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Hsieh SL, Yang SY, Lin CY, He XY, Tsai CH, Fong YC, Lo YS, Tang CH. MCP-1 controls IL-17-promoted monocyte migration and M1 polarization in osteoarthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:112016. [PMID: 38593506 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a low-grade inflammatory joint illness in which monocytes migrate and infiltrate synovial tissue, differentiating into the pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage phenotype. IL-17 is a proinflammatory mediator principally generated by Th17 cells, which is elevated in OA patients; nevertheless, investigators have yet to elucidate the function of IL-17 in M1 polarization during OA development. Our analysis of clinical tissues and results from the open online dataset discovered that the level of M1 macrophage markers is elevated in human OA tissue samples than in normal tissue. High-throughput screening demonstrated that MCP-1 is a potential candidate factor after IL-17 treatment in OA synovial fibroblasts (OASFs). Immunohistochemistry data revealed that the level of MCP-1 is higher in humans and mice with OA than in normal tissues. IL-17 stimulation facilitates MCP-1-dependent macrophage polarization to the M1 phenotype. It also appears that IL-17 enhances MCP-1 synthesis in human OASFs, enhancing monocyte migration via the JAK and STAT3 signaling cascades. Our findings indicate the IL-17/MCP-1 axis as a novel strategy for the remedy of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Lin Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Minimally Invasive Spine and Joint Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital Taichung Branch, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yu Yang
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Lin
- Translational Medicine Center, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xiu-Yuan He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Tsai
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chin Fong
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Shun Lo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Precision Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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2
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Lee KT, Lin CY, Liu SC, He XY, Tsai CH, Ko CY, Tsai YH, Chao CC, Chen PC, Tang CH. IL-17 promotes IL-18 production via the MEK/ERK/miR-4492 axis in osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:1829-1844. [PMID: 38261743 PMCID: PMC10866453 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The concept of osteoarthritis (OA) as a low-grade inflammatory joint disorder has been widely accepted. Many inflammatory mediators are implicated in the pathogenesis of OA. Interleukin (IL)-18 is a pleiotropic cytokine with versatile cellular functions that are pathogenetically important in immune responses, as well as autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. IL-17, a proinflammatory cytokine mainly secreted by Th17 cells, is upregulated in OA patients. However, the role of IL-17 in OA progression is unclear. The synovial tissues collected from healthy donors and OA patients were used to detect the expression level of IL-18 by IHC stain. The OA synovial fibroblasts (OASFs) were incubated with recombinant IL-17 and subjected to Western blot, qPCR, and ELISA to examine IL-18 expression level. The chemical inhibitors and siRNAs which targeted signal pathways were used to investigate signal pathways involved in IL-17-induced IL-18 expression. The microRNAs which participated IL-18 expression were surveyed with online databases miRWalk and miRDB, followed by validation with qPCR. This study revealed significantly higher levels of IL-18 expression in synovial tissue from OA patients compared with healthy controls, as well as increased IL-18 expression in OASFs from rats with severe OA. In vitro findings indicated that IL-17 dose-dependently promoted IL-18 production in OASFs. Molecular investigations revealed that the MEK/ERK/miR-4492 axis stimulated IL-18 production when OASFs were treated with IL-17. This study provides novel insights into the role of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of OA, which may help to inform OA treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Tsan Lee
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Lin
- Translational Medicine Center, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chi Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Xiu-Yuan He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Tsai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Ko
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hsin Tsai
- Department of Orthopedics, Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chia Chao
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Chen
- Translational Medicine Center, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Jin C, Zheng J, Yang Q, Jia Y, Li H, Liu X, Xu Y, Chen Z, He L. Morusin Inhibits RANKL-induced Osteoclastogenesis and Ovariectomized Osteoporosis. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:1358-1370. [PMID: 37807416 DOI: 10.2174/0113862073252310230925062415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is a classic type of osteoporosis that has gradually become a significant health problem worldwide. There is an urgent need for a safe alternative therapeutic agent considering the poor therapeutic strategies currently available for this disease. The roots and bark of the Morus australis tree (Moraceae) are used to make a traditional Chinese medicine known as "Morusin", and accumulating evidence has demonstrated its multiple activities, such as anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aim to explore the effect of Morusin on mouse osteoclasts and its mechanism. METHODS In this study, we explored the inhibitory effects of Morusin on murine osteoclasts in vitro and its mechanism, and the protective effect of Morusin on an ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis model in vivo. RESULTS The results showed that Morusin prevented OVX-induced bone loss and dramatically decreased RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Morusin interfered with RANKL-activated NF- κB, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. The expression of three master factors that control osteoclast differentiation, c-Fos, NFATc1, and c-Jun, was reduced by Morusin treatment. Collectively, in vitro results indicated that Morusin has a protective effect on OVX-induced bone loss in a mouse model. CONCLUSION Our data provide encouraging evidence that Morusin may be an effective treatment for PMOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - Jiewen Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
- Shaoxing University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - Qichang Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Yewei Jia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - Xuewen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Yangjun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
- Shaoxing University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - Zhuolin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
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Rouse JR, Danner R, Wahhab A, Pereckas M, McClune ME, Steere AC, Strle K, Jutras BL, Lochhead RB. Human leukocyte antigen HLA-DR-expressing fibroblast-like synoviocytes are inducible antigen presenting cells that present autoantigens in Lyme arthritis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.21.568066. [PMID: 38045407 PMCID: PMC10690166 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.21.568066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Background HLA-DR-expressing fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) are a prominent cell type in synovial tissue in chronic inflammatory forms of arthritis. We recently showed that peptides from several extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, including fibronectin-1 (FN1), contained immunogenic CD4+ T cell epitopes in patients with postinfectious Lyme arthritis (LA). However, the role of FLS in presentation of these T cell epitopes remains uncertain. Methods Primary LA FLS and primary murine FLS stimulated with interferon gamma (IFNγ), Borrelia burgdorferi, and/or B. burgdorferi peptidoglycan (PG) were assessed for properties associated with antigen presentation. HLA-DR-presented peptides from stimulated LA FLS were identified by immunopeptidomics analysis. OT-II T cells were cocultured with stimulated murine FLS in the presence of cognate ovalbumin antigen to determine the potential of FLS to act as inducible antigen presenting cells (APC). Results FLS expressed HLA-DR molecules within inflamed synovial tissue and tendons from patients with post-infectious LA patients in situ. MHC class II and costimulatory molecules were expressed by FLS following in vitro stimulation with IFNγ and B. burgdorferi and presented both foreign and self MHC-II peptides, including T cell epitopes derived from two Lyme autoantigens fibronectin-1 (FN1) and endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF). Stimulated murine FLS induced proliferation of naïve OT-II CD4+ T cells, particularly when FLS were stimulated with both IFNγ and PG. Conclusions MHC-II+ FLS are inducible APCs that can induce CD4+ T cell activation and can present Lyme autoantigens derived from ECM proteins, thereby amplifying tissue-localized autoimmune CD4+ T cell responses in LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Rouse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rebecca Danner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Amanda Wahhab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michaela Pereckas
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Mecaila E McClune
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Allen C Steere
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Klemen Strle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brandon L Jutras
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Robert B Lochhead
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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5
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Baicalein Induces Apoptosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts through Inactivation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3643265. [PMID: 36118088 PMCID: PMC9473868 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3643265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) shows abnormal proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). Baicalein (BAI), extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis, is used as an anticancer drug through inducing cancer cells apoptosis. However, the mechanism of BAI in RA progression still remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that BAI inhibited FLS proliferation and migration, whereas it enhanced apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in vitro. Methods Cell viability and colony formation were analyzed by MTT and plate colony formation assays in SW982 cells, respectively. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and western blotting. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), MMP family proteins (MMP2/9), and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway were detected by western blot. Cell migration was detected by scratch healing assay under BAI treatment in SW982 cells. Results BAI dose-dependently inhibited cell viability and colony forming in SW982 cells. BAI upregulated apoptotic proteins and downregulated EMT-related proteins, resulting in enhanced cell apoptosis and inhibited cell migration in SW982 cells. BAI also dose-dependently inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, and mTOR. Conclusions These results indicated that BAI inhibited FLSs proliferation and EMT, whereas induced cell apoptosis through blocking the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, supporting clinical application for RA progression.
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6
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Hou CH, Tang CH, Chen PC, Liu JF. Thrombospondin 2 Promotes IL-6 Production in Osteoarthritis Synovial Fibroblasts via the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB Pathway. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:5955-5967. [PMID: 34803392 PMCID: PMC8600055 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s314747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is known that osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis involves inflammation that drives pathologic changes and that the matricellular protein, thrombospondin-2 (TSP2), is involved in angiogenesis, carcinogenesis, and inflammation. However, how TSP2 contributes to OA inflammatory processes is unclear. Objective The aim of current study was to elucidate whether TSP2 could promote interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, expression in osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts (OASFs). Methods The synovial fibroblasts isolated from osteoarthritis and healthy donors were incubated with recombinant TSP2 to evaluate its effect in OA pathogenesis. The SFs were incubated with recombinant TSP2, followed by determining the IL-6 expression by qPCR and Western blot. After SFs were incubated with TSP2 for different time interval, the Western blot was performed to investigate the activation of signal pathway. The different strategies including neutralizing antibodies, siRNAs, and chemical inhibitors were used to discover the signal transduction in response to TSP2 incubation in OASFs. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of TSP2 in osteoarthritis, the anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) in SD rats was performed in the presence or absence of TSP neutralizing antibody treatment. Results Our investigations have revealed that TSP2 promoted IL-6 expression in OASFs in a dose-dependent manner, especially in 30 and 100 ng/mL concentration (p < 0.05). Using different strategies including neutralizing antibodies, siRNAs, and chemical inhibitors, all of which attenuated signal pathway components in OASFs, we found evidence for the involvement of integrin αvβ3, PI3K, Akt, and NF-κB in TSP2-mediated upregulation of IL-6 (p < 0.05). Finally, in the result of rat ACLT surgical model, we found that TSP2 neutralizing antibody had protective effects in cartilage destruction during OA progression. Conclusion Thrombospondin-2 palys an important role in osteoarthritis pathogenesis and provides an opportunity to deal with osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Han Hou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Translational Medicine Center, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Fang Liu
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Chen F, Zou L, Williams B, Chao W. Targeting Toll-Like Receptors in Sepsis: From Bench to Clinical Trials. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1324-1339. [PMID: 33588628 PMCID: PMC8817700 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Sepsis is a critical clinical syndrome with life-threatening organ dysfunction induced by a dysregulated host response to infection. Despite decades of intensive research, sepsis remains a leading cause of in-hospital mortality with few specific treatments. Recent Advances: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a part of the innate immune system and play an important role in host defense against invading pathogens such as bacteria, virus, and fungi. Using a combination of genetically modified animal models and pharmacological agents, numerous preclinical studies during the past two decades have demonstrated that dysregulated TLR signaling may contribute to sepsis pathogenesis. However, many clinical trials targeting inflammation and innate immunity such as TLR4 have yielded mixed results. Critical Issues: Here we review various TLRs and the specific molecules these TLRs sense-both the pathogen-associated and host-derived stress molecules, and their converging signaling pathways. We critically analyze preclinical investigations into the role of TLRs in animal sepsis, the complexity of targeting TLRs for sepsis intervention, and the disappointing clinical trials of the TLR4 antagonist eritoran. Future Directions: Future sepsis treatments will depend on better understanding the complex biological mechanisms of sepsis pathogenesis, the high heterogeneity of septic humans as defined by clinical presentations and unique immunological biomarkers, and improved stratifications for targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqian Chen
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lin Zou
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brittney Williams
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Chao
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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Lee KT, Chen BC, Liu SC, Lin YY, Tsai CH, Ko CY, Tang CH, Tung KC. Nesfatin-1 facilitates IL-1β production in osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts by suppressing miR-204-5p synthesis through the AP-1 and NF-κB pathways. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:22490-22501. [PMID: 34560673 PMCID: PMC8507299 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The progression of osteoarthritis (OA) is mediated by adipokines, one of which is nesfatin-1, which is responsible for the production of inflammatory cytokines. However, how this molecule may affect the synthesis of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) in OA is unclear. Our analyses of records from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset and clinical specimens of synovial tissue revealed higher levels of nesfatin-1 and IL-1β in OA samples compared with normal healthy tissue. We found that nesfatin-1 facilitates IL-1β synthesis in human OA synovial fibroblasts (OASFs) and suppresses the generation of micro-RNA (miR)-204-5p, as the miR-204-5p levels in OA patients were lower than those in healthy controls. Nesfatin-1-induced stimulation of IL-1β in human OASFs occurred via the suppression of miR-204-5p synthesis by the PI3K, Akt, AP-1 and NF-κB pathways. We suggest that nesfatin-1 is worth targeting in OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Tsan Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Cheng Chen
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chi Liu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Yen-You Lin
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Tsai
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Ko
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kwong-Chung Tung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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9
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Beukema M, Jermendi É, Koster T, Kitaguchi K, de Haan BJ, van den Berg MA, Faas MM, Schols HA, de Vos P. Attenuation of Doxorubicin-Induced Small Intestinal Mucositis by Pectins is Dependent on Pectin's Methyl-Ester Number and Distribution. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100222. [PMID: 34268870 PMCID: PMC8519125 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Intestinal mucositis is a common side effect of the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin, which is characterized by severe Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-mediated inflammation. The dietary fiber pectin is shown to prevent this intestinal inflammation through direct inhibition of TLR2 in a microbiota-independent manner. Recent in vitro studies show that inhibition of TLR2 is determined by the number and distribution of methyl-esters of pectins. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the degree of methyl-esterification (DM) and the degree of blockiness (DB) of pectins determine attenuating efficacy on doxorubicin-induced intestinal mucositis. METHODS AND RESULTS Four structurally different pectins that differed in DM and DB are tested on inhibitory effects on murine TLR2 in vitro, and on doxorubicin-induced intestinal mucositis in mice. These data demonstrate that low DM pectins or intermediate DM pectins with high DB have the strongest inhibitory impact on murine TLR2-1 and the strongest attenuating effect on TLR2-induced apoptosis and peritonitis. Intermediate DM pectin with a low DB is, however, also effective in preventing the induction of doxorubicin-induced intestinal damage. CONCLUSION These pectin structures with stronger TLR2-inhibiting properties may prevent the development of doxorubicin-induced intestinal damage in patients undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment with doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beukema
- Department of Pathology, Medical Biology and Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1, 9713 GZGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Éva Jermendi
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen UniversityBornse Weilanden 9, WageningenWG6708The Netherlands
| | - Taco Koster
- Department of Pathology, Medical Biology and Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1, 9713 GZGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Kohji Kitaguchi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological SciencesGifu University1‐1 YanagidoGifu City501‐1193Japan
| | - Bart J. de Haan
- Department of Pathology, Medical Biology and Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1, 9713 GZGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Marijke M. Faas
- Department of Pathology, Medical Biology and Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1, 9713 GZGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Henk A. Schols
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen UniversityBornse Weilanden 9, WageningenWG6708The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Department of Pathology, Medical Biology and Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1, 9713 GZGroningenThe Netherlands
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10
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Khawaja K, Frommer KW, Bausch M, Rehart S, Müller-Ladner U, Neumann E. Compensation of Adiponectin-Induced Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2021; 41:177-186. [PMID: 34003681 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder marked by synovitis, ultimately leading to cartilage and bone destruction. In RA, adiponectin levels are increased in serum and synovial fluid. Adiponectin belongs to the adipokines, a group of highly bioactive substances secreted by adipocytes and other cell types. It has been shown to induce the production of proinflammatory and prodestructive factors by human RA synovial fibroblasts (RASF), suggesting a role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Although adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) are known to be involved in adiponectin signaling in RASF, no literature is available about whether the different adiponectin isoforms affect AMPK and p38 MAPK signaling in the same manner. In this study, we elucidated the signaling mechanisms in RASF, activated in response to selective stimulation with the 2 biologically most potent adiponectin isoforms, and possible approaches to inhibit adiponectin-mediated effects in RASF. All adiponectin isoforms induced p38 MAPK and AMPK phosphorylation to various degrees. Blocking AMPK activation increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation, while blocking p38 MAPK activation increased AMPK phosphorylation, both independent of the effect of adiponectin. Neither AMPKα1 nor AMPKα2 knockdown reduced interleukin (IL)-6/IL-8 release. Targeting transforming growth factor-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), a signaling molecule upstream of p38 MAPK, reduced the IL-6/IL-8 release. Taken together, our study showed that, in the case of adiponectin isoforms, inhibiting the p38 MAPK or the AMPK signaling pathway individually is not sufficient, probably due to compensatory interactions between these pathways. TAK1 might provide an alternative approach by ameliorating the proinflammatory effects of adiponectin in RA. Our results do not suggest that targeting individual adiponectin isoforms specifically in RA would provide a benefit over targeting adiponectin as a whole. However, whether targeting individual adiponectin isoforms would allow minimizing the loss of the beneficial effects of adiponectin within the metabolic and cardiovascular system still needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Khawaja
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Klaus W Frommer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Mona Bausch
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Stefan Rehart
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Agaplesion Markus Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulf Müller-Ladner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Elena Neumann
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
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11
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CXCL1 contributes to IL-6 expression in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts by CXCR2, c-Raf, MAPK, and AP-1 pathway. Arthritis Res Ther 2020; 22:251. [PMID: 33087182 PMCID: PMC7580030 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are common joint disorders that are considered to be different diseases due to their unique molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis. Chemokines and their corresponding receptors have been well characterized in RA progression, but less so in OA pathogenesis. Methods The human primary synovial fibroblasts (SFs) were obtained from human OA and RA tissue samples. The Western blot and qPCR were performed to analyze the expression levels of CXCL1, as well as CXCL-promoted IL-6 expression in both OASFs and RASFs. The signal cascades that mediate the CXCL1-promoted IL-6 expression were identified by using chemical inhibitors, siRNAs, and shRNAs. Results Here, we found that both diseases feature elevated levels of CXCL1 and interleukin (IL)-6, an important proinflammatory cytokine that participates in OA and RA pathogenesis. In OASFs and RASFs, CXCL1 promoted IL-6 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In OASFs and RASFs overexpressing CXCL1 or transduced with shRNA plasmid, IL-6 expression was markedly upregulated. CXCR2, c-Raf, and MAPKs were found to regulate CXCL1-induced IL-6 expression in OASFs and RASFs. Finally, CXCL1 triggered the transcriptional activities of c-Jun (which regulates the expression of proinflammatory proteins) in OASFs and RASFs. Conclusions Our present work suggests that the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis helps to orchestrate inflammatory responses in OA and RA SFs.
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12
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Beukema M, Jermendi É, van den Berg MA, Faas MM, Schols HA, de Vos P. The impact of the level and distribution of methyl-esters of pectins on TLR2-1 dependent anti-inflammatory responses. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 251:117093. [PMID: 33152851 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pectins have anti-inflammatory effects via Toll-like receptor (TLR) inhibition in a degree of methyl-esterification-(DM)-dependent manner. However, pectins also vary in distribution of methyl-esters over the galacturonic-acid (GalA) backbone (Degree of Blockiness - DB) and impact of this on anti-inflammatory capacity is unknown. Pectins mainly inhibit TLR2-1 but magnitude depends on both DM and DB. Low DM pectins (DM18/19) with both low (DB86) and high DB (DB94) strongly inhibit TLR2-1. However, pectins with intermediate DM (DM43/DM49) and high DB (DB60), but not with low DB (DB33), inhibit TLR2-1 as strongly as low DM. High DM pectins (DM84/88) with DB71 and DB91 do not inhibit TLR2-1 strongly. Pectin-binding to TLR2 was confirmed by capture-ELISA. In human macrophages, low DM and intermediate DM pectins with high DB inhibited TLR2-1 induced IL-6 secretion. Both high number and blockwise distribution of non-esterified GalA in pectins are responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of TLR2-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Beukema
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - É Jermendi
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - M A van den Berg
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - M M Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - H A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - P de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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13
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Vo TTT, Lee CW, Wu CZ, Liu JF, Lin WN, Chen YL, Hsu LF, Tsai MH, Lee IT. Surfactin from Bacillus subtilis attenuates ambient air particulate matter-promoted human oral cancer cells metastatic potential. J Cancer 2020; 11:6038-6049. [PMID: 32922544 PMCID: PMC7477423 DOI: 10.7150/jca.48296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, many studies have indicated that ambient air particulate matter (PM) can increase the risk of oral cancer. The most common malignant tumor in the oral cavity is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Usually, cancer cell migration/invasion is the most important cause of cancer mortality. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 have been shown to play important roles in regulating metastasis and the tumor microenvironment. Here, we studied the anti-cancer effects of surfactin, a cyclic lipopeptide generated by Bacillus subtilis, on cancer cell migration and invasion. Surfactin suppressed PM-promoted cell migration and invasion and colony formation of SCC4 and SCC25 human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. We observed that PM induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, which was inhibited by surfactin. Transfection with p65, p50, c-Jun, c-Fos, p85, p110, Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), or interleukin-6 (IL-6) siRNA markedly inhibited PM-induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. Moreover, surfactin could reduce Akt, mTOR, p65, and c-Jun activation and IL-6 secretion induced by PM. Finally, we proved that transfection with Akt, p65, or c-Jun siRNA significantly inhibited PM-induced IL-6 release. Taken together, these results suggest that surfactin functions as a suppressor of PM-induced MMP2/9-dependent oral cancer cell migration and invasion by inhibiting the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR and PI3K/Akt/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1)/IL-6 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thuy Tien Vo
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
- Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Zong Wu
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Fang Liu
- School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ning Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Lien Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Fen Hsu
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County 613, Taiwan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County 613, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Horng Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Neonatology, Yunlin Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - I-Ta Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Báez-Magaña M, Alva-Murillo N, Medina-Estrada I, Arceo-Martínez MT, López-Meza JE, Ochoa-Zarzosa A. Plant Defensin γ-Thionin Induces MAPKs and Activates Histone Deacetylases in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells Infected With Staphylococcus aureus. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:390. [PMID: 32793642 PMCID: PMC7394055 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins are an important group of host defense peptides. They have immunomodulatory properties, which have been mainly described for mammal defensins, but similar effects for plant defensins remain unknown. Previously, we showed that the defensin γ-thionin (Capsicum chinense) reduces Staphylococcus aureus internalization into bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) while inducing Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), modulating the inflammatory response. Here, we analyze the effect of γ-thionin on the TLR2 pathway in bMECs infected with S. aureus and determine if it modulates epigenetic marks. Pre-treated bMECs with γ-thionin (100 ng/ml) reduced the basal activation of p38 and ERK1/2 (~3-fold), but JNK was increased (~1.5-fold). Also, infected bMECs induced p38, but this effect was reversed by γ-thionin, whereas ERK1/2 was reduced by infection but stimulated by γ-thionin. Likewise, γ-thionin reduced the activation of Akt kinase ~50%. Furthermore, γ-thionin induced the activation of transcriptional factors of inflammatory response, highlighting EGR, E2F-1, AP-1, and MEF, which were turned off by bacteria. Also, γ-thionin induced the activation of histone deacetylases (HDACs, ~4-fold) at 24 h in infected bMECs and reduced LSD1 demethylase (HDMs, ~30%) activity. Altogether, these results demonstrated the first time that a plant defensin interferes with inflammatory signaling pathways in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Báez-Magaña
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Nayeli Alva-Murillo
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Ivan Medina-Estrada
- Trayectoria en Genómica Alimentaria, Universidad de la Ciénega del Estado de Michoacán de Ocampo, Sahuayo, Mexico
| | - María Teresa Arceo-Martínez
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Joel E López-Meza
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Ochoa-Zarzosa
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
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15
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Tsai YJ, Hao CY, Chen CL, Wu PH, Wu WB. Expression of long pentraxin 3 in human nasal mucosa fibroblasts, tissues, and secretions of chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:673-689. [PMID: 32239253 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that microbiomes play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). In addition to a known short pentraxin, C-reactive protein, long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) belongs to pentraxin family which detects conserved microbial pentraxin motifs and mobilizes early defense against foreign invaders, but its participation in CRS remains unclear. In the present study, through an intensive screening, peptidoglycan (PGN) was selected as a main material to investigate the action mechanism of a cell wall component on CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) nasal mucosa-derived fibroblasts and the PTX3 expression in human nasal mucosa tissue and discharge. The PGN not only enhanced PTX3 mRNA and protein production in cells but also caused marked PTX3 secretion into extracellular space. The pharmacological interventions indicated that the PTX3 induction was mediated mainly through toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), phosphoinositide-phospholipase C (PI-PLC), protein kinase C (PKC), NF-κB, and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), which was further confirmed by the observations that a direct PKC activator (phorbol ester) had a similar inductory effect on PTX3 expression/production and the siRNA interference knockdown of PKCμ/δ, NF-κB, and CREB compromised PTX3 production. Meanwhile, PTX3 was found to be overexpressed/produced in nasal mucosa and discharge/secretion of the CRSsNP patients. Collectively, we first demonstrated here that PGN enhances PTX3 expression and release in nasal fibroblasts through TLR2, PI-PLC, PKCμ/δ, NF-κB, and CREB signaling pathways. The PTX3 is overexpressed in nasal mucosa and discharge/secretion of CRSsNP patients, revealing its possible importance in CRSsNP development and progression. KEY MESSAGES: Long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is highly expressed in nasal mucosa and discharge/secretion of patients of chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). The bacteria cell wall component-peptidoglycan (PGN) causes PTX3 expression in CRSsNP nasal mucosa-derived fibroblasts, contributing to the PTX3 increase in tissues. PGN induces PTX3 expression through a previously known IκB/NF-κB and a novel PKCμ/δ and CREB signaling pathway. The PTX3 may be used as a biomarker for CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Jeng Tsai
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Hao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Li Chen
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Hui Wu
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Wu
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, No.510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan.
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16
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Dera A, Rajagopalan P, Ahmed I, Alfhili M, Alsughayyir J, Chandramoorthy HC. Thymoquinone attenuates IgE-mediated allergic response via pi3k-Akt-NFκB pathway and upregulation of the Nrf2-HO1 axis. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13216. [PMID: 32212163 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IgE-dependent reactions mediate the majority of allergic diseases. This study explores the effects of thymoquinone (Tq) on IgE-mediated allergic response in activated mast cells, basophils, and neutrophils. Tq treatment resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in levels of TNF-α and IL-4 in activated RBL-2H3 cells. Tq inhibited the degranulation of these cells with an IC50 value of 56.37 µM. Moreover, the compound suppressed basophil activation induced through FcεRI receptors with an IC50 value of 45.76 µM in heparinized human whole blood. Likewise, neutrophil migration and elastase activity were dose-dependently reduced. While Tq decreased the phosphorylation of Akt and NFκB in activated RBL-2H3 cells, it increased nuclear Nrf2 and HO-1 antioxidant proteins. Our results indicate that Tq possesses demonstrable activity in cellular models of IgE-mediated allergic reactions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The current study sheds light on the mechanistic pathways of Tq on IgE-based response in activated mast cells, basophils, and neutrophils. The output of this preclinical in vitro study may be translated into better chemotherapeutic applications of Tq and its analogs in the treatment of allergic inflammation. However, a detailed investigation of in vivo models is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayed Dera
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Research Centre of Advanced Materials, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prasanna Rajagopalan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Central Research Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Central Research Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Alfhili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Alsughayyir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harish C Chandramoorthy
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology and Centre for Stem Cell Research, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Hu SL, Huang CC, Tzeng TT, Liu SC, Tsai CH, Fong YC, Tang CH. S1P promotes IL-6 expression in osteoblasts through the PI3K, MEK/ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1207-1214. [PMID: 32547316 PMCID: PMC7294913 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.44612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease, in which the immune system attacks joint tissue. Interleukin (IL)-6 is a key proinflammatory cytokine in RA progression. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a platelet-derived lysophospholipid mediator, reportedly regulates osteoimmunology. Here, we examined the effects of S1P on IL-6 expression in osteoblasts. Our results and records from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database demonstrate higher levels of IL-6 in patients with RA compared with those with osteoarthritis. Stimulation of osteoblasts with S1P increased mRNA and protein expression of IL-6. PI3K, MEK, ERK and NF-κB inhibitors and their small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) reduced S1P-promoted IL-6 expression. S1P also facilitated PI3K, MEK/ERK and NF-κB signaling cascades. Our results indicate that S1P promotes the expression of IL-6 in osteoblasts via the PI3K, MEK/ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Lin Hu
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Huang
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ting Tzeng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chi Liu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Tsai
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chin Fong
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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18
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Abstract
Microbial cell components from the intestinal microbiota spread systemically in a healthy host, posing the threat of inappropriate immune activation. In this issue of Immunity, Troha et al. identify a key role for renal function in the clearance of circulating Lys-type peptidoglycan, revealing a mechanism that keeps these inflammatory triggers in check to maintain systemic immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Brückner
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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19
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FPX-113 attenuates inflammatory responses by deteriorating cytokines, neutrophil activity and mast cell degranulation via Akt/ NF- κB pathway. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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20
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Du Y, Liu P, Chen Z, He Y, Zhang B, Dai G, Xia W, Liu Y, Chen X. PTEN improve renal fibrosis in vitro and in vivo through inhibiting FAK/AKT signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:17887-17897. [PMID: 31144376 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Du
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan PR China
| | - Peihua Liu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan PR China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan PR China
| | - Yao He
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan PR China
| | - Guoyu Dai
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan PR China
| | - Weiping Xia
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan PR China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan PR China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan PR China
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21
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Rodríguez-Jorge O, Kempis-Calanis LA, Abou-Jaoudé W, Gutiérrez-Reyna DY, Hernandez C, Ramirez-Pliego O, Thomas-Chollier M, Spicuglia S, Santana MA, Thieffry D. Cooperation between T cell receptor and Toll-like receptor 5 signaling for CD4 + T cell activation. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/577/eaar3641. [PMID: 30992399 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aar3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells recognize antigens through their T cell receptors (TCRs); however, additional signals involving costimulatory receptors, for example, CD28, are required for proper T cell activation. Alternative costimulatory receptors have been proposed, including members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, such as TLR5 and TLR2. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying a potential costimulatory role for TLR5, we generated detailed molecular maps and logical models for the TCR and TLR5 signaling pathways and a merged model for cross-interactions between the two pathways. Furthermore, we validated the resulting model by analyzing how T cells responded to the activation of these pathways alone or in combination, in terms of the activation of the transcriptional regulators CREB, AP-1 (c-Jun), and NF-κB (p65). Our merged model accurately predicted the experimental results, showing that the activation of TLR5 can play a similar role to that of CD28 activation with respect to AP-1, CREB, and NF-κB activation, thereby providing insights regarding the cross-regulation of these pathways in CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otoniel Rodríguez-Jorge
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62210 Cuernavaca, México.,Escuela de Estudios Superiores de Axochiapan, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62951 Axochiapan, México
| | - Linda A Kempis-Calanis
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62210 Cuernavaca, México
| | - Wassim Abou-Jaoudé
- Computational System Biology Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Darely Y Gutiérrez-Reyna
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62210 Cuernavaca, México
| | - Céline Hernandez
- Computational System Biology Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Oscar Ramirez-Pliego
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62210 Cuernavaca, México
| | - Morgane Thomas-Chollier
- Computational System Biology Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Maria A Santana
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62210 Cuernavaca, México.
| | - Denis Thieffry
- Computational System Biology Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France.
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22
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Kiewiet MBG, Dekkers R, van Gool MP, Ulfman LH, Groeneveld A, Faas MM, de Vos P. Identification of a TLR2 Inhibiting Wheat Hydrolysate. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800716. [PMID: 30354027 PMCID: PMC6646915 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Wheat hydrolysates are used in medical nutrition to provide undernourished patients a readily digestible protein source, for instance to recover from chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucosal inflammation. Since many hydrolysates of different sources can modulate the immune system, likely via Toll-like receptors (TLRs), it is hypothesized that also wheat hydrolysates might interact with TLR signaling, which could be a way to prevent intestinal inflammation and damage. METHODS AND RESULTS The capacity of three wheat hydrolysates to modulate immunity by interfering with TLR signaling is determined. All wheat hydrolysates have TLR modulating effects but only one has strong TLR2 inhibiting effects, attenuating both TLR2/1 and TLR2/6 signaling in a reporter cell system. This is likely induced by direct TLR2-ectodomain binding, as confirmed by ELISA. Furthermore, this TLR2 blocking hydrolysate reduces IL-6 production in human dendritic cells. Application of reversed-phase-ultra HPLC combined with MS reveals that the presence of peptide WQIPEQSR is associated with the observed TLR2 inhibiting capacity. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates TLR2-inhibiting capacities of a wheat hydrolysate. The findings provide a good start for further research to investigate whether this hydrolysate might contribute to the management of intestinal mucosal inflammation in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mensiena B G Kiewiet
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700, RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renske Dekkers
- FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, 3818, LE, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Martine P van Gool
- FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, 3818, LE, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Laurien H Ulfman
- FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, 3818, LE, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Groeneveld
- FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, 3818, LE, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700, RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pau de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700, RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Inhibition of Proteasome Activity Upregulates IL-6 Expression in RPE Cells through the Activation of P38 MAPKs. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:5392432. [PMID: 30116631 PMCID: PMC6079444 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5392432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose As far as we know, during the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the activity of proteasome in retinal pigment epithelium cells (RPE) gradually decreases. And a lot of research has shown that age-related macular degeneration is closely related to inflammation and autoimmune. Moreover, there are many cytokines (CKs) involved in the course of inflammation. In this study, we are going to investigate how the decrease of proteasome activity affects the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in human retinal pigment epithelium cells (ARPE-19). Methods Cultured ARPE-19 was treated with or without MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, and the levels of IL-6 mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) in RPE at 1 h, 4 h, 8 h, and IL-6 protein in the culture medium at 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h, and 12 h were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein levels of MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) in the culture medium at 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h, and 12 h were also measured by ELISA. Then we tested which of cell signal pathways regulating the production of IL-6 were activated when we added MG132 into the medium by Western blot and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). After that, we put the inhibitors of these activated cell signal pathways into the medium individually to see which inhibitor can counteract the effect of upregulating the levels of IL-6 in the culture medium of RPE. Results MG132 decreased the secretion of MCP-1 in the culture medium of RPE, but it increased the expression of IL-6 mRNA in RPE and IL-6 protein level in the culture medium of RPE. MG132 treatment was also found to enhance the level of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) by Western blotting. More importantly, the effect of MG132 on upregulating the levels of IL-6 was inhibited by SB203580, an inhibitor of P38 MAP kinases. But the JNK inhibitor, SP600125, cannot prevent the effect of upregulating the levels of IL-6 by MG132 in the RPE culture medium. Conclusions We concluded that the proteasome inhibitor, MG132, upregulates IL-6 production in RPE cells through the activation of P38 MAPKs.
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24
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Tsai YJ, Chi JCY, Hao CY, Wu WB. Peptidoglycan induces bradykinin receptor 1 expression through Toll-like receptor 2 and NF-κB signaling pathway in human nasal mucosa-derived fibroblasts of chronic rhinosinusitis patients. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:7226-7238. [PMID: 29574744 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that Gram-positive microbiomes play an important role in the pathogenesis and in the way of treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Kinins are inflammatory mediators and one of their receptors, namely bradykinin receptor 1 (BKR1 or B1R), is believed to be induced and involved in inflammation in pathophysiological conditions. In the present study, we investigated the effect of peptidoglycan (PGN), a major cell wall component of G(+) bacteria, on BKR expression and its signaling pathway in nasal fibroblasts from CRS without nasal polyp (CRSsNP). The PGN induced increases in B1R mRNA and protein production. The induction was abolished by the NF-κB and protein kinase A inhibitor. In parallel, the PGN treatment directly activated IκB/NF-κB signaling and CREB phosphorylation. Interestingly, a further analysis suggested no involvement of cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway in this induction. The B1R expression and IκB/NF-κB signaling pathway could be attenuated by Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) blocking/neutralizing Ab. In a functional assay, the addition of B1R selective agonist (Des-Arg10 -kallidin) to the fibroblasts after PGN stimulation led to an increase in CXCL8 release and p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which could be inhibited by the B1R antagonist. Taken together, our results revealed for the first time that PGN can increase B1R expression in human nasal mucosa-derived fibroblasts through TLR2 activation and NF-κB signaling pathway. This induction functionally leads to MAPKs activation and CXCL8 release upon B1R stimulation. Our results also suggest that a major component of G(+) bacteria can participate in B1R upregulation in nasal mucosa during CRSsNP progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Jeng Tsai
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jessie Chao-Yun Chi
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Hao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Wu
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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25
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Cho JA, Kim TJ, Moon HJ, Kim YJ, Yoon HK, Seong SY. Cardiolipin activates antigen-presenting cells via TLR2-PI3K-PKN1-AKT/p38-NF-kB signaling to prime antigen-specific naïve T cells in mice. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:777-790. [PMID: 29313959 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial defects and antimitochondrial cardiolipin (CL) antibodies are frequently detected in autoimmune disease patients. CL from dysregulated mitochondria activates various pattern recognition receptors, such as NLRP3. However, the mechanism by which mitochondrial CL activates APCs as a damage-associated molecular pattern to prime antigen-specific naïve T cells, which is crucial for T-cell-dependent anticardiolipin IgG antibody production in autoimmune diseases is unelucidated. Here, we show that CL increases the expression of costimulatory molecules in CD11c+ APCs both in vitro and in vivo. CL activates CD11c+ APCs via TLR2-PI3K-PKN1-AKT/p38MAPK-NF-κB signaling. CD11c+ APCs that have been activated by CL are sufficient to prime H-Y peptide-specific naïve CD4+ T cells and OVA-specific naïve CD8+ T cells. TLR2 is necessary for anti-CL IgG antibody responses in vivo. Intraperitoneal injection of CL does not activate CD11c+ APCs in CD14 KO mice to the same extent as in wild-type mice. CL binds to CD14 (Kd = 7 × 10-7 M). CD14, but not MD2, plays a role in NF-kB activation by CL, suggesting that CD14+ macrophages contribute to recognizing CL. In summary, CL activates signaling pathways in CD11c+ APCs through a mechanism similar to gram (+) bacteria and plays a crucial role in priming antigen-specific naïve T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ah Cho
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Joo Kim
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Moon
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Kim
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Yoon
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Seong
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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26
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Wu X, Long L, Liu J, Zhang J, Wu T, Chen X, Zhou B, Lv TZ. Gambogic acid suppresses inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis rats via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7112-7118. [PMID: 28901512 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamboge is the dried resin secreted by the Garcinia maingayi gambogic tree and is a substance that may be used to treat a variety of diseases, exhibits anti‑tumor and detoxification effects and prevents bleeding. The primary active constituent is gambogic acid. The present study aimed to investigate the anti‑inflammatory effects of gambogic acid in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) rats and to elucidate the mechanisms by which these effects occur. The swelling degree, the clinical arthritic scoring and pain threshold measurements were used to evaluate the effects of gambogic acid on RA. ELISA kits and western blot analysis were used to investigate inflammatory processes and the expression of RA‑associated proteins, respectively. The present results demonstrated that gambogic acid significantly inhibited the degree of right foot swelling, increased pain thresholds and reduced clinical arthritic scores of RA rats. Treatment with gambogic acid suppressed the activities of interleukin (IL)‑1β and IL‑6, promoted the protein expression of phosphorylated (p)‑Akt serine/threonine kinase (Akt), p‑mammalian target protein of rapamycin (mTOR) and inhibited hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1α and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in RA rats. The results of the present study therefore suggest that the anti‑inflammatory effects of gambogic acid in RA rats occur via regulation of the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Li Long
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Xixi Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Zhuo Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, Baodi People's Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
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27
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Jeong YJ, Cho HJ, Chung FL, Wang X, Hoe HS, Park KK, Kim CH, Chang HW, Lee SR, Chang YC. Isothiocyanates suppress the invasion and metastasis of tumors by targeting FAK/MMP-9 activity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:63949-63962. [PMID: 28969043 PMCID: PMC5609975 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Isothiocyanates, which are present as glucosinolate precursors in cruciferous vegetables, have strong activity against various cancers. Here, we compared the anti-metastatic effects of isothiocyanates (benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), and sulforaphane (SFN)) by examining how they regulate MMP-9 expression. Isothiocyanates, particularly PEITC, suppressed 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced MMP-9 activity and invasion in various cancer cell lines. By contrast, N-methyl phenethylamine, a PEITC analog without an isothiocyanate functional group, had no effect. A reporter gene assay demonstrated that BITC, PEITC, and SFN suppressed TAP-induced MMP-9 expression by inhibiting AP-1 and NF-κB in U20S osteosarcoma cells. All three compounds reduced phosphorylation of FAK, ERK1/2, and Akt. In addition, MMP-9 expression was downregulated by inhibiting FAK, ERK1/2, and Akt. Isothiocyanates-mediated inhibition of FAK phosphorylation suppressed phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt in U2OS and A549 cells, along with the translocation of p65 and c-Fos, suggesting that isothiocyanates inhibit MMP-9 expression and cell invasion by blocking phosphorylation of FAK. Furthermore, isothiocyanates, abolished MMP-9 expression and tumor metastasis in vivo with the following efficacy: PEITC>BITC>SFN. Thus, isothiocyanates act as anti-metastatic compounds that suppress MMP-9 activity/expression by inhibiting NF-κB and AP-1 via suppression of the FAK/ERK and FAK/Akt signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jeong Jeong
- Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu 705-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Cho
- Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu 705-718, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Fung-Lung Chung
- Department of Oncology, Lambardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Xiantao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Lambardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Kyu Park
- Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu 705-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun-Wook Chang
- College of pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 701-947, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chae Chang
- Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu 705-718, Republic of Korea
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28
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Li X, Wu Y, Zhang W, Gong J, Cheng Y. Pre-conditioning with tanshinone IIA attenuates the ischemia/reperfusion injury caused by liver grafts via regulation of HMGB1 in rat Kupffer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:1392-1400. [PMID: 28320107 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have evaluated the protective mechanism of tanshinone IIA in ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) induced by liver grafts, revealing novel supplementary immunotherapy for liver transplantation. METHODS The tanshinone IIA preconditioning group (TP group) was pretreated with tanshinone IIA via intraperitoneal injection for 1 week before receiving orthotopic liver transplantation with hepatic arterial ischemia for 30min. The sham-operation group (SO group), control graft group (CG group) and IRI group were pretreated with an equivalent volume of normal saline. The IRI group and CG group received orthotopic liver transplantation with or without hepatic arterial ischemia. Rats were sacrificed at each time point, serum was collected for ELISA detection, and Kupffer cells (KCs) were isolated to extract total protein and RNA for western blotting and real-time PCR, respectively. RESULTS The levels of TNF-α and IL-4 in the TP group were significantly lower than those of in the IRI group; meanwhile the IL-10 and TGF-β levels were significantly higher than in the IRI group. The protein and mRNA expression levels of HMGB1 were significantly lower in TP group than in the IRI group at each time point. The TLR-4, Myd88, NLRP3 and p-NF-κb p65 expression levels in the TP groups were significantly lower than those in the IRI group, while the PTEN, PI3K and AKT phosphorylation levels in the TP groups were significantly higher than those in the IRI group. CONCLUSIONS Tanshinone IIA attenuates IRI caused by liver grafts via down-regulation of the HMGB1-TLR-4/NF-κb pathway in KCs and activation of PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway, suggesting a potential role for prevention of liver cell IRI during liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanfei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
| | - Yakun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, 629000, PR China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
| | - Jianping Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, PR China.
| | - Yao Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, PR China.
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29
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Alva-Murillo N, Ochoa-Zarzosa A, López-Meza JE. Sodium Octanoate Modulates the Innate Immune Response of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells through the TLR2/P38/JNK/ERK1/2 Pathway: Implications during Staphylococcus aureus Internalization. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:78. [PMID: 28361042 PMCID: PMC5350129 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) contribute to mammary gland defense against invading pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus (intracellular facultative), which is recognized by TLR2. In a previous report, we showed that sodium octanoate [NaO, a medium chain fatty acid (C8)] induces (0.25 mM) or inhibits (1 mM) S. aureus internalization into bMECs and differentially regulates the innate immune response (IIR). However, the molecular mechanisms have not been described, which was the aim of this study. The results showed that α5β1 integrin membrane abundance (MA) was increased in 0.25 mM NaO-treated cells, but TLR2 or CD36 MA was not modified. When these receptors were blocked individually, 0.25 mM NaO-increased S. aureus internalization was notably reduced. Interestingly, in this condition, the IIR of the bMECs was impaired because MAPK (p38, JNK, and ERK1/2) phosphorylation and the activation of transcription factors related to these pathways were decreased. In addition, the 1 mM NaO treatment induced TLR2 MA, but neither the integrin nor CD36 MA was modified. The reduction in S. aureus internalization induced by 1 mM NaO was increased further when TLR2 was blocked. In addition, the phosphorylation levels of the MAPKs increased, and 13 transcriptional factors related to the IIR were slightly activated (CBF, CDP, c-Myb, AP-1, Ets-1/Pea-3, FAST-1, GAS/ISRE, AP-2, NFAT-1, OCT-1, RAR/DR-5, RXR/DR-1, and Stat-3). Moreover, the 1 mM NaO treatment up-regulated gene expression of IL-8 and RANTES and secretion of IL-1β. Notably, when 1 mM NaO-treated bMECs were challenged with S. aureus, the gene expression of IL-8 and IL-10 increased, while IL-1β secretion was reduced. In conclusion, our results showed that α5β1 integrin, TLR2 and CD36 are involved in 0.25 mM NaO-increased S. aureus internalization in bMECs. In addition, 1 mM NaO activates bMECs via the TLR2 signaling pathways (p38, JNK, and ERK1/2), which improves IIR before S. aureus invasion. Additionally, NaO (1 mM) might exert anti-inflammatory effects after bacterial internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeli Alva-Murillo
- Licenciatura en Genómica Alimentaria, Universidad de La Ciénega del Estado de Michoacán de OcampoSahuayo, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Ochoa-Zarzosa
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de HidalgoMorelia, Mexico
| | - Joel E. López-Meza
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de HidalgoMorelia, Mexico
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30
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Thakur KK, Saini J, Mahajan K, Singh D, Jayswal DP, Mishra S, Bishayee A, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB. Therapeutic implications of toll-like receptors in peripheral neuropathic pain. Pharmacol Res 2017; 115:224-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lipoproteins of Gram-Positive Bacteria: Key Players in the Immune Response and Virulence. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:891-903. [PMID: 27512100 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00028-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery in 1973 of the first of the bacterial lipoproteins (Lpp) in Escherichia coli, Braun's lipoprotein, the ever-increasing number of publications indicates the importance of these proteins. Bacterial Lpp belong to the class of lipid-anchored proteins that in Gram-negative bacteria are anchored in both the cytoplasmic and outer membranes and in Gram-positive bacteria are anchored only in the cytoplasmic membrane. In contrast to the case for Gram-negative bacteria, in Gram-positive bacteria lipoprotein maturation and processing are not vital. Physiologically, Lpp play an important role in nutrient and ion acquisition, allowing particularly pathogenic species to better survive in the host. Bacterial Lpp are recognized by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) of the innate immune system. The important role of Lpp in Gram-positive bacteria, particularly in the phylum Firmicutes, as key players in the immune response and pathogenicity has emerged only in recent years. In this review, we address the role of Lpp in signaling and modulating the immune response, in inflammation, and in pathogenicity. We also address the potential of Lpp as promising vaccine candidates.
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Lion J, Taflin C, Cross AR, Robledo-Sarmiento M, Mariotto E, Savenay A, Carmagnat M, Suberbielle C, Charron D, Haziot A, Glotz D, Mooney N. HLA Class II Antibody Activation of Endothelial Cells Promotes Th17 and Disrupts Regulatory T Lymphocyte Expansion. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:1408-20. [PMID: 26614587 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the most successful treatment option for patients with end-stage renal disease, and chronic antibody-mediated rejection is the principal cause of allograft loss. Predictive factors for chronic rejection include high levels of HLA alloantibodies (particularly HLA class II) and activation of graft endothelial cells (ECs). The mechanistic basis for this association is unresolved. We used an experimental model of HLA-DR antibody stimulation of microvascular ECs to examine the mechanisms underlying the association between HLA class II antibodies, EC activation and allograft damage. Activation of ECs with the F(Ab')2 fragment of HLA-DR antibody led to phosphorylation of Akt, ERK and MEK and increased IL-6 production by ECs cocultured with allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in an Akt-dependent manner. We previously showed that HLA-DR-expressing ECs induce polarization of Th17 and FoxP3(bright) regulatory T cell (Treg) subsets. Preactivation of ECs with anti-HLA-DR antibody redirected EC allogenicity toward a proinflammatory response by decreasing amplification of functional Treg and by further increasing IL-6-dependent Th17 expansion. Alloimmunized patient serum containing relevant HLA-DR alloantibodies selectively bound and increased EC secretion of IL-6 in cocultures with PBMCs. These data contribute to understanding of potential mechanisms of antibody-mediated endothelial damage independent of complement activation and FcR-expressing effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lion
- Inserm, UMRs 1160, Paris, France
| | - C Taflin
- Inserm, UMRs 1160, Paris, France.,Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - A Savenay
- Inserm, UMRs 1160, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Histocompatibilité, Paris, France
| | - M Carmagnat
- Inserm, UMRs 1160, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Histocompatibilité, Paris, France
| | - C Suberbielle
- Inserm, UMRs 1160, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Histocompatibilité, Paris, France
| | - D Charron
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,LabEx Transplantex, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - A Haziot
- Inserm, UMRs 1160, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - D Glotz
- Inserm, UMRs 1160, Paris, France.,Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,LabEx Transplantex, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - N Mooney
- Inserm, UMRs 1160, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,LabEx Transplantex, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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Chiu CP, Liu SC, Tang CH, Chan Y, El-Shazly M, Lee CL, Du YC, Wu TY, Chang FR, Wu YC. Anti-inflammatory Cerebrosides from Cultivated Cordyceps militaris. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1540-1548. [PMID: 26853111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris (bei-chong-chaw, northern worm grass) is a precious and edible entomopathogenic fungus, which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as a general booster for the nervous system, metabolism, and immunity. Saccharides, nucleosides, mannitol, and sterols were isolated from this fungus. The biological activity of C. militaris was attributed to the saccharide and nucleoside contents. In this study, the aqueous methanolic fraction of C. militaris fruiting bodies exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory activity. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the active fraction led to the isolation of eight compounds, including one new and two known cerebrosides (ceramide derivatives), two nucleosides, and three sterols. Cordycerebroside A (1), the new cerebroside, along with soyacerebroside I (2) and glucocerebroside (3) inhibited the accumulation of pro-inflammatory iNOS protein and reduced the expression of COX-2 protein in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. This is the first study on the isolation of cerebrosides with anti-inflammatory activity from this TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Peng Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chi Liu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - You Chan
- Institute of Microbiology, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University , Organization of African Unity Street, Abassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Chia-Lin Lee
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University , Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chi Du
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ying Wu
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Center of Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Guo S, Li C, Liu D, Guo Y. Inflammatory responses to a Clostridium perfringens type A strain and α-toxin in primary intestinal epithelial cells of chicken embryos. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:81-91. [PMID: 25584964 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1005573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The causative pathogen of necrotic enteritis is the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium perfringens. Its main cell wall component, peptidoglycan (PGN), can be recognized by Toll-like receptor 2 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD). Consequently, the immune response is initiated via activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling pathway. An in vitro study was conducted to investigate chicken intestinal inflammatory responses to C. perfringens type A and one of its virulence factors, α-toxin. In primary intestinal epithelial cells, C. perfringens as well as commercially available PGN and α-toxin challenge upregulated mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) with a dosage-dependent manner at 3 h post infection (p.i.; P ≤ 0.001). Time-course effects of three stimulators at high concentration were further examined. C. perfringens infection elevated IL-6, IL-8 and iNOS levels from 1 h to 9 h p.i., while PGN treatment increased IL-6 and IL-8 expression at 1 h and 3 h p.i. (P < 0.05). Bacterial and PGN treatments induced NOD1 expression at 6 h p.i. and only bacterial infection boosted NF-κB p65 expression at 6 h and 9 h p.i. (P < 0.05). α-Toxin treatment upregulated IL-6 and IL-8 expression throughout infection, as well as iNOS, TNF-α and NF-κB p65 expression at later hours p.i. (P < 0.05). In conclusion, both C. perfringens and α-toxin challenge induced intense cytokine expression associated with NF-κB activation in chicken intestinal epithelial cells. The receptors for the recognition of PGN component of C. perfringens need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Guo
- a State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
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The activation of the TLR2/p38 pathway by sodium butyrate in bovine mammary epithelial cells is involved in the reduction of Staphylococcus aureus internalization. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:445-55. [PMID: 26471700 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an etiological agent of human and animal diseases, and it is able to internalize into non-professional phagocytic cells (i.e. bovine mammary epithelial cells, bMECs), which is an event that is related to chronic and recurrent infections. bMECs contribute to host innate immune responses (IIR) through TLR pathogen recognition, whereby TLR2 is the most relevant for S. aureus. In a previous report, we showed that sodium butyrate (NaB, 0.5mM), which is a short chain fatty acid (SCFA), reduced S. aureus internalization into bMECs by modulating their IIR. However, the molecular mechanism of this process has not been described, which was the aim of this study. The results showed that the TLR2 membrane abundance (MA) and mRNA expression were induced by 0.5mM NaB ∼1.6-fold and ∼1.7-fold, respectively. Additionally, 0.5mM NaB induced p38 phosphorylation, but not JNK1/2 or ERK1/2 phosphorylation in bMECs, which reached the baseline when the bMECs were S. aureus-challenged. Additionally, bMECs that were treated with 0.5mM NaB (24h) showed activation of 8 transcriptional factors (AP-1, E2F-1, FAST-1, MEF-1, EGR, PPAR, ER and CBF), which were partially reverted when the bMECs were S. aureus-challenged. Additionally, 0.5mM NaB (24h) up-regulated mRNA expression of the antimicrobial peptides, TAP (∼4.8-fold), BNBD5 (∼3.2-fold) and BNBD10 (∼2.6-fold). Notably, NaB-treated and S. aureus-challenged bMECs increased the mRNA expression of all of the antimicrobial peptides that were evaluated, and this was evident for LAP and BNBD5. In the NaB-treated bMECs, we did not detect significant expression changes for IL-1β and IL-6 and only TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-8 were induced. Interestingly, the NaB-treated and S. aureus-challenged bMECs maintained the anti-inflammatory response that was induced by this SCFA. In conclusion, our results suggest that 0.5mM NaB activates bMECs via TLR2/p38, which leads to improved antimicrobial defense before/after pathogen invasion, and NaB may exert anti-inflammatory effects during infection.
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Yung S, Chan TM. Mechanisms of Kidney Injury in Lupus Nephritis - the Role of Anti-dsDNA Antibodies. Front Immunol 2015; 6:475. [PMID: 26441980 PMCID: PMC4569852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a breakdown of self-tolerance, production of auto-antibodies and immune-mediated injury, resulting in damage accrual in multiple organs. Kidney involvement, termed lupus nephritis, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality that affects over half of the SLE population during the course of disease. The etiology of lupus nephritis is multifactorial and remains to be fully elucidated. Accumulating evidence suggests that in addition to forming immune complexes and triggering complement activation, anti-dsDNA antibodies contribute to the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis through binding, either directly or indirectly, to cross-reactive antigens or chromatin materials, respectively, to resident renal cells and/or extracellular matrix components, thereby triggering downstream cellular activation and proliferation as well as inflammatory and fibrotic processes. Several cross-reactive antigens that mediate anti-dsDNA antibody binding have been identified, such as annexin II and alpha-actinin. This review discusses the mechanisms through which anti-dsDNA antibodies contribute to immunopathogenesis in lupus nephritis. Corticosteroids combined with either mycophenolic acid (MPA) or cyclophosphamide is the current standard of care immunosuppressive therapy for severe lupus nephritis. This review also discusses recent data showing distinct effects of MPA and cyclophosphamide on inflammatory and fibrotic processes in resident renal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yung
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
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37
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Cortés-Vieyra R, Silva-García O, Oviedo-Boyso J, Huante-Mendoza A, Bravo-Patiño A, Valdez-Alarcón JJ, Finlay BB, Baizabal-Aguirre VM. The Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3α and β Isoforms Differentially Regulates Interleukin-12p40 Expression in Endothelial Cells Stimulated with Peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26200352 PMCID: PMC4511647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a constitutively active regulatory enzyme that is important in cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric diseases. While GSK3α is usually important in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases GSK3β is fundamental in the inflammatory response caused by bacterial components. Peptidoglycan (PGN), one of the most abundant cell-wall structures of Gram-positive bacteria, is an important inducer of inflammation. To evaluate whether inhibition of GSK3α and GSK3β activity in bovine endothelial cells (BEC) regulates the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12p40, we treated BEC with SDS-purified PGN from Staphylococcus aureus. We found that PGN triggered a TLR2/PI3K/Akt-dependent phosphorylation of GSK3α at Ser21, GSK3β at Ser9, and NF-κB p65 subunit (p65) at Ser536, and the phosphorylation of GSK3α was consistently higher than that of GSK3β. The expression of IL-12p40 was inhibited in BEC stimulated with PGN and pre-treated with a specific neutralizing anti-TLR2 antibody that targets the extracellular domain of TLR2 or by the addition of Akt-i IV (an Akt inhibitor). Inhibition of GSK3α and GSK3β with LiCl or SB216763 induced an increase in IL-12p40 mRNA and protein. The effect of each isoform on IL-12p40 expression was evaluated by siRNA-gene expression silencing of GSK3α and GSK3β. GSK3α gene silencing resulted in a marked increase in IL-12p40 mRNA and protein while GSK3β gene silencing had the opposite effect on IL-12p40 expression. These results indicate that the TLR2/PI3K/Akt-dependent inhibition of GSK3α activity also plays an important role in the inflammatory response caused by stimulation of BEC with PGN from S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Cortés-Vieyra
- Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, La Palma, Tarímbaro, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Octavio Silva-García
- Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, La Palma, Tarímbaro, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Javier Oviedo-Boyso
- Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, La Palma, Tarímbaro, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Alejandro Huante-Mendoza
- Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, La Palma, Tarímbaro, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Alejandro Bravo-Patiño
- Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, La Palma, Tarímbaro, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Juan J. Valdez-Alarcón
- Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, La Palma, Tarímbaro, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - B. Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Víctor M. Baizabal-Aguirre
- Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, La Palma, Tarímbaro, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- * E-mail:
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38
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Wang L, Song G, Zheng Y, Wang D, Dong H, Pan J, Chang X. miR-573 is a negative regulator in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 13:839-849. [PMID: 26166764 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by abnormal inflammation, angiogenesis, and cartilage destruction. Our previous study demonstrated an increased expression of thioredoxin domain containing 5 (TXNDC5) in the synovial tissues of RA, and its overexpression was implicated in RA pathology. Although TXNDC5 variation is linked to genetic susceptibility to RA, the regulation of its abnormal expression has not been well defined. Here, we show that TXNDC5 is directly targeted by microRNA (miR)-573, and TXNDC5, in turn, mediates the suppressive effect of miR-573 on the invasion of synovial fibroblasts of RA (RASFs). miR-573 overexpression suppressed the expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase 2 in RASFs, as well as the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta by activated THP-1 cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Moreover, treatment with conditioned medium of RASFs transfected with miR-573 mimic inhibited the angiogenic ability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Of note, epidermal growth factor receptor and Toll-like receptor 2 were validated as new direct targets of miR-573, and mediate the regulation of miR-573 on IL-6 production as well as the angiogenesis of HUVECs. In addition, exogenous miR-573 expression suppressed the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/activate protein kinase B in RASFs in response to LPS. Indeed, MAPK signaling was essential to ensure the function of miR-573. Taken together, our study points toward the protective roles of miR-573 in the pathological process of RA and suggests a potential target in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Research Center for Medicinal Biotechnology, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong Academy of Medicinal Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanhua Song
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yabing Zheng
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of pathology, Linyi People's Hospital Linyi People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Dong
- Department of pathology, Linyi People's Hospital Linyi People's Republic of China
| | - Jihong Pan
- Research Center for Medicinal Biotechnology, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong Academy of Medicinal Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotian Chang
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Inflammatory cytokines: potential biomarkers of immunologic dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:531518. [PMID: 25729218 PMCID: PMC4333561 DOI: 10.1155/2015/531518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism is a disorder of neurobiological origin characterized by problems in communication and social skills and repetitive behavior. After more than six decades of research, the etiology of autism remains unknown, and no biomarkers have been proven to be characteristic of autism. A number of studies have shown that the cytokine levels in the blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of autistic subjects differ from that of healthy individuals; for example, a series of studies suggests that interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) are significantly elevated in different tissues in autistic subjects. However, the expression of some cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-2, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), is controversial, and different studies have found various results in different tissues. In this review, we focused on several types of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines that might affect different cell signal pathways and play a role in the pathophysiological mechanism of autistic spectrum disorders.
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40
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Heiman A, Pallottie A, Heary RF, Elkabes S. Toll-like receptors in central nervous system injury and disease: a focus on the spinal cord. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 42:232-45. [PMID: 25063708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.06.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are best known for recognizing pathogens and initiating an innate immune response to protect the host. However, they also detect tissue damage and induce sterile inflammation upon the binding of endogenous ligands released by stressed or injured cells. In addition to immune system-related cells, TLRs have been identified in central nervous system (CNS) neurons and glial subtypes including microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Direct and indirect effects of TLR ligands on neurons and glial subtypes have been documented in vitro. Likewise, the effects of TLR ligands have been demonstrated in vivo using animal models of CNS trauma and disease including spinal cord injury (SCI), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and neuropathic pain. The indirect effects are most likely mediated via microglia or immune system cells that infiltrate the diseased or injured CNS. Despite considerable progress over the past decade, the role of TLRs in the physiological and pathological function of the spinal cord remains inadequately defined. Published reports collectively highlight TLRs as promising targets for therapeutic interventions in spinal cord pathology. The findings also underscore the complexity of TLR-mediated mechanisms and the necessity for further research in this field. The goals of the current review are to recapitulate the studies that investigated the role of TLRs in the spinal cord, to discuss potential future research directions, and to examine some of the challenges associated with pre-clinical studies pertinent to TLRs in the injured or diseased spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adee Heiman
- Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Alexandra Pallottie
- Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Robert F Heary
- Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Stella Elkabes
- Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States.
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41
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Liu SC, Chuang SM, Hsu CJ, Tsai CH, Wang SW, Tang CH. CTGF increases vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent angiogenesis in human synovial fibroblasts by increasing miR-210 expression. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1485. [PMID: 25341039 PMCID: PMC4649533 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, a.k.a. CCN2) is inflammatory mediator and abundantly expressed in osteoarthritis (OA). Angiogenesis is essential for OA progression. Here, we investigated the role of CTGF in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production and angiogenesis in OA synovial fibroblasts (OASFs). We showed that expression of CTGF and VEGF in synovial fluid were higher in OA patients than in controls. Directly applying CTGF to OASFs increased VEGF production then promoted endothelial progenitor cells tube formation and migration. CTGF induced VEGF by raising miR-210 expression via PI3K, AKT, ERK, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/ELK1 pathways. CTGF-mediating miR-210 upregulation repressed glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1-like (GPD1L) expression and PHD activity and subsequently promoted hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α-dependent VEGF expression. Knockdown of CTGF decreased VEGF expression and abolished OASF-conditional medium-mediated angiogenesis in vitro as well as angiogenesis in chick chorioallantoic membrane and Matrigel-plug nude mice model in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest CTGF activates PI3K, AKT, ERK, and NF-κB/ELK1 pathway, leading to the upregulation of miR-210, contributing to inhibit GPD1L expression and prolyl hydroxylases 2 activity, promoting HIF-1α-dependent VEGF expression and angiogenesis in human synovial fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-C Liu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - S-M Chuang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - C-J Hsu
- 1] School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan [2] Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - C-H Tsai
- 1] Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan [2] Department of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - S-W Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-H Tang
- 1] Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan [2] Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan [3] Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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42
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Shelef MA, Bennin DA, Yasmin N, Warner TF, Ludwig T, Beggs HE, Huttenlocher A. Focal adhesion kinase is required for synovial fibroblast invasion, but not murine inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:464. [PMID: 25280866 PMCID: PMC4203874 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-014-0464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synovial fibroblasts invade cartilage and bone, leading to joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. However, the mechanisms that regulate synovial fibroblast invasion are not well understood. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has been implicated in cellular invasion in several cell types, and FAK inhibitors are in clinical trials for cancer treatment. Little is known about the role of FAK in inflammatory arthritis, but, given its expression in synovial tissue, its known role in invasion in other cells and the potential clinical availability of FAK inhibitors, it is important to determine if FAK contributes to synovial fibroblast invasion and inflammatory arthritis. METHODS After treatment with FAK inhibitors, invasiveness of human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts was determined with Matrigel invasion chambers. Migration and focal matrix degradation, two components of cellular invasion, were assessed in FAK-inhibited rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts by transwell assay and microscopic examination of fluorescent gelatin degradation, respectively. Using mice with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced arthritis in which fak could be inducibly deleted, invasion and migration by FAK-deficient murine arthritic synovial fibroblasts were determined as described above and arthritis was clinically and pathologically scored in FAK-deficient mice. RESULTS Inhibition of FAK in human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts impaired cellular invasion and migration. Focal matrix degradation occurred both centrally and at focal adhesions, the latter being a novel site for matrix degradation in synovial fibroblasts, but degradation was unaltered with FAK inhibitors. Loss of FAK reduced invasion in murine arthritic synovial fibroblasts, but not migration or TNFα-induced arthritis severity and joint erosions. CONCLUSIONS FAK inhibitors reduce synovial fibroblast invasion and migration, but synovial fibroblast migration and TNFα-induced arthritis do not rely on FAK itself. Thus, inhibition of FAK alone is unlikely to be sufficient to treat inflammatory arthritis, but current drugs that inhibit FAK may inhibit multiple factors, which could increase their efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Shelef
- />Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison and William S Middleton Memorial VA Medical Center, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - David A Bennin
- />Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Nihad Yasmin
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Aurora Healthcare, 945 N 12th street, Milwaukee, WI 53233 USA
| | - Thomas F Warner
- />Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Thomas Ludwig
- />Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Hilary E Beggs
- />Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 10 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- />Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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The effects of amphiregulin induced MMP-13 production in human osteoarthritis synovial fibroblast. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:759028. [PMID: 25147440 PMCID: PMC4131469 DOI: 10.1155/2014/759028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) belongs to a group of degenerative diseases. Synovial inflammation, cartilage abrasion, and subchondral sclerosis are characteristics of OA. Researchers do not fully understand the exact etiology of OA. However, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are responsible for cartilage matrix degradation, play a pivotal role in the progression of OA. Amphiregulin (AREG) binds to the EGF receptor (EGFR) and activates downstream proteins. AREG is involved in a variety of pathological processes, such as the development of tumors, inflammatory diseases, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, the relationship between AREG and MMP-13 in OA synovial fibroblasts (SFs) remains unclear. We investigated the signaling pathway involved in AREG-induced MMP-13 production in SFs. AREG caused MMP-13 production in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The results of using pharmacological inhibitors and EGFR siRNA to block EGFR revealed that the EGFR receptor was involved in the AREG-mediated upregulation of MMP-13. AREG-mediated MMP-13 production was attenuated by PI3K and Akt inhibitors. The stimulation of cells by using AREG activated p65 phosphorylation and p65 translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus. Our results provide evidence that AREG acts through the EGFR and activates PI3K, Akt, and finally NF-kappaB on the MMP-13 promoter, thus contributing to cartilage destruction during osteoarthritis.
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Tsai HC, Huang CY, Su HL, Tang CH. CTGF increases drug resistance to paclitaxel by upregulating survivin expression in human osteosarcoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:846-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Jonnalagadda VG, Ram Raju AVS, Pittala S, Shaik A, Selkar NA. The prelude on novel receptor and ligand targets involved in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Adv Pharm Bull 2014; 4:209-17. [PMID: 24754003 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2014.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders are a group of disorders, due to the disruption of the normal metabolic process at a cellular level. Diabetes Mellitus and Tyrosinaemia are the majorly reported metabolic disorders. Among them, Diabetes Mellitus is a one of the leading metabolic syndrome, affecting 5 to 7 % of the population worldwide and mainly characterised by elevated levels of glucose and is associated with two types of physiological event disturbances such as impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance. Up to now, various treatment strategies are like insulin, alphaglucosidase inhibitors, biguanides, incretins were being followed. Concurrently, various novel therapeutic strategies are required to advance the therapy of Diabetes mellitus. For the last few decades, there has been an extensive research in understanding the metabolic pathways involved in Diabetes Mellitus at the cellular level and having the profound knowledge on cell-growth, cell-cycle, and apoptosis at a molecular level provides new targets for the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Receptor signalling has been involved in these mechanisms, to translate the information coming from outside. To understand the various receptors involved in these pathways, we must have a sound knowledge on receptors and ligands involved in it. This review mainly summarises the receptors and ligands which are involved the Diabetes Mellitus. Finally, researchers have to develop the alternative chemical moieties that retain their affinity to receptors and efficacy. Diabetes Mellitus being a metabolic disorder due to the glucose surfeit, demands the need for regular exercise along with dietary changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venu Gopal Jonnalagadda
- Shree Dhootapapeshwar Ayurvedic Research Foundation (SDARF), Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410206, Maharastra, India
| | - Allam Venkata Sita Ram Raju
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Bala Nagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradhesh-500037, India
| | - Srinivas Pittala
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Near Jubilee Hall, Mall Road, Delhi-110 007, India
| | - Afsar Shaik
- Gokula Krishna college of Pharmacy, Sullurpet - 524121, Nellore dist, A.P, India
| | - Nilakash Annaji Selkar
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Parel, Mumbai-400012, Maharastra, India
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Immune processes and pathogenic fibrosis in ocular chronic graft-versus-host disease and clinical manifestations after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cornea 2014; 29 Suppl 1:S68-77. [PMID: 20935546 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e3181ea9a6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the immune system and progressive fibrosis are prominent features of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The main histologic findings in affected exocrine glands are marked fibrosis of the interstitium and prominent increase in the number of fibroblasts, accompanied by mild lymphocytic infiltration. Clinically, the severity of dry eye is correlated with the degree of fibrotic changes, rather than with the amount of lymphocytic infiltration, indicating that excessive extracellular matrix accumulation primarily contributes to the exocrine dysfunction. We have found that accumulated fibroblasts in the lacrimal gland of patients with cGVHD have a chimeric status. Thus, fibroblasts originating from circulating donor-derived precursors and recipient-derived fibroblasts by local epithelial mesenchymal transition may participate in the excessive fibrosis in patients with cGVHD by interacting with T cells. In this article, the immune response and pathogenic fibrosis in ocular cGVHD will be discussed. In addition, clinical findings of ocular complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and currently available treatment will also be discussed.
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Hsieh YP, Huang CH, Lee CY, Lin CY, Chang CC. Silencing of hepcidin enforces the apoptosis in iron-induced human cardiomyocytes. J Occup Med Toxicol 2014; 9:11. [PMID: 24641804 PMCID: PMC3995429 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-9-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is essential not only for erythropoisis but also for several bioenergetics' processes in myocardium. Hepcidin is a well-known regulator of iron homeostasis. Recently, researchers identified low hepcidin was independently associated with increased 3-year mortality among systolic heart failure patients. In addition, our previous in vivo study revealed that the left ventricular mass index increased in chronic kidney disease patients with lower serum hepcidin. We hypothesize that hepcidin interacts with the apoptotic pathway of cardiomyocytes during oxidative stress conditions. METHODS To test this hypothesis, human cardiomyocytes were cultured and treated with ferrous iron. The possible underlying signaling pathways of cardiotoxicity were examined following knockdown studies using siRNAs of hepcidin (siRNA1 was used as a negative control and siRNA2 was used to silence hepcidin). RESULTS We found that ferrous iron induces apoptosis in human cardiomyocytes in a dose-dependent manner. This iron-induced apoptosis was linked to enhanced caspase 8, reduced Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, phosphorylated Akt and GATA-4. Hepcidin levels increased in human cardiomyocytes pretreated with ferrous iron and returned to non-iron treated levels following siRNA2 transfection. In iron pretreated cardiomyocytes, the siRNA2 transfection further increased caspase 8 expression and decreased the expression of GATA-4, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and phosphorylated Akt than iron pretreatment alone, but caspase 9 levels remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that hepcidin can rescue human cardiomyocytes from iron-induced apoptosis through the regulation of GATA-4/Bcl-2 and the extrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Peng Hsieh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, 135 Nanhsiao St., Changhua 500, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hui Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Lee
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, China Medical University Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yuang Lin
- Clinical Immunological Center, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Program for Aging, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chu Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, 135 Nanhsiao St., Changhua 500, Taiwan.,Program for Aging, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Tsai HC, Huang CY, Su HL, Tang CH. CCN2 enhances resistance to cisplatin-mediating cell apoptosis in human osteosarcoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90159. [PMID: 24637722 PMCID: PMC3956456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common form of malignant bone tumor and is an aggressive malignant neoplasm exhibiting osteoblastic differentiation. Cisplatin is one of the most efficacious antitumor drugs for osteosarcoma patients. However, treatment failures are common due to the development of chemoresistance. CCN2 (also known as CTGF), is a secreted protein that binds to integrins, modulates the invasive behavior of certain human cancer cells. However, the effect of CCN2 in cisplatin-mediated chemotherapy is still unknown. Here, we found that CCN2 was upregulated in human osteosarcoma cells after treatment with cisplatin. Moreover, overexpression of CCN2 increased the resistance to cisplatin-mediated cell apoptosis. In contrast, reduction of CCN2 by CCN2 shRNA promoted the chemotherapeutic effect of cisplatin. We also found that CCN2 provided resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis through upregulation of Bcl-xL and survivin. Knockdown of Bcl-xL or survivin removed the CCN2-mediated resistance to apoptosis induced by cisplatin. On the other hand, CCN2 also promoted FAK, MEK, and ERK survival signaling pathways to enhance tumor survival during cisplatin treatment. In a mouse xenograft model, overexpression of CCN2 promoted resistance to cisplatin. However, knockdown of CCN2 increased the therapeutic effect of cisplatin. Therefore, our data suggest that CCN2 might be a critical oncogene of human osteosarcoma for cisplatin-resistance and supported osteosarcoma cell growth in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chi Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yin Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yun-Lin County, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Su
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (HLS); (CHT)
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (HLS); (CHT)
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Thrombin promotes matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression through the PKCδ c-Src/EGFR/PI3K/Akt/AP-1 signaling pathway in human chondrocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:326041. [PMID: 24385683 PMCID: PMC3872103 DOI: 10.1155/2013/326041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is a key mediator of fibrin deposition, angiogenesis, and proinflammatory processes. Abnormalities in these processes are primary features of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) may contribute to the breakdown of articular cartilage during arthritis. However, the role of thrombin in MMP-13 production in chondrocytes is unknown. In this study, we investigated the intracellular signaling pathways involved in thrombin-induced MMP-13 expression in human chondrocytes. We found that stimulation with thrombin led to increased secretion of MMP-13 in cultured human chondrocytes. Further, this thrombin-induced MMP-13 production was reduced after transfection with siRNAs against protease activated receptors 1 and 3 (PAR1 and PAR3), but not with PAR4 siRNA. Treatment with specific inhibitors for PKCδ, c-Src, EGFR, PI3K, Akt, or AP-1 or with the corresponding siRNAs against these signaling proteins also abolished the thrombin-mediated increase in MMP-13 production in chondrocytes. Our results provide evidence that thrombin acts through the PAR1/PAR3 receptors and activates PKCδ and c-Src, resulting in EGFR transactivation and activation of PI3K, Akt, and finally AP-1 on the MMP-13 promoter, thereby contributing to cartilage destruction during arthritis.
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Kunii R, Yamaguchi M, Tanimoto Y, Asano M, Yamada K, Goseki T, Kasai K. Role of interleukin-6 in orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption in humans. Korean J Orthod 2013; 43:294-301. [PMID: 24396739 PMCID: PMC3879286 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2013.43.6.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the interleukin (IL)-6 levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with severe root resorption after orthodontic treatment and investigate the effects of different static compressive forces (CFs) on IL-6 production by human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells and the influence of IL-6 on osteoclastic activation from human osteoclastic precursor (hOCP) cells in vitro. Methods IL-6 levels in GCF samples collected from 20 patients (15 and 5 subjects without and with radiographic evidence of severe root resorption, respectively) who had undergone orthodontic treatment were measured by ELISA. The levels of IL-6 mRNA in hPDL cells and IL-6 protein in conditioned medium after the application of different uniform CFs (0, 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 g/cm2 for up to 72 h) were measured by real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. Finally, the influence of IL-6 on mature osteoclasts was investigated by using hOCP cells on dentin slices in a pit-formation assay. Results Clinically, the IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the resorption group than in the control group. In vitro, IL-6 mRNA expression significantly increased with increasing CF. IL-6 protein secretion also increased in a time- and magnitude-dependent manner. Resorbed areas on dentin slices were significantly greater in the recombinant human IL-6-treated group and group cultured in hPDL cell-conditioned medium with CF application (4.0 g/cm2) than in the group cultured in hPDL cell-conditioned medium without CF application. Conclusions IL-6 may play an important role in inducing or facilitating orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Kunii
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaru Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tanimoto
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaki Asano
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Yamada
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takemi Goseki
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Kasai
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
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