1
|
Tong Q, Liu H, Qi Q, Dai C, Yang T, Qian F. Development of a fully human anti-GITR antibody with potent antitumor activity using H2L2 mice. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:1542-1557. [PMID: 35674216 PMCID: PMC9340783 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid‐induced TNF receptor‐related (GITR) can act as a co‐stimulatory receptor, representing a potential target for safely enhancing immunotherapy efficacy. GITR is triggered by a GITR ligand or an agonist antibody and activates CD8+ and CD4+ effector T cells, reducing tumor‐infiltrating Treg numbers and resulting in activation of immune responses and tumor cell destruction by effector T cells. GITR is an attractive target for immunotherapy, especially in combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, as is being explored in clinical trials. Using H2L2 transgenic mice encoding the human immunoglobulin variable region and hybridoma technology, we generated a panel of fully human antibodies that showed excellent specific affinity and strong activation of human T cells. After conversion to fully human antibodies and engineering modification, we obtained an anti‐GITR antibody hab019e2 with enhanced antitumor activity in a B‐hGITR MC38 mouse model compared to Tab9H6V3, an anti‐GITR antibody that activates T cells and inhibits Treg suppression from XenoMouse. As a fully human antibody with its posttranslational modification hot spot removed, the hab019e2 antibody exerted more potent therapeutic effects, and may have potential as a novel and developable antibody targeting GITR for follow‐up drug studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Tong
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Chempartner Co., Ltd, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Shanghai Chempartner Co., Ltd, China
| | | | | | | | - Feng Qian
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bosmans LA, Shami A, Atzler D, Weber C, Gonçalves I, Lutgens E. Glucocorticoid induced TNF receptor family-related protein (GITR) - A novel driver of atherosclerosis. Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 139:106884. [PMID: 34102305 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven, chronic inflammatory disease. In spite of efficient lipid lowering treatments, such as statins and PCSK9 inhibitors, patients, especially those with elevated inflammatory biomarkers, still have a significant residual cardiovascular disease risk. Novel drugs targeting inflammatory mediators are needed to further reduce this residual risk. Agonistic immune checkpoint proteins, including CD86, CD40L and CD40, have been shown to be drivers of atherosclerosis. Recently, glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor family-related protein (GITR), a co-stimulatory immune checkpoint protein, was identified to be pivotal in cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular patients have elevated soluble GITR plasma levels compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, in human carotid endarterectomy plaques, GITR expression was higher in plaques from symptomatic compared to asymptomatic patients and correlated with features of plaque vulnerability. Moreover, depleting GITR reduced atherosclerotic plaque development in mice. GITR-deficient monocytes and macrophages exhibited less inflammatory potential and reduced migratory capacity. In this review, we discuss GITR's effects on various immune cells, mechanisms, signalling pathways and finally GITR's potential as a novel drug target in atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Bosmans
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annelie Shami
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Dorothee Atzler
- Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hsu YSO, Lu KL, Fu Y, Wang CW, Lu CW, Lin YF, Chang WC, Yeh KY, Hung SI, Chung WH, Chen CB. The Roles of Immunoregulatory Networks in Severe Drug Hypersensitivity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:597761. [PMID: 33717075 PMCID: PMC7953830 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.597761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effects of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and co-signaling receptors have gained much attention, as they help balance immunogenic and immunotolerant responses that may be disrupted in autoimmune and infectious diseases. Drug hypersensitivity has a myriad of manifestations, which ranges from the mild maculopapular exanthema to the severe Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms/drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DRESS/DIHS). While studies have identified high-risk human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allotypes, the presence of the HLA allotype at risk is not sufficient to elicit drug hypersensitivity. Recent studies have suggested that insufficient regulation by Tregs may play a role in severe hypersensitivity reactions. Furthermore, immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1, in cancer treatment also induce hypersensitivity reactions including SJS/TEN and DRESS/DIHS. Taken together, mechanisms involving both Tregs as well as coinhibitory and costimulatory receptors may be crucial in the pathogenesis of drug hypersensitivity. In this review, we summarize the currently implicated roles of co-signaling receptors and Tregs in delayed-type drug hypersensitivity in the hope of identifying potential pharmacologic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Shiuan Olivia Hsu
- Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Lin Lu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yun Fu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chuang-Wei Wang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Lu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Lin
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Chang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yun Yeh
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Iu Hung
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Chung
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Dermatology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Bing Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Harnessing the Complete Repertoire of Conventional Dendritic Cell Functions for Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070663. [PMID: 32674488 PMCID: PMC7408110 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of checkpoint inhibition revolutionized the treatment of cancer. However, studies from the last decade suggested that the sole enhancement of T cell functionality might not suffice to fight malignancies in all individuals. Dendritic cells (DCs) are not only part of the innate immune system, but also generals of adaptive immunity and they orchestrate the de novo induction of tolerogenic and immunogenic T cell responses. Thus, combinatorial approaches addressing DCs and T cells in parallel represent an attractive strategy to achieve higher response rates across patients. However, this requires profound knowledge about the dynamic interplay of DCs, T cells, other immune and tumor cells. Here, we summarize the DC subsets present in mice and men and highlight conserved and divergent characteristics between different subsets and species. Thereby, we supply a resource of the molecular players involved in key functional features of DCs ranging from their sentinel function, the translation of the sensed environment at the DC:T cell interface to the resulting specialized T cell effector modules, as well as the influence of the tumor microenvironment on the DC function. As of today, mostly monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs) are used in autologous cell therapies after tumor antigen loading. While showing encouraging results in a fraction of patients, the overall clinical response rate is still not optimal. By disentangling the general aspects of DC biology, we provide rationales for the design of next generation DC vaccines enabling to exploit and manipulate the described pathways for the purpose of cancer immunotherapy in vivo. Finally, we discuss how DC-based vaccines might synergize with checkpoint inhibition in the treatment of malignant diseases.
Collapse
|
5
|
Rahman S, Archana A, Jan AT, Dutta D, Shankar A, Kim J, Minakshi R. Molecular Insights Into the Relationship Between Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases and Breast Cancer: A Critical Perspective on Autoimmunity and ER Stress. Front Immunol 2019; 10:344. [PMID: 30881358 PMCID: PMC6405522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiopathologies behind autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) unravel misbehavior of immune components leading to the corruption of immune homeostasis where thyroid autoantigens turn foe to the self. In AITDs lymphocytic infiltration in the thyroid shows up a deranged immune system charging the follicular cells of the thyroid gland (thyrocytes) leading to the condition of either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. The inflammation in AITDs consistently associate with ER function due to which disturbances in the ER protein homeostasis leads to unfolded protein response (UPR) that promotes pathogenesis of autoimmunity. The roles of ER stress in the instantaneous downregulation of MHC class I molecules on thyrocytes and the relevance of IFN γ in the pathogenesis of AITD has been well-documented. Thyroglobulin being the major target of autoantibodies in most of the AITDs is because of its unusual processing in the ER. Autoimmune disorders display a conglomeration of ER stress-induced UPR activated molecules. Several epidemiological data highlight the preponderance of AITDs in women as well as its concurrence with breast cancer. Both being an active glandular system displaying endocrine activity, thyroid as well as breast tissue show various commonalities in the expression pattern of heterogenous molecules that not only participate in the normal functioning but at the same time share the blame during disease establishment. Studies on the development and progression of breast carcinoma display a deranged and uncontrolled immune response, which is meticulously exploited during tumor metastasis. The molecular crosstalks between AITDs and breast tumor microenvironment rely on active participation of immune cells. The induction of ER stress by Tunicamycin advocates to provide a model for cancer therapy by intervening glycosylation. Therefore, this review attempts to showcase the molecules that are involved in feeding up the relationship between breast carcinoma and AITDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safikur Rahman
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Ayyagari Archana
- Department of Microbiology, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Durgashree Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry, Jan Nayak Chaudhary Devilal Dental College, Sirsa, India
| | - Abhishek Shankar
- Department of Preventive Oncology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jihoe Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Rinki Minakshi
- Department of Microbiology, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A new hypothesis for the pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome. Med Hypotheses 2018; 119:41-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
7
|
Riccardi C, Ronchetti S, Nocentini G. Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related gene (GITR) as a therapeutic target for immunotherapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:783-797. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1512588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Tang X, Tian J, Zhu C, Peng H, Rui K, Wang Y, Mao C, Ma J, Lu L, Xu H, Wang S. Th17/Treg cells imbalance and GITRL profile in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21674-86. [PMID: 25429429 PMCID: PMC4284671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151221674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is an organ-specific immune disease characterized by the presence of lymphocytic infiltration and serum autoantibodies. Previous studies have confirmed the critical role of Th17 cells in the pathopoiesis of HT patients. Additionally, regulatory T cells (Treg) display a dysregulatory function in autoimmune disease. The purpose of this study is to investigate the alteration of Th17 and Treg cells in HT patients and explore contributing factors. We found there was an increased ratio of Th17/Treg in HT patients and a positive correlation with autoantibodies (anti-TgAb). In addition, there was an increased level of GITRL, which has been demonstrated to be correlated with the increassement of Th17 cells in the serum and thyroid glands of HT patients; the upregulated serum level of GITRL has a positive correlation with the percentage of Th17 cells in HT patients. In summary, an increase in GITRL may impair the balance of Th17/Treg, and contribute to the pathopoiesis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhao Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, China.
| | - Xinyi Tang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Jie Tian
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Chenlu Zhu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Huiyong Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, China.
| | - Ke Rui
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Yungang Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Chaoming Mao
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Jie Ma
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Clouthier DL, Watts TH. Cell-specific and context-dependent effects of GITR in cancer, autoimmunity, and infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:91-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
10
|
Lacal PM, Petrillo MG, Ruffini F, Muzi A, Bianchini R, Ronchetti S, Migliorati G, Riccardi C, Graziani G, Nocentini G. Glucocorticoid-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Family-Related Ligand Triggering Upregulates Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Promotes Leukocyte Adhesion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:164-72. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.207605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
|
11
|
Correlation of increased blood levels of GITR and GITRL with disease severity in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:340751. [PMID: 23935647 PMCID: PMC3722791 DOI: 10.1155/2013/340751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein (GITR) is a type I transmembrane protein belonging to the TNFR superfamily. After activated by its ligand GITRL, GITR could influence the activity of effector and regulatory T cells, participating in the development of several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases included rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune thyroid disease. We previously reported that serum GITRL levels are increased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients compared with healthy controls (HC). Here, we tested serum soluble GITR (sGITR) and GITRL levels in 41 primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) patients and 29 HC by ELISA and correlated sGITR and GITRL levels with clinical and laboratory variables. GITR and GITRL expression in labial salivary glands was detected by immunohistochemistry. pSS patients had significantly increased serum levels of sGITR and GITRL compared with controls (GITR: 5.66 ± 3.56 ng/mL versus 0.50 ± 0.31 ng/mL; P < 0.0001; GITRL: 6.17 ± 7.10 ng/mL versus 0.36 ± 0.28 ng/mL; P < 0.0001). Serum sGITR and GITRL levels were positively correlated with IgG (GITRL: r = 0.6084, P < 0.0001; sGITR: r = 0.6820, P < 0.0001) and ESR (GITRL: r = 0.8315, P < 0.0001; sGITR: r = 0.7448, P < 0.0001). Moreover, GITR and GITRL are readily detected in the lymphocytic foci and periductal areas of the LSGs. In contrast, the LSGs of HC subjects did not express GITR or GITRL. Our findings indicate the possible involvement of GITR-GITRL pathway in the pathogenesis of pSS. Further studies may facilitate the development of targeting this molecule pathway for the treatment of pSS.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sahu RP, Petrache I, Van Demark MJ, Rashid BM, Ocana JA, Tang Y, Yi Q, Turner MJ, Konger RL, Travers JB. Cigarette smoke exposure inhibits contact hypersensitivity via the generation of platelet-activating factor agonists. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:2447-54. [PMID: 23355733 PMCID: PMC3577966 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have established that pro-oxidative stressors suppress host immunity because of their ability to generate oxidized lipids with platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-R) agonist activity. Although exposure to the pro-oxidative stressor cigarette smoke (CS) is known to exert immunomodulatory effects, little is known regarding the role of PAF in these events. The current studies sought to determine the role of PAF-R signaling in CS-mediated immunomodulatory effects. We demonstrate that CS exposure induces the generation of a transient PAF-R agonistic activity in the blood of mice. CS exposure inhibits contact hypersensitivity in a PAF-R-dependent manner as PAF-R-deficient mice were resistant to these effects. Blocking PAF-R agonist production either by systemic antioxidants or treatment with serum PAF-acetyl hydrolase enzyme blocked both the CS-mediated generation of PAF-R agonists and PAF-R-dependent inhibition of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) reactions, indicating a role for oxidized glycerophosphocholines with PAF-R agonistic activity in this process. In addition, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition did not block PAF-R agonist production but prevented CS-induced inhibition of CHS. This suggests that cyclooxygenase-2 acts downstream of the PAF-R in mediating CS-induced systemic immunosuppression. Moreover, CS exposure induced a significant increase in the expression of the regulatory T cell reporter gene in Foxp3(EGFP) mice but not in Foxp3(EGFP) mice on a PAF-R-deficient background. Finally, regulatory T cell depletion via anti-CD25 Abs blocked CS-mediated inhibition of CHS, indicating the potential involvement of regulatory T cells in CS-mediated systemic immunosuppression. These studies provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that the pro-oxidative stressor CS can modulate cutaneous immunity via the generation of PAF-R agonists produced through lipid oxidation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Dermatitis, Contact/immunology
- Dermatitis, Contact/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Contact/pathology
- Dinitrofluorobenzene
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Glycerylphosphorylcholine/immunology
- Glycerylphosphorylcholine/metabolism
- Hydrolases/metabolism
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Platelet Activating Factor/genetics
- Platelet Activating Factor/metabolism
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/agonists
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Smoke/adverse effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Nicotiana/adverse effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi P Sahu
- Department of Dermatology, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Correlation of circulating glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein ligand levels with disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:265868. [PMID: 23251213 PMCID: PMC3521490 DOI: 10.1155/2012/265868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate the correlation of glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor- (TNFR-) related protein ligand (GITRL) with disease activity and organ involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Serum GITRL levels were measured in 58 patients with SLE and 30 healthy controls matched for age and sex. Patients were assessed for clinical and laboratory variables. Correlations of serum GITRL levels with SLEDAI, laboratory values, and clinical manifestations were assessed. Serum GITRL levels were determined by ELISA. Serum GITRL levels were markedly increased in patients with SLE compared with healthy controls (mean 401.3 ng/mL and 36.59 ng/mL, resp.; P < 0.0001). SLE patients with active disease showed higher serum GITRL levels compared to those with inactive disease (mean 403.3 ng/mL and 136.3 ng/mL, resp; P = 0.0043) as well as normal controls (36.59 ng/mL; P < 0.0001). Serum GITRL levels were positively correlated with SLEDAI, titers of anti-dsDNA antibody, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and IgM and negatively correlated with complement3 (C3). Serum GITRL levels were higher in SLE patients with renal involvement and vasculitis compared with patients without the above-mentioned manifestations.
Collapse
|
14
|
Nocentini G, Ronchetti S, Petrillo MG, Riccardi C. Pharmacological modulation of GITRL/GITR system: therapeutic perspectives. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2089-99. [PMID: 22029729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related (gitr) is a gene coding for a member of the TNF receptor superfamily. GITR activation by its ligand (GITRL) influences the activity of effector and regulatory T cells, thus participating in the development of immune response against tumours and infectious agents, as well as in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Notably, treating animals with GITR-Fc fusion protein ameliorates autoimmune/inflammatory diseases while GITR triggering, by treatment with anti-GITR mAb, is effective in treating viral, bacterial and parasitic infections, as well in boosting immune response against tumours. GITR modulation has been indicated as one of the top 25 most promising research areas by the American National Cancer Institute, and a clinical trial testing the efficacy of an anti-GITR mAb in melanoma patients has been started. In this review, we summarize results regarding: (i) the mechanisms by which GITRL/GITR system modulates immune response; (ii) the structural and functional studies clearly demonstrating differences between GITRL/GITR systems of mice and humans; (iii) the molecules with pharmacological activities including anti-GITR mAbs, GITR-Fc and GITRL-Fc fusion proteins, GITRL in monomer or multimer conformation; and (iv) the possible risks deriving from GITRL/GITR system pharmacological modulation. In conclusion, GITR triggering and inhibition could be useful in treating tumours, infectious diseases, as well as autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, differences between mouse and human GITRL/GITR systems suggest that further preclinical studies are needed to better understand how safe therapeutic results can be obtained and to design appropriate clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Nocentini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Byrne AM, Goleva E, Chouiali F, Kaplan MH, Hamid QA, Leung DYM. Induction of GITRL expression in human keratinocytes by Th2 cytokines and TNF-α: implications for atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:550-9. [PMID: 22417213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.03956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor-related protein ligand (GITRL), a ligand for the T cell co-stimulatory molecule GITR, is expressed by keratinocytes and involved in chemokine production. The expression of GITRL in skin inflammation remains unknown. OBJECTIVES This study investigated cytokine regulation of keratinocyte GITRL expression. METHODS Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor expression was evaluated in cytokine-treated human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK)s, murine PAM 212 cell line, murine and human skin explants by real time PCR, flow cytometry and immunostaining. Functional responses to GITR fusion protein were examined by real time PCR and ELISA. GITRL expression in AD and psoriasis was studied by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Skin biopsies from STAT6VT transgenic mice, which develop spontaneous atopic skin inflammation, were found by immunofluoresence, to have increased keratinocyte GITRL expression. Exposure to Th2 cytokines augmented GITRL mRNA expression in the murine PAM 212 keratinocytic cell line and murine skin explants. In contrast, GITRL mRNA and protein expression was only increased in HEKs and human skin explants in the presence of the combination of TNF-α and Th2 cytokines. A synergistic effect of Th2 cytokines and GITR fusion protein on production of CCL17, the Th2 chemokine, by murine keratinocytes was demonstrated. Immunohistochemical staining showed that acute AD lesions have increased expression of GITRL compared with normal skin, chronic AD lesions and psoriatic plaques. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our studies demonstrate that GITRL expression is augmented by Th2 cytokines and TNF-α in keratinocytes. Increased GITRL expression in acute AD skin lesions is shown. This observation suggests a link between cytokine-regulated keratinocyte GITRL expression and its role in inflammatory responses in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Byrne
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ritprajak P, Hashiguchi M, Akiba H, Yagita H, Okumura K, Azuma M. Antibodies against B7-DC with differential binding properties exert opposite effects. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2012; 31:40-7. [PMID: 22316484 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2011.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is an immunoregulatory receptor on T cells that binds two ligands, B7-H1 and B7-DC. Although accumulating reports suggest a critical role for the B7-H1:PD-1 pathway in peripheral tolerance, the actual involvement of B7-DC has not been well confirmed. Here, we established a new MAb against mouse B7-DC (MIH37) and compared its functional properties with a previously established anti-B7-DC MAb (TY25). Binding analyses using flow cytometry demonstrated that MIH37 showed an approximately four-fold higher binding affinity to B7-DC and stronger inhibitory effects on B7-DC:PD-1 binding. In contrast to the effects of TY25, treatment with MIH37 at both sensitization and challenge inhibited hapten-induced contact hypersensitivity reactions. Furthermore, the addition of MIH37 inhibited OVA-specific T cell responses in vitro. The inhibitory effects of MIH37 were counteracted by co-blockade with PD-1 and absent in PD-1-deficient mice, suggesting PD-1-dependent action of MIH37. Our present results suggest that greater complexities of PD-1-mediated functions are induced via ligand binding for controlling immunity and tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patcharee Ritprajak
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liao G, Detre C, Berger SB, Engel P, de Waal Malefyt R, Herzog RW, Bhan AK, Terhorst C. Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein regulates CD4(+)T cell-mediated colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:582-591.e8. [PMID: 22155173 PMCID: PMC3428052 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein (GITR; also called TNFRSF18 or CD357) regulates the T cell-mediated immune response and is present on surfaces of regulatory T (Treg) cells and activated CD4(+) T cells. We investigated the roles of GITR in the development of colitis in mice. METHODS Chronic enterocolitis was induced by the transfer of wild-type or GITR(-/-) CD4(+) T cells to GITR(-/-) × Rag(-/-) or Rag(-/-) mice. We determined the severity of colitis by using the disease activity index; measured levels of inflammatory cytokines, T cells, and dendritic cells; and performed histologic analysis of colon samples. RESULTS Transfer of nonfractionated CD4(+) cells from wild-type or GITR(-/-) donors induced colitis in GITR(-/-) × Rag(-/-) but not in Rag(-/-) mice. Among mice with transfer-induced colitis, the percentage of Treg and T-helper (Th) 17 cells was reduced but that of Th1 cells increased. Treg cells failed to prevent colitis in GITR(-/-) × Rag(-/-) recipients; this was not the result of aberrant function of GITR(-/-) Treg or T effector cells but resulted from an imbalance between the numbers of tolerogenic CD103(+) and PDCA1(+) plasmacytoid dendritic cells in GITR(-/-) mice. This imbalance impaired Treg cell development and expanded the Th1 population in GITR(-/-) × Rag(-/-) mice following transfer of nonfractionated CD4(+) cells. CONCLUSIONS GITR is not required on the surface of Treg and T effector cells to induce colitis in mice; interactions between GITR and its ligand are not required for induction of colitis. GITR instead appears to control dendritic cell and monocyte development; in its absence, mice develop aggravated chronic enterocolitis via an imbalance of colitogenic Th1 cells and Treg cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gongxian Liao
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
| | - Cynthia Detre
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115. USA
| | - Scott B. Berger
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115. USA
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, C/Casanova 143, Barcelona E-08036, Spain
| | - Rene de Waal Malefyt
- Biologics Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104, USA
| | - Roland W. Herzog
- University of Florida, Cancer and Genetics Research Center, 1376 Mowry Road, Room 203, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Atul K. Bhan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115. USA. Phone: (617) 735-4131; Fax: (617) 735-4135
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang S, Shi Y, Yang M, Ma J, Tian J, Chen J, Mao C, Jiao Z, Ko KH, Baidoo SE, Xu H, Hua Z, Lu L. Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein exacerbates collagen-induced arthritis by enhancing the expansion of Th17 cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 180:1059-1067. [PMID: 22214837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic autoimmune form of inflammatory joint disease, progressively affects multiple joints with pathological changes in the synovia, cartilage, and bone. Numerous studies have suggested a critical role for glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein (GITR) in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis by modulating both innate and adaptive immune reactions, but the underlying mechanisms by which GITR activation promotes arthritic progression remain largely unclear. In this study, we found that collagen-induced arthritis mice treated with the ligand of GITR (GITRL) displayed an earlier onset of arthritis with a markedly increased severity of arthritic symptoms and joint damage, in which significantly increased Th17 cells in both spleen and draining lymph nodes were observed. Notably, results showed that a marked expansion of Th17 cells with increased RORγt mRNA expression was induced from naïve CD4(+) T cells when cultured with GITRL. Consistently, normal mice that were treated with GITRL were found to display a substantial expansion of splenic Th17 cells. Furthermore, we detected elevated serum levels of GITRL in patients with RA, which were positively correlated with an increase in interleukin-17 production. Taken together, the results from this study have revealed a new function of GITRL in exacerbating autoimmune arthritis via the enhancement of the expansion of Th17 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital and School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ye Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital and School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Pathology and Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital and School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital and School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital and School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chaoming Mao
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhijun Jiao
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - King-Hung Ko
- Department of Pathology and Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Samuel Essien Baidoo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital and School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital and School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zichun Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Department of Pathology and Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ozdemir C, Kucuksezer UC, Akdis M, Akdis CA. Specific immunotherapy and turning off the T cell: how does it work? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011; 107:381-92. [PMID: 22018608 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine T-regulatory (Treg) cell functions in allergic immune responses and their roles during allergen specific immunotherapy based on recent developments and current understanding of immune regulation. DATA SOURCES PubMed search of English-language articles regarding Treg cells and allergen specific immunotherapy. STUDY SELECTION Articles on the subject matter were selected and reviewed. RESULTS Allergen specific immunotherapy is the ultimate treatment modality targeting the immunopathogenic mechanisms of allergic disorders. A diminished allergen-specific T-cell proliferation and suppressed secretion of T(H)1- and T(H)2-type cytokines are the characteristic hallmarks. In addition, Treg cells inhibit the development of allergen-specific T(H)2 and T(H)1 cell responses and therefore exert key roles in healthy immune response to allergens. Treg cells potently suppress IgE production and directly or indirectly control the activity of effector cells of allergic inflammation, such as eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells. CONCLUSION As advancements in the field of allergen specific immunotherapy ensue, they may provide novel progression of more rational and safer approaches for the prevention and treatment of allergic disorders. Currently, the Treg cell field is an open research area to increase our understanding in mechanisms of peripheral tolerance to allergens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cevdet Ozdemir
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
van der Werf N, Redpath SA, Phythian-Adams AT, Azuma M, Allen JE, Maizels RM, Macdonald AS, Taylor MD. Th2 responses to helminth parasites can be therapeutically enhanced by, but are not dependent upon, GITR-GITR ligand costimulation in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1411-20. [PMID: 21705620 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The immune suppression that characterizes human helminth infections can hinder the development of protective immunity or help to reduce pathogenic inflammation. Signaling through the T cell costimulator glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) counteracts immune downregulation by augmenting effector T cell responses and abrogating suppression by Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Thus, superphysiological Ab-mediated GITR costimulation represents a novel therapy for promoting protective immunity toward parasitic helminths, whereas blocking physiological GITR-GITR ligand (GITRL) interactions may provide a mechanism for dampening pathogenic Th2 inflammation. We investigated the superphysiological and physiological roles of the GITR-GITRL pathway in the development of protective and pathogenic Th2 responses in murine infection models of filariasis (Litomosoides sigmodontis) and schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni). Providing superphysiological GITR costimulation using an agonistic anti-GITR mAb over the first 12 d of L. sigmodontis infection initially increased the quantity of Th2 cells, as well as their ability to produce Th2 cytokines. However, as infection progressed, the Th2 responses reverted to normal infection levels, and parasite killing remained unaffected. Despite the Th2-promoting role of superphysiological GITR costimulation, Ab-mediated blockade of the GITR-GITRL pathway did not affect Th2 cell priming or maintenance during L. sigmodontis infection. Blockade of GITR-GITRL interactions during the acute egg phase of S. mansoni infection resulted in reduced Th2 responses, but this effect was confined to the spleen and did not lead to changes in liver pathology. Thus, although superphysiological GITR costimulation can therapeutically enhance Th2 responses, physiological GITR-GITRL interactions are not required for the development of Th2-mediated resistance or pathology in murine models of filariasis and schistosomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nienke van der Werf
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
3G11 expression in CD4+ T cell-mediated autoimmunity and immune tolerance. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 11:593-6. [PMID: 21084064 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
3G11 is a sialylated carbohydrate epitope of the disialoganglioside molecule expressed on mouse CD4(+) T cells. Recent research showed that 3G11 expression is related to the modulation of T cell function, i.e., 3G11(-) T cells exhibit anergic/Treg characteristics and efficiently inhibit autoimmunity in the central nervous system. The relationship between 3G11 expression and immune tolerance is summarized in this literature review.
Collapse
|
22
|
Ronchetti S, Nocentini G, Petrillo MG, Bianchini R, Sportoletti P, Bastianelli A, Ayroldi EM, Riccardi C. Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR family Related gene (GITR) enhances dendritic cell activity. Immunol Lett 2010; 135:24-33. [PMID: 20883723 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR family Related gene (GITR), a Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily (TNFRSF) member involved in immune/inflammatory processes, has been previously shown to regulate T cell activation. To study GITR role in antigen presenting cells, we evaluated the capability of bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC) from GITR(-/-) mice to stimulate the activation of CD4(+)CD25(-) T lymphocytes. We found that GITR(-/-) BMDC are weaker stimulators of T cell proliferation than GITR(+/+) BMDC, either in syngenic or allogenic BMDC/T cell co-cultures. Expression of GITR in GITR(-/-) BMDC restored their ability to activate T cells while GITR silencing in GITR(+/+) BMDC inhibited the capability to stimulate T cells. GITR(-/-) BMDC showed a reduced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and an increased production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Notably, co-culture of CD4(+)CD25(-) cells with GITR(-/-) BMDC originated FoxP3(+) cells, secreting IL-10 and TGF-β. Finally, in vivo injection of GITR(-/-) OVA-loaded BMDC led to a lower cell number and a lower activated cell number in draining lymph nodes than in GITR(+/+) OVA-loaded BMDC injected mice. Together, these results indicate that GITR plays a role in regulating BMDC activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ronchetti
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Chemotherapy Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ritprajak P, Hashiguchi M, Tsushima F, Chalermsarp N, Azuma M. Keratinocyte-Associated B7-H1 Directly Regulates Cutaneous Effector CD8+ T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4918-25. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
24
|
Key role of the GITR/GITRLigand pathway in the development of murine autoimmune diabetes: a potential therapeutic target. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7848. [PMID: 19936238 PMCID: PMC2775640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cross-talk between pathogenic T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells (Tregs) plays a major role in the progression of autoimmune diseases. Our objective is to identify molecules and/or pathways involved in this interaction and representing potential targets for innovative therapies. Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) and its ligand are key players in the T effector/Treg interaction. GITR is expressed at low levels on resting T cells and is significantly up-regulated upon activation. Constitutive high expression of GITR is detected only on Tregs. GITR interacts with its ligand mainly expressed on antigen presenting cells and endothelial cells. It has been suggested that GITR triggering activates effector T lymphocytes while inhibiting Tregs thus contributing to the amplification of immune responses. In this study, we examined the role of GITR/GITRLigand interaction in the progression of autoimmune diabetes. Methods and Findings Treatment of 10-day-old non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, which spontaneously develop diabetes, with an agonistic GITR-specific antibody induced a significant acceleration of disease onset (80% at 12 weeks of age). This activity was not due to a decline in the numbers or functional capacity of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs but rather to a major activation of ‘diabetogenic’ T cells. This conclusion was supported by results showing that anti-GITR antibody exacerbates diabetes also in CD28−/− NOD mice, which lack Tregs. In addition, treatment of NOD mice, infused with the diabetogenic CD4+BDC2.5 T cell clone, with GITR-specific antibody substantially increased their migration, proliferation and activation within the pancreatic islets and draining lymph nodes. As a mirror image, blockade of the GITR/GITRLigand pathway using a neutralizing GITRLigand-specific antibody significantly protected from diabetes even at late stages of disease progression. Experiments using the BDC2.5 T cell transfer model suggested that the GITRLigand antibody acted by limiting the homing and proliferation of pathogenic T cells in pancreatic lymph nodes. Conclusion GITR triggering plays an important costimulatory role on diabetogenic T cells contributing to the development of autoimmune responses. Therefore, blockade of the GITR/GITRLigand pathway appears as a novel promising clinically oriented strategy as GITRLigand-specific antibody applied at an advanced stage of disease progression can prevent overt diabetes.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kamimura Y, Kobori H, Piao J, Hashiguchi M, Matsumoto K, Hirose S, Azuma M. Possible involvement of soluble B7-H4 in T cell-mediated inflammatory immune responses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:349-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|