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Lücke J, Sabihi M, Zhang T, Bauditz LF, Shiri AM, Giannou AD, Huber S. The good and the bad about separation anxiety: roles of IL-22 and IL-22BP in liver pathologies. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:591-607. [PMID: 33851257 PMCID: PMC8443499 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human liver fulfills several vital tasks daily and possesses an impressive ability to self-regenerate. However, the capacity of this self-healing process can be exhausted by a variety of different liver diseases, such as alcoholic liver damage, viral hepatitis, or hepatocellular carcinoma. Over time, all these diseases generally lead to progressive liver failure that can become fatal if left untreated. Thus, a great effort has been directed towards the development of innovative therapies. The most recently discovered therapies often involve modifying the patient's immune system to enhance a beneficial immune response. Current data suggest that, among others, the cytokine IL-22 might be a promising therapeutical candidate. IL-22 and its endogenous antagonist, IL-22BP, have been under thorough scientific investigation for nearly 20 years. While IL-22 is mainly produced by TH22 cells, ILC3s, NKT cells, or γδ T cells, sources of IL-22BP include dendritic cells, eosinophils, and CD4+ cells. In many settings, IL-22 was shown to promote regenerative potential and, thus, could protect tissues from pathogens and damage. However, the effects of IL-22 during carcinogenesis are more ambiguous and depend on the tumor entity and microenvironment. In line with its capabilities of neutralizing IL-22 in vivo, IL-22BP possesses often, but not always, an inverse expression pattern compared to its ligand. In this comprehensive review, we will summarize past and current findings regarding the roles of IL-22 and IL-22BP in liver diseases with a particular focus on the leading causes of advanced liver failure, namely, liver infections, liver damage, and liver malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jöran Lücke
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Morsal Sabihi
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tao Zhang
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lennart Fynn Bauditz
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ahmad Mustafa Shiri
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasios D Giannou
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Samuel Huber
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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2
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Vieira-Santos F, Leal-Silva T, de Lima Silva Padrão L, Ruas ACL, Nogueira DS, Kraemer L, Oliveira FMS, Caliari MV, Russo RC, Fujiwara RT, Bueno LL. Concomitant experimental coinfection by Plasmodium berghei NK65-NY and Ascaris suum downregulates the Ascaris-specific immune response and potentiates Ascaris-associated lung pathology. Malar J 2021; 20:296. [PMID: 34210332 PMCID: PMC8248286 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03824-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ascariasis and malaria are highly prevalent parasitic diseases in tropical regions and often have overlapping endemic areas, contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates in areas with poor sanitary conditions. Several studies have previously aimed to correlate the effects of Ascaris-Plasmodium coinfections but have obtained contradictory and inconclusive results. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate parasitological and immunopathological aspects of the lung during murine experimental concomitant coinfection by Plasmodium berghei and Ascaris suum during larvae ascariasis. Methods C57BL/6J mice were inoculated with 1 × 104P. berghei strain NK65-NY-infected red blood cells (iRBCs) intraperitoneally and/or 2500 embryonated eggs of A. suum by oral gavage. P. berghei parasitaemia, morbidity and the survival rate were assessed. On the seventh day postinfection (dpi), A. suum lung burden analysis; bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL); histopathology; NAG, MPO and EPO activity measurements; haematological analysis; and respiratory mechanics analysis were performed. The concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-6, IL-4, IL-33, IL-13, IL-5, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF and TGF-β were assayed by sandwich ELISA. Results Animals coinfected with P. berghei and A. suum show decreased production of type 1, 2, and 17 and regulatory cytokines; low leukocyte recruitment in the tissue; increased cellularity in the circulation; and low levels of NAG, MPO and EPO activity that lead to an increase in larvae migration, as shown by the decrease in larvae recovered in the lung parenchyma and increase in larvae recovered in the airway. This situation leads to severe airway haemorrhage and, consequently, an impairment respiratory function that leads to high morbidity and early mortality. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the Ascaris-Plasmodium interaction is harmful to the host and suggests that this coinfection may potentiate Ascaris-associated pathology by dampening the Ascaris-specific immune response, resulting in the early death of affected animals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03824-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviane Vieira-Santos
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thaís Leal-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiza de Lima Silva Padrão
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Loiola Ruas
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Denise Silva Nogueira
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas Kraemer
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Marcus Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Vidigal Caliari
- Laboratory of Protozooses, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of General Pathology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Remo Castro Russo
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Mechanics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lilian Lacerda Bueno
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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3
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Junaid OQ, Vythilingam I, Khaw LT, Sivanandam S, Mahmud R. Effect of Brugia pahangi co-infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1301-1315. [PMID: 32179986 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Malaria and lymphatic filariasis (LF) are two leading and common mosquito-borne parasitic diseases worldwide. These two diseases are co-endemic in many tropical and sub-tropical regions and are known to share vectors. The interactions between malaria and filarial parasites are poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed at establishing the interactions that occur between Brugia pahangi and Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) co-infection in gerbils. Briefly, the gerbils were matched according to age, sex, and weight and grouped into filarial-only infection, PbA-only infection, co-infection, and control group. The parasitemia, survival and clinical assessment of the gerbils were monitored for a period of 30 days post Plasmodium infection. The immune responses of gerbils to both mono and co-infection were monitored. Findings show that co-infected gerbils have higher survival rate than PbA-infected gerbils. Food and water consumption were significantly reduced in both PbA-infected and co-infected gerbils, although loss of body weight, hypothermia, and anemia were less severe in co-infected gerbils. Plasmodium-infected gerbils also suffered hypoglycemia, which was not observed in co-infected gerbils. Furthermore, gerbil cytokine responses to co-infection were significantly higher than PbA-only-infected gerbils, which is being suggested as a factor for their increased longevity. Co-infected gerbils had significantly elicited interleukin-4, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrotic factor at early stage of infection than PbA-infected gerbils. Findings from this study suggest that B. pahangi infection protect against severe anemia and hypoglycemia, which are manifestations of PbA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olawale Quazim Junaid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Federal University of Kashere, PMB 0182, Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria.
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Loke Tim Khaw
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sinnadurai Sivanandam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohela Mahmud
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Ren SS, Deng JW, Hong M, Ren YL, Fu HJ, Liu YN, Chen Z. Ethical considerations of cellular immunotherapy for cancer. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2019; 20:23-31. [PMID: 30614227 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1800421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of immunology, molecular biology, and associated technologies such as next-generation sequencing, cellular immunotherapy has recently become the fourth major cancer treatment. Immunotherapies based on T cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells play key roles in cancer immunotherapy. However, their application in clinical practice raises several ethical issues. Thus, studies should focus on proper adherence to basic ethical principles that can effectively guide and solve related clinical problems in the course of treatment, improve treatment effects, and protect the rights and interests of patients. In this review, we discuss cellular immunotherapy-related ethical issues and highlight the ethical practices and current status of cellular immunotherapy in China. These considerations may supplement existing ethical standards in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Sang Ren
- Health Policy and Hospital Management Research Center, Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing-Wen Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Meng Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yan-Li Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hai-Jing Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yan-Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Health Policy and Hospital Management Research Center, Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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5
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Guivier E, Criscuolo F, Zahn S, Bellenger J, Galan M, Faivre B, Sorci G. Early life infection and host senescence. Exp Gerontol 2018; 114:19-26. [PMID: 30366039 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advanced age is often associated with a chronic inflammatory status and inflammatory diseases. It has been suggested that exposure to infectious agents that stimulate the inflammatory response at early ages might have carry over effects in terms of accelerated senescence and increased mortality at late ages. However, not all pathogens and parasites have pro-inflammatory effects. In particular, parasitic nematodes have been shown to dampen the inflammatory response and to prevent or alleviate the symptoms of inflammatory diseases. We, therefore, tentatively predicted that early infection with a parasite that has anti-inflammatory properties might postpone aging. We tested this idea using the association between the nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus and its rodent host. In addition to the infection with H. polygyrus, we also activated the systemic inflammatory response with an Escherichia coli LPS injection, to explore the effect of H. polygyrus under control and inflammatory conditions. In addition to lifespan, we also assessed several biomarkers of aging, once the infection had been cleared. We found that both treatments (H. polygyrus infection and LPS challenge) reduced longevity. Most of the biomarkers of aging were affected by the previous infection status, suggesting that mice exposed to the nematode had an accentuated senescent phenotype. These results show that infection with immunomodulatory parasites per se does not prolong host lifespan and rather support the view that infection in early life accelerates the rate of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Guivier
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France; Lipides Nutrition Cancer, INSERM UMR 866, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France; Laboratoire IMBE, Université Aix Marseille, Campus St Charles, 13001 Marseille, France.
| | - François Criscuolo
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Sandrine Zahn
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Jérôme Bellenger
- Laboratoire IMBE, Université Aix Marseille, Campus St Charles, 13001 Marseille, France.
| | - Maxime Galan
- Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis, CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France.
| | - Bruno Faivre
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Gabriele Sorci
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
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Salazar-Castañón VH, Juárez-Avelar I, Legorreta-Herrera M, Govezensky T, Rodriguez-Sosa M. Co-infection: the outcome of Plasmodium infection differs according to the time of pre-existing helminth infection. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2767-2784. [PMID: 29938323 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Although helminth-Plasmodium coinfections are common in tropical regions, the implications of this co-existence for the host immune response are poorly understood. In order to understand the effect of helminth infection at different times of coinfection on the immune response against Plasmodium infection, BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally infected with Taenia crassiceps (Tc). At 2 (Tc2) or 8 (Tc8) weeks post-infection, mice were intravenously infected with 1 × 103 Plasmodium yoelii (Py) 17XL-parasitized red blood cells. Py 17XL-single-infected mice developed cachexia, splenomegaly, and anemia, and died at 11 days post-infection. Importantly, Tc2 + Py-coinfected mice showed increased survival of 58% on day 11, but developed pathology (cachexia and splenomegaly) and succumbed on day 18 post-coinfection, this latter associated with high levels of IL-1β and IL-12, and reduced IFN-γ in serum compared with Py 17XL-single-infected mice. Interestingly, Tc8 + Py-coinfected mice showed increased survival up to 80% on day 11 and succumbed on day 30 post-coinfection. This increased survival rate conferred by chronic helminth infection was associated with a decreased pathology and mixed inflammatory-type 1/anti-inflammatory-type 2 immune profile as evidenced by the production of high levels of IL-12 and IL-10, and reduced TNF-α from macrophages, high levels of IL-4 and IL-10, and low levels of IFN-γ from spleen cells. Also high serum levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-4, and IL-10, but a significant reduction of IFN-γ were observed. Together, these data indicate that polarization of the cell-mediated response modulated by a pre-existing helminth infection differentially impacts on the host immune response to Py 17XL in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor H Salazar-Castañón
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida de los Barrios Número 1, Colonia Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P. 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Imelda Juárez-Avelar
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida de los Barrios Número 1, Colonia Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P. 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Martha Legorreta-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Batalla 5 de mayo s/n, Col. Ejército de Oriente, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09230, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Tzipe Govezensky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autònoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida de los Barrios Número 1, Colonia Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P. 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico.
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7
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Mapua MI, Pafčo B, Burgunder J, Profousová-Pšenková I, Todd A, Hashimoto C, Qablan MA, Modrý D, Petrželková KJ. No impact of strongylid infections on the detection of Plasmodium spp. in faeces of western lowland gorillas and eastern chimpanzees. Malar J 2017; 16:175. [PMID: 28446233 PMCID: PMC5406944 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1822-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a high genetic diversity of Plasmodium spp. circulating in great apes has been revealed recently due to non-invasive methods enabling detection in faecal samples, little is known about the actual mechanisms underlying the presence of Plasmodium DNA in faeces. Great apes are commonly infected by strongylid nematodes, including hookworms, which cause intestinal bleeding. The impact of strongylid infections on the detection of Plasmodium DNA in faeces was assessed in wild, western, lowland gorillas from Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic and eastern chimpanzees from Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda. METHODS Fifty-one faecal samples from 22 habituated gorillas and 74 samples from 15 habituated chimpanzees were analysed using Cytochrome-b PCR assay and coprological methods. RESULTS Overall, 26.4% of the analysed samples were positive for both Plasmodium spp. and strongylids. However, the results showed no significant impact of intensity of infections of strongylids on detection of Plasmodium DNA in gorilla and chimpanzee faeces. CONCLUSION Bleeding caused by strongylid nematode Necator spp. cannot explain the presence of Plasmodium DNA in ape faeces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwanahamisi I Mapua
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jade Burgunder
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 267/2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ilona Profousová-Pšenková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Angelique Todd
- WWF, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, BP 1053, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Chie Hashimoto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Moneeb A Qablan
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,WWF, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, BP 1053, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute for Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Liberec Zoo, Lidové sady 425/1, 460 01, Liberec, Czech Republic
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8
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Raballah E, Kempaiah P, Karim Z, Orinda GO, Otieno MF, Perkins DJ, Ong’echa JM. CD4 T-cell expression of IFN-γ and IL-17 in pediatric malarial anemia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175864. [PMID: 28426727 PMCID: PMC5398558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In Plasmodium falciparum holoendemic transmission regions of western Kenya, life-threatening pediatric malaria manifests primarily as severe malarial anemia (SMA, Hb≤6.0 g/dL with any density parasitemia). To determine the role that CD4+ T-cell-driven inflammatory responses have in the pathogenesis of SMA, peripheral CD4+ T-cell populations and their intracellular production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-17) were characterized in children aged 12–36 months of age stratified into two groups: non-severe malarial anemia (non-SMA, Hb≥6.0 g/dL, n = 50) and SMA (n = 39). In addition, circulating IFN-γ and IL-17 were measured as part of a Cytokine 25-plex Antibody Bead Kit, Human (BioSource™ International). Children with SMA had higher overall proportions of circulating lymphocytes (P = 0.003) and elevated proportions of lymphocytes expressing IFN-γ (P = 0.014) and comparable IL-17 (P = 0.101). In addition, SMA was characterized by decreased memory-like T-cells (CD4+CD45RA-) expressing IL-17 (P = 0.009) and lower mean fluorescence intensity in memory-like CD4+ T-cells for both IFN-γ (P = 0.063) and IL-17 (P = 0.006). Circulating concentrations of IFN-γ were higher in children with SMA (P = 0.009), while IL-17 levels were comparable between the groups (P = 0.164). Furthermore, circulating levels of IFN-γ were negatively correlated with IL-17 levels in both groups of children (SMA: r = -0.610, P = 0.007; and non-SMA: r = -0.516, P = 0.001), while production of both cytokines by lymphocytes were positively correlated (SMA: r = 0.349, P = 0.037; and non-SMA: r = 0.475, P = 0.001). In addition, this correlation was only maintained by the memory-like CD4+ T cells (r = 0.365, P = 0.002) but not the naïve-like CD4+ T cells. However, circulating levels of IFN-γ were only associated with naïve-like CD4+ T cells producing IFN-γ (r = 0.547, P = 0.028), while circulating levels of IL-17 were not associated with any of the cell populations. Taken together, these results suggest that enhanced severity of malarial anemia is associated with higher overall levels of circulating lymphocytes, enhanced intracellular production of IFN-γ by peripheral lymphocytes and high circulating IFN-γ levels. In addition, the observed inverse relationship between the circulating levels of IFN-γ and IL-17 together with the reduction in the levels of memory-like CD4+ T cells expressing IL-17 in children with SMA may suggest possible relocation of these cells in the deeper tissues for their pathological effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evans Raballah
- University of New Mexico Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Prakasha Kempaiah
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Health Sciences Centre, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Zachary Karim
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Health Sciences Centre, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - George O. Orinda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Michael F. Otieno
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Douglas J. Perkins
- University of New Mexico Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Health Sciences Centre, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - John Michael Ong’echa
- University of New Mexico Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- * E-mail:
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9
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Godkin A, Smith KA. Chronic infections with viruses or parasites: breaking bad to make good. Immunology 2017; 150:389-396. [PMID: 28009488 PMCID: PMC5343343 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic forms of life have been continually invaded by microbes and larger multicellular parasites, such as helminths. Over a billion years ago bacterial endosymbionts permanently colonized eukaryotic cells leading to recognized organelles with a distinct genetic lineage, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Colonization of our skin and mucosal surfaces with bacterial commensals is now known to be important for host health. However, the contribution of chronic virus and parasitic infections to immune homeostasis is being increasingly questioned. Persistent infection does not necessarily equate to exhibiting a chronic illness: healthy hosts (e.g. humans) have chronic viral and parasitic infections with no evidence of disease. Indeed, there are now examples of complex interactions between these microbes and hosts that seem to confer an advantage to the host at a particular time, suggesting that the relationship has progressed along an axis from parasitic to commensal to one of a mutualistic symbiosis. This concept is explored using examples from viruses and parasites, considering how the relationships may be not only detrimental but also beneficial to the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Glamorgan, UK
| | - Katherine A Smith
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Glamorgan, UK
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10
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Niknahad H, Heidari R, Firuzi R, Abazari F, Ramezani M, Azarpira N, Hosseinzadeh M, Najibi A, Saeedi A. Concurrent Inflammation Augments Antimalarial Drugs-Induced Liver Injury in Rats. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:617-625. [PMID: 28101469 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Accumulating evidence suggests that drug exposure during a modest inflammation induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) might increase the risk of drug-induced liver injury. The current investigation was designed to test if antimalarial drugs hepatotoxicity is augmented in LPS‑treated animals. Methods: Rats were pre-treated with LPS (100 µg/kg, i.p). Afterward, non-hepatotoxic doses of amodiaquine (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, oral) and chloroquine (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, oral) were administered. Results: Interestingly, liver injury was evident only in animals treated with both drug and LPS as estimated by pathological changes in serum biochemistry (ALT, AST, LDH, and TNF-α), and liver tissue (severe hepatitis, endotheliitis, and sinusoidal congestion). An increase in liver myeloperoxidase enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation, along with tissue glutathione depletion were also detected in LPS and drug co-treated animals. Conclusion: Antimalarial drugs rendered hepatotoxic in animals undergoing a modest inflammation. These results indicate a synergistic liver injury from co-exposure to antimalarial drugs and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Niknahad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Roya Firuzi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Abazari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maral Ramezani
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Massood Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asma Najibi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arastoo Saeedi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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11
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Susceptibility to Ticks and Lyme Disease Spirochetes Is Not Affected in Mice Coinfected with Nematodes. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1274-1286. [PMID: 26883594 PMCID: PMC4862734 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01309-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Small rodents serve as reservoir hosts for tick-borne pathogens, such as the spirochetes causing Lyme disease. Whether natural coinfections with other macroparasites alter the success of tick feeding, antitick immunity, and the host's reservoir competence for tick-borne pathogens remains to be determined. In a parasitological survey of wild mice in Berlin, Germany, approximately 40% of Ixodes ricinus-infested animals simultaneously harbored a nematode of the genus Heligmosomoides. We therefore aimed to analyze the immunological impact of the nematode/tick coinfection as well as its effect on the tick-borne pathogen Borrelia afzelii. Hosts experimentally coinfected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus and larval/nymphal I. ricinus ticks developed substantially stronger systemic type 2 T helper cell (Th2) responses, on the basis of the levels of GATA-3 and interleukin-13 expression, than mice infected with a single pathogen. During repeated larval infestations, however, anti-tick Th2 reactivity and an observed partial immunity to tick feeding were unaffected by concurrent nematode infections. Importantly, the strong systemic Th2 immune response in coinfected mice did not affect susceptibility to tick-borne B. afzelii. An observed trend for decreased local and systemic Th1 reactivity against B. afzelii in coinfected mice did not result in a higher spirochete burden, nor did it facilitate bacterial dissemination or induce signs of immunopathology. Hence, this study indicates that strong systemic Th2 responses in nematode/tick-coinfected house mice do not affect the success of tick feeding and the control of the causative agent of Lyme disease.
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12
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Coomes SM, Pelly VS, Kannan Y, Okoye IS, Czieso S, Entwistle LJ, Perez-Lloret J, Nikolov N, Potocnik AJ, Biró J, Langhorne J, Wilson MS. IFNγ and IL-12 Restrict Th2 Responses during Helminth/Plasmodium Co-Infection and Promote IFNγ from Th2 Cells. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004994. [PMID: 26147567 PMCID: PMC4493106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths establish chronic infections in mammalian hosts. Helminth/Plasmodium co-infections occur frequently in endemic areas. However, it is unclear whether Plasmodium infections compromise anti-helminth immunity, contributing to the chronicity of infection. Immunity to Plasmodium or helminths requires divergent CD4+ T cell-driven responses, dominated by IFNγ or IL-4, respectively. Recent literature has indicated that Th cells, including Th2 cells, have phenotypic plasticity with the ability to produce non-lineage associated cytokines. Whether such plasticity occurs during co-infection is unclear. In this study, we observed reduced anti-helminth Th2 cell responses and compromised anti-helminth immunity during Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Plasmodium chabaudi co-infection. Using newly established triple cytokine reporter mice (Il4gfpIfngyfpIl17aFP635), we demonstrated that Il4gfp+ Th2 cells purified from in vitro cultures or isolated ex vivo from helminth-infected mice up-regulated IFNγ following adoptive transfer into Rag1–/– mice infected with P. chabaudi. Functionally, Th2 cells that up-regulated IFNγ were transcriptionally re-wired and protected recipient mice from high parasitemia. Mechanistically, TCR stimulation and responsiveness to IL-12 and IFNγ, but not type I IFN, was required for optimal IFNγ production by Th2 cells. Finally, blockade of IL-12 and IFNγ during co-infection partially preserved anti-helminth Th2 responses. In summary, this study demonstrates that Th2 cells retain substantial plasticity with the ability to produce IFNγ during Plasmodium infection. Consequently, co-infection with Plasmodium spp. may contribute to the chronicity of helminth infection by reducing anti-helminth Th2 cells and converting them into IFNγ-secreting cells. Approximately a third of the world’s population is burdened with chronic intestinal parasitic helminth infections, causing significant morbidities. Identifying the factors that contribute to the chronicity of infection is therefore essential. Co-infection with other pathogens, which is extremely common in helminth endemic areas, may contribute to the chronicity of helminth infections. In this study, we used a mouse model to test whether the immune responses to an intestinal helminth were impaired following malaria co-infection. These two pathogens induce very different immune responses, which, until recently, were thought to be opposing and non-interchangeable. This study identified that the immune cells required for anti-helminth responses are capable of changing their phenotype and providing protection against malaria. By identifying and blocking the factors that drive this change in phenotype, we can preserve anti-helminth immune responses during co-infection. Our studies provide fresh insight into how immune responses are altered during helminth and malaria co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Coomes
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria S. Pelly
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yashaswini Kannan
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel S. Okoye
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Czieso
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis J. Entwistle
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jimena Perez-Lloret
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolay Nikolov
- Division of Systems Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre J. Potocnik
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judit Biró
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Division of Parasitology, Mill Hill Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Wilson
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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13
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Athanasiadou S, Tolossa K, Debela E, Tolera A, Houdijk JGM. Tolerance and resistance to a nematode challenge are not always mutually exclusive. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:277-82. [PMID: 25659496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between the manifestations of tolerance (a host's ability to reduce the impact of a given level of pathogens) and resistance (a host's ability to clear pathogens) has been assumed to be an antagonistic one. Here we tested the hypothesis that mice from strains more resistant to intestinal nematodes will experience reduced tolerance compared with less resistant mice. Three inbred strains of mice were used: C57BL/6 mice have been characterised as susceptible, whereas BALB/c and NIH mice have been characterised as resistant to Heligmosomoides bakeri infection. Mice of each strain were either parasitised with a single dose of 250 L3H. bakeri (n=10) in water or were sham-infected with water (n=10). Body weight, food intake and worm egg output were recorded regularly throughout the experiment. Forty-two days p.i. mice were euthanised and organ weights, eggs in colon and worm counts were determined. C57BL/6 mice showed significantly greater worm egg output (P<0.001), eggs in colon (P<0.05) and female worm fecundity (P<0.05) compared with NIH and BALB/c mice. Parasitised BALB/c mice grew more whilst parasitised C57BL/6 mice grew less than their sham-infected counterparts during the first 2 weeks post-challenge (P=0.05). Parasitism significantly increased liver, spleen, small intestine and caecum weights (P<0.001) but reduced carcass weight (P<0.01). Average daily weight gain and worm numbers were positively correlated in NIH mice (P=0.05); however, the relationship was reversed when carcass weight was used as a measure for tolerance. BALB/c mice did not appear to suffer from the consequences of parasitism, with carcass weight similar in all animals. Our hypothesis that strains more resistant to the H. bakeri infection are less tolerant compared with less resistant strains is rejected, as the two resistant strains showed variable tolerance. Thus, tolerance and resistance to an intestinal nematode infection are not always mutually exclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiridoula Athanasiadou
- Disease Systems, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| | - Ketema Tolossa
- Disease Systems, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Science, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Etana Debela
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Tolera
- School of Animal and Range Science, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 222, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Jos G M Houdijk
- Disease Systems, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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14
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Guha SK, Tillu R, Sood A, Patgaonkar M, Nanavaty IN, Sengupta A, Sharma S, Vaidya VA, Pathak S. Single episode of mild murine malaria induces neuroinflammation, alters microglial profile, impairs adult neurogenesis, and causes deficits in social and anxiety-like behavior. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 42:123-37. [PMID: 24953429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is associated with cerebrovascular damage and neurological sequelae. However, the neurological consequences of uncomplicated malaria, the most prevalent form of the disease, remain uninvestigated. Here, using a mild malaria model, we show that a single Plasmodium chabaudi adami infection in adult mice induces neuroinflammation, neurogenic, and behavioral changes in the absence of a blood-brain barrier breach. Using cytokine arrays we show that the infection induces differential serum and brain cytokine profiles, both at peak parasitemia and 15days post-parasite clearance. At the peak of infection, along with the serum, the brain also exhibited a definitive pro-inflammatory cytokine profile, and gene expression analysis revealed that pro-inflammatory cytokines were also produced locally in the hippocampus, an adult neurogenic niche. Hippocampal microglia numbers were enhanced, and we noted a shift to an activated profile at this time point, accompanied by a striking redistribution of the microglia to the subgranular zone adjacent to hippocampal neuronal progenitors. In the hippocampus, a distinct decline in progenitor turnover and survival was observed at peak parasitemia, accompanied by a shift from neuronal to glial fate specification. Studies in transgenic Nestin-GFP reporter mice demonstrated a decline in the Nestin-GFP(+)/GFAP(+) quiescent neural stem cell pool at peak parasitemia. Although these cellular changes reverted to normal 15days post-parasite clearance, specific brain cytokines continued to exhibit dysregulation. Behavioral analysis revealed selective deficits in social and anxiety-like behaviors, with no change observed in locomotor, cognitive, and depression-like behaviors, with a return to baseline at recovery. Collectively, these findings indicate that even a single episode of mild malaria results in alterations of the brain cytokine profile, causes specific behavioral dysfunction, is accompanied by hippocampal microglial activation and redistribution, and a definitive, but transient, suppression of adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman K Guha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Rucha Tillu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Ankit Sood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Mandar Patgaonkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Ishira N Nanavaty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Arjun Sengupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Shobhona Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Vidita A Vaidya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
| | - Sulabha Pathak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
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15
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Helminth parasites alter protection against Plasmodium infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:913696. [PMID: 25276830 PMCID: PMC4170705 DOI: 10.1155/2014/913696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
More than one-third of the world's population is infected with one or more helminthic parasites. Helminth infections are prevalent throughout tropical and subtropical regions where malaria pathogens are transmitted. Malaria is the most widespread and deadliest parasitic disease. The severity of the disease is strongly related to parasite density and the host's immune responses. Furthermore, coinfections between both parasites occur frequently. However, little is known regarding how concomitant infection with helminths and Plasmodium affects the host's immune response. Helminthic infections are frequently massive, chronic, and strong inductors of a Th2-type response. This implies that infection by such parasites could alter the host's susceptibility to subsequent infections by Plasmodium. There are a number of reports on the interactions between helminths and Plasmodium; in some, the burden of Plasmodium parasites increased, but others reported a reduction in the parasite. This review focuses on explaining many of these discrepancies regarding helminth-Plasmodium coinfections in terms of the effects that helminths have on the immune system. In particular, it focuses on helminth-induced immunosuppression and the effects of cytokines controlling polarization toward the Th1 or Th2 arms of the immune response.
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16
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Helpful or a Hindrance: Co-infections with Helminths During Malaria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 828:99-129. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1489-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Wiria AE, Djuardi Y, Supali T, Sartono E, Yazdanbakhsh M. Helminth infection in populations undergoing epidemiological transition: a friend or foe? Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:889-901. [PMID: 23129304 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infections are highly prevalent in developing countries, especially in rural areas. With gradual development, there is a transition from living conditions that are dominated by infection, poor sanitation, manual labor, and traditional diet to a situation where burden of infections is reduced, infrastructure is improved, sedentary lifestyle dominates, and processed food forms a large proportion of the calorie intake. The combinations of some of the changes in lifestyle and environment are expected to result in alteration of the landscape of diseases, which will become dominated by non-communicable disorders. Here we review how the major helminth infections affect a large proportion of the population in the developing world and discuss their impact on the immune system and the consequences of this for other infections which are co-endemic in the same areas. Furthermore, we address the issue of decreasing helminth infections in many parts of the world within the context of increasing inflammatory, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases.
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18
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Maizels RM, Hewitson JP, Murray J, Harcus YM, Dayer B, Filbey KJ, Grainger JR, McSorley HJ, Reynolds LA, Smith KA. Immune modulation and modulators in Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:76-89. [PMID: 21875581 PMCID: PMC6485391 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal nematode parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri exerts widespread immunomodulatory effects on both the innate and adaptive immune system of the host. Infected mice adopt an immunoregulated phenotype, with abated allergic and autoimmune reactions. At the cellular level, infection is accompanied by expanded regulatory T cell populations, skewed dendritic cell and macrophage phenotypes, B cell hyperstimulation and multiple localised changes within the intestinal environment. In most mouse strains, these act to block protective Th2 immunity. The molecular basis of parasite interactions with the host immune system centres upon secreted products termed HES (H. polygyrus excretory-secretory antigen), which include a TGF-β-like ligand that induces de novo regulatory T cells, factors that modify innate inflammatory responses, and molecules that block allergy in vivo. Proteomic and transcriptomic definition of parasite proteins, combined with biochemical identification of immunogenic molecules in resistant mice, will provide new candidate immunomodulators and vaccine antigens for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick M Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
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19
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Paradoxical associations between soil-transmitted helminths and Plasmodium falciparum infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012; 106:701-8. [PMID: 22889571 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence on the comorbidity between soil-transmitted helminth infections and malaria is scarce and divergent. This study explored the interactions between soil-transmitted helminth infections and uncomplicated falciparum malaria in an endemic area of Colombia. A paired case-control study matched by sex, age and location in Tierralta, Cordoba, was done between January and September 2010. The incident cases were 68 patients with falciparum malaria and 178 asymptomatic controls. A questionnaire was used to gather information on sociodemographic variables. Additionally physical examinations were carried out, stool samples were analysed for intestinal parasites and blood samples for Ig E concentrations. We found associations between infection with hookworm (OR: 4.21; 95% CI: 1.68-11.31) and Ascaris lumbricoides (OR 0.43; 95% CI: 0.18-1.04) and the occurrence of falciparum malaria. The effects of soil-transmitted helminths on the occurrence of malaria were found to be paradoxical. While hookworm is a risk factor, A. lumbricoides has a protective effect. The findings suggest that, in addition to the comorbidity, the presence of common determinants of soil-transmitted helminth infections and malaria could also exist. While the biological mechanisms involved are not clear, public health policies aimed at the control of their common social and environmental determinants are suggested.
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20
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Su CW, Cao Y, Zhang M, Kaplan J, Su L, Fu Y, Walker WA, Xavier R, Cherayil BJ, Shi HN. Helminth infection impairs autophagy-mediated killing of bacterial enteropathogens by macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1459-66. [PMID: 22732589 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an important mechanism used by macrophages to kill intracellular pathogens. The results reported in this study demonstrate that autophagy is also involved in the macrophage killing of the extracellular enteropathogen Citrobacter rodentium after phagocytosis. The process was significantly impaired in macrophages isolated from mice chronically infected with the helminth parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus. The H. polygyrus-mediated inhibition of autophagy was Th2 dependent because it was not observed in macrophages isolated from helminth-infected STAT6-deficient mice. Moreover, autophagy of Citrobacter was inhibited by treating macrophages with IL-4 and IL-13. The effect of H. polygyrus on autophagy was associated with decreased expression and processing of L chain protein 3 (LC3), a key component of the autophagic machinery. The helminth-induced inhibition of LC3 expression and processing was STAT6 dependent and could be recapitulated by treatment of macrophages with IL-4 and IL-13. Knockdown of LC3 significantly inhibited autophagic killing of Citrobacter, attesting to the functional importance of the H. polygyrus-mediated downregulation of this process. These observations reveal a new aspect of the immunosuppressive effects of helminth infection and provide mechanistic insights into our earlier finding that H. polygyrus significantly worsens the in vivo course of Citrobacter infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-wen Su
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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21
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KOLBAUM J, ESCHBACH ML, STEEG C, JACOBS T, FLEISCHER B, BRELOER M. Efficient control of Plasmodium yoelii infection in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice with pre-existing Strongyloides ratti infection. Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:388-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2012.01369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral malaria, defined as otherwise unexplained coma in a patient with circulating parasitemia, is a common disease in the developing world. The clinical diagnosis lacks specificity and children with other underlying causes of coma might be misdiagnosed as having cerebral malaria. The presence of malarial retinopathy can be used to differentiate children whose comas are caused by Plasmodium falciparum and its attendant pathophysiologies from those with other reasons for their abnormal mental status. Children with cerebral malaria who lack malarial retinopathy have not previously been described. METHODS All patients admitted to Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantyre, Malawi, during a 12-month period with a clinical diagnosis of cerebral malaria were evaluated for the presence of malarial retinopathy. Thirty-two patients lacked retinopathy findings. Clinical, laboratory, and radiologic information data were collected. RESULTS Thirty-two cases of retinopathy-negative cerebral malaria are presented. CONCLUSIONS Children with retinopathy-negative cerebral malaria share a common clinical phenotype with lower rates of mortality compared with those who have malarial retinopathy. There are at least 4 possible pathophysiologic explanations for this common condition.
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MESH Headings
- Antimalarials/administration & dosage
- Antimalarials/therapeutic use
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Coma/complications
- Coma/diagnosis
- Coma/drug therapy
- Coma/epidemiology
- Coma/parasitology
- Coma/physiopathology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Malaria, Cerebral/complications
- Malaria, Cerebral/diagnosis
- Malaria, Cerebral/drug therapy
- Malaria, Cerebral/epidemiology
- Malaria, Cerebral/parasitology
- Malaria, Cerebral/physiopathology
- Malaria, Falciparum/complications
- Malaria, Falciparum/diagnosis
- Malaria, Falciparum/drug therapy
- Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Malaria, Falciparum/physiopathology
- Malawi
- Male
- Parasitemia/drug therapy
- Parasitemia/physiopathology
- Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects
- Plasmodium falciparum/physiology
- Retinal Diseases/diagnosis
- Retinal Diseases/epidemiology
- Retinal Diseases/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Postels
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, International Neurologic and Psychiatric Epidemiology Program (INPEP), East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Nacher M. Interactions between worms and malaria: good worms or bad worms? Malar J 2011; 10:259. [PMID: 21910854 PMCID: PMC3192711 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade there have been an increasing number of studies on co-infections between worms and malaria. However, this increased interest has yielded results that have been at times conflicting and made it difficult to clearly grasp the outcome of this interaction. Despite the heterogeneity of study designs, reviewing the growing body of research may be synthesized into some broad trends: Ascaris emerges mostly as protective from malaria and its severe manifestations, whereas hookworm seems to increase malaria incidence. As efforts are made to de-worm populations in malaria endemic areas, there is still no clear picture of the impact these programmes have in terms of quantitative and qualitative changes in malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nacher
- Centre d'investigation Clinique épidémiologie Clinique Antilles-Guyane, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, French Guiana.
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24
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Knowles SC. The effect of helminth co-infection on malaria in mice: A meta-analysis. Int J Parasitol 2011; 41:1041-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Andrade BB, Santos CJN, Camargo LM, Souza-Neto SM, Reis-Filho A, Clarêncio J, Mendonça VRR, Luz NF, Camargo EP, Barral A, Silva AAM, Barral-Netto M. Hepatitis B infection is associated with asymptomatic malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19841. [PMID: 21625634 PMCID: PMC3097216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Areas that are endemic for malaria are also highly endemic for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether HBV infection modifies the clinical presentation of malaria. This study aimed to address this question. Methodology and Findings An observational study of 636 individuals was performed in Rondônia, western Amazon, Brazil between 2006 and 2007. Active and passive case detections identified Plasmodium infection by field microscopy and nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). HBV infections were identified by serology and confirmed by real-time PCR. Epidemiological information and plasma cytokine profiles were studied. The data were analyzed using adjusted multinomial logistic regression. Plasmodium-infected individuals with active HBV infection were more likely to be asymptomatic (OR: 120.13, P<0.0001), present with lower levels of parasitemia and demonstrate a decreased inflammatory cytokine profile. Nevertheless, co-infected individuals presented higher HBV viremia. Plasmodium parasitemia inversely correlated with plasma HBV DNA levels (r = −0.6; P = 0.0003). Conclusion HBV infection diminishes the intensity of malaria infection in individuals from this endemic area. This effect seems related to cytokine balance and control of inflammatory responses. These findings add important insights to the understanding of the factors affecting the clinical outcomes of malaria in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno B. Andrade
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cristiane J. N. Santos
- Departamento de Saúde Publica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luis, Brazil
| | - Luís M. Camargo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Faculdade São Lucas, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Sebastião M. Souza-Neto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Antonio Reis-Filho
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jorge Clarêncio
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Vitor R. R. Mendonça
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Nívea F. Luz
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Erney P. Camargo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio A. M. Silva
- Departamento de Saúde Publica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luis, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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26
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Duodenal helminth infection alters barrier function of the colonic epithelium via adaptive immune activation. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2285-94. [PMID: 21444669 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01123-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with intestinal helminth parasites is a major public health problem, particularly in the developing world, and can have significant effects on host physiology and the immune response to other enteric infections and antigens. The mechanisms underlying these effects are not well understood. In the current study, we investigated the impact of infection with the murine nematode parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus, which resides in the duodenum, on epithelial barrier function in the colon. We found that H. polygyrus infection produced a significant increase in colonic epithelial permeability, as evidenced by detection of elevated serum levels of the tracer horseradish peroxidase following rectal administration. This loss of normal barrier function was associated with clear ultrastructural changes in the tight junctions of colonic epithelial cells and an alteration in the expression and distribution of the junctional protein E-cadherin. These parasite-induced abnormalities were not observed in SCID mice but did occur in SCID mice that were adoptively transferred with wild-type T cells, indicating a requirement for adaptive immunity. Furthermore, the helminth-induced increase in gut permeability was not seen in STAT6 knockout (KO) mice. Taken together, the results demonstrate that one of the mechanisms by which helminths exert their effects involves the lymphocyte- and STAT6-dependent breakdown of the intestinal epithelial barrier. This increase in epithelial permeability may facilitate the movement of lumenal contents across the mucosa, thus helping to explain how helminth infection can alter the immune response to enteric antigens.
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27
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Dunn JC, Cole EF, Quinn JL. Personality and parasites: sex-dependent associations between avian malaria infection and multiple behavioural traits. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-011-1156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Kapulu MC, Simuyandi M, Sianongo S, Mutale M, Katubulushi M, Kelly P. Differential changes in expression of intestinal antimicrobial peptide genes during Ascaris lumbricoides infection in Zambian adults do not respond to helminth eradication. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1464-73. [PMID: 21357944 PMCID: PMC3080889 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Intestinal helminthiasis modulates immune responses to vaccines and environmental allergens. To explore the impact on intestinal host defense, we assessed expression of antimicrobial peptide genes, together with T cell subset markers and cytokines, in patients with ascariasis before and after treatment. Methods. Case patients (n = 27) and control subjects (n = 44) underwent enteroscopy for collection of jejunal biopsy specimens, which were used in quantitative, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for a range of host defense genes; blood samples were also analyzed simultaneously. Results. The level of gene expression (mRNA) of HD5, hBD1, and LL-37 was lower in case patients than in control subjects, and the level of expression of HD6 was increased. However, after successful eradication, there was no trend to values seen in control subjects. Helminthiasis was associated with increased intestinal expression of the Th1 genes T-bet and interferon-γ. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), a mixed profile of T cell markers and cytokines was increased. Ascaris-induced down-regulation of HD5 was observed in individuals with higher RORγt expression in PBMCs, but we found no evidence that this was mediated by circulating interleukin-22. Conclusions. Human ascariasis was associated with changes in antimicrobial peptide gene expression and immunological markers. Such changes may have implications for susceptibility to infectious disease and responsiveness to oral vaccines in tropical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Kapulu
- Biological Sciences Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka
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Reyes JL, Espinoza-Jiménez AF, González MI, Verdin L, Terrazas LI. Taenia crassiceps infection abrogates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cell Immunol 2010; 267:77-87. [PMID: 21185554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infections induce strong immunoregulation that can modulate subsequent pathogenic challenges. Taenia crassiceps causes a chronic infection that induces a Th2-biased response and modulates the host cellular immune response, including reduced lymphoproliferation in response to mitogens, impaired antigen presentation and the recruitment of suppressive alternatively activated macrophages (AAMФ). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the ability of T. crassiceps to reduce the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Only 50% of T. crassiceps-infected mice displayed EAE symptoms, which were significantly less severe than uninfected mice. This effect was associated with both decreased MOG-specific splenocyte proliferation and IL-17 production and limited leukocyte infiltration into the spinal cord. Infection with T. crassiceps induced an anti-inflammatory cytokine microenvironment, including decreased TNF-α production and high MOG-specific production of IL-4 and IL-10. While the mRNA expression of TNF-α and iNOS was lower in the brain of T. crassiceps-infected mice with EAE, markers for AAMФ were highly expressed. Furthermore, in these mice, there was reduced entry of CD3(+)Foxp3(-) cells into the brain. The T. crassiceps-induced immune regulation decreased EAE severity by dampening T cell activation, proliferation and migration to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Reyes
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Edo, México 54090, Mexico
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Supali T, Verweij JJ, Wiria AE, Djuardi Y, Hamid F, Kaisar MMM, Wammes LJ, van Lieshout L, Luty AJF, Sartono E, Yazdanbakhsh M. Polyparasitism and its impact on the immune system. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:1171-6. [PMID: 20580905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic infections are common in many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world and concomitant infection, polyparasitism, is the rule rather than the exception in such areas. At the immunological level, different parasites induce quite different responses characterised, for example, by protozoa that polarise responses towards Th1, whilst helminths are strong Th2 and regulatory T cell inducers. The question of how the co-existence of such parasites within the same host might influence the immunological responses to each species and, more importantly, whether such interactions affect resistance, susceptibility or clinical outcome, needs to be addressed in well-designed studies of sufficient power. The current paper discusses what we know as well as the gaps in our knowledge of polyparasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taniawati Supali
- Department of Parasitology, University of Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine, Salemba Raya, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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Hoeve MA, Mylonas KJ, Fairlie-Clarke KJ, Mahajan SM, Allen JE, Graham AL. Plasmodium chabaudi limits early Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-induced pulmonary immune activation and Th2 polarization in co-infected mice. BMC Immunol 2009; 10:60. [PMID: 19951425 PMCID: PMC3224723 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-10-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Larvae of several common species of parasitic nematodes obligately migrate through, and often damage, host lungs. The larvae induce strong pulmonary Type 2 immune responses, including T-helper (Th)2 cells as well as alternatively activated macrophages (AAMφ) and associated chitinase and Fizz/resistin family members (ChaFFs), which are thought to promote tissue repair processes. Given the prevalence of systemic or lung-resident Type 1-inducing pathogens in geographical areas in which nematodes are endemic, we wished to investigate the impact of concurrent Type 1 responses on the development of these Type 2 responses to nematode larval migration. We therefore infected BALB/c mice with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, in the presence or absence of Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi malaria parasites. Co-infected animals received both infections on the same day, and disease was assessed daily before immunological measurements were taken at 3, 5, 7 or 20 days post-infection. Results We observed that the nematodes themselves caused transient loss of body mass and red blood cell density, but co-infection then slightly ameliorated the severity of malarial anaemia. We also tracked the development of immune responses in the lung and thoracic lymph node. By the time of onset of the adaptive immune response around 7 days post-infection, malaria co-infection had reduced pulmonary expression of ChaFFs. Assessment of the T cell response demonstrated that the Th2 response to the nematode was also significantly impaired by malaria co-infection. Conclusion P. c. chabaudi co-infection altered both local and lymph node Type 2 immune activation due to migration of N. brasiliensis larvae. Given recent work from other laboratories showing that N. brasiliensis-induced ChaFFs correlate to the extent of long-term lung damage, our results raise the possibility that co-infection with malaria might alter pulmonary repair processes following nematode migration. Further experimentation in the co-infection model developed here will reveal the longer-term consequences of the presence of both malaria and helminths in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke A Hoeve
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.
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