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Lam D, Arroyo B, Liberchuk AN, Wolfe AL. Effects of N361 Glycosylation on Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Biological Function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.12.603279. [PMID: 39071333 PMCID: PMC11275927 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.12.603279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase that is frequently modified by glycosylation post-translationally. In cancer, EGFR amplifications and hotspot mutations such as L858R that promote proliferation have been detected in a significant fraction of non-small cell lung carcinomas and breast adenocarcinomas. Molecular dynamic simulations suggested that glycosylation at asparagine residue 361 (N361) promotes dimerization and ligand binding. We stably expressed glycosylation-deficient mutant EGFR N361A, with or without the oncogenic mutation L858R. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry demonstrated that the mutants were each well expressed at the cell membrane. N361A decreased proliferation relative to wild-type EGFR as well as decreased sensitivity to ligands. Proximity ligation assays measuring co-localization of EGFR with its binding partner HER2 in cells revealed that N361A mutations increased co-localization. N361A, located near the binding interface for the EGFR inhibitor necitumumab, desensitized cells expressing the oncogenic EGFR L858R to antibody-based inhibition. These findings underline the critical relevance of post-translational modifications on oncogene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine
| | - Brandon Arroyo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York
- Maximizing Access to Research Careers Program, Hunter College of the City University of New York
| | - Ariel N. Liberchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York
- Macaulay Honors College, Hunter College of the City University of New York
| | - Andrew L. Wolfe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center of the City University of New York
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Ph.D. Subprogram, Graduate Center of the City University of New York
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2
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Abo H, Muraki A, Harusato A, Imura T, Suzuki M, Takahashi K, Denning TL, Kawashima H. N-acetylglucosamine-6-O sulfation on intestinal mucins prevents obesity and intestinal inflammation by regulating gut microbiota. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e165944. [PMID: 37463055 PMCID: PMC10543739 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.165944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucins play an essential role in the defense against bacterial invasion and the maintenance of gut microbiota, which is instrumental in the regulation of host immune systems; hence, its dysregulation is a hallmark of metabolic disease and intestinal inflammation. However, the mechanism by which intestinal mucins control the gut microbiota as well as disease phenotypes remains nebulous. Herein, we report that N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-6-O sulfation of O-glycans on intestinal mucins performs a protective role against obesity and intestinal inflammation. Chst4-/- mice, lacking GlcNAc-6-O sulfation of the mucin O-glycans, showed significant weight gain and increased susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis as well as colitis-associated cancer accompanied by significantly reduced immunoglobulin A (IgA) production caused by an impaired T follicular helper cell-mediated IgA response. Interestingly, the protective effects of GlcNAc-6-O sulfation against obesity and intestinal inflammation depend on the gut microbiota, evidenced by the modulation of the gut microbiota by cohousing or microbiota transplantation reversing disease phenotypes and IgA production. Collectively, our findings provide insight into the significance of host glycosylation, more specifically GlcNAc-6-O sulfation on intestinal mucins, in protecting against obesity and intestinal inflammation via regulation of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Abo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Aoi Muraki
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Imura
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kohta Takahashi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Timothy L. Denning
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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3
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Zhang L, Fan Y, Wang X, Yang M, Wu X, Huang W, Lan J, Liao L, Huang W, Yuan L, Pan H, Wu Y, Chen L, Guan J. Carbohydrate Sulfotransferase 4 Inhibits the Progression of Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Is a Potential Prognostic Marker in Several Tumors. Front Oncol 2020; 10:554331. [PMID: 33178582 PMCID: PMC7593664 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.554331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 4 (CHST4) plays an important role in lymphocyte homing and is abnormally expressed in several cancer types; however, its precise function in tumor development and progression is unknown. Here we confirm that CHST4 is aberrantly expressed in various tumor subtypes. In particular, we found that CHST4 expression was downregulated in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC) tumors compared to paired normal tissue. We also showed that CHST4 overexpression inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells in vitro. Clinically, CHST4 was identified as an independent prognostic factor for HBV-HCC patients. We further illuminated the anti-tumor role and mechanism of CHST4 in HBV-HCC by constructing a FENDRR–miR-10b-5p–CHST4 competing endogenous RNA network. We found that downregulation of CHST4 expression may promote HBV expression and regulate ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis to promote malignant behaviors in HBV-HCC. CHST4 may also recruit CD4+ T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils into the tumor microenvironment to inhibit the progression of HBV-HCC. Overall, our findings suggest that CHST4 acts as a tumor suppressor in HCC-HBV and represents a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longshan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Fan
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mi Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - XiXi Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Lan
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Pan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longhua Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Simmons S, Sasaki N, Umemoto E, Uchida Y, Fukuhara S, Kitazawa Y, Okudaira M, Inoue A, Tohya K, Aoi K, Aoki J, Mochizuki N, Matsuno K, Takeda K, Miyasaka M, Ishii M. High-endothelial cell-derived S1P regulates dendritic cell localization and vascular integrity in the lymph node. eLife 2019; 8:41239. [PMID: 31570118 PMCID: PMC6773441 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)/sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1) axis is critically important for lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs, S1PR1-activation also occurs in vascular endothelial cells (ECs), including those of the high-endothelial venules (HEVs) that mediate lymphocyte immigration into lymph nodes (LNs). To understand the functional significance of the S1P/S1PR1-Gi axis in HEVs, we generated Lyve1;Spns2Δ/Δ conditional knockout mice for the S1P-transporter Spinster-homologue-2 (SPNS2), as HEVs express LYVE1 during development. In these mice HEVs appeared apoptotic and were severely impaired in function, morphology and size; leading to markedly hypotrophic peripheral LNs. Dendritic cells (DCs) were unable to interact with HEVs, which was also observed in Cdh5CRE-ERT2;S1pr1Δ/Δ mice and wildtype mice treated with S1PR1-antagonists. Wildtype HEVs treated with S1PR1-antagonists in vitro and Lyve1-deficient HEVs show severely reduced release of the DC-chemoattractant CCL21 in vivo. Together, our results reveal that EC-derived S1P warrants HEV-integrity through autocrine control of S1PR1-Gi signaling, and facilitates concomitant HEV-DC interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szandor Simmons
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,JST CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Sasaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Umemoto
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Uchida
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,JST CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetomo Fukuhara
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kitazawa
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Michiyo Okudaira
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tohya
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai University of Health Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keita Aoi
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,JST CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Matsuno
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyasaka
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Interdisciplinary Program for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,JST CREST, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Low S, Hirakawa J, Hoshino H, Uchimura K, Kawashima H, Kobayashi M. Role of MAdCAM-1-Expressing High Endothelial Venule-Like Vessels in Colitis Induced in Mice Lacking Sulfotransferases Catalyzing L-Selectin Ligand Biosynthesis. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:415-425. [PMID: 29350564 PMCID: PMC5977439 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417753363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease histologically characterized by diffuse mononuclear cell infiltrates in colonic mucosa. These inflammatory cells are considered to be recruited via high endothelial venule (HEV)-like vessels displaying mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1), the ligand for α4β7 integrin, and/or peripheral lymph node addressin (PNAd), an L-selectin ligand. 6- O-sulfation of N-acetylglucosamine in the carbohydrate moiety of PNAd is catalyzed exclusively by N-acetylglucosamine-6- O-sulfotransferase 1 (GlcNAc6ST-1) and GlcNAc6ST-2. To determine the role of 6- O-sulfation of N-acetylglucosamine on HEV-like vessels in UC, we used a chronic dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis model using mice deficient in both GlcNAc6ST-1 and GlcNAc6ST-2. We found that more inflammatory cells, with expression of tumor necrosis factor α, were infiltrated in double knockout mouse colitis compared with that in wild-type mice. Moreover, the number of MAdCAM-1-positive vessels was increased in double knockout mouse colitis, and these vessels were bound by E-selectin•IgM chimeras that bind to unsulfated sialyl Lewis X (sLeX). These findings suggest that interactions between MAdCAM-1 and α4β7 integrin and/or unsulfated sLeX and L-selectin may become a dominant mechanism for inflammatory cell recruitment in the absence of 6-sulfo sLeX and contribute to more severe colitis phenotypes seen in double knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Low
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Jotaro Hirakawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hoshino
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- Department of Biochemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kobayashi
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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6
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Weinstein AM, Storkus WJ. Biosynthesis and Functional Significance of Peripheral Node Addressin in Cancer-Associated TLO. Front Immunol 2016; 7:301. [PMID: 27555845 PMCID: PMC4977569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral node addressin (PNAd) marks high endothelial venules (HEV), which are crucial for the recruitment of lymphocytes into lymphoid organs in non-mucosal tissue sites. PNAd is a sulfated and fucosylated glycoprotein recognized by the prototypic monoclonal antibody, MECA-79. PNAd is the ligand for L-selectin, which is expressed on the surface of naive and central memory T cells, where it mediates leukocyte rolling on vascular endothelial surfaces. Although PNAd was first identified in the HEV of peripheral lymph nodes, recent work suggests a critical role for PNAd in the context of chronic inflammatory diseases, where it can be used as a marker for the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs). TLO form in tissues impacted by sustained inflammation, such as the tumor microenvironment where they function as local sites of adaptive immune cell priming. This allows for specific B- and T-cell responses to be initiated or reactivated in inflamed tissues without dependency on secondary lymphoid organs. Recent studies of cancer in mice and humans have identified PNAd as a biomarker of improved disease prognosis. Blockade of PNAd or its ligand, L-selectin, can abrogate protective antitumor immunity in murine models. This review examines pathways regulating PNAd biosynthesis by the endothelial cells integral to HEV and the formation and maintenance of lymphoid structures throughout the body, particularly in the setting of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyah M Weinstein
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Walter J Storkus
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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7
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Therapeutic Potential to Modify the Mucus Barrier in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010044. [PMID: 26784223 PMCID: PMC4728657 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, numerous studies have shown that disruption of the mucus barrier plays an important role in the exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease, particularly in ulcerative colitis. Alterations in the mucus barrier are well supported by published data and are widely accepted. The use of fluorescence in situ hybridization and Carnoy’s fixation has revealed the importance of the mucus barrier in maintaining a mutualistic relationship between host and bacteria. Studies have raised the possibility that modulation of the mucus barrier may provide therapies for the disease, using agents such as short-chain fatty acids, prebiotics and probiotics. This review describes changes in the mucus barrier of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and in animal models of the disease. We also review the involvement of the mucus barrier in the exacerbation of the disease and explore the therapeutic potential of modifying the mucus barrier with short-chain fatty acids, prebiotics, probiotics, fatty acid synthase, H2S, neutrophil elastase inhibitor and phophatidyl choline.
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8
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Tsuboi K, Nishitani M, Takakura A, Imai Y, Komatsu M, Kawashima H. Autophagy Protects against Colitis by the Maintenance of Normal Gut Microflora and Secretion of Mucus. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:20511-26. [PMID: 26149685 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.632257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies of inflammatory bowel diseases identified susceptible loci containing an autophagy-related gene. However, the role of autophagy in the colon, a major affected area in inflammatory bowel diseases, is not clear. Here, we show that colonic epithelial cell-specific autophagy-related gene 7 (Atg7) conditional knock-out (cKO) mice showed exacerbation of experimental colitis with more abundant bacterial invasion into the colonic epithelium. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that cKO mice had abnormal microflora with an increase of some genera. Consistently, expression of antimicrobial or antiparasitic peptides such as angiogenin-4, Relmβ, intelectin-1, and intelectin-2 as well as that of their inducer cytokines was significantly reduced in the cKO mice. Furthermore, secretion of colonic mucins that function as a mucosal barrier against bacterial invasion was also significantly diminished in cKO mice. Taken together, our results indicate that autophagy in colonic epithelial cells protects against colitis by the maintenance of normal gut microflora and secretion of mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Tsuboi
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, and
| | - Mayo Nishitani
- the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, and
| | - Atsushi Takakura
- the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, and
| | - Yasuyuki Imai
- the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, and
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- the Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, and
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9
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Tsuboi K, Hirakawa J, Seki E, Imai Y, Yamaguchi Y, Fukuda M, Kawashima H. Role of high endothelial venule-expressed heparan sulfate in chemokine presentation and lymphocyte homing. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:448-55. [PMID: 23733868 PMCID: PMC3694755 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte homing to peripheral lymph nodes (PLNs) is mediated by multistep interactions between lymphocytes and high endothelial venules (HEVs). Heparan sulfate (HS) has been implicated in the presentation of chemokines on the surface of HEVs during this process. However, it remains unclear whether this cell surface presentation is a prerequisite for lymphocyte homing. In this study, we generated conditional knockout (cKO) mice lacking Ext1, which encodes a glycosyltransferase essential for HS synthesis, by crossing Ext1(flox/flox) mice with GlcNAc6ST-2-Cre transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase in HEVs. Immunohistochemical studies indicated that HS expression was specifically eliminated in PLN HEVs but retained in other blood vessels in the cKO mice. The accumulation of a major secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine, CCL21, on HEVs was also abrogated without affecting CCL21 mRNA levels, indicating that HS presents CCL21 on HEVs in vivo. Notably, a short-term lymphocyte homing assay indicated that lymphocyte homing to PLNs was diminished in the cKO mice by 30-40%. Consistent with this result, contact hypersensitivity responses were also diminished in the cKO mice. The residual lymphocyte homing to PLNs in the cKO mice was dependent on pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi protein signaling, in which lysophosphatidic acid-mediated signaling was partly involved. These results suggest that chemokine presentation by HS on the surface of HEVs facilitates but is not absolutely required for lymphocyte homing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Tsuboi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Jotaro Hirakawa
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Emiko Seki
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Imai
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yu Yamaguchi
- Genetic Disease Program, Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Minoru Fukuda
- Glycobiology Unit, Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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10
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Shyam K Sharan KB, Sharan SK. Manipulating the Mouse Genome Using Recombineering. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2013; 2. [PMID: 31404315 DOI: 10.4172/2169-0111.1000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models are indispensable for understanding the biological function of genes, understanding the genetic basis of human diseases and for preclinical testing of novel therapies. Generation of such mouse models has been possible because of our ability to manipulate the mouse genome. Recombineering is a highly efficient recombination-based method of genetic engineering that has revolutionized our ability to generate mouse models. Since recombineering technology is not dependent on the availability of restriction enzyme recognition sites, it allows us to modify the genome with great precision. It requires homology arms as short as 40 bases for recombination, which makes it relatively easy to generate targeting constructs to insert, change or delete either a single nucleotide or a DNA fragment several kb in size; insert selectable markers, reporter genes or add epitope tags to any gene of interest. In this review, we focus on the development of recombineering technology and its application in the generation of transgenic and knockout or knock-in mouse models. High throughput generation of gene targeting vectors, used to construct knockout alleles in mouse embryonic stem cells, is now feasible because of this technology. The challenge now is to use the "designer" mice to develop novel therapies to prevent, cure or effectively manage some the most debilitating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shyam K Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
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11
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Stranford S, Ruddle NH. Follicular dendritic cells, conduits, lymphatic vessels, and high endothelial venules in tertiary lymphoid organs: Parallels with lymph node stroma. Front Immunol 2012; 3:350. [PMID: 23230435 PMCID: PMC3515885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this communication, the contribution of stromal, or non-hematopoietic, cells to the structure and function of lymph nodes (LNs), as canonical secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), is compared to that of tertiary lymphoid tissue or organs (TLOs), also known as ectopic lymphoid tissues. TLOs can arise in non-lymphoid organs during chronic inflammation, as a result of autoimmune responses, graft rejection, atherosclerosis, microbial infection, and cancer. The stromal components found in SLOs including follicular dendritic cells, fibroblast reticular cells, lymphatic vessels, and high endothelial venules and possibly conduits are present in TLOs; their molecular regulation mimics that of LNs. Advances in visualization techniques and the development of transgenic mice that permit in vivo real time imaging of these structures will facilitate elucidation of their precise functions in the context of chronic inflammation. A clearer understanding of the inflammatory signals that drive non-lymphoid stromal cells to reorganize into TLO should allow the design of therapeutic interventions to impede the progression of autoimmune activity, or alternatively, to enhance anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Stranford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College South Hadley, MA, USA
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12
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Lee SY, Chao-Nan Q, Seng OA, Peiyi C, Bernice WHM, Swe MS, Chii WJ, Jacqueline HSG, Chee SK. Changes in specialized blood vessels in lymph nodes and their role in cancer metastasis. J Transl Med 2012; 10:206. [PMID: 23035663 PMCID: PMC3551724 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High endothelial venules (HEV) have been recognized to play a role in metastasis by its changes seen in the cancer microenvironment of lymph nodes (LN) and solid cancers. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue is a prevalent tumor of the head and neck region with high propensity for LN metastasis. The extent of LN metastasis is the most reliable adverse prognostic factor. Primary tumors can induce vasculature reorganization within sentinel LN before the arrival of tumor cells and HEV represents these remodelled vessels. This study aims to evaluate the cancer induced vascular changes in regional lymph nodes (LN) of patients by studying the morphological and functional alterations of HEV and its correlation with clinical outcome and pathological features. Methods This study was based on 65 patients with SCC tongue who underwent primary surgical treatment including neck dissection. The patients were categorized into 2 groups based on the presence of malignancy in their cervical lymph nodes. A review of the patients' pathological and clinical data was performed from a prospective database. Immunohistochemical staining of the tissue blocks for HEV and high-power-field image analysis were performed and analyzed with correlation to the patients' clinical and pathological features. Results The total number of HEV was found to be significantly associated to disease-free interval. There was a similar association comparing the HEV parameters to overall survival. The density of abnormal HEV was significantly higher in patients with established metastases in their lymph nodes and HEV was shown to be a better prognosis factor than conventional tumor staging. The HEV morphological metamorphosis demonstrates a spectrum that correlates well with disease progression and clinical outcome. Conclusions The results suggest that the HEV displays a spectrum of morphological changes in the presence of cancer and LN metastasis, and that HEV is possibly involved in the process of cancer metastasis. We revealed the relationship of HEV and their metamorphosis in pre-metastatic and metastatic environments in regional lymph nodes of tongue cancer patients in relation to clinical outcomes. The significant observation of modified dilated HEV containing red blood cells in lymph nodal basin of a cancer suggests the shifting of its function from one primarily of immune response to that of a blood carrying vessel. It also demonstrated potential prognostic value. More studies are needed to elucidate its potential role in cancer immunotherapy and as a potential novel therapeutic approach to preventing metastasis by manipulating the remodelling processes of HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ser Yee Lee
- Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
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Kawashima H. Roles of the gel-forming MUC2 mucin and its O-glycosylation in the protection against colitis and colorectal cancer. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:1637-41. [PMID: 23037153 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
MUC2 is the major gel-forming colonic mucin that forms the two mucus layers. Recent studies using gene-targeted mice have revealed the physiological functions of Muc2, the mouse counterpart of human MUC2, and its O-glycosylation in the colon. Muc2-deficient mice spontaneously developed colitis and colorectal cancer. As for the O-glycosylation of Muc2, conditional core 1-derived O-glycan-deficient mice in the intestines exhibited a breached inner mucus layer and spontaneously developed colitis. Similarly, core 3-derived O-glycan-deficient mice exhibited an increased susceptibility to colitis and colorectal cancer, suggesting that both core 1- and core 3-derived O-glycans on Muc2 are required for colonic protection. Mice deficient in core 2-branched O-glycans synthesized after the formation of core 1 O-glycans also exhibited increased experimental colitis. Furthermore, our recent studies using gene-targeted mice deficient in N-acetylglucosamine-6-O-sulfotransferase (GlcNAc6ST)-2 revealed that sulfation of the core 2-branched O-glycans of the colonic mucins by GlcNAc6ST-2 is required for the protection against experimental colitis. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the critical roles of the MUC2 mucin and its various O-glycans in the protection against colitis and colorectal cancer. Consistently, various alterations in the expression of mucins and their O-glycosylation have been noted in clinical samples of colorectal cancer. This review focuses on the roles of the MUC2 core protein and its O-glycosylation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Kawashima
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422–8526, Japan.
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Lymphotoxin's link to carcinogenesis: friend or foe? from lymphoid neogenesis to hepatocellular carcinoma and prostate cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 691:231-49. [PMID: 21153327 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6612-4_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hirakawa J, Tsuboi K, Sato K, Kobayashi M, Watanabe S, Takakura A, Imai Y, Ito Y, Fukuda M, Kawashima H. Novel anti-carbohydrate antibodies reveal the cooperative function of sulfated N- and O-glycans in lymphocyte homing. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:40864-78. [PMID: 20929857 PMCID: PMC3003387 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.167296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface glycans play pivotal roles in immune cell trafficking and immunity. Here we present an efficient method for generating anti-carbohydrate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using gene-targeted mice and describe critical glycans in lymphocyte homing. We immunized sulfotransferase GlcNAc6ST-1 and GlcNAc6ST-2 doubly deficient mice with sulfotransferase-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary cells and generated two mAbs, termed S1 and S2. Both S1 and S2 bound high endothelial venules (HEVs) in the lymphoid organs of humans and wild-type mice, but not in those of doubly deficient mice. Glycan array analysis indicated that both S1 and S2 specifically bound 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X and its defucosylated structure. Interestingly, S2 inhibited lymphocyte homing to peripheral lymph nodes by 95%, whereas S1 inhibited it by only 25%. S2 also significantly inhibited contact hypersensitivity responses and L-selectin-dependent leukocyte adhesion to HEVs. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses indicated that S1 preferentially bound sulfated O-glycans, whereas S2 bound both sulfated N- and O-glycans in HEVs. Furthermore, S2 strongly inhibited the N-glycan-dependent residual lymphocyte homing in mutant mice lacking sulfated O-glycans, indicating the importance of both sulfated N- and O-glycans in lymphocyte homing. Thus, the two mAbs generated by a novel method revealed the cooperative function of sulfated N- and O-glycans in lymphocyte homing and immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jotaro Hirakawa
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tsuboi
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kaori Sato
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kobayashi
- the Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Sota Watanabe
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takakura
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Imai
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuki Ito
- the Glycobiology Unit, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Minoru Fukuda
- the Glycobiology Unit, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
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Smith L. Good planning and serendipity: exploiting the Cre/Lox system in the testis. Reproduction 2010; 141:151-61. [PMID: 21084571 DOI: 10.1530/rep-10-0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, genetic manipulation has revolutionised our understanding of male reproductive development and function. The advent of transgenic mouse lines has permitted elegant dissection of previously intractable issues. The development of the Cre/Lox system, which has permitted spatial and temporal localisation of genetic manipulation, has expanded upon this, and now makes up one of the primary approaches underpinning our increasing understanding of testis development and function. The success of conditional gene targeting is largely reliant upon the choice of Cre recombinase expressing mouse line, which is required to specifically target the correct cell type at the correct time. Presupposition that Cre lines will behave as expected has been one of the main oversights in the design of Cre/Lox experiments, as in practice, many Cre lines are prone to ectopic expression (both temporal and spatial), transgene silencing or genetic background effects. Empirical validation of the spatiotemporal profile of Cre expression prior to undertaking conditional gene targeting studies is essential and can be achieved through a combination of molecular and immunohistochemical approaches, along with in vivo examination of reporter gene expression in targeted tissues. This paper details the key considerations associated with exploitation of the Cre/Lox system and highlights a variety of validated Cre lines that have utility for conditional gene targeting within the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Smith
- MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Tobisawa Y, Imai Y, Fukuda M, Kawashima H. Sulfation of colonic mucins by N-acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferase-2 and its protective function in experimental colitis in mice. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:6750-60. [PMID: 20018871 PMCID: PMC2825469 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.067082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferase-2 (GlcNAc6ST-2) catalyzes the sulfation of mucin-like glycoproteins, which function as ligands for a lymphocyte homing receptor, L-selectin, in the lymph node high endothelial venules (HEVs). We previously showed that GlcNAc6ST-2 is expressed not only in lymph node HEVs but also in the colonic epithelial cells in mice. Here we investigated the regulatory mechanism and physiological significance of colonic expression of GlcNAc6ST-2 in mice. Treatment of a mouse colonic epithelial cell line with butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid produced by anaerobic bacteria, induced GlcNAc6ST-2 expression in the presence of epidermal growth factor. Administration of butyrate in the drinking water stimulated GlcNAc6ST-2 expression in the mouse intestine, indicating that butyrate could serve as a regulatory molecule for the GlcNAc6ST-2 expression in vivo. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that the sulfation of colonic mucins was greatly diminished in GlcNAc6ST-2-deficient mice. Liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry of the colonic-mucin O-glycans from wild-type and GlcNAc6ST-2-deficient mice showed that GlcNAc-6-O-sulfation was the predominant sulfate modification of these mucins, and it was exclusively mediated by GlcNAc6ST-2. After colitis induction by dextran sulfate sodium, significantly more leukocyte infiltration was observed in the colon of GlcNAc6ST-2-deficient mice than in that of wild-type mice, indicating that the sulfation of colonic mucins by GlcNAc6ST-2 has a protective function in experimental colitis. These findings indicate that GlcNAc6ST-2, whose expression is regulated by butyrate, is a major sulfotransferase in the biosynthesis of sulfomucins in the mouse colon, where they serve as a mucosal barrier against colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tobisawa
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology and the Global COE Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Imai
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology and the Global COE Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Minoru Fukuda
- the Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology and the Global COE Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
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Kawashima H. Roles of GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferases in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. Methods Enzymol 2010; 479:243-56. [PMID: 20816170 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(10)79014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies using sulfotransferase-deficient mice have revealed various physiological functions of sulfated glycans. Studies using gene-targeted mice deficient in both N-acetylglucosamine-6-O-sulfotransferase (GlcNAc6ST)-1 and GlcNAc6ST-2 showed that these sulfotransferases play critical roles in lymphocyte homing. Recent studies indicated that GlcNAc6ST-2 is expressed not only in lymph node high endothelial venules but also in the colonic epithelial cells in mice, and that this sulfotransferase plays a critical role in GlcNAc-6-O-sulfation of the colonic-mucins, as revealed by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry of the colonic-mucin O-glycans from wild-type (WT) and GlcNAc6ST-2-deficient mice. After induction of colitis by dextran sulfate sodium, significantly more leukocyte infiltration was observed in the colon of GlcNAc6ST-2-deficient mice than in that of WT mice. These studies demonstrate that GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferases play important roles not only in lymphoid tissues but also in nonlymphoid tissues. This chapter describes experimental procedures for assessing the functions of GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferases using gene-targeted mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Kawashima
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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