 1883, a total of 139 studies have been published, collectively tallying > 220,000 tissue thickness measurements of > 19,500 adults. In just the last 5-years, 33 FSTT studies have been conducted. Herein, we add these data (plus an additional 20 studies) to the 2018 T-Table to provide an update of > 81,000 new datapoints to the global tallied facial soft tissue depths table. In contrast to the original 2008 T-Table, some notable changes are as follows: increased FSTTs by 3 mm at infra second molar (ecm2-iM2'), 2.5 mm at gonion (go-go'), 2 mm at mid-ramus (mr-mr'), and 1.5 mm at zygion (zy-zy'). Rolling grand means indicate that stable values have been attained for all nine median FSTT landmarks, while six out of nine bilateral landmarks continue to show ongoing fluctuations, indicating further data collection at these landmarks holds value. When used as point estimators for individuals with known values across 24 landmarks (i.e., C-Table data), the updated grand means produce slightly less estimation error than the 2018 T-Table means (3.5 mm versus 3.6 mm, respectively). Future efforts to produce less noisy datasets (i.e., reduce measurement and sampling errors as much as possible between studies) would be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Wai Pounamu T Hona
- Laboratory for Human Craniofacial and Skeletal Identification (HuCS-ID Lab), School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
| | - Carl N Stephan
- Laboratory for Human Craniofacial and Skeletal Identification (HuCS-ID Lab), School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
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Cai J, Deng Y, Min Z, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Jing D. Revealing the representative facial traits of different sagittal skeletal types: decipher what artificial intelligence can see by Grad-CAM. J Dent 2023; 138:104701. [PMID: 37717687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aesthetic improvement is a significant concern in dental therapy. While orthodontic treatment primarily targets hard tissue, the impact on soft tissue and the extent of these changes remains empirical. This study aims to unveil the intricate relationship between facial soft tissue and skeletal types using artificial intelligence (AI) analysis. METHODS First, we collected a dataset of 1044 3-side-photographs and categorized them based on cephalometric measurements. After pre-processing and data augmentation, samples were fed to two independent models (Sfa, Res model) for training and testing. After validating that the Sfa model could accurately recognize the skeletal types based merely on photographs, Grad-CAM algorithm was utilized for model decipherment. Verification of the vital traits were carried out by facial adjustment simulation. RESULTS The Sfa model demonstrated superior accuracy (0.9293) in identifying skeletal types based solely on soft tissue, compared to the Res model (0.8395) and even trained orthodontists (0.764), testifying our hypothesis that AI could be more capable of processing imperceptible cues compared to mankind. Intriguingly, Grad-CAM revealed that cheek volume, forehead, chin and nasolabial traits could be representative features of each type, exceeding the traditional knowledge which merely concerns mandible and chin. CONCLUSION By constructing a deep learning model as a classifier and then decipher it with Grad-CAM, we revealed the subtle and unnoticed cues associating skeletal and soft tissue, as well as provided a novel approach that could aid practitioners in devising tailored treatment plans for enhanced esthetic outcomes. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The proposed AI methods offer valuable assistance to practitioners in identifying uncoordinated facial traits that may detract from a patient's attractiveness. By incorporating these insights into customized treatment plans, dental therapy can maximize esthetic benefits for individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Yudi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Ziyang Min
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Yiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 China.
| | - Dian Jing
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.639, Zhizaoju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai 200011, China.
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Karsli N, Tuhan Kutlu E. Effect of body mass index on soft tissues in adolescents with skeletal class I and normal facial height. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16196. [PMID: 37810775 PMCID: PMC10557952 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The evaluation of soft tissues in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment plays a critical role in diagnosis and treatment planning. This study aims to evaluate the effect of body mass index (BMI) on facial soft tissues in skeletal Class I patients with normal vertical growth. Methods The study included 72 patients with a normal vertical growth pattern (SN-GoGn 26-38°) and skeletal Class I (ANB 2‒4°) malocclusion. According to their BMI (kg/m2) values, the patients were divided into three groups of 24 individuals each: underweight (>5th percentile) (13 females, 11 males; mean age, 11.58 ± 1.95 years), normal weight (5‒85th percentile) (12 females, 12 males; mean age, 11.54 ± 1.95 years), overweight (85‒95th percentile) (12 females, 12 males; mean age, 11.62 ± 2.01 years). Soft tissue thickness and height measurements were made on lateral cephalometric radiographs. Results In all soft tissue thickness measurements, except for the nasion, the overweight weight group had higher values. In comparing the underweight and normal weight groups, statistically significant differences were found in the thickness measurements at the nasion and gnathion (p < 0.05). The differences in thickness measurements at the glabella, labiale superius, stomion, labiale inferius, pogonion, gnathion, and menton are statistically significant between the underweight and overweight groups (p < 0.005). Comparing the normal and overweight groups revealed statistically significant differences the thickness measurements at the glabella, labiale superius, stomion, pogonion and menton (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurver Karsli
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Esra Tuhan Kutlu
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Olivetti EC, Marcolin F, Moos S, Vezzetti E, Borbon C, Zavattero E, Ramieri G. Do facial soft tissue thicknesses change after surgeries correcting dental malocclusions? An intra- and inter-patient statistical analysis on soft-tissue thicknesses in BSSO + LFI surgeries. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:5049-5062. [PMID: 37369817 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to analyse changes in facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) after corrective surgeries for dental malocclusion. The correlation between body mass index (BMI) and sex of patients and their FSTT before undergoing surgery was analysed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cone beam computed tomography of seventeen patients that underwent Le Fort I osteotomy in combination with bilateral sagittal split osteotomy were collected. Hard and soft tissue landmarks were selected basing on the interventions. FSTT were computed, and measurements from pre- to post-operative were compared. The relationship between FSTT, sex, and BMI was investigated. RESULTS Considering the comparison between pre- and post-operative measurements, any significant difference emerged (p > .05). The Pearson's correlation coefficient computed between BMI and the FSTT (pre-operative) showed a correlation in normal-weight patients; the region-specific analysis highlighted a stronger correlation for specific landmarks. Higher median values emerged for women than for men; the subset-based analysis showed that women presented higher values in the malar region, while men presented higher values in the nasal region. CONCLUSIONS The considered surgeries did not affect the FSTT of the patients; differences related to BMI and sex were found. A collection of FSTT mean values was provided for twenty landmarks of pre- and post-operative of female and male subjects. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This exploratory analysis gave insights on the behaviour of STT after maxillofacial surgeries that can be applied in the development of predictive methodologies for soft tissue displacements and to study modifications in the facial aspect of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Carlotta Olivetti
- Department of Management and Production Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy.
| | - Federica Marcolin
- Department of Management and Production Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Sandro Moos
- Department of Management and Production Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Vezzetti
- Department of Management and Production Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Borbon
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuele Zavattero
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Ramieri
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, 10129, Turin, Italy
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Alhumadi A, Al-Khafaji TJ, Hussein Alyassiri AM, Alhamadi WW. Gender differences in lower facial soft tissue thickness among different skeletal patterns, based on soft tissue cephalometric analysis. J Orthod Sci 2022; 11:54. [PMID: 36411805 PMCID: PMC9674943 DOI: 10.4103/jos.jos_38_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lower face soft tissue thickness and dentoskeletal features form the lower facial profile. Sagittal skeletal malocclusions with varying degrees of soft tissue thickness in males and females were herein examined using soft tissue cephalometric radiography. METHODS Based on their dentoskeletal correlations, a total of 160 lateral cephalometric radiographs of adult males and females (n = 80) seeking orthodontic treatment were classified as class I (n = 40), class II division 1 (n = 40), class II division 2 (n = 40), or class III (n = 40). Holdaway analysis was used to assess soft tissue thickness in seven linear parameters. RESULTS In class I, class II division 1, class II division 2, and class III dentoskeletal connections, males exhibited larger soft tissue thickness. They have an average lower lip thickness, chin depth H, and depth V for class I males. Males and females differed from one another when it came to the thicknesses of the upper and the lower lips. These lip thicknesses as well as the chin's width differed more between men and women in class II division 1. Except for upper lip strain, all measures in the class II division 2 sample males demonstrated a greater significance. In the class III sample, males also demonstrated more significance than females. CONCLUSION Males with various sagittal skeletal malocclusions demonstrated a significant difference in lower soft tissue thickness (characterized as thicker lower facial soft tissue) compared to female patients in class I, class II division 1, class II division 2, and class III malocclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almustafa Alhumadi
- Department of Dentistry, Hilla University College, Babylon, Iraq,Address for correspondence: Dr. Almustafa Alhumadi, Department of Dentistry, Hilla University College, Babylon, Iraq. E-mail:
| | | | | | - Wisam W. Alhamadi
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Babylon University, Babylon, Iraq
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A Retrospective Study Comparing Nose, Lip, and Chin Morphology in Class I, Class II, and Class III Skeletal Relationships in Patients Visiting to the Department of Orthodontics, BPKIHS: A Cephalometric Study. Int J Dent 2022; 2022:2252746. [PMID: 36046694 PMCID: PMC9423992 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2252746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the changing paradigm from primarily hard tissue to soft tissue evaluation for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, the priority has shifted to bring about improvement in the profile and smile characteristics of patients. Since not only the esthetics but also the stability of orthodontic treatment is largely determined by the soft tissue envelope, proper positioning of the soft tissue drape becomes paramount. Soft tissues of face, namely, nose, lips, and chin, are of paramount importance not only from an esthetic but also from functional and treatment stability points. Objective To determine the morphological variation of lips, nose, and chin in different skeletal malocclusions. Materials and Methods Lateral cephalograms of 237 patients visiting the department of orthodontics, BPKIHS, were taken, hand traced on matt acetate tracing paper of 0.002″ thickness with 0.3-mm 2B pencil. Samples were divided into 3 skeletal classes based on ANB angle. Measurements were made in relation to the nose, lips, and chin. Data were inserted in to SPSS and analyzed statistically using descriptive statistics, and mean and standard deviation was calculated for each variable. Multiple comparison between groups was done with post hoc Bonferroni test with mean difference significant at p < 0.05. Result On intergroup comparison, a significant difference was found for upper lip thickness (ULT) between Class II and Class III, and lower lip length (LLL) between Class I and Class III, and between Class II and Class III. Significant difference for nasolabial angle (NLA) was found between Class II and Class III. Similarly, a significant difference for the vertical chin parameter (CTV) was found between Class I and Class III, and between Class II and Class III. Conclusion Both upper and lower lip thicknesses were highest for Class III followed by Class I and Class II, respectively. Lip lengths too were found to be highest for Class III skeletal relation. Nasolabial angle was larger in Class II malocclusion when compared to Class I and Class III. Similarly, both nasal length and nasal height measurements were in the order of Class III > Class II > Class I. Both horizontal and vertical chin parameters were larger for Class III sagittal relation.
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Kim HJ, Kim KD, Kim DH. Deep convolutional neural network-based skeletal classification of cephalometric image compared with automated-tracing software. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11659. [PMID: 35804075 PMCID: PMC9270345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15856-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate deep convolutional neural network- (DCNN-) based artificial intelligence (AI) model using cephalometric images for the classification of sagittal skeletal relationships and compare the performance of the newly developed DCNN-based AI model with that of the automated-tracing AI software. A total of 1574 cephalometric images were included and classified based on the A-point-Nasion- (N-) point-B-point (ANB) angle (Class I being 0–4°, Class II > 4°, and Class III < 0°). The DCNN-based AI model was developed using training (1334 images) and validation (120 images) sets with a standard classification label for the individual images. A test set of 120 images was used to compare the AI models. The agreement of the DCNN-based AI model or the automated-tracing AI software with a standard classification label was measured using Cohen’s kappa coefficient (0.913 for the DCNN-based AI model; 0.775 for the automated-tracing AI software). In terms of their performances, the micro-average values of the DCNN-based AI model (sensitivity, 0.94; specificity, 0.97; precision, 0.94; accuracy, 0.96) were higher than those of the automated-tracing AI software (sensitivity, 0.85; specificity, 0.93; precision, 0.85; accuracy, 0.90). With regard to the sagittal skeletal classification using cephalometric images, the DCNN-based AI model outperformed the automated-tracing AI software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jin Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2175, Dalgubul-Daero, Jung-Gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea.
| | - Kyoung Dong Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Do-Hoon Kim
- Medical Big Data Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Soft-Tissue Analysis of Different Sagittal Skeletal Patterns Using the Geometric Morphometric Method. Eur J Dent 2022; 17:97-106. [PMID: 35436793 PMCID: PMC9949938 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1743149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the size and shape variations of soft-tissue patterns in different sagittal skeletal patterns using the geometric morphometrics method (GMM) obtained from lateral cephalograms. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective study, where the sample comprised of 188 Malaysian Malay subjects aged between 18 and 40 years and with different sagittal skeletal patterns. Overall, 71 males and 117 females were gathered for all size and shape analyses. This study incorporated 11 soft-tissue landmarks, which underwent landmark application using tpsDig2 software version 2.31, while the shape analysis was done using MorphoJ software version 1.07a. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26. The result of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test showed significant differences in some of the parameters between the landmarks. Length D, Length E, Length F, Length H, and Length I showed significant differences (p < 0.05), while other parameters showed no difference (p > 0.05). RESULTS The shape variation of soft-tissue landmarks in different skeletal patterns existed in 18 different dimensions which showed by 18 principal components (PCs). Procrustes ANOVA and canonical variate analysis showed the size and shape differences of soft-tissue patterns between Class II and III and gender groups (p < 0.0001). In discriminant function analysis for Class II subjects, the classification accuracy was 98.4%, whereas subsequent to cross-validation, the classification accuracy was 90.6%. For Class III subjects, the classification accuracy was 96.6%, while after cross-validation, the classification accuracy was 90%. CONCLUSION Different sagittal skeletal patterns demonstrated different soft-tissue shape variations. Class III showed the most protrusive upper and lower lips, while Class II demonstrated the most retrusive lower lip.
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Kapoor P, Chowdhry A, Popli DB. Orthodontists in forensic facial approximation (FFA): current inter-disciplinary perspective. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-021-00255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractForensic odontology has contributed significantly in forensic investigations and involves various branches of dentistry including orthodontics. The current communication presents evidence-based perspective highlighting synergistic union of different specialties for Forensic Facial Approximation (FFA). It brings forth commonality in principles of anthropology, forensic science, anthropometry, anatomy, paleontology, forensic odontology, with orthodontics, used in FFA. Various attributes and skills of orthodontists’ aid in dental and skull profiling and the corresponding sex, age, and ethnicity-based soft tissue assessments for facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT), may aid a life-like appearance. They can assist hard tissue profiling by their expertise in growth of skeletal and soft tissue, along with the evolutionary trends in occlusion, and diet formulations. Their knowledge in identifying teeth patterns, dental/skeletal jaw relationships, cranial/facial indices, vertical/horizontal facial proportions, can help prepare skull for orientation and reconstruction. The dental, photographic, and radiographic records maintained by orthodontists and general dentists are instrumental in data retrieval, used in various software, clinical, or research areas. These can provide normative values for comparative analysis or facial recreation. The orthodontists can also assist anthropologists and forensic specialists in the virtual reconstructions due to their ease in using latest digital technologies including three-dimensional (3D) facial scan, stereo-photogrammetry, 3D printing, automated soft-tissue landmarks, growth, and age predictions. Thus, the current study established the commonality in concepts of various forensic disciplines with orthodontics, which can strengthen both forensic on-field facial approximations and hard/soft tissue research to further enhance the accuracy of contemporary digital software used in FFA.
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Schwabe SA, Caldwell S. Can anteroposterior skeletal pattern be determined from a silhouetted profile photograph? A cross-sectional study. J Orthod 2021; 49:48-55. [PMID: 34263691 DOI: 10.1177/14653125211028862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the degree to which the anteroposterior (AP) skeletal jaw relation can accurately be determined from a silhouetted clinical profile photograph and whether the level of agreement is influenced by patient vertical proportions. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING University Dental Hospital of Manchester, United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS Specialist orthodontists. METHOD Eight specialist orthodontists assessed 37 silhouetted profile photographs of individuals aged 11-19 years and determined the class and severity of AP skeletal pattern. These assessments were compared to corresponding lateral cephalometric radiographs, where ANB values, supplemented by an Eastman Correction and a Wits Appraisal, where appropriate, were used for sagittal skeletal classification. RESULTS The agreement between silhouette and cephalometric AP determination yielded a weighted kappa score of 0.207 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.135-0.278), which indicates only a fair level of agreement. The silhouetted sagittal skeletal pattern classification, along with severity, agreed with the lateral cephalometric radiograph in 29% of instances. Class III individuals were identified correctly 19.2% of the time. There was a statistically significant difference in kappa scores between the high angle (K= 0.439; 95% CI 0.310-0.568) and low angle (K = 0.068; 95% CI 0.007-0.130) patients (P < 0.001), as well as the high and average angle (K= 0.151; 95% CI 0.031-0.270) patients (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION AP skeletal pattern, as determined from a lateral cephalometric radiograph, has only a fair level of agreement to that from a silhouetted profile photograph. Vertical proportions were shown to have a significant effect on the determination of the sagittal skeletal pattern and class III skeletal patterns were shown to be the most difficult to identify from profile silhouettes.
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CAMCI H. Relationship of Forehead Aesthetics with Frontal Sinus Size and Skeletal Malocclusions. CUMHURIYET DENTAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.7126/cumudj.777128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Kale B, Buyukcavus MH. Comparison of three-dimensional soft-tissue evaluations between skeletal and pseudo-class III malocclusions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14717. [PMID: 32895440 PMCID: PMC7477542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to compare soft tissue measurements with 3D imaging methods in individuals with untreated skeletal and pseudo-Class III malocclusions. The study sample consisted of 75 patients (38 males, 37 females, mean age 12.41 ± 2.35 years) with pseudo- and true skeletal Class III malocclusions and skeletal Class I malocclusions. Soft tissue evaluations of all patients were performed using 3D stereophotogrammetric facial images. In our study, 26 landmarks, 17 linear measurements, 13 angular measurements, and 5 volume measurements were made using the 3dMD Vultus software. The significance was determined to be p < 0.05 in ANOVA, Tukey tests. No significant differences were found among the groups in terms of demographic data (p > 0.05). The skeletal Class I control group had a significantly more extended upper lip and vermillion length as compared to the Class III groups. The soft tissue convexity angle and upper nasal angle were found to be wider in the Class III malocclusion group compared to those in the Class I control group. While the pseudo-Class III group had a significantly lower midface volume, chin volume was significantly higher in the skeletal class group. Upper lip volume was significantly higher in the Class I group. Using 3dMD for guiding clinicians in the differential soft and hard tissue diagnosis of pseudo-Class III malocclusions, differences were revealed in Class I patients in the middle part of the face. In the differential diagnosis of true Class III malocclusions, chin volume was found to be different from that of Class I patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Kale
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Turkey
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Farias Gomes A, Moreira DD, Zanon MF, Groppo FC, Haiter-Neto F, Freitas DQ. Soft tissue thickness in Brazilian adults of different skeletal classes and facial types: A cone beam CT - Study. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2020; 47:101743. [PMID: 32659706 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim in this study was to evaluate the influence of skeletal class, facial type, and sex on soft tissue thickness (STT) of the craniofacial midline in a Brazilian subpopulation. Thus, 121 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans (54 males and 67 females, age 21 to 40 yrs) composed the study sample. Patients were classified according to skeletal class (class I, II, and III) and facial type (brachycephalic, mesocephalic, and dolichocephalic), and STT was measured (mm) in 10 landmarks in the craniofacial midline for each CBCT scan. Multivariate analysis of covariance evaluated facial STT with regard to multiple independent variables (sex, age - covariate, facial type, and skeletal class). TEM and rTEM assessed the intra-examiner agreement. STT was significantly greater in males than in females for all regions measured (p < 0.05), except for the pogonion-pogonion' landmark (p>0.05). In general, class III individuals had significantly thicker soft tissue in the maxilla - subspinale-subnasale', prosthion-labrale superius', and incision-stomion' regions, while class II subjects had thicker soft tissue in the infradentale-labrale inferius' mandibular landmark (p < 0.05). Regarding facial type, dolichocephalic individuals showed significantly thicker soft tissue in the supramentale-supramentale' mandibular landmark, whereas brachycephalic subjects had thicker soft tissue in maxillary regions - prosthion-labrale superius' and incision-stomion' (p < 0.05). rTEM values were below 5% for most landmarks, and all TEM values were below 1 mm. Skeletal class and facial type influence STT, showing a soft tissue compensation, with deeper soft tissue in areas with lower skeletal development, and/or where bone is positioned more posteriorly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Farias Gomes
- Department of Oral Diagnosis - Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Debora Duarte Moreira
- Department of Oral Diagnosis - Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Carlos Groppo
- Department of Physiological Sciences - Pharmacology, Anesthesiology and Therapeutics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Haiter-Neto
- Department of Oral Diagnosis - Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deborah Queiroz Freitas
- Department of Oral Diagnosis - Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mid-sagittal Facial Soft Tissue Depth and Angular Facial Height – A Comprehensive Study. FORENSIC IMAGING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2020.200355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ajwa N, Alkhars FA, AlMubarak FH, Aldajani H, AlAli NM, Alhanabbi AH, Alsulaiman SA, Divakar DD. Correlation Between Sex and Facial Soft Tissue Characteristics Among Young Saudi Patients with Various Orthodontic Skeletal Malocclusions. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e919771. [PMID: 32101535 PMCID: PMC7060508 DOI: 10.12659/msm.919771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a debate over the influence of sex on facial soft tissue physiognomies. Therefore, the present study used teleradiographs to assess and compare the soft tissue physiognomies between males and females in a sample from Saudi Arabia who have various orthodontic malocclusions. MATERIAL AND METHODS We obtained 221 lateral cephalometric radiographs taken from orthodontic clinics of patients ages 16-26 years (114 males and 107 females) living in the central and eastern regions of Saudi Arabia. OnyxCeph3TM digital software was used to analyze the dentoskeletal classification of the sample as class I (n=84), class II division 1 (n=42), class II division 2 (n=33), and class III (n=62). Burstone analysis of 6 linear measurements for facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) was used. We used descriptive analysis and the independent-samples t test using SPSS version 25 for Windows (Chicago, IL) with p<0.05 set as the level of statistical significance. RESULTS Male patients with a class I dento-skeletal relationship showed thicker FSTT; the most significant thickness was seen near the glabella, followed by the upper/lower lip and sub-labiomental sulcus areas. Male patients with class II division 1 showed a substantial difference in FSTT at subnasal, lower lip, and sub-labiomental sulcus areas. No significant difference in FSTT was found between males and females among class II division 2 and class III patients. CONCLUSIONS These observations of significant changes in facial structures of Saudis between males and females should be of great help for diagnosis of orthodontic cases in Saudi adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Ajwa
- Preventive Dentistry Department, Orthodontic Division, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Darshan Devang Divakar
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Sanap N, Khatri J. Comparative evaluation of perioral soft tissue of skeletal normal Class I and Class II Division 1 subjects: A lateral cephalometric study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTIC REHABILITATION 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/ijor.ijor_43_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Perović T, Blažej Z. Male and Female Characteristics of Facial Soft Tissue Thickness in Different Orthodontic Malocclusions Evaluated by Cephalometric Radiography. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:3415-3424. [PMID: 29791323 PMCID: PMC5994140 DOI: 10.12659/msm.907485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The facial profile is determined by the facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) and dentoskeletal characteristics. The aim of this study was to compare male and female characteristics of FSTT in different orthodontic malocclusions using cephalometric radiography. Material/Methods One hundred and twenty lateral cephalometric radiography-derived cephalograms of adult male (n=47) and female (n=73) orthodontic patients, aged between 16–22 years were classified according to their dentoskeletal relationships as Class I (n=30), Class II Division 1 (n=30), Class II Division 2 (n=30), Class III (n=30). Burstone analysis of seven linear dimensions of FSTT was used. Results Men had a thicker FSTT in dentoskeletal relationships Class I, Class II Division 2, and Class III. Sex differences varied from significant (t=2.056; p<0.05) for the sub-nasal area in Class II Division 2, to highly significant (t=3.772; p<0.001) for the upper lip sulcus in Class II Division 2. Women in Class II Division 1 had significantly thicker FSTT in the lower jaw area (t=2.800; p<0.01) and for the lower lip sulcus and the chin area (t=3.961; p<0.001). Conclusions Men with orthodontic malocclusions were characterized by thicker facial soft tissue compared with female patients in Class I and Class II Division 2; female patients in Class II Division 1 were characterized by thicker facial soft tissue of the mentolabial sulcus and chin. Men and women with a skeletal jaw relationship in Class III showed no significant difference in their FSTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Perović
- Medical Faculty, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia.,Department for Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, Niš, Serbia
| | - Zorica Blažej
- Department for Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, Niš, Serbia
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Celikoglu M, Buyuk SK, Hatipoglu M, Sekerci AE, Ciftci ME. Evaluation of dehiscence and fenestration in adolescents affected by bilateral cleft lip and palate using cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017; 152:458-464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hamid S, Abuaffan AH. Facial soft tissue thickness in a sample of Sudanese adults with different occlusions. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:209-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jeelani W, Fida M, Shaikh A. Age and sex-related variations in facial soft tissue thickness in a sample of Pakistani children. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2015.1122080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lee YJ, Park JT, Cha JY. Perioral soft tissue evaluation of skeletal Class II Division 1: A lateral cephalometric study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2015; 148:405-13. [PMID: 26321338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To obtain the balance and harmony of the soft tissue facial profile in orthodontic treatment, it is necessary to identify the characteristics of overlying soft tissues according to the horizontal and vertical skeletal patterns. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perioral soft tissue characteristics of skeletal Class II Division 1 subjects (group II) with various vertical patterns compared with skeletal Class I subjects (group I). METHODS Lateral cephalograms of 99 Korean adults (44 women, 45 men; mean age, 23.4 years) were divided into 4 groups based on horizontal and vertical skeletal pattern (SN-MP angle): group I, 22 subjects; group II-low angle (<27°), 14 subjects; group II-normal angle (27°-36°), 33 subjects; and group II-high angle (>37°), 30 subjects. The correlations and multiple linear regression tests were used to determine the skeletal and dental variables influencing soft tissue characteristics. RESULTS Group II-high angle showed significantly greater values than did group II-low angle for basic lower lip thickness and lower lip length. The perioral soft tissue measurements of group II were correlated with the inclination and anteroposterior position of the maxillary and mandibular incisors along with facial depth (N-Go) and facial length (S-Gn). Upper lip strain of group II was not influenced by any skeletal variables but only by the inclination and anteroposterior position of the maxillary incisors. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians need to evaluate lip strain and lip thickness based on the skeletal pattern as well as dental inclination to obtain balance in the perioral muscle activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joo Lee
- Graduate student, Department of Orthodontics, Oral Science Research Center, Instititute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Tae Park
- Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungchung Namdo, Korea
| | - Jung-Yul Cha
- Associate professor, Department of Orthodontics, Oral Science Research Center, Instititute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
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Evaluation of the mandibular volume and correlating variables in patients affected by unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate: a cone-beam computed tomography study. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:1741-6. [PMID: 26556574 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of the present study were to evaluate the mandibular volume in patients affected by unilateral (UCLP) and bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) and to compare the findings with a well-matched normal occlusion sample without cleft. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study sample consisted of 66 patients divided into UCLP (24 patients; mean age, 14.46 ± 3.24 years), BCLP (17 patients; mean age, 14.28 ± 2.85 years), and control (25 patients; mean age, 14.40 ± 2.81 years) groups. The volume of the mandible including the condyle and the roots of the teeth and craniofacial measurements were performed using cone-beam computed tomography and analyzed using the one-way variance analysis and post hoc Tukey's tests. Regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationships of the measurements and the mandibular volume. RESULTS Patients affected by UCLP and BCLP had similar craniofacial features (p > 0.05), including decreased SNB, Co-A, Co-Gn, Co-Go, and Go-Gn and increased ANB and SN-MP measurements compared to the control group. Both UCLP and BCLP groups had decreased values of mandibular volume compared to the normal occlusion group, while these differences were found to be statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). Co-Go (Beta = 0.420; p = 0.014) and Co-Gn variables (Beta = 0.708; p = 0.045) were positively correlated with mandibular volume, while SNB (Beta = -0.669; p = 0.044) and SN-MP (Beta = -0.358; p = 0.049) variables were negatively correlated (R (2) = 60.3 and p = 0.000). CONCLUSION Mandibular volume insignificantly differs in cleft patients (p > 0.05), and the variables of Co-Go, Co-Gn, SNB, and SN-MP significantly correlate with the volume. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This article investigates mandibular volume in patients affected by UCLP and BCLP that has never been investigated in the literature. The present study showed that both UCLP and BCLP groups had insignificantly decreased values of mandibular volume compared to the normal occlusion group.
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Jeelani W, Fida M, Shaikh A. Facial soft tissue thickness among various vertical facial patterns in adult Pakistani subjects. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 257:517.e1-517.e6. [PMID: 26476716 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Facial reconstruction techniques are used to obtain an approximation of an individual's appearance thus helping identification of unidentified decedents from their dried skeletal remains. Many of these techniques rely on the sets of average facial soft tissue thickness (FST) values at different anatomical landmarks provided by the previous studies. FST is influenced by the age, sex, ethnicity and the body mass index of the individual. Recent literature has shown that the anthropological variations of the skull may also affect FST at certain points. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of such variations in vertical skull morphology on FST as around one third of different population groups have either a long or short facial pattern as compared to the average facial pattern. Moreover, this study also provides a FST database for the adult Pakistani subjects that may have potential implications in the facial reconstruction of the local subjects. A retrospective analysis of 276 lateral cephalograms of adult subjects having normal sagittal facial pattern was performed. Subjects were categorized into three vertical facial patterns (long face=95, average face=102, short face=79) according to the vertical dimensions of the skull and the FST was measured at 11 midline points. To compare the FST between males and females Mann-Whitney U test was used. Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to compare FST among three vertical facial patterns. The results of our study revealed significant differences in FST at nine landmarks between males and females. These sex-based differences were more pronounced in the long and short facial patterns as compared to the average facial pattern. FST at stomion, pogonion, gnathion and menton was significantly greater in the short facial pattern as compared to the long facial pattern in both the sexes. The results of the present study highlight the importance of anthropological analysis of the skull and taking the vertical skeletal dimension into consideration while performing facial reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Jeelani
- Resident Orthodontics, Section of Dentistry, Department of Surgery, The Aga Khan University Hospital, P.O Box 3500, Stadium Road, Karachi 74800, Pakistan.
| | - Mubassar Fida
- Program Director Orthodontics Residency Program Section of Dentistry, Department of Surgery, The Aga Khan University Hospital, P.O Box 3500, Stadium Road, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Attiya Shaikh
- Program Coordinator Orthodontics Residency Program Section of Dentistry, Department of Surgery, The Aga Khan University Hospital, P.O Box 3500, Stadium Road, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
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Jeelani W, Fida M, Shaikh A. Facial Soft Tissue Thickness Among Three Skeletal Classes in Adult Pakistani Subjects. J Forensic Sci 2015; 60:1420-5. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Jeelani
- Dental Clinics; First Floor JHS Building; Section of Dentistry; Department of Surgery; The Aga Khan University Hospital; National Stadium Road Karachi (74800)
| | - Mubassar Fida
- Dental Clinics; First Floor JHS Building; Section of Dentistry; Department of Surgery; The Aga Khan University Hospital; National Stadium Road Karachi (74800)
| | - Attiya Shaikh
- Dental Clinics; First Floor JHS Building; Section of Dentistry; Department of Surgery; The Aga Khan University Hospital; National Stadium Road Karachi (74800)
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Celikoglu M, Buyuk SK, Ekizer A, Unal T. Treatment effects of skeletally anchored Forsus FRD EZ and Herbst appliances: A retrospective clinical study. Angle Orthod 2015; 86:306-14. [PMID: 26258899 DOI: 10.2319/040315-225.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue effects of the Forsus FRD appliance with miniplate anchorage inserted in the mandibular symphyses and to compare the findings with a well-matched control group treated with a Herbst appliance for the correction of a skeletal Class II malocclusion due to mandibular retrusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample consisted of 32 Class II subjects divided into two groups. Group I consisted of 16 patients (10 females and 6 males; mean age, 13.20 ± 1.33 years) treated using the Forsus FRD EZ appliance with miniplate anchorage inserted in the mandibular symphyses. Group II consisted of 16 patients (9 females and 7 males; mean age, 13.56 ± 1.27 years) treated using the Herbst appliance. Seventeen linear and 10 angular measurements were performed to evaluate and compare the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue effects of the appliances using paired and Student's t-tests. RESULTS Both appliances were effective in correcting skeletal class II malocclusion and showed similar skeletal and soft tissue changes. The maxillary incisor was statistically significantly more retruded in the skeletally anchored Forsus FRD group (P < .01). The mandibular incisor was retruded in the skeletally anchored Forsus FRD group (-4.09° ± 5.12°), while it was protruded in the Herbst group (7.50° ± 3.98°) (P < .001). CONCLUSION Although both appliances were successful in correcting the skeletal Class II malocclusion, the skeletally anchored Forsus FRD EZ appliance did so without protruding the mandibular incisors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mevlut Celikoglu
- a Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Kutalmis Buyuk
- b Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Ekizer
- c Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Tuba Unal
- d Private Practice, Istanbul, Turkey
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Joshi M, Wu LP, Maharjan S, Regmi MR. Sagittal lip positions in different skeletal malocclusions: a cephalometric analysis. Prog Orthod 2015; 16:8. [PMID: 26061982 PMCID: PMC4416099 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-015-0077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of this paper are to (1) study use of soft tissue analyses advocated by Steiner, Ricketts, Burstone, Sushner and Holdway to develop soft tissue cephalometric norms as baseline data for sagittal lip position in Northeast Chinese adult population, (2) compare the sagittal lip positions in different skeletal malocclusions and (3) compare the sagittal lip positions in Northeast Chinese adults with other reported populations. METHODS Lateral cephalometric radiographs of subjects were taken in natural head position. Radiographs were manually traced and five reference lines - Sushner, Steiner, Burstone, Holdway and Ricketts, were used. The linear distance between the tip of the lips and the five reference lines were measured. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 21. Descriptive analysis was done for each variable for each subject. Coefficient of variation between lip positions as assessed by reference lines was determined. Post hoc Tukey's test was used for comparison of the mean cephalometric values of three skeletal malocclusions. The level of significance for the analysis was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS The findings showed significant difference in the sagittal lip positions in different skeletal malocclusions. There was variation in consistent reference line in each skeletal malocclusion. The S2 line was the most consistent reference line in skeletal class I and class II group. The B line was the most consistent line in skeletal class III. In skeletal class II group, upper lips were the most protrusive and lower lips were retrusive than in skeletal class I and class III groups. In case of skeletal class III group, upper lips were retrusive and lower lips were more protrusive than in skeletal class I and class II groups. CONCLUSIONS The sagittal lip positions were found to be associated with the skeletal malocclusion pattern. Northeast Chinese population has protrusive upper and lower lip in comparison to Caucasians. Each skeletal malocclusion group showed different preferable reference lines for analysis of sagittal lip position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merina Joshi
- />Department of Stomatology, College of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, Street no. 522, Hongqi street, Jiamusi, 154004 Republic of China
| | - Li Peng Wu
- />Department of Stomatology, College of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, Street no. 522, Hongqi street, Jiamusi, 154004 Republic of China
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Celikoglu M, Buyuk SK, Ekizer A, Sekerci AE, Sisman Y. Assessment of the soft tissue thickness at the lower anterior face in adult patients with different skeletal vertical patterns using cone-beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod 2015; 85:211-217. [PMID: 24998911 PMCID: PMC8631894 DOI: 10.2319/040114-237.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the soft tissue thickness values at the lower anterior face among adult patients with different vertical growth patterns using cone-beam computed tomography. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study sample consisted of 105 adult patients (54 women and 51 men) with a normal sagittal skeletal pattern divided into three groups according to the vertical growth pattern: high-angle (women/men, 22/13; mean age, 24.54 ± 4.45 years), low-angle (women/men, 14/21; mean age, 24.62 ± 5.08 years), and normal-angle (women/men, 18/17; mean age, 24.22 ± 5.40 years) groups. The soft tissue thickness measurements at the lower anterior face in each group were done and analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests. RESULTS Soft tissue thickness values were the lowest in the high-angle group for both women and men. For women, the thickness values at the labrale superius, labrale inferius, and pogonion were found to be statistically significantly smaller in the high-angle group (11.49 ± 1.05 mm, 12.70 ± 1.92 mm, and 11.64 ± 2.65 mm, respectively) compared with the values in the normal-angle group (13.31 ± 2.01 mm, 15.08 ± 1.94 mm, and 14.69 ± 3.08 mm, respectively) (P < .05, P < .05, and P < .01, respectively). For men, however, no statistically significant differences were found among the vertical growth patterns (P > .05). CONCLUSION Women had statistically significantly thinner thickness at the labrale superius, labrale inferius, and pogonion in the high-angle group compared with the normal-angle group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mevlut Celikoglu
- Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Suleyman K. Buyuk
- Research Assistant, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Ekizer
- Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ahmet E. Sekerci
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yildiray Sisman
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Celikoglu M, Buyuk SK, Sekerci AE, Ersoz M, Celik S, Sisman Y. Facial soft-tissue thickness in patients affected by bilateral cleft lip and palate: a retrospective cone-beam computed tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014; 146:573-8. [PMID: 25439207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purposes of this study were to evaluate the facial soft-tissue thicknesses and craniofacial morphologies of patients affected by bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) and to compare the findings with a well-matched control group without any clefts using cone-beam computed tomography. METHODS The study sample consisted of 40 retrospectively and randomly selected patients divided into 2 groups: a BCLP group (20 patients; mean age, 13.78 ± 3.20 years) and an age- and sex-matched control group without clefts (20 patients; mean age, 13.94 ± 2.52 years). Craniofacial and facial soft-tissue thickness measurements were made with cone-beam computed tomography. The Student t test and multiple linear regression analyses were performed for the statistical evaluations. RESULTS The BCLP group had an increased SN-MP angle (P = 0.003), a decreased Co-A (P = 0.000), and retruded maxillary (P = 0.000) and mandibular (P = 0.026) incisors. In addition, patients affected by BCLP had statistically significantly decreased thickness measurements for the variables subnasale (P = 0.005) and labrale superior (P = 0.026) compared with the controls. The most predictive variables were found at U1-SN (r = 0.417, P = 0.004), IMPA (r = 0.368, P = 0.010), and ANB (r = -0.297, P = 0.031) for subnasale and U1-SN (r = 0.284, P = 0.038) for labrale superior. CONCLUSIONS The BCLP group showed greater vertical growth, greater retrusion of the maxilla and the maxillary and mandibular incisors, and decreased subnasale and labrale superior thicknesses compared with the well-matched controls without clefts. These differences should be taken into account when planning orthodontic and orthognathic surgery treatment for those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mevlut Celikoglu
- Associate professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Suleyman K Buyuk
- Research assistant, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ahmet E Sekerci
- Assistant professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ersoz
- Assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Salih Celik
- Assistant professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Yildiray Sisman
- Associate professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Unal T, Celikoglu M, Candirli C. Evaluation of the effects of skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD using miniplates inserted on mandibular symphysis: A new approach for the treatment of Class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod 2014; 85:413-9. [PMID: 25279724 DOI: 10.2319/051314-345.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) appliance with miniplate anchorage for the treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion. MATERIAL AND METHODS The prospective clinical study group included 17 patients (11 girls and 6 boys; mean age 12.96 ± 1.23 years) with Class II malocclusion due to mandibular retrusion and treated with skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD. After 0.019 × 0.025-inch stainless steel archwire was inserted and cinched back in the maxillary arch, two miniplates were placed bilaterally on the mandibular symphysis. Then, the Forsus FRD EZ2 appliance was adjusted to the miniplates without leveling the mandibular arch. The changes in the leveling and skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD phases were evaluated by means of the Paired and Student's t-tests using the cephalometric lateral films. RESULTS The success rate of the miniplates was found to be 91.5% (38 of 42 miniplates). The mandible significantly moved forward (P < .001) and caused a significant restraint in the sagittal position of the maxilla (P < .001). The overjet correction (-5.11 mm) was found to be mainly by skeletal changes (A-VRL, -1.16 mm and Pog-VRL, 2.62 mm; approximately 74%); the remaining changes were due to the dentoalveolar contributions. The maxillary and mandibular incisors were significantly retruded (P < .001). CONCLUSION This new approach was an effective method for treating skeletal Class II malocclusion due to the mandibular retrusion via a combination of skeletal and dentoalveolar changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Unal
- a Research Assistant, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Celikoglu M, Buyuk SK, Ekizer A, Sekerci AE. Evaluation of mandibular transverse widths in patients affected by unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate using cone beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod 2014; 85:611-5. [PMID: 25230812 DOI: 10.2319/061614-438.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the mandibular dental, alveolar, and skeletal transversal widths in patients affected by unilateral (UCLP) and bilateral (BCLP) cleft lip and palate and to compare the findings with a well-matched normal occlusion sample using cone beam computed tomography images. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study sample consisted of 75 patients divided into three groups: the UCLP (29 patients; mean age: 15.40 ± 3.22 years), BCLP (18 patients; mean age: 15.54 ± 3.72 years), and normal occlusion (28 patients; mean age: 15.82 ± 2.11 years) groups. Mandibular dental (intercanine and -molar), alveolar (intercanine and -molar), and skeletal (bigonial width) transversal measurements were performed three-dimensionally and analyzed using the one-way variance analysis and post hoc Tukey tests. RESULTS Patients affected by UCLP and BCLP had statistically significantly lower intercanine alveolar widths (P < .05 and P < .001, respectively) and larger intermolar (P < .001 and P < .05, respectively) and intermolar alveolar widths (P < .001) compared with the normal occlusion group. Furthermore, the patients affected by UCLP and BCLP had similar mandibular dental, alveolar, and skeletal transversal widths (P > .05). CONCLUSION The UCLP and BCLP groups showed statistically significantly smaller values for intercanine alveolar widths and larger values for intermolar dental and alveolar widths compared with the normal occlusion group. This shows the importance of using individualized archwires according to the pretreatment arch widths of the patients affected by UCLP and/or BCLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mevlut Celikoglu
- a Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Suleyman K Buyuk
- b Research Assistant, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Ekizer
- c Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ahmet E Sekerci
- d Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Akin M, Polat O, Ileri Z, Basciftci FA. Effects of the Activator and Twin Block on Facial Soft Tissue Thickness in Class II Division 1 Patients. Turk J Orthod 2014. [DOI: 10.13076/tjo-d-14-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Celikoglu M, Buyuk SK, Sekerci AE, Ucar FI, Cantekin K. Three-dimensional evaluation of the pharyngeal airway volumes in patients affected by unilateral cleft lip and palate. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014; 145:780-6. [PMID: 24880849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients affected by cleft lip and palate often have complaints of snoring and respiratory difficulties during sleep. The purposes of this study were to evaluate nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and total airway volumes of patients affected by unilateral cleft lip and palate and to compare them with a well-matched control group without unilateral cleft lip and palate using cone-beam computed tomography. METHODS The study sample consisted of 60 patients (26 girls, 34 boys) divided into 2 groups: unilateral cleft lip and palate (20 boys, 10 girls; 8 right sided, 22 left sided; mean age, 14.6 ± 3.2 years) and no cleft (control group; 14 boys, 16 girls; mean age, 14.8 ± 2.8 years). Nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and total airway volumes of the subjects in both groups were calculated 3 dimensionally with cone-beam computed tomography. Group differences in relation to cleft side, sex, and cleft presence were statistically tested at P <0.05. RESULTS Patients affected by unilateral cleft lip and palate had similar airway volumes regardless of the side of the cleft. In addition, no statistically significant differences were found between the sexes in the 2 groups. Patients affected by unilateral cleft lip and palate had smaller nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and total airway volumes when compared with the control group. The difference for oropharyngeal airway volume (-4036.7 mm(3)) was statistically significant (P <0.05), whereas nasopharyngeal volume (-21.6 mm(3)) and total airway volume (-4057.3 mm(3)) differences were not significant (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patients affected by unilateral cleft lip and palate had decreased volumes of oropharyngeal (P <0.05) and total (P >0.05) airways compared with the well-matched control group without unilateral cleft lip and palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mevlut Celikoglu
- Associate professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Suleyman Kutalmis Buyuk
- Research assistant, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ercan Sekerci
- Assistant professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Faruk Izzet Ucar
- Assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kenan Cantekin
- Assistant professor, Department of Pedodontics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Canturk BH, Celikoglu M. Comparison of the effects of face mask treatment started simultaneously and after the completion of the alternate rapid maxillary expansion and constriction procedure. Angle Orthod 2014; 85:284-91. [PMID: 25017013 DOI: 10.2319/031114-176.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the null hypothesis that there were significant differences for skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue changes induced by face mask (FM) started simultaneously and after an alternate rapid maxillary expansion and constriction (Alt-RAMEC) procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six patients with Class III malocclusion due to maxillary deficiency were randomly assigned to Group I (FM started after the completion of the Alt-RAMEC) and Group II (FM started simultaneously with the Alt-RAMEC). The screw of the RME appliance was alternately activated and deactivated twice daily (0.20 mm per turn) for 1 week over the course of 8 weeks. The changes observed in both groups were assessed using the cephalometric lateral films and statistically evaluated using the paired t-test and Student's t-test. RESULTS Thirty patients completed the present prospective study. No significant differences were observed between the groups. Class III malocclusion and negative overjet were improved by means of skeletal changes in conjunction with upper incisor proclination in both groups. Skeletal contribution to overjet correction in Groups I and II was 91.70% and 86.10%, respectively. Maxilla showed a forward movement of 3.84 mm and 3.02 mm in Groups I and II, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The null hypothesis was rejected. Both groups showed similar results, and, thus, waiting until completion of the Alt-RAMEC procedure for the FM treatment is not necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge H Canturk
- a Research Assistant, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Utsuno H, Kageyama T, Uchida K, Kibayashi K. Facial soft tissue thickness differences among three skeletal classes in Japanese population. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 236:175-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ahn HW, Lee DY, Park YG, Kim SH, Chung KR, Nelson G. Accelerated decompensation of mandibular incisors in surgical skeletal Class III patients by using augmented corticotomy: A preliminary study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012; 142:199-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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