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Airola C, Andaloro S, Gasbarrini A, Ponziani FR. Vaccine Responses in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis: From the Immune System to the Gut Microbiota. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:349. [PMID: 38675732 PMCID: PMC11054513 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccines prevent a significant number of deaths annually. However, certain populations do not respond adequately to vaccination due to impaired immune systems. Cirrhosis, a condition marked by a profound disruption of immunity, impairs the normal immunization process. Critical vaccines for cirrhotic patients, such as the hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), influenza, pneumococcal, and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), often elicit suboptimal responses in these individuals. The humoral response, essential for immunization, is less effective in cirrhosis due to a decline in B memory cells and an increase in plasma blasts, which interfere with the creation of a long-lasting response to antigen vaccination. Additionally, some T cell subtypes exhibit reduced activation in cirrhosis. Nonetheless, the persistence of memory T cell activity, while not preventing infections, may help to attenuate the severity of diseases in these patients. Alongside that, the impairment of innate immunity, particularly in dendritic cells (DCs), prevents the normal priming of adaptive immunity, interrupting the immunization process at its onset. Furthermore, cirrhosis disrupts the gut-liver axis balance, causing dysbiosis, reduced production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), increased intestinal permeability, and bacterial translocation. Undermining the physiological activity of the immune system, these alterations could impact the vaccine response. Enhancing the understanding of the molecular and cellular factors contributing to impaired vaccination responses in cirrhotic patients is crucial for improving vaccine efficacy in this population and developing better prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Airola
- Liver Unit, CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Silvia Andaloro
- Liver Unit, CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Liver Unit, CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.A.); (A.G.)
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Ponziani
- Liver Unit, CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.A.); (A.G.)
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University, 00168 Rome, Italy
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2
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Khandelia P, Yadav S, Singh P. An overview of the BCG vaccine and its future scope. Indian J Tuberc 2023; 70 Suppl 1:S14-S23. [PMID: 38110255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite intense elimination efforts, tuberculosis (TB) still poses a threat to world health, disproportionately affecting less developed and poorer countries. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, the only anti-TB authorized vaccine can partially stop TB infection and transmission, however, its effectiveness ranges from 0 to 80%. As a result, there is an urgent need for a more potent TB vaccination given the widespread incidence of the disease. Enhancing BCG's effectiveness is also important due to the lack of other licensed vaccinations. Recently, fascinating research into BCG revaccination techniques by modulating its mode of action i.e., intravenous (IV) BCG delivery has yielded good clinical outcomes showing it still has a place in current vaccination regimens. We must thus go over the recent evidence that suggests trained immunity, and BCG vaccination techniques and describe how the vaccination confers protection against bacteria that cause both TB and non-tuberculosis. This review of the literature offers an updated summary and viewpoints on BCG-based TB immunization regimens (how it affects granulocytes at the epigenetic and hematopoietic stem cell levels which may be related to its efficacy), and also examines how the existing vaccine is being modified to be more effective, which may serve as an inspiration for future studies on the development of TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Khandelia
- Department of Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shikha Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pratichi Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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3
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Qu M, Zhou X, Li H. BCG vaccination strategies against tuberculosis: updates and perspectives. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:5284-5295. [PMID: 34856853 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.2007711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). However, BCG has variable efficacy and cannot completely prevent TB infection and transmission. Therefore, the worldwide prevalence of TB calls for urgent development of a more effective TB vaccine. In the absence of other approved vaccines, it is also necessary to improve the efficacy of BCG itself. Intravenous (IV) BCG administration and BCG revaccination strategies have recently shown promising results for clinical usage. Therefore, it is necessary for us to revisit the BCG vaccination strategies and summarize the current research updates related to BCG vaccination. This literature review provides an updated overview and perspectives of the immunization strategies against TB using BCG, which may inspire the following research on TB vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjin Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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4
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Vasilyev K, Shurygina AP, Zabolotnykh N, Sergeeva M, Romanovskaya-Romanko E, Pulkina A, Buzitskaya J, Dogonadze MZ, Vinogradova TI, Stukova MA. Enhancement of the Local CD8 + T-Cellular Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in BCG-Primed Mice after Intranasal Administration of Influenza Vector Vaccine Carrying TB10.4 and HspX Antigens. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111273. [PMID: 34835204 PMCID: PMC8626046 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BCG is the only licensed vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection. Due to its intramuscular administration route, BCG is unable to induce a local protective immune response in the respiratory system. Moreover, BCG has a diminished ability to induce long-lived memory T-cells which are indispensable for antituberculosis protection. Recently we described the protective efficacy of new mucosal TB vaccine candidate based on recombinant attenuated influenza vector (Flu/THSP) co-expressing TB10.4 and HspX proteins of M.tb within an NS1 influenza protein open reading frame. In the present work, the innate and adaptive immune response to immunization with the Flu/THSP and the immunological properties of vaccine candidate in the BCG-prime → Flu/THSP vector boost vaccination scheme are studied in mice. It was shown that the mucosal administration of Flu/THSP induces the incoming of interstitial macrophages in the lung tissue and stimulates the expression of co-stimulatory CD86 and CD83 molecules on antigen-presenting cells. The T-cellular immune response to Flu/THSP vector was mediated predominantly by the IFNγ-producing CD8+ lymphocytes. BCG-prime → Flu/THSP vector boost immunization scheme was shown to protect mice from severe lung injury caused by M.tb infection due to the enhanced T-cellular immune response, mediated by antigen-specific effector and central memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Vasilyev
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.-P.S.); (M.S.); (E.R.-R.); (A.P.); (J.B.); (M.A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna-Polina Shurygina
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.-P.S.); (M.S.); (E.R.-R.); (A.P.); (J.B.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Natalia Zabolotnykh
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.Z.); (M.Z.D.); (T.I.V.)
| | - Mariia Sergeeva
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.-P.S.); (M.S.); (E.R.-R.); (A.P.); (J.B.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Ekaterina Romanovskaya-Romanko
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.-P.S.); (M.S.); (E.R.-R.); (A.P.); (J.B.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Anastasia Pulkina
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.-P.S.); (M.S.); (E.R.-R.); (A.P.); (J.B.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Janna Buzitskaya
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.-P.S.); (M.S.); (E.R.-R.); (A.P.); (J.B.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Marine Z. Dogonadze
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.Z.); (M.Z.D.); (T.I.V.)
| | - Tatiana I. Vinogradova
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.Z.); (M.Z.D.); (T.I.V.)
| | - Marina A. Stukova
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.-P.S.); (M.S.); (E.R.-R.); (A.P.); (J.B.); (M.A.S.)
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5
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Recombinant BCG-Prime and DNA-Boost Immunization Confers Mice with Enhanced Protection against Mycobacterium kansasii. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111260. [PMID: 34835191 PMCID: PMC8618695 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) has been increasing worldwide. The emergence of multidrug-resistant NTM is a serious clinical concern, and a vaccine for NTM has not yet been developed. We previously developed a new recombinant Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (rBCG) vaccine encoding the antigen 85B (Ag85B) protein of Mycobacterium kansasii—termed rBCG-Mkan85B—which was used together with a booster immunization with plasmid DNA expressing the same M. kansasii Ag85B gene (DNA-Mkan85B). We reported that rBCG-Mkan85B/DNA-Mkan85B prime–boost immunization elicited various NTM strain-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and induced Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific immunity. In this study, to investigate the protective effect against M. kansasii infection, we challenged mice vaccinated with a rBCG-Mkan85B or rBCG-Mkan85B/DNA-Mkan85B prime–boost strategy with virulent M. kansasii. Although BCG and rBCG-Mkan85B immunization each suppressed the growth of M. kansasii in the mouse lungs, the rBCG-Mkan85B/DNA-Mkan85B prime–boost vaccination reduced the bacterial burden more significantly. Moreover, the rBCG-Mkan85B/DNA-Mkan85B prime–boost vaccination induced antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Our data suggest that rBCG-Mkan85B/DNA-Mkan85B prime–boost vaccination effectively enhances antigen-specific T cells. Our novel rBCG could be a potential alternative to clinical BCG for preventing various NTM infections.
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6
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Bouzeyen R, Chugh S, Gosain TP, Barbouche MR, Haoues M, Rao KVS, Essafi M, Singh R. Co-Administration of Anticancer Candidate MK-2206 Enhances the Efficacy of BCG Vaccine Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice and Guinea Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645962. [PMID: 34122406 PMCID: PMC8190480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of M. bovis BCG to induce long-term protection has been endowed to its inability to escape the phagolysosome, leading to mild activation of CD8+ mediated T cell response. Induction of apoptosis in host cells plays an important role in potentiating dendritic cells-mediated priming of CD8+ T cells, a process defined as “cross-priming.” Moreover, IL-10 secretion by infected cells has been reported to hamper BCG-induced immunity against Tuberculosis (TB). Previously, we have reported that apoptosis of BCG-infected macrophages and inhibition of IL-10 secretion is FOXO3 dependent, a transcription factor negatively regulated by the pro-survival activated threonine kinase, Akt. We speculate that FOXO3-mediated induction of apoptosis and abrogation of IL-10 secretion along with M. bovis BCG immunization might enhance the protection imparted by BCG. Here, we have assessed whether co-administration of a known anti-cancer Akt inhibitor, MK-2206, enhances the protective efficacy of M. bovis BCG in mice model of infection. We observed that in vitro MK-2206 treatment resulted in FOXO3 activation, enhanced BCG-induced apoptosis of macrophages and inhibition of IL-10 secretion. Co-administration of M. bovis BCG along with MK-2206 also increased apoptosis of antigen-presenting cells in draining lymph nodes of immunized mice. Further, MK-2206 administration improved BCG-induced CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells responses and its ability to induce both effector and central memory T cells. Finally, we show that co-administration of MK-2206 enhanced the protection imparted by M. bovis BCG against Mtb in aerosol infected mice and guinea pigs. Taken together, we provide evidence that MK-2206-mediated activation of FOXO3 potentiates BCG-induced immunity and imparts protection against Mtb through enhanced innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Bouzeyen
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11 IPT02, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saurabh Chugh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | | | - Meriam Haoues
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11 IPT02, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kanury V S Rao
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Makram Essafi
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11 IPT02, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
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7
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Liu SJ, Tian SC, Zhang YW, Tang T, Zeng JM, Fan XY, Wang C. Heterologous Boosting With Listeria-Based Recombinant Strains in BCG-Primed Mice Improved Protection Against Pulmonary Mycobacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2036. [PMID: 32983151 PMCID: PMC7492678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While Baccillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is used worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) is still a global concern due to the poor efficacy of BCG. Novel vaccine candidates are therefore urgently required. In this study, two attenuated recombinant Listeria strains, LMΔ-msv and LIΔ-msv were constructed by deletion of actA and plcB and expression of a fusion protein consisting of T cell epitopes from four Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens (Rv2460c, Rv2660c, Rv3875, and Rv3804c). The safety and immunogenicity of the two recombinant strains were evaluated in C57BL/6J mice. After intravenous immunization individually, both recombinant strains entered liver and spleen but eventually were eliminated from these organs after several days. Simultaneously, they induced antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity, indicating that the recombinant Listeria strains were immunogenic and safe in vivo. LMΔ-msv immunization induced stronger cellular immune responses than LIΔ-msv immunization, and when boosted with LIΔ-msv, antigen-specific IFN-γ CD8+ T cell responses were notably magnified. Furthermore, we evaluated the protection conferred by the vaccine candidates against mycobacterial infection via challenging the mice with 1 × 107 CFU of BCG. Especially, we tested the feasibility of application of them as heterologous BCG supplement vaccine by immunization of mice with BCG firstly, and boosted with LMΔ-msv and LIΔ-msv sequentially before challenging. Combination immune strategy (LMΔ-msv prime-LIΔ-msv boost) conferred comparable protection efficacy as BCG alone. More importantly, BCG-vaccinated mice acquired stronger resistance to Mycobacterial challenge when boosted with LMΔ-msv and LIΔ-msv sequentially. Our results inferred that heterologous immunization with Listeria-based recombinant strains boosted BCG-primed protection against pulmonary mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jing Liu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Cheng Tian
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun-Wen Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Tang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ju-Mei Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Pai S, Muruganandah V, Kupz A. What lies beneath the airway mucosal barrier? Throwing the spotlight on antigen-presenting cell function in the lower respiratory tract. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1158. [PMID: 32714552 PMCID: PMC7376394 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of respiratory infectious and inflammatory diseases remains a major public health concern. Prevention and management strategies have not kept pace with the increasing incidence of these diseases. The airway mucosa is the most common portal of entry for infectious and inflammatory agents. Therefore, significant benefits would be derived from a detailed understanding of how immune responses regulate the filigree of the airways. Here, the role of different antigen‐presenting cells (APC) in the lower airways and the mechanisms used by pathogens to modulate APC function during infectious disease is reviewed. Features of APC that are unique to the airways and the influence they have on uptake and presentation of antigen to T cells directly in the airways are discussed. Current information on the crucial role that airway APC play in regulating respiratory infection is summarised. We examine the clinical implications of APC dysregulation in the airways on asthma and tuberculosis, two chronic diseases that are the major cause of illness and death in the developed and developing world. A brief overview of emerging therapies that specifically target APC function in the airways is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saparna Pai
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine James Cook University Cairns QLD Australia
| | - Visai Muruganandah
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine James Cook University Cairns QLD Australia
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine James Cook University Cairns QLD Australia
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9
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Komine-Aizawa S, Jiang J, Mizuno S, Hayakawa S, Matsuo K, Boyd LF, Margulies DH, Honda M. MHC-restricted Ag85B-specific CD8 + T cells are enhanced by recombinant BCG prime and DNA boost immunization in mice. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1399-1414. [PMID: 31135967 PMCID: PMC6722017 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite efforts to develop effective treatments and vaccines, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), particularly pulmonary Mtb, continues to provide major health challenges worldwide. To improve immunization against the persistent health challenge of Mtb infection, we have studied the CD8+ T cell response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and recombinant BCG (rBCG) in mice. Here, we generated CD8+ T cells with an rBCG-based vaccine encoding the Ag85B protein of M. kansasii, termed rBCG-Mkan85B, followed by boosting with plasmid DNA expressing the Ag85B gene (DNA-Mkan85B). We identified two MHC-I (H2-Kd )-restricted epitopes that induce cross-reactive responses to Mtb and other related mycobacteria in both BALB/c (H2d ) and CB6F1 (H2b/d ) mice. The H2-Kd -restricted peptide epitopes elicited polyfunctional CD8+ T cell responses that were also highly cross-reactive with those of other proteins of the Ag85 complex. Tetramer staining indicated that the two H2-Kd -restricted epitopes elicit distinct CD8+ T cell populations, a result explained by the X-ray structure of the two peptide/H2-Kd complexes. These results suggest that rBCG-Mkan85B vector-based immunization and DNA-Mkan85B boost may enhance CD8+ T cell response to Mtb, and might help to overcome the limited effectiveness of the current BCG in eliciting tuberculosis immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihoko Komine-Aizawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Jiansheng Jiang
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health
| | - Satoru Mizuno
- Japan BCG Laboratory
- The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Kazuhiro Matsuo
- Japan BCG Laboratory
- The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association
| | - Lisa F. Boyd
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health
| | - David H. Margulies
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health
| | - Mitsuo Honda
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine
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10
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Evaluation of phospho-histone H3 in Asian triple-negative breast cancer using multiplex immunofluorescence. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 178:295-305. [PMID: 31410680 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We used multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) to determine whether mitotic rate represents an independent prognostic marker in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Secondary aims were to confirm the prognostic significance of immune cells in TNBC, and to investigate the relationship between immune cells and proliferating tumour cells. METHODS A retrospective Asian cohort of 298 patients with TNBC diagnosed from 2003 to 2015 at the Singapore General Hospital was used in the present study. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast cancer samples were analysed on tissue microarrays using mIF, which combined phospho-histone H3 (pHH3) expression with cytokeratin (CK) and leukocyte common antigen (CD45) expression to identify tumour and immune cells, respectively. RESULTS Multivariate analysis showed that a high pHH3 index was associated with significantly improved overall survival (OS; p = 0.004), but this was not significantly associated with disease-free survival (DFS; p = 0.22). Similarly, multivariate analysis also revealed that a pHH3 positive count of > 1 cell per high-power field in the malignant epithelial compartment was an independent favourable prognostic marker for OS (p = 0.033) but not for DFS (p = 0.250). Furthermore, a high CD45 index was an independent favourable prognostic marker for DFS (p = 0.018), and there was a significant positive correlation between CD45 and pHH3 index (Spearman rank correlation coefficient, 0.250; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Mitotic rates as determined by pHH3 expression in epithelial cells are significantly associated with improved survival in TNBC. mIF analysis of pHH3 in combination with CK and CD45 could help clinicians in prognosticating patients with TNBC.
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11
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Counoupas C, Triccas JA. The generation of T-cell memory to protect against tuberculosis. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:656-663. [PMID: 31127962 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) kills more individuals each year than any other single pathogen and a more effective vaccine is critical for the global control of the disease. Although there has been recent progress in the clinical testing of candidates, no new vaccine has been licensed for use and correlates of protective immunity in humans have not been defined. Prior Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection does not appear to confer long-term protective immunity in humans; thus mimicking the natural immune response to infection may not be a suitable approach to develop improved TB vaccines. Data from animal testing are used to progress vaccines through the "vaccine pipeline", but studies in animals have not been able to predict efficacy in humans. Furthermore, although the generation of conventional CD4+ T-cell responses are considered necessary to control infection with M. tuberculosis, these do not necessarily correlate with protection induced by candidate vaccines and other immune components may play a role, including donor unrestricted T cells, tissue-resident memory T cells and anti-M. tuberculosis antibodies. This review will summarize the current understanding of the protective immune responses following M. tuberculosis infection or vaccination, with a particular focus on vaccines that have recently entered clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Counoupas
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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12
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Counoupas C, Triccas JA, Britton WJ. Deciphering protective immunity against tuberculosis: implications for vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:353-364. [PMID: 30793629 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1585246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of more effective tuberculosis (TB) vaccines is essential for the global control of TB. Recently, there have been major advances in the field, but an important hindrance remains the lack of correlates of protection against TB. This requires each vaccine candidate to undergo clinical efficacy trials based on data from animal protection studies, but the results from animal models do not necessarily predict efficacy in humans. AREAS COVERED In this review we summarize our current knowledge of immune mechanisms that may contribute to protective immunity against TB following vaccination and relate these to protective efficacy in animal models and recent clinical trials. Although some initial trials did not reproduce protection against TB in humans, recent trials have demonstrated promising efficacy for three vaccine approaches. EXPERT OPINION Although CD4+ T lymphocytes are essential for protection against TB, there is no clear correlation between conventional CD4+ or CD8+ T cell responses and protective efficacy of TB vaccines. Recent attention has focused on other immune responses, including donor unrestricted T cells, B lymphocytes, and antibodies. Prospective studies on samples from vaccinated individuals protected in recent trials will allow evaluation of these alternative immune mechanisms as potential correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Counoupas
- a Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute , The University of Sydney , Camperdown , NSW , Australia.,b The University of Sydney , Central Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- a Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute , The University of Sydney , Camperdown , NSW , Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- a Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute , The University of Sydney , Camperdown , NSW , Australia.,b The University of Sydney , Central Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health , Sydney , NSW , Australia
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13
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Dreesman A, Dirix V, Smits K, Corbière V, Van Praet A, Debulpaep S, De Schutter I, Felderhof MK, Malfroot A, Singh M, Locht C, Mouchet F, Mascart F. Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Infants and Children With Partial Discrimination Between Active Disease and Asymptomatic Infection. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:311. [PMID: 31404140 PMCID: PMC6669376 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Improved diagnostic tests are needed for the early identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected young children exposed to an active TB (aTB) index case. We aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of new blood-based tests to that of the tuberculin skin test (TST) for the identification of all infected children and for a potential differentiation between aTB and latent TB infection (LTBI). Methods: 144 children exposed to a patient with aTB were included, and those who met all inclusion criteria (130/144) were classified in three groups based on results from classical investigations: non-infected (NI: n = 69, 53%, median age 10 months), LTBI (n = 28, 22%, median age 96 months), aTB disease (n = 33, 25%, median age 24 months). The first whole blood assay consisted of a 7-days in vitro stimulation of blood with four different mycobacterial antigens (40 μl/condition), followed by flow cytometric measurement of the proportions of blast cells appearing among lymphocytes as a result of their specific activation. Thresholds of positivity were determined by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis (results of NI children vs. children with LTBI/aTB) in order to identify infected children in a first stage. Other cut-offs were determined to discriminate subgroups of infected children in a second step (results from children with aTB/LTBI). Analysis of blood monocytes and dendritic cell subsets was performed on 100 μl of blood for 25 of these children as a second test in a pilot study. Results: Combining the results of the blast-induced CD3+ T lymphocytes by Heparin-Binding Haemagglutinin and by Culture Filtrate Protein-10 identified all but one infected children (sensitivity 98.2% and specificity 86.9%, compared to 93.4 and 100% for the TST). Further identification among infected children of those with aTB was best achieved by the results of blast-induced CD8+ T lymphocytes by purified protein derivative (sensitivity for localized aTB: 61.9%, specificity 96.3%), whereas high proportions of blood type 2 myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) were a hallmark of LTBI. Conclusions: New blood-based tests requiring a very small volume allow the accurate identification of M. tuberculosis-infected young children among exposed children and are promising to guide the clinical classification of children with aTB or LTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Dreesman
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Pediatric Department, CHU Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Violette Dirix
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kaat Smits
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Corbière
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Van Praet
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sara Debulpaep
- Pediatric Department, CHU Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Iris De Schutter
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Cystic Fibrosis Clinic and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mariet-Karlijn Felderhof
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Cystic Fibrosis Clinic and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Malfroot
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Cystic Fibrosis Clinic and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Lionex Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Camille Locht
- INSERM, U1019, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR8204, Lille, France.,Université de Lille, Lille, France.,Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Françoise Mascart
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Immunobiology Clinic, Hôpital Erasme, U.L.B., Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Prendergast KA, Daniels NJ, Petersen TR, Hermans IF, Kirman JR. Langerin + CD8α + Dendritic Cells Drive Early CD8 + T Cell Activation and IL-12 Production During Systemic Bacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:953. [PMID: 29867941 PMCID: PMC5949331 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infections induce considerable morbidity, high mortality, and represent a significant burden of cost in health care; however, our understanding of the immune response to bacteremia is incomplete. Langerin+ CD8α+ dendritic cells (DCs), residing in the marginal zone of the murine spleen, have the capacity to cross-prime CD8+ T cells and produce IL-12, both of which are important components of antimicrobial immunity. Accordingly, we hypothesized that this DC subset may be a key promoter of adaptive immune responses to blood-borne bacterial infections. Utilizing mice that express the diphtheria toxin receptor under control of the langerin promoter, we investigated the impact of depleting langerin+ CD8α+ DCs in a murine model of intravenous infection with Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG). In the absence of langerin+ CD8α+ DCs, the immune response to blood-borne BCG infection was diminished: bacterial numbers in the spleen increased, serum IL-12p40 decreased, and delayed CD8+ T cell activation, proliferation, and IFN-γ production was evident. Our data revealed that langerin+ CD8α+ DCs play a pivotal role in initiating CD8+ T cell responses and IL-12 production in response to bacteremia and may influence the early control of systemic bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Prendergast
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Naomi J Daniels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Ian F Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanna R Kirman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Yang C, Zhang S, Yao L, Fan L. Evaluation of risk factors for false-negative results with an antigen-specific peripheral blood-based quantitative T cell assay (T-SPOT ®. TB) in the diagnosis of active tuberculosis: A large-scale retrospective study in China. J Int Med Res 2018. [PMID: 29529901 PMCID: PMC5991236 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518757381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the diagnostic efficacy of an interferon-γ release assay, T-SPOT®. TB, for diagnosing active tuberculosis (TB) and to identify risk factors for false-negative results. Methods This retrospective study enrolled consecutive patients with active TB and with non-TB respiratory diseases to evaluate the risk factors for false-negative results when using the T-SPOT®. TB assay for the diagnosis of active TB. Patients with active TB were categorized as having confirmed pulmonary TB, clinically diagnosed pulmonary TB or extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). Results This study analysed 4964 consecutive patients; 2425 with active TB and 2539 with non-TB respiratory diseases. Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified the following five factors that were all associated with an increased false-negative rate with the T-SPOT®. TB assay: increased age (odds ratio [OR] 1.018; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.013, 1.024); decreased CD8+ count (OR 0.307; 95% CI 0.117, 0.803); negative sputum acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear staining (OR 1.821; 95% CI 1.338, 2.477); negative mycobacterial cultures (OR 1.379; 95% CI 1.043, 1.824); and absence of EPTB (OR 1.291; 95% CI 1.026, 1.623). Conclusions Increased age, decreased CD8+ count, negative sputum AFB smear results, negative sputum mycobacterial cultures and absence of EPTB might lead to an increased false-negative rate when using the T-SPOT®. TB assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yang
- Clinic and Research Centre of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- Clinic and Research Centre of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Clinic and Research Centre of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Fan
- Clinic and Research Centre of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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16
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Recombinant BCG Expressing ESX-1 of Mycobacterium marinum Combines Low Virulence with Cytosolic Immune Signaling and Improved TB Protection. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2752-2765. [PMID: 28297677 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent insights into the mechanisms by which Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis, is recognized by cytosolic nucleotide sensors have opened new avenues for rational vaccine design. The only licensed anti-tuberculosis vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, provides limited protection. A feature of BCG is the partial deletion of the ESX-1 type VII secretion system, which governs phagosomal rupture and cytosolic pattern recognition, key intracellular phenotypes linked to increased immune signaling. Here, by heterologously expressing the esx-1 region of Mycobacterium marinum in BCG, we engineered a low-virulence, ESX-1-proficient, recombinant BCG (BCG::ESX-1Mmar) that induces the cGas/STING/TBK1/IRF-3/type I interferon axis and enhances AIM2 and NLRP3 inflammasome activity, resulting in both higher proportions of CD8+ T cell effectors against mycobacterial antigens shared with BCG and polyfunctional CD4+ Th1 cells specific to ESX-1 antigens. Importantly, independent mouse vaccination models show that BCG::ESX-1Mmar confers superior protection relative to parental BCG against challenges with highly virulent M. tuberculosis.
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17
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Counoupas C, Pinto R, Nagalingam G, Britton WJ, Petrovsky N, Triccas JA. Delta inulin-based adjuvants promote the generation of polyfunctional CD4 + T cell responses and protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8582. [PMID: 28819247 PMCID: PMC5561132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for the rational design of safe and effective vaccines to protect against chronic bacterial pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Advax™ is a novel adjuvant based on delta inulin microparticles that enhances immunity with a minimal inflammatory profile and has entered human trials to protect against viral pathogens. In this report we determined if Advax displays broad applicability against important human pathogens by assessing protective immunity against infection with M. tuberculosis. The fusion protein CysVac2, comprising the M. tuberculosis antigens Ag85B (Rv1886c) and CysD (Rv1285) formulated with Advax provided significant protection in the lungs of M. tuberculosis-infected mice. Protection was associated with the generation of CysVac2-specific multifunctional CD4+ T cells (IFN-γ+TNF+IL-2+). Addition to Advax of the TLR9 agonist, CpG oligonucleotide (AdvaxCpG), improved both the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of CysVac2. Immunisation with CysVac2/AdvaxCpG resulted in heightened release of the chemoattractants, CXCL1, CCL3, and TNF, and rapid influx of monocytes and neutrophils to the site of vaccination, with pronounced early priming of CysVac2-specific CD4+ T cells. As delta inulin adjuvants have shown an excellent safety and tolerability profile in humans, CysVac2/AdvaxCpG is a strong candidate for further preclinical evaluation for progression to human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Counoupas
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel Pinto
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gayathri Nagalingam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Department of Endocrinology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia.
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18
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MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells respond to mycobacterial vaccination and infection in nonhuman primates. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:802-813. [PMID: 27759023 PMCID: PMC5397382 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies on mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAITs) in nonhuman primates (NHP), a physiologically relevant model of human immunity, are handicapped due to a lack of macaque MAIT-specific reagents. Here we show that while MR1 ligand-contact residues are conserved between human and multiple NHP species, three T-cell receptor contact-residue mutations in NHP MR1 diminish binding of human MR1 tetramers to macaque MAITs. Construction of naturally loaded macaque MR1 tetramers facilitated identification and characterization of macaque MR1-binding ligands and MAITs, both of which mirrored their human counterparts. Using the macaque MR1 tetramer we show that NHP MAITs activated in vivo in response to both Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. These results demonstrate that NHP and human MR1 and MAITs function analogously, and establish a preclinical animal model to test MAIT-targeted vaccines and therapeutics for human infectious and autoimmune disease.
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19
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Sendai Virus Mucosal Vaccination Establishes Lung-Resident Memory CD8 T Cell Immunity and Boosts BCG-Primed Protection against TB in Mice. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1222-1233. [PMID: 28342639 PMCID: PMC5417795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown the protective role of CD8+ T cells in vaccine-induced immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) despite controversy over their role in natural immunity. However, the current vaccine BCG is unable to induce sufficient CD8+ T cell responses, especially in the lung. Sendai virus, a respiratory RNA virus, is here engineered firstly as a novel recombinant anti-TB vaccine (SeV85AB) that encodes Mtb immuno-dominant antigens, Ag85A and Ag85B. A single mucosal vaccination elicited potent antigen-specific T cell responses and a degree of protection against Mtb challenge similar to the effect of BCG in mice. Depletion of CD8+ T cells abrogated the protective immunity afforded by SeV85AB vaccination. Interestingly, only SeV85AB vaccination induced high levels of lung-resident memory CD8+ T (TRM) cells, and this led to a rapid and strong recall of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses against Mtb challenge infection. Furthermore, when used in a BCG prime-SeV85AB boost strategy, SeV85AB vaccine significantly enhanced protection above that seen after BCG vaccination alone. Our findings suggest that CD8+ TRM cells that arise in lungs responding to this mucosal vaccination might help to protect against TB, and SeV85AB holds notable promise to improve BCG’s protective efficacy in a prime-boost immunization regimen.
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20
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Yi L, Sasaki Y, Nagai H, Ishikawa S, Takamori M, Sakashita K, Saito T, Fukushima K, Igarashi Y, Aono A, Chikamatsu K, Yamada H, Takaki A, Mori T, Mitarai S. Evaluation of QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus for Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in Japan. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30617. [PMID: 27470684 PMCID: PMC4965764 DOI: 10.1038/srep30617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release assays still needs to be improved. The data on the performance of QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus), a new-generation of QFT assay are limited. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of QFT-Plus, and compared to that of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT). Blood samples were collected from 162 bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis (TB) patients and 212 Mycobacterium tuberculosis-uninfected volunteers; these samples were then tested with QFT-GIT and QFT-Plus. The IFN-γ concentration of QFT-Plus was lower than that of QFT-GIT in TB patients (p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curves were compared between QFT-GIT and QFT-Plus. Both assays showed area under the curve values over 0.99 without significant difference. Using the conventional cut-off (0.35 IU/mL) for QFT-GIT, QFT-Plus had a lower sensitivity of 91.1% compared to 96.2% (p = 0.008) at its optimum cut-off (0.168 IU/mL) with the same specificity. Moreover, IFN-γ values were significantly reduced with age in QFT-GIT (p = 0.035) but not in QFT-Plus. The diagnostic performance of QFT-Plus was as accurate as that of QFT-GIT despite a lack of TB7.7 antigen and despite the decrease in quantitative values. However, the cut-off value for QFT-Plus should be considered independently from that of QFT-GIT to obtain the best sensitivity without compromising specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yi
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Japan
- Department of Basic Mycobacteriology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nagai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Satoru Ishikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Chiba Higashi National Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mikio Takamori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Centre, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sakashita
- Department of Basic Mycobacteriology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Centre, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Takefumi Saito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Ibaraki Higashi National Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kiyoyasu Fukushima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki Genbaku Isahaya Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuriko Igarashi
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Akio Aono
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Kinuyo Chikamatsu
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamada
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Akiko Takaki
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Toru Mori
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mitarai
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Japan
- Department of Basic Mycobacteriology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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21
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Barcellini L, Borroni E, Brown J, Brunetti E, Campisi D, Castellotti PF, Codecasa LR, Cugnata F, Di Serio C, Ferrarese M, Goletti D, Lipman M, Rancoita PM, Russo G, Tadolini M, Vanino E, Cirillo DM. First evaluation of QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus performance in contact screening. Eur Respir J 2016; 48:1411-1419. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00510-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Identifying latently infected individuals is crucial for the elimination of tuberculosis (TB). We evaluated for the first time the performance of a new type of interferon-γ release assay, QuantiFERON-TB Plus (QFT-Plus), which includes an additional antigen tube (TB2), stimulating both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in contacts of TB patients.Contacts were screened for latent TB infection by tuberculin skin test, QFT-Plus and QuantiFERON-TB Gold in Tube (QFT-GIT).In 119 TB contacts, the overall agreement between QFT-Plus and QFT-GIT was high, with a Cohen's κ of 0.8. Discordant results were found in 12 subjects with negative QFT-GIT and positive QFT-Plus results. In analyses of markers of TB exposure and test results, the average time spent with the index case was the strongest risk factor for positivity in each of these tests. The difference in interferon-γ production between the two antigen tubes (TB2−TB1) was used as an estimate of CD8+ stimulation provided by the TB2. TB2−TB1 values >0.6 IU·mL−1 were significantly associated with proximity to the index case and European origin.QFT-Plus has a stronger association with surrogate measures of TB exposure than QFT-GIT in adults screened for latent TB infection. Interferon-γ response in the new antigen tube used an indirect estimate of specific CD8+ response correlates with increased Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposure, suggesting a possible role in identifying individuals with recent infection.
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22
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Pinto R, Nambiar JK, Leotta L, Counoupas C, Britton WJ, Triccas JA. Influence of phthiocerol dimycocerosate on CD4(+) T cell priming and persistence during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 99:25-30. [PMID: 27450001 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The characterisation of mycobacterial factors that influence or modulate the host immune response may aid the development of more efficacious TB vaccines. We have previously reported that Mycobacterium tuberculosis deficient in export of Phthiocerol Dimycocerosates (DIM) (MT103(ΔdrrC)) is more attenuated than wild type M. tuberculosis and provides sustained protective immunity compared to the existing BCG vaccine. Here we sought to define the correlates of immunity associated with DIM deficiency by assessing the impact of MT103(ΔdrrC) delivery on antigen presenting cell (APC) function and the generation of CD4(+) T cell antigen-specific immunity. MT103(ΔdrrC) was a potent activator of bone marrow derived dendritic cells, inducing significantly greater expression of CD86 and IL-12p40 compared to BCG or the MT103 parental strain. This translated to an increased ability to initiate early in vivo priming of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells compared to BCG with enhanced release of IFN-γ and TNF upon antigen-restimulation. The heightened immunity induced by MT103(ΔdrrC) correlated with greater persistence within the spleen compared to BCG, however both MT103(ΔdrrC) and BCG were undetectable in the lung at 70 days post-vaccination. In immunodeficient RAG (-/-) mice, MT103(ΔdrrC) was less virulent than the parental MT103 strain, yet MT103(ΔdrrC) infected mice succumbed more rapidly compared to BCG-infected animals. These results suggest that DIM translocation plays a role in APC stimulation and CD4(+) T cell activation during M. tuberculosis infection and highlights the potential of DIM-deficient strains as novel TB vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pinto
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan K Nambiar
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa Leotta
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Claudio Counoupas
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia.
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Peng X, Jiang G, Liu W, Zhang Q, Qian W, Sun J. Characterization of differential pore-forming activities of ESAT-6 proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:509-19. [PMID: 26801203 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 (MtbESAT-6) plays essential roles in pathogenesis. MtbESAT-6 exhibits a unique pore-forming activity (PFA) that is not found in its ortholog from non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis (MsESAT-6). Here, we characterized the differential PFAs and found that exchange of I25-H26/T25-A26 between two proteins reciprocally affected their PFAs. MtbESAT-6(IH/TA) had ~ 40% reduction, while MsESAT-6(TA/IH) fully acquired its activity similar to MtbESAT-6. Mutations of A17E, K38T, N67L or R74Q on MtbESAT-6(IH/TA) further reduced the activity, with MtbESAT-6(IH/TA-17) being the lowest. This study suggests I25-H26 as the pH-sensor essential for MsESAT-6 to fully acquire the activity, while multiple residues contributed to MtbESAT-6 PFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Peng
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Guozhong Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Wei Qian
- Sino-Duth Biomedical and Information Engineering School of Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, TX, USA.,Sino-Duth Biomedical and Information Engineering School of Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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Abstract
Most mycobacterial species are harmless saprophytes, often found in aquatic environments. A few species seem to have evolved from this pool of environmental mycobacteria into major human pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, the leprosy bacillus, and Mycobacterium ulcerans, the agent of Buruli ulcer. While the pathogenicity of M. ulcerans relates to the acquisition of a large plasmid encoding a polyketide-derived toxin, the molecular mechanisms by which M. leprae or M. tuberculosis have evolved to cause disease are complex and involve the interaction between the pathogen and the host. Here we focus on M. tuberculosis and closely related mycobacteria and discuss insights gained from recent genomic and functional studies. Comparison of M. tuberculosis genome data with sequences from nontuberculous mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium marinum or Mycobacterium kansasii, provides a perception of the more distant evolution of M. tuberculosis, while the recently accomplished genome sequences of multiple tubercle bacilli with smooth colony morphology, named Mycobacterium canettii, have allowed the ancestral gene pool of tubercle bacilli to be estimated. The resulting findings are instrumental for our understanding of the pathogenomic evolution of tuberculosis-causing mycobacteria. Comparison of virulent and attenuated members of the M. tuberculosis complex has further contributed to identification of a specific secretion pathway, named ESX or Type VII secretion. The molecular machines involved are key elements for mycobacterial pathogenicity, strongly influencing the ability of M. tuberculosis to cope with the immune defense mounted by the host.
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Majlessi L, Prados-Rosales R, Casadevall A, Brosch R. Release of mycobacterial antigens. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:25-45. [PMID: 25703550 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has evolved from a Mycobacterium canettii-like progenitor pool into one of the most successful and widespread human pathogens. The pathogenicity of M. tuberculosis is linked to its ability to secrete/export/release selected mycobacterial proteins, and it is also established that active release of mycobacterial antigens is a prerequisite for strong immune recognition. Recent research has enabled mycobacterial secretion systems and vesicle-based release of mycobacterial antigens to be elucidated, which together with host-related specificities constitute key variables that determine the outcome of infection. Here, we discuss recently discovered, novel aspects on the nature and the regulation of antigen release of the tuberculosis agent with particular emphasis on the biological characterization of mycobacteria-specific ESX/type VII secretion systems and their secreted proteins, belonging to the Esx, PE, and PPE categories. The importance of specific mycobacterial antigen release is probably best exemplified by the striking differences observed between the cellular events during infection with the ESX-1-deficient, attenuated Mycobacterium bovis BCG compared to the virulent M. tuberculosis, which are clearly important for design of more specific diagnostics and more efficient vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Majlessi
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Paris, France
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26
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Peng X, Sun J. Mechanism of ESAT-6 membrane interaction and its roles in pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Toxicon 2015; 116:29-34. [PMID: 26456678 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The 6-kDa early secreted antigenic target (ESAT-6; EsxA) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was first identified as a potent T-cell antigen, and it is now recognized as a pore-forming toxin that is essential for virulence of M. tuberculosis. ESAT-6 is secreted through the ESX-1 secretion system (Type VII) of M. tuberculosis and has been implicated to mediate mycobacterial cytosolic translocation within the host macrophages by rupturing the phagosomal membranes. Recent studies have made significant progresses in understanding of the mechanism of ESAT-6 membrane interaction and its role in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis, but important questions still remain to be answered. Here, we summarize the current progress in study of ESAT-6 membrane interaction and its roles in pathogenesis and discuss some of the key remaining questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Peng
- Key Laboratory Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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Bruffaerts N, Pedersen LE, Vandermeulen G, Préat V, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Huygen K, Romano M. Increased B and T Cell Responses in M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccinated Pigs Co-Immunized with Plasmid DNA Encoding a Prototype Tuberculosis Antigen. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132288. [PMID: 26172261 PMCID: PMC4501720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The only tuberculosis vaccine currently available, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a poor inducer of CD8(+) T cells, which are particularly important for the control of latent tuberculosis and protection against reactivation. As the induction of strong CD8(+) T cell responses is a hallmark of DNA vaccines, a combination of BCG with plasmid DNA encoding a prototype TB antigen (Ag85A) was tested. As an alternative animal model, pigs were primed with BCG mixed with empty vector or codon-optimized pAg85A by the intradermal route and boosted with plasmid delivered by intramuscular electroporation. Control pigs received unformulated BCG. The BCG-pAg85A combination stimulated robust and sustained Ag85A specific antibody, lymphoproliferative, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ responses. IgG1/IgG2 antibody isotype ratio reflected the Th1 helper type biased response. T lymphocyte responses against purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) were induced in all (BCG) vaccinated animals, but responses were much stronger in BCG-pAg85A vaccinated pigs. Finally, Ag85A-specific IFN-γ producing CD8(+) T cells were detected by intracellular cytokine staining and a synthetic peptide, spanning Ag85A131-150 and encompassing two regions with strong predicted SLA-1*0401/SLA-1*0801 binding affinity, was promiscuously recognized by 6/6 animals vaccinated with the BCG-pAg85A combination. Our study provides a proof of concept in a large mammalian species, for a new Th1 and CD8(+) targeting tuberculosis vaccine, based on BCG-plasmid DNA co-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bruffaerts
- Service Immunology, Scientific Institute for Public Health (WIV-ISP Site Ukkel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lasse E. Pedersen
- Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, Technical University of Denmark, Bulowsvej Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Gaëlle Vandermeulen
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Préat
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Norbert Stockhofe-Zurwieden
- Division Infection Biology Central Veterinary Institute, Part of Wageningen U(niversity)&R(esearch); Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Kris Huygen
- Service Immunology, Scientific Institute for Public Health (WIV-ISP Site Ukkel), Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Marta Romano
- Service Immunology, Scientific Institute for Public Health (WIV-ISP Site Ukkel), Brussels, Belgium
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Le Chevalier F, Cascioferro A, Majlessi L, Herrmann JL, Brosch R. Mycobacterium tuberculosis evolutionary pathogenesis and its putative impact on drug development. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:969-85. [PMID: 25302954 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of human TB, is the most important mycobacterial pathogen in terms of global patient numbers and gravity of disease. The molecular mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis causes disease are complex and the result of host-pathogen coevolution that might have started already in the time of its Mycobacterium canettii-like progenitors. Despite research progress, M. tuberculosis still holds many secrets of its successful strategy for circumventing host defences, persisting in the host and developing resistance, which makes anti-TB treatment regimens extremely long and often inefficient. Here, we discuss what we have learned from recent studies on the evolution of the pathogen and its putative new drug targets that are essential for mycobacterial growth under in vitro or in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Le Chevalier
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Paris, France
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29
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Developing whole mycobacteria cell vaccines for tuberculosis: Workshop proceedings, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany, July 9, 2014. Vaccine 2015; 33:3047-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Sayour EJ, Sanchez-Perez L, Flores C, Mitchell DA. Bridging infectious disease vaccines with cancer immunotherapy: a role for targeted RNA based immunotherapeutics. J Immunother Cancer 2015; 3:13. [PMID: 25901285 PMCID: PMC4404652 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-015-0058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-specific immunotherapy holds the promise of eradicating malignant tumors with exquisite precision without additional toxicity to standard treatments. Cancer immunotherapy has conventionally relied on cell-mediated immunity while successful infectious disease vaccines have been shown to induce humoral immunity. Efficacious cancer immunotherapeutics likely require both cellular and humoral responses, and RNA based cancer vaccines are especially suited to stimulate both arms of the immune system. RNA is inherently immunogenic, inducing innate immune responses to initiate cellular and humoral adaptive immunity, but has limited utility based on its poor in vivo stability. Early work utilized ‘naked’ RNA vaccines, whereas more recent efforts have attempted to encapsulate RNA thereby protecting it from degradation. However, feasibility has been limited by a lack of defined and safe targeting mechanisms for the in vivo delivery of stabilized RNA. As new cancer antigens come to the forefront with novel RNA encapsulation and targeting techniques, RNA vaccines may prove to be a vital, safe and robust method to initiate patient-specific anti-tumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias J Sayour
- Department of Neurosurgery, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fl USA ; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Luis Sanchez-Perez
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Catherine Flores
- Department of Neurosurgery, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fl USA
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- Department of Neurosurgery, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fl USA
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31
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Simeone R, Bottai D, Frigui W, Majlessi L, Brosch R. ESX/type VII secretion systems of mycobacteria: Insights into evolution, pathogenicity and protection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95 Suppl 1:S150-4. [PMID: 25732627 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis depends on the secretion of key virulence factors, such as the 6 kDa early secreted antigenic target ESAT-6 (EsxA) and its protein partner, the 10 kDa culture filtrate protein CFP-10 (EsxB), via the ESX-1 secretion system. ESX-1 represents the prototype system of the recently named type VII secretion systems that exist in a range of actinobacteria. The M. tuberculosis genome harbours a total of five gene clusters potentially coding for type VII secretion systems, designated ESX-1 - ESX-5, with ESX-4 being the most ancient system from which other ESX systems seem to have evolved by gene duplication and gene insertion events. The five ESX systems show similarity in gene content and gene order but differ in function. ESX-1 and ESX-5 are both crucial virulence determinants of M. tuberculosis, but with different mechanisms. While ESX-1 is implicated in the lysis of the host cell phagosomes, ESX-5 is involved in secretion of the mycobacteria specific PE and PPE proteins and cell wall stability. Research on type VII secretion systems has thus become a large and competitive research topic that is tightly linked to studies of host-pathogen interaction of pathogenic mycobacteria. Insights into this matter are of relevance for redrawing the patho-evolution of M. tuberculosis, which might help improving current strategies for prevention, diagnostics and therapy of tuberculosis as well as elucidating the virulence mechanisms employed by this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Simeone
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Paris, France
| | - Daria Bottai
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Paris, France; Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Wafa Frigui
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Paris, France
| | - Laleh Majlessi
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Paris, France
| | - Roland Brosch
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Paris, France.
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32
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Abstract
Bacterial secretion systems are sophisticated molecular machines that fulfil a wide range of important functions, which reach from export/secretion of essential proteins or virulence factors to the implication in conjugation processes. In contrast to the widely distributed Sec and Twin Arginine Translocation (TAT) systems, the recently identified ESX/type VII systems show a more restricted distribution and are typical for mycobacteria and other high-GC Actinobacteria. Similarly, type VII-like secretion systems have been described in low-GC Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes. While the most complex organization of type VII secretion systems currently known is found in slow-growing mycobacteria, which harbour up to 5 chromosomal-encoded systems (ESX-1 to ESX-5), much simpler organization is reported for type VII-like systems in Firmicutes. In this chapter, we describe common and divergent features of type VII- and type VII-like secretion pathways and also comment on their biological key roles, many of which are related to species-/genus-specific host-pathogen interactions and/or virulence mechanisms.
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Hwang SA, Kruzel ML, Actor JK. Effects of CHO-expressed recombinant lactoferrins on mouse dendritic cell presentation and function. Innate Immun 2014; 21:553-61. [PMID: 25537452 DOI: 10.1177/1753425914564609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF), a natural iron-binding protein, has previously demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) tuberculosis vaccine. This report investigates immune modulatory effects of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell-expressed recombinant mouse and human LFs on mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), comparing homologous and heterologous functions. BCG-infected BMDCs were cultured with LF, and examined for class II presentation molecule expression. Culturing of BCG-infected BMDCs with either LF decreased the class II molecule-expressing population. Mouse LF significantly increased the production of IL-12p40, IL-1β and IL-10, while human LF-treated BMDCs increased only IL-1β and IL-10. Overlaying naïve CD4 T-cells onto BCG-infected BMDCs cultured with mouse LF increased IFN-γ, whereas the human LF-exposed group increased IFN-γ and IL-17 from CD4 T cells. Overlay of naïve CD8 T cells onto BCG-infected BMDCs treated with mouse LF increased the production of IFN-γ and IL-17, while similar experiments using human LF only increased IL-17. This report is the first to examine mouse and human recombinant LFs in parallel experiments to assess murine DC function. These results detail the efficacy of the human LF counterpart used in a heterologous system to understand LF-mediated events that confer BCG efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-An Hwang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marian L Kruzel
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Actor
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA Program in Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Flórido M, Pillay R, Gillis CM, Xia Y, Turner SJ, Triccas JA, Stambas J, Britton WJ. Epitope-specific CD4+, but not CD8+, T-cell responses induced by recombinant influenza A viruses protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:780-93. [PMID: 25430701 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a global health problem, in part due to failure of the currently available vaccine, BCG, to protect adults against pulmonary forms of the disease. We explored the impact of pulmonary delivery of recombinant influenza A viruses (rIAVs) on the induction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses and the resultant protection against M. tuberculosis infection in C57BL/6 mice. Intranasal infection with rIAVs expressing a CD4(+) T-cell epitope from the Ag85B protein (PR8.p25) or CD8(+) T-cell epitope from the TB10.4 protein (PR8.TB10.4) generated strong T-cell responses to the M. tuberculosis-specific epitopes in the lung that persisted long after the rIAVs were cleared. Infection with PR8.p25 conferred protection against subsequent M. tuberculosis challenge in the lung, and this was associated with increased levels of poly-functional CD4(+) T cells at the time of challenge. By contrast, infection with PR8.TB10.4 did not induce protection despite the presence of IFN-γ-producing M. tuberculosis-specific CD8(+) T cells in the lung at the time of challenge and during infection. Therefore, the induction of pulmonary M. tuberculosis epitope-specific CD4(+), but not CD8(+) T cells, is essential for protection against acute M. tuberculosis infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Flórido
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
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Nandakumar S, Kannanganat S, Posey JE, Amara RR, Sable SB. Attrition of T-cell functions and simultaneous upregulation of inhibitory markers correspond with the waning of BCG-induced protection against tuberculosis in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113951. [PMID: 25419982 PMCID: PMC4242676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the most widely used live attenuated vaccine. However, the correlates of protection and waning of its immunity against tuberculosis is poorly understood. In this study, we correlated the longitudinal changes in the magnitude and functional quality of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell response over a period of two years after mucosal or parenteral BCG vaccination with the strength of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. The BCG vaccination-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cells exhibited comparable response kinetics but distinct functional attributes in-terms of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α co-production and CD62L memory marker expression. Despite a near life-long BCG persistence and the induction of enduring CD4+ T-cell responses characterized by IFN-γ and/or TNF-α production with comparable protection, the protective efficacy waned regardless of the route of vaccination. The progressive decline in the multifactorial functional abilities of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in-terms of type-1 cytokine production, proliferation and cytolytic potential corresponded with the waning of protection against M. tuberculosis infection. In addition, simultaneous increase in the dysfunctional and terminally-differentiated T cells expressing CTLA-4, KLRG-1 and IL-10 during the contraction phase of BCG-induced response coincided with the loss of protection. Our results question the empirical development of BCG-booster vaccines and emphasize the pursuit of strategies that maintain superior T-cell functional capacity. Furthermore, our results underscore the importance of understanding the comprehensive functional dynamics of antigen-specific T-cell responses in addition to cytokine polyfunctionality in BCG-vaccinated hosts while optimizing novel vaccination strategies against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadra Nandakumar
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sunil Kannanganat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James E. Posey
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Suraj B. Sable
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tellam JT, Zhong J, Lekieffre L, Bhat P, Martinez M, Croft NP, Kaplan W, Tellam RL, Khanna R. mRNA Structural constraints on EBNA1 synthesis impact on in vivo antigen presentation and early priming of CD8+ T cells. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004423. [PMID: 25299404 PMCID: PMC4192603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that virally encoded mRNA sequences of genome maintenance proteins from herpesviruses contain clusters of unusual structural elements, G-quadruplexes, which modulate viral protein synthesis. Destabilization of these G-quadruplexes can override the inhibitory effect on self-synthesis of these proteins. Here we show that the purine-rich repetitive mRNA sequence of Epstein-Barr virus encoded nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) comprising G-quadruplex structures, limits both the presentation of MHC class I-restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes by CD11c+ dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes and early priming of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells. Destabilization of the G-quadruplex structures through codon-modification significantly enhanced in vivo antigen presentation and activation of virus-specific T cells. Ex vivo imaging of draining lymph nodes by confocal microscopy revealed enhanced antigen-specific T-cell trafficking and APC-CD8+ T-cell interactions in mice primed with viral vectors encoding a codon-modified EBNA1 protein. More importantly, these antigen-specific T cells displayed enhanced expression of the T-box transcription factor and superior polyfunctionality consistent with the qualitative impact of translation efficiency. These results provide an important insight into how viruses exploit mRNA structure to down regulate synthesis of their viral maintenance proteins and delay priming of antigen-specific T cells, thereby establishing a successful latent infection in vivo. Furthermore, targeting EBNA1 mRNA rather than protein by small molecules or antisense oligonucleotides will enhance EBNA1 synthesis and the early priming of effector T cells, to establish a more rapid immune response and prevent persistent infection. Maintenance proteins of viruses establishing latent infections regulate their synthesis to levels sufficient for maintaining persistent infection but below threshold levels for host immune detection. The Epstein-Barr virus maintenance protein, EBNA1, has recently been shown to contain unusual G-quadruplex structures within its repeat mRNA that reduces its translational efficiency. In this study we assess how modification of the EBNA1 mRNA repeat sequence to destabilize the native G-quadruplex structures and thereby increase translation, impacts on the activation of EBNA1-specific T cells in vivo. Mice primed with viral vectors encoding a more efficiently translated EBNA1 mRNA revealed increased trafficking of EBNA1-specific T cells, an enhanced functional profile and increased expression of transcription factors providing evidence for a potential link between mRNA translational efficiency and antigen presentation in vivo and the resultant impact on the functional programming of effector T cells. These findings suggest a novel approach to therapeutic development through the use of antisense strategies or small molecules targeting EBNA1 mRNA structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy T. Tellam
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (JTT); (RK)
| | - Jie Zhong
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lea Lekieffre
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Purnima Bhat
- Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Michelle Martinez
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan P. Croft
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Warren Kaplan
- Peter Wills Bioinformatic Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ross L. Tellam
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (JTT); (RK)
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem and novel vaccination regimens are urgently needed. AREAS COVERED DNA vaccines against TB have been tested in various preclinical models and strategies have been developed to increase their immunogenicity in large animal species. DNA vaccines are able to induce a wide variety of immune responses, including CD8(+) T-cell-mediated cytolytic and IFN-γ responses. DNA vaccination may be valuable in heterologous prime-boost strategies with the currently used bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. This approach could broaden the antigenic repertoire of BCG and enhance its weak induction of MHC class I-restricted immune responses. EXPERT OPINION DNA vaccines offer a number of advantages over certain other types of vaccines, such as the induction of robust MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), their generic manufacturing platform and their relatively low manufacturing costs. Because of their strong potential for inducing memory responses, DNA vaccines are particularly suited for priming immune responses. Furthermore, DNA vaccine technology may help antigen discovery by facilitating screening of candidate vaccines. Co-administration of BCG with plasmid DNA coding for immunodominant, subdominant and phase-specific antigens, poorly expressed by BCG, may lead to the development of improved TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bruffaerts
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, O.D. CID-Immunology , Engelandstraat 642, Brussels, B1180 , Belgium
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38
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Andersen P, Woodworth JS. Tuberculosis vaccines--rethinking the current paradigm. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:387-95. [PMID: 24875637 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The vaccine discovery paradigm in tuberculosis (TB) has been to mimic the natural immune response to infection. With an emphasis on interferon (IFN)-γ as the main protective cytokine, researchers have selected dominant antigens and administered them in delivery systems to promote strong T helper (Th)1 responses. However, the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is a strong inducer of Th1 cells, yet has limited protection in adults, and further boosting by the Modified-Vaccinia-Ankara (MVA)85A vaccine failed to enhance efficacy in a clinical trial. We review the current understanding of host-pathogen interactions in TB infection and propose that rather than boosting Th1 responses, we should focus on understanding protective immune responses that are lacking or insufficiently promoted by BCG that can intervene at critical stages of the TB life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Andersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Joshua S Woodworth
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
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39
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Bruffaerts N, Romano M, Denis O, Jurion F, Huygen K. Increasing the Vaccine Potential of Live M. bovis BCG by Coadministration with Plasmid DNA Encoding a Tuberculosis Prototype Antigen. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:181-95. [PMID: 26344474 PMCID: PMC4494193 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The attenuated live M. bovis Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is still the sole vaccine used against tuberculosis, but confers only variable efficacy against adult pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Though no clear explanation for this limited efficacy has been given, different hypotheses have been advanced, such as the waning of memory T-cell responses, a reduced antigenic repertoire and the inability to induce effective CD8+ T-cell responses, which are known to be essential for latent tuberculosis control. In this study, a new BCG-based vaccination protocol was studied, in which BCG was formulated in combination with a plasmid DNA vaccine. As BCG is routinely administered to neonates, we have evaluated a more realistic approach of a simultaneous intradermal coadministration of BCG with pDNA encoding the prototype antigen, PPE44. Strongly increased T- and B-cell responses were observed with this protocol in C57BL/6 mice when compared to the administration of only BCG or in combination with an empty pDNA vector, as measured by Th1-type spleen cell cytokine secretion, specific IgG antibodies, as well as specific IFN-γ producing/cytolytic-CD8+ T-cells. Moreover, we observed a bystander activation induced by the coding plasmid, resulting in increased immune responses against other non-plasmid encoded, but BCG-expressed, antigens. In all, these results provide a proof of concept for a new TB vaccine, based on a BCG-plasmid DNA combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bruffaerts
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Brussels 1180, Belgium.
| | - Marta Romano
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Brussels 1180, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Denis
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Brussels 1180, Belgium.
| | - Fabienne Jurion
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Brussels 1180, Belgium.
| | - Kris Huygen
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Brussels 1180, Belgium.
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40
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Triccas JA, Nambiar JK. Challenge of developing new tuberculosis vaccines to generate life-long protective immunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:823-5. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Hedhli D, Denis O, Barkan D, Daffé M, Glickman MS, Huygen K. M.tuberculosis mutants lacking oxygenated mycolates show increased immunogenicity and protective efficacy as compared to M. bovis BCG vaccine in an experimental mouse model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76442. [PMID: 24146869 PMCID: PMC3798287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The existing vaccine against tuberculosis (M. bovis BCG) exerts some protection against the extrapulmonary forms of the disease, particularly in young children, but is not very effective against the pulmonary form of TB, which often results from the reactivation of a latent M. tuberculosis (M.tb)infection. Among the new approaches in TB vaccine development, live attenuated M.tb mutants are a promising new avenue. Here we report on the vaccine potential of two highly attenuated M.tb mutants, MGM1991 and M.tbhma::hyg (HMA), lacking all oxygenated mycolates in their cell wall. In C57BL/6 mice, stronger Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α) and IL-17 responses could be induced following subcutaneous vaccination with either of the two mutants, than following vaccination with M. bovis BCG. Significantly more mycobacteria specific IFN-γ producing CD4+ and particularly CD8+ T cells could be detected by intracellular cytokine staining in mice vaccinated with the M.tb mutants. Finally, vaccination with either of the two mutants conferred stronger protection against intratracheal M.tb challenge than vaccination with BCG, as indicated by reduced bacterial replication in lungs at 4 to 12 weeks after challenge. Protection against M. tb dissemination, as indicated by reduced bacterial numbers in spleen, was comparable for both mutants to protection conferred by BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsaf Hedhli
- Service Immunology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP, Site Ukkel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Denis
- Service Immunology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP, Site Ukkel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel Barkan
- Immunology Program and Division of Infectious Diseases, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Département de Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale du CNRS et de l'Université Paul Sabatier (UMR 5089), Toulouse, France
| | - Michael S. Glickman
- Immunology Program and Division of Infectious Diseases, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kris Huygen
- Service Immunology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP, Site Ukkel), Brussels, Belgium
- *E-mail:
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Flórido M, Grima MA, Gillis CM, Xia Y, Turner SJ, Triccas JA, Stambas J, Britton WJ. Influenza A Virus Infection Impairs Mycobacteria-Specific T Cell Responses and Mycobacterial Clearance in the Lung during Pulmonary Coinfection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:302-11. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Lindenstrøm T, Knudsen NPH, Agger EM, Andersen P. Control of chronic mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by CD4 KLRG1- IL-2-secreting central memory cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6311-9. [PMID: 23677471 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine provides very efficient protection in standard animal models of Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. We show in this article that although bacille Calmette-Guérin controlled M. tuberculosis growth for 7 wk of infection, the protection was gradually lost as the infection entered the chronic phase. The regrowth of M. tuberculosis coincided with an almost complete disappearance of IL-2-producing CD4 T cells. Booster vaccination with a subunit vaccine (Ag85B-ESAT-6+CAF01) expanded IL-2(+) CD4(+) T cell coexpressing either TNF-α or TNF-α/IFN-γ, and the maintenance of this population in the late stage of infection was associated with enhanced control of bacterial growth. The IL-2(+) CD4(+) T cell subsets were KLRG1(-) (nonterminally differentiated), were found to be CD62L(high), and further maintained a pronounced proliferative and cytokine-producing potential in the draining lymph nodes, when the animals were challenged 2 y postvaccination. These results suggest that the CD4(+) KLRG1(-) IL-2-secreting subsets are central memory T cells with the potential to continuously replenish the T cells at the site of infection and prevent attrition and functional exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Tuberculosis Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
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44
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Nikolova M, Markova R, Drenska R, Muhtarova M, Todorova Y, Dimitrov V, Taskov H, Saltini C, Amicosante M. Antigen-specific CD4- and CD8-positive signatures in different phases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 75:277-81. [PMID: 23276770 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Current diagnostic standards for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection do not distinguish between active and latent tuberculosis (TB). To identify specific biomarkers characterizing the different forms of TB infection, we investigated in parallel with the QuantiFERON -TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-IT) the use of flow cytometry measuring CD4 and CD8 MTB-specific immune response in 17 active-TB patients, 21 health care workers (HCW), 14 recent contacts of TB patients (RC-TB), and 10 bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG)-vaccinated healthy controls (BCG-HC). A correlation (r = 0.4526, P = 0.0002) was found only between the amount of IFN-γ measured by QFT-IT and the frequency of CD4+/CD69+/IFN-γ+ T cells. The frequency of CD4+/CD69+/IFNγ+ responding T cells was higher in active-TB patients (0.254 ± 0.336%, P < 0.01) compared to the other groups. The response of QFT-IT antigen-specific CD8+/CD69+/IFNγ+ T cells was significantly higher in RC-TB (0.245 ± 0.305%, P < 0.05) compared to the other study groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nikolova
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 26 Yanko Sakazov, Sofia, Bulgaria
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45
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Waeckerle-Men Y, Bruffaerts N, Liang Y, Jurion F, Sander P, Kündig TM, Huygen K, Johansen P. Lymph node targeting of BCG vaccines amplifies CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses and protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine 2012; 31:1057-64. [PMID: 23273509 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG provides limited protection against pulmonary tuberculosis and a risk of dissemination in immune-compromised vaccinees. For the development of new TB vaccines that stimulate strong T-cell responses a variety of strategies is being followed, especially recombinant BCG and attenuated M. tuberculosis. The objective of the current study was to test potential benefits of vaccination through direct lymph-node targeting of wildtype BCG; the recommended route of vaccination with BCG is intradermal. C57BL/6 mice were immunised with BCG by intradermal, subcutaneous or intralymphatic injections. Cellular immune responses and protection against M. tuberculosis were determined. Intralymphatic vaccination was 100-1000 times more effective in stimulating BCG-specific immune responses than intradermal or subcutaneous immunisation. Intralymphatic administration stimulated high frequencies of mycobacterium-specific lymphocytes with strong proliferating capacity and production of TNF-α, IL-2, IL-17 and, especially, IFN-γ secretion by. CD4 and CD8 T cells. Most importantly, intralymphatic vaccination with 2×10(3)CFU BCG induced sustained protection against M. tuberculosis in intratracheally challenged C57BL/6 mice, whereas subcutaneous vaccination with 2×10(5)CFU BCG conferred only a transient protection. Hence, direct administration of M. bovis BCG to lymph nodes demonstrates that efficient targeting to lymph nodes may help to overcome the efficacy problems of vaccination with BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Waeckerle-Men
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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46
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Romano M, Huygen K. An update on vaccines for tuberculosis – there is more to it than just waning of BCG efficacy with time. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:1601-10. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.721768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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47
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Harriff MJ, Purdy GE, Lewinsohn DM. Escape from the Phagosome: The Explanation for MHC-I Processing of Mycobacterial Antigens? Front Immunol 2012; 3:40. [PMID: 22566923 PMCID: PMC3342008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is thought to live in an altered phagosomal environment. In this setting, the mechanisms by which mycobacterial antigens access the major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) processing machinery remain incompletely understood. There is evidence that Mtb antigens can be processed in both endocytic and cytosolic environments, with different mechanisms being proposed for how Mtb antigens can access the cytosol. Recently, electron microscopy was used to demonstrate that Mtb has the potential to escape the phagosome and reside in the cytosol. This was postulated as the primary mechanism by which Mtb antigens enter the MHC-I processing and presentation pathway. In this commentary, we will review data on the escape of Mtb from the cytosol and whether this escape is required for antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells.
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48
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Abstract
In the twentieth century vaccine development has moved from the use of attenuated or killed micro-organisms to protein sub-unit vaccines, with vaccine immunogenicity assessed by measuring antibodies induced by vaccination. However, for many infectious diseases T cells are an important part of naturally acquired protective immune responses, and inducing these by vaccination has been the aim of much research. The progress that has been made in developing effective T-cell-inducing vaccines against viral and parasitic diseases such as HIV and malaria is discussed, along with recent developments in therapeutic vaccine development for chronic viral infections and cancer. Although many ways of inducing T cells by vaccination have been assessed, the majority result in low level, non-protective responses. Sufficient clinical research has now been conducted to establish that replication-deficient viral vectored vaccines lead the field in inducing strong and broad responses, and efficacy studies of T-cell-inducing vaccines against a number of diseases are finally demonstrating that this is a valid approach to filling the gaps in our defence against not only infectious disease, but some forms of cancer.
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49
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Nambiar JK, Pinto R, Aguilo JI, Takatsu K, Martin C, Britton WJ, Triccas JA. Protective immunity afforded by attenuated, PhoP-deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with sustained generation of CD4+ T-cell memory. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:385-92. [PMID: 22105536 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Definition of protective immunity induced by effective vaccines is important for the design of new pathogen control strategies. Inactivation of the PhoP response-regulator in Mycobacterium tuberculosis results in a highly attenuated strain that demonstrates impressive protective efficacy in pre-clinical models of tuberculosis. In this report we demonstrate that the protection afforded by the M. tuberculosis phoP mutant strain is associated with the long-term maintenance of CD4(+) T-cell memory. Immunization of mice with SO2 resulted in enhanced expansion of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4(+) T cells compared with vaccination with the BCG vaccine, with an increased frequency of these cells persisting at extended time-points after vaccination. Strikingly, vaccination with SO2 resulted in sustained generation of CD4(+) T cells displaying a central memory phenotype, a property not shared by BCG. Further, SO2 vaccination markedly improved the generation of polyfunctional cytokine-secreting CD4(+) T cells compared with BCG vaccination. The improved generation of functionally competent memory T cells by SO2 correlated with augmented recall responses in SO2-vaccinated animals after challenge with virulent M. tuberculosis. This study defines a mechanism for the protective effect of the SO2 vaccine and suggests that deletion of defined virulence networks may provide vaccine strains with potent immuno-stimulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Nambiar
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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50
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Mukai T, Maeda Y, Tamura T, Matsuoka M, Tsukamoto Y, Makino M. Enhanced Activation of T Lymphocytes by Urease-Deficient Recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Producing Heat Shock Protein 70-Major Membrane Protein-II Fusion Protein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6234-43. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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