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Michalsen A, Goldenstein K, Kardos P, Klimek L, Palm J, Parganlija D, Stöckl J. The impact of cineole treatment timing on common cold duration and symptoms: Non-randomized exploratory clinical trial. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296482. [PMID: 38236839 PMCID: PMC10795983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Common cold (CC) symptoms arise from an inflammatory response treatable with cineole and generally peak within two days, which complicates research implementation. We therefore explored the benefits of early cineole administration with enrolment of participants prior to CC onset. METHODS Out of 522 adults enrolled in our phase IV, open-label, non-randomized, exploratory clinical trial (EudraCT No. 2020-000860-51), 329 developed a CC and used 200 mg cineole (Soledum®, CNL-1976) t.i.d. for max. 15 (± 2) days. Primary endpoint was burden of disease based on the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS-11). RESULTS Comparing three strata based on time to treatment (≤ 12 h, > 12 to ≤ 24 h and > 24 h), earliest treatment resulted in lowest AUC-WURSS (Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.36) and reduced the overall burden of disease by 38% (p < 0.0001). Earlier and lower symptom severity peak resulted, with shorter time to remission (average 8.9 vs. 10.7 days with latest treatment initiation, p < 0.05), and higher and faster recovering quality of life (p < 0.05). Tolerability was mostly rated as "very good", with adverse events of suspected causal relationship reported in 4.3% of participants. CONCLUSIONS Early intervention shows clinical benefits relevant for the effective treatment of CC with cineole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Michalsen
- Department of Internal, Integrative and Complementary Medicine, Immanuel Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Goldenstein
- MCM Klosterfrau Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH, Klosterfrau Healthcare Group, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Ludger Klimek
- Centre for Rhinology and Allergology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | | | | | - Johannes Stöckl
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Metz M, Gualdoni GA, Winkler HM, Warenits AM, Stöckl J, Burgmann H, Winkler S, Oesterreicher ZA. MxA for differentiating viral and bacterial infections in adults: a prospective, exploratory study. Infection 2023; 51:1329-1337. [PMID: 36737561 PMCID: PMC9897883 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-01986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inappropriate antibiotic prescription in patients with viral infections contributes to the surge of antibiotic resistance. Viral infections induce the expression of the antiviral protein MxA in monocytes, which is a promising biomarker to differentiate between viral and bacterial diseases. In this prospective, exploratory study, we aimed to determine the diagnostic value of monocyte MxA expression in adults with viral, bacterial or co-infections. METHODS We measured monocyte MxA expression using flow cytometry in a cohort of 61 adults with various viral, bacterial and co-infections including patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. RESULTS Monocyte MxA expression in virus-infected patients was significantly higher compared to bacterial infections (83.3 [66.8, 109.4] vs. 33.8 [29.3, 47.8] mean fluorescence intensity [MFI]; p < 0.0001) but not co-infections (53.1 [33.9, 88.9] MFI). At a threshold of 62.2 MFI, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) to differentiate between viral and bacterial infections was 0.9, with a sensitivity and specificity of 92.3% and 84.6%, respectively. Immunosuppressive therapy did not affect monocyte MxA expression in virus-infected patients. CONCLUSION Our findings corroborate the diagnostic performance of MxA in differentiating viral and bacterial infections but also point to an important caveat of MxA in viral-bacterial co-infections. This study extends previous reports and indicates that MxA is also a useful biomarker in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthäus Metz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guido A Gualdoni
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heide-Maria Winkler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Stöckl
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Burgmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Winkler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zoe Anne Oesterreicher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Internal Medicine 2, Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Rheumatology, University Hospital of St. Poelten, 3100, St. Poelten, Austria.
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IL-33 Induces an Antiviral Signature in Mast Cells but Enhances Their Permissiveness for Human Rhinovirus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112430. [PMID: 36366528 PMCID: PMC9699625 DOI: 10.3390/v14112430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are classically associated with allergic asthma but their role in antiviral immunity is unclear. Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a major cause of asthma exacerbations and can infect and replicate within MCs. The primary site of HRV infection is the airway epithelium and MCs localise to this site with increasing asthma severity. The asthma susceptibility gene, IL-33, encodes an epithelial-derived cytokine released following HRV infection but its impact on MC antiviral responses has yet to be determined. In this study we investigated the global response of LAD2 MCs to IL-33 stimulation using RNA sequencing and identified genes involved in antiviral immunity. In spite of this, IL-33 treatment increased permissiveness of MCs to HRV16 infection which, from the RNA-Seq data, we attributed to upregulation of ICAM1. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed an IL-33-dependent increase in ICAM1 surface expression as well as LDLR, the receptors used by major and minor group HRVs for cellular entry. Neutralisation of ICAM1 reduced the IL-33-dependent enhancement in HRV16 replication and release in both LAD2 MCs and cord blood derived MCs. These findings demonstrate that although IL-33 induces an antiviral signature in MCs, it also upregulates the receptors for HRV entry to enhance infection. This highlights the potential for a gene-environment interaction involving IL33 and HRV in MCs to contribute to virus-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Wirz OF, Jansen K, Satitsuksanoa P, Veen W, Tan G, Sokolowska M, Mirer D, Stanić B, Message SD, Kebadze T, Glanville N, Mallia P, Gern JE, Papadopoulos N, Akdis CA, Johnston SL, Nadeau K, Akdis M. Experimental rhinovirus infection induces an antiviral response in circulating B cells which is dysregulated in patients with asthma. Allergy 2022; 77:130-142. [PMID: 34169553 PMCID: PMC10138744 DOI: 10.1111/all.14985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinoviruses are the predominant cause of respiratory viral infections and are strongly associated with asthma exacerbations. While humoral immunity plays an important role during virus infections, cellular aspects of this response are less well understood. Here, we investigated the antiviral response of circulating B cells upon experimental rhinovirus infection in healthy individuals and asthma patients. METHODS We purified B cells from experimentally infected healthy individuals and patients with asthma and subjected them to total RNA-sequencing. Rhinovirus-derived RNA was measured in isolated B cells using a highly sensitive PCR. B cells were stimulated with rhinovirus in vitro to further study gene expression, expression of antiviral proteins and B-cell differentiation in response rhinovirus stimulation. Protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to rhinovirus was assessed using a proximity extension assay. RESULTS B cells isolated from experimentally infected subjects exhibited an antiviral gene profile linked to IFN-alpha, carried viral RNA in vivo and were transiently infected by rhinovirus in vitro. B cells rapidly differentiated into plasmablasts upon rhinovirus stimulation. While B cells lacked expression of interferons in response to rhinovirus exposure, co-stimulation with rhinovirus and IFN-alpha upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression suggesting a potential new function of B cells during virus infections. Asthma patients showed extensive upregulation and dysregulation of antiviral gene expression. CONCLUSION These findings add to the understanding of systemic effects of rhinovirus infections on B-cell responses in the periphery, show potential dysregulation in patients with asthma and might also have implications during infection with other respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver F. Wirz
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Jansen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | | | - Willem Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne – Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE) Davos Switzerland
| | - Ge Tan
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Functional Genomics Center Zürich ETH Zürich/University of Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - David Mirer
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Barbara Stanić
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Simon D. Message
- National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK
| | - Tatiana Kebadze
- National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK
| | | | - Patrick Mallia
- National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK
| | - James E. Gern
- Department of Pediatrics University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison USA
| | - Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine The University of Manchester Manchester UK
- Allergy Department 2nd Pediatric Clinic University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne – Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE) Davos Switzerland
| | | | - Kari Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research Department of Medicine Stanford University Palo Alto California USA
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
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Amparo TR, Seibert JB, Silveira BM, Costa FSF, Almeida TC, Braga SFP, da Silva GN, dos Santos ODH, de Souza GHB. Brazilian essential oils as source for the discovery of new anti-COVID-19 drug: a review guided by in silico study. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2021; 20:1013-1032. [PMID: 33867898 PMCID: PMC8042356 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-021-09754-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China and its spread worldwide has become one of the biggest health problem due to the lack of knowledge about an effective chemotherapy. Based on the current reality of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, this study aimed to make a review literature about potential anti-coronavirus natural compounds guided by an in silico study. In the first step, essential oils from native species found in the Brazilian herbal medicine market and Brazilian species that have already shown antiviral potential were used as source for the literature search and compounds selection. Among these compounds, 184 showed high antiviral potential against rhinovirus or picornavirus by quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis. (E)-α-atlantone; 14-hydroxy-α-muurolene; allo-aromadendrene epoxide; amorpha-4,9-dien-2-ol; aristochene; azulenol; germacrene A; guaia-6,9-diene; hedycaryol; humulene epoxide II; α-amorphene; α-cadinene; α-calacorene and α-muurolene showed by a molecular docking study the best result for four target proteins that are essential for SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle. In addition, other parameters obtained for the selected compounds indicated low toxicity and showed good probability to achieve cell permeability and be used as a drug. These results guided the second literature search which included other species in addition to native Brazilian plants. The majority presence of any of these compounds was reported for essential oils from 45 species. In view of the few studies relating essential oils and antiviral activity, this review is important for future assays against the new coronavirus. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11101-021-09754-4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benila Maria Silveira
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Senna Ferreira Costa
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental e Biotecnologia, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Tamires Cunha Almeida
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Saulo Fehelberg Pinto Braga
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Laboratório de Química Medicinal e Bioensaios, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Glenda Nicioli da Silva
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
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Amparo TR, Seibert JB, Almeida TC, Costa FSF, Silveira BM, da Silva GN, Dos Santos ODH, de Souza GHB. In silico approach of secondary metabolites from Brazilian herbal medicines to search for potential drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4297-4308. [PMID: 33797123 PMCID: PMC8250981 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) recently emerged as a worrying pandemic, with many confirmed cases and deaths globally. Therefore, there is a clear need for identifying effective therapeutic options and a review of secondary metabolites related to Brazilian herbal medicines was performed as a strategy for the discovery of new antiviral agents. To confirm this potential, an in silico screening of the identified compounds identified was also evaluated. The review was performed by the PubMed database and the selected natural compounds were subjected to in silico analysis such as QSAR, molecular docking and ADMET. 497 secondary metabolites were identified from 23 species. The in silico assays indicated 19 potential anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 compounds, being triterpenes and phenolic compounds. The indicated compounds showed a high affinity with proteins considered as the main molecular targets against SARS‐CoV‐2 and parameters indicated low toxicity. In addition to Brazilian medicinal plants, these compounds can be found in other species and they can be a base for the synthesis of other anti‐COVID‐19 drugs. Therefore, this review is important to conduct researches that address the emerging need for drugs in COVID‐19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane R Amparo
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Janaína B Seibert
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Tamires C Almeida
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S F Costa
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental e Biotecnologia, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Benila M Silveira
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Glenda N da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo H B de Souza
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
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7
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Gualdoni GA, Mayer KA, Kapsch AM, Kreuzberg K, Puck A, Kienzl P, Oberndorfer F, Frühwirth K, Winkler S, Blaas D, Zlabinger GJ, Stöckl J. Rhinovirus induces an anabolic reprogramming in host cell metabolism essential for viral replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7158-E7165. [PMID: 29987044 PMCID: PMC6065033 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800525115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are responsible for the majority of upper airway infections; despite their high prevalence and the resulting economic burden, effective treatment is lacking. We report here that RV induces metabolic alterations in host cells, which offer an efficient target for antiviral intervention. We show that RV-infected cells rapidly up-regulate glucose uptake in a PI3K-dependent manner. In parallel, infected cells enhance the expression of the PI3K-regulated glucose transporter GLUT1. In-depth metabolomic analysis of RV-infected cells revealed a critical role of glucose mobilization from extracellular and intracellular pools via glycogenolysis for viral replication. Infection resulted in a highly anabolic state, including enhanced nucleotide synthesis and lipogenesis. Consistently, we observed that glucose deprivation from medium and via glycolysis inhibition by 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) potently impairs viral replication. Metabolomic analysis showed that 2-DG specifically reverts the RV-induced anabolic reprogramming. In addition, treatment with 2-DG inhibited RV infection and inflammation in a murine model. Thus, we demonstrate that the specific metabolic fingerprint of RV infection can be used to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido A Gualdoni
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina A Mayer
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Kapsch
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Global Pathogen Safety, Shire, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Kreuzberg
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Puck
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip Kienzl
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Karin Frühwirth
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Winkler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard J Zlabinger
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Stöckl
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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8
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Barlow-Anacker A, Bochkov Y, Gern J, Seroogy CM. Neonatal immune response to rhinovirus A16 has diminished dendritic cell function and increased B cell activation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180664. [PMID: 29045416 PMCID: PMC5646756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rhinovirus infections during infancy account for the majority of respiratory illness health care utilization and are an associated risk factor for subsequent development of allergic asthma. Neonatal type I interferon production is diminished compared to adults after stimulation with TLR agonists. However, broad profiling of immune cell responses to infectious rhinovirus has not been undertaken and we hypothesized that additional immune differences can be identified in neonates. In this study, we undertook a comparative analysis of neonatal and adult blood immune cell responses after in vitro incubation with infectious RV-A16 for 6 and 24 hours. Methods Intracellular proinflammatory and type I interferon cytokines along with expression of surface co-stimulatory and maturation markers were measured using multi-parameter flow cytometry. Results Both circulating myeloid dendritic cell (mDC) and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) frequency were lower in cord blood. Qualitative and quantitative plasmacytoid dendritic cell IFN-alpha + TNF- alpha responses to rhinovirus were significantly lower in cord pDCs. In cord blood samples, the majority of responsive pDCs were single-positive TNF-alpha producing cells, whereas in adult samples rhinovirus increased double-positive TNF-alpha+IFN-alpha+ pDCs. Rhinovirus upregulated activation and maturation markers on monocytes, mDCs, pDCs, and B cells, but CD40+CD86+ monocytes, mDCs, and pDCs cells were significantly higher in adult samples compared to cord samples. Surprisingly, rhinovirus increased CD40+CD86+ B cells to a significantly greater extent in cord samples compared to adults. Conclusions These findings define a number of cell-specific differences in neonatal responses to rhinovirus. This differential age-related immune response to RV may have implications for the immune correlates of protection to viral respiratory illness burden and determination of potential biomarkers for asthma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Barlow-Anacker
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, & Rheumatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Yury Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, & Rheumatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - James Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, & Rheumatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Seroogy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, & Rheumatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Akoto C, Davies DE, Swindle EJ. Mast cells are permissive for rhinovirus replication: potential implications for asthma exacerbations. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:351-360. [PMID: 28008678 PMCID: PMC5396281 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a major trigger of asthma exacerbations, with the bronchial epithelium being the major site of HRV infection and replication. Mast cells (MCs) play a key role in asthma where their numbers are increased in the bronchial epithelium with increasing disease severity. OBJECTIVE In view of the emerging role of MCs in innate immunity and increased localization to the asthmatic bronchial epithelium, we investigated whether HRV infection of MCs generated innate immune responses which were protective against infection. METHODS The LAD2 MC line or primary human cord blood-derived MCs (CBMCs) were infected with HRV or UV-irradiated HRV at increasing multiplicities of infection (MOI) without or with IFN-β or IFN-λ. After 24 h, innate immune responses were assessed by RT-qPCR and IFN protein release by ELISA. Viral replication was determined by RT-qPCR and virion release by TCID50 assay. RESULTS HRV infection of LAD2 MCs induced expression of IFN-β, IFN-λ and IFN-stimulated genes. However, LAD2 MCs were permissive for HRV replication and release of infectious HRV particles. Similar findings were observed with CBMCs. Neutralization of the type I IFN receptor had minimal effects on viral shedding, suggesting that endogenous type I IFN signalling offered limited protection against HRV. However, augmentation of these responses by exogenous IFN-β, but not IFN-λ, protected MCs against HRV infection. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE MCs are permissive for the replication and release of HRV, which is prevented by exogenous IFN-β treatment. Taken together, these findings suggest a novel mechanism whereby MCs may contribute to HRV-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Akoto
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - D E Davies
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - E J Swindle
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
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10
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Puck A, Aigner R, Modak M, Cejka P, Blaas D, Stöckl J. Expression and regulation of Schlafen (SLFN) family members in primary human monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cells. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 5:23-32. [PMID: 26623250 PMCID: PMC4625362 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Schlafen (SLFN/Slfn) family members have been investigated for their involvement in fundamental cellular processes including growth regulation, differentiation and control of viral replication. However, most research has been focused on the characterization of Slfns within the murine system or in human cell lines. Since little is known about SLFNs in primary human immune cells, we set out to analyze the expression and regulation of the six human SLFN genes in monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) and T cells. Comparison of SLFN gene expression across these three cell types showed high mRNA expression of SLFN11 in monocytes and moDCs and high SLFN5 expression in T cells, indicating functional importance within these cell types. Differentiation of monocytes to moDCs leads to the gradual upregulation of SLFN12L and SLFN13 while SLFN12 levels were decreased by differentiation stimuli. Stimulation of moDCs via human rhinovirus, lipopolysaccharide, or IFN-α lead to strong upregulation of SLFN gene expression, while peptidoglycan poorly stimulated regulation of both SLFNs and the classical interferon-stimulated gene MxA. T cell activation was found to downregulate the expression of SLFN5, SLFN12 and SLFN12L, which was reversible upon addition of exogenous IFN-α. In conclusion, we demonstrate, that SLFN gene upregulation is mainly dependent on autocrine type I interferon signaling in primary human immune cells. Rapid decrease of SLFN expression levels following T cell receptor stimulation indicates a role of SLFNs in the regulation of human T cell quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Puck
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Regina Aigner
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Madhura Modak
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Cejka
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Stöckl
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Steinke JW, Liu L, Turner RB, Braciale TJ, Borish L. Immune surveillance by rhinovirus-specific circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115271. [PMID: 25584821 PMCID: PMC4293146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is difficult to experimentally infect volunteers with RV strains to which the subject demonstrates serological immunity. However, in RV challenges, viral clearance begins before de novo adaptive immune responses would develop. We speculated that adaptive immunity to RV reflects heterologous immunity by effector memory cells. Methods DCs were generated from monocytes using GM-CSF and IL-4 and RV39 loading accomplished with a dose of ∼350 TCID50/105 cells. RV-induced maturation was established as modulation of MHC class II, CD80, CD83, and CD86. Circulating RV targeting CD4 and CD8 T cells were investigated as induction of RV-specific proliferation (CFSE-dilution). Results Maturation of DC by RV was confirmed as upregulation of MHC Class II (83.3±5.0% to 87.8±4.1%), CD80 (39.4±7.2% to 47.6±7.7%) and CD86 (78.4±4.7% to 84.1±3.4%). Both CD4 and CD8 memory T cells were recognized in the circulation of healthy subjects. Conclusions RV drives DC maturation and results in their ability to present RV antigens to both T helper and cytotoxic lymphocytes. Both CD4 and CD8 cells capable of recognizing RV-associated antigens are present in the circulation of healthy subjects where they are presumably involved in immune surveillance and explain the rapid recruitment of an adaptive immune response during RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Steinke
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lixia Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ronald B. Turner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Braciale
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Larry Borish
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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Rhinoviruses. VIRAL INFECTIONS OF HUMANS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7120790 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Adler FR, Kim PS. Models of contrasting strategies of rhinovirus immune manipulation. J Theor Biol 2013; 327:1-10. [PMID: 23485454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses, consisting of well over one hundred serotypes that cause a plurality of common colds, are completely cleared by the host immune system after causing minimal cell death, but often without inducing long-term immune memory. We develop mathematical models of two kinds of rhinoviruses, the major group and minor group, that use different receptors to enter target cells. Roughly the 90 serotypes in the major group bind to ICAM-1, a molecule that is upregulated on antigen-presenting cells, and alter the timing, location and type of the immune response. The 12 members of the minor group do not so modulate the response. Our model predicts similar virus dynamics for the major and minor groups but with quite different underlying mechanisms. Over a range of key parameters that quantify immune manipulation, disease outcomes lie within a triangle in the plane describing damage and memory, of which the major and minor group form two corners. This model of infection by a highly adapted and low virulence virus provides a starting point for understanding the development of asthma and other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick R Adler
- Department of Mathematics, 155 South 1400 East, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
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Dendritic cells in uninfected infants born to hepatitis B virus-positive mothers. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1079-85. [PMID: 20463102 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00074-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play a central role in antiviral immunity, detecting viruses via Toll-like receptors (TLR) and producing in response vast amounts of type I interferons (IFNs). Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes chronic infection after vertical transmission. This study investigated whether an HBV-infected maternal environment might influence DC numbers and pDC function in uninfected infants. Blood was collected from inactive HBsAg carrier and control mothers and their infants at birth and 1 and 6 months of age. HBV DNA was measured in maternal and neonatal perinatal sera using real-time PCR. The circulating frequencies of myeloid DCs (mDCs) and pDCs were determined in the babies by flow cytometry. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and cord blood pDCs were stimulated with resiquimod, and alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) production and the pDC phenotype were assessed. The effect of the common-cold virus, rhinovirus (RV), on resiquimod stimulation was also determined. HBV DNA was detected in 62.3% of the mothers and 41% of their infants. DC numbers and pDC functions were similar between subjects and controls and were not correlated with maternal or neonatal viremia. RV infection did not induce pDC maturation until the age of 6 months, and it reduced TLR7-dependent resiquimod-induced IFN-alpha production similarly in both groups. Although the DC system is immature at birth, DCs of uninfected neonates of HBV-positive mothers are competent to initiate and maintain T-cell responses. RV is a weak inducer of IFN-alpha production until the age of 6 months and inhibits IFN-alpha responses triggered by the TLR7 pathway.
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