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Yamamoto Y, Kajiura H, Fukuchi H, Nishibu T, Fujiyama K, Kitagawa T. Reconstitution of (1→3)-β-D-glucans measurement system using recombinant Limulus polyphemus Factor G. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:7463-7473. [PMID: 37882851 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12808-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Horseshoe crab Factor G is a heterodimeric serine protease zymogen that is activated by (1→3)-β-D-glucans (BDG) from fungal cell walls. This reaction is used in diagnostic agents for deep-seated mycosis. At present, functional analysis using Factor G from Tachypleus tridentatus has been performed, and genetic information has been published, but reconstitution using recombinant proteins has not yet been achieved. In this study, we cloned the genes for Factor G α and β from Limulus polyphemus; two gene sequences were obtained for Factor G α and seven for β. The obtained L. polyphemus Factor G α was used to specifically remove BDG from the culture medium for eliminating the activator BDG. The optimal combination for each sequence was examined with BDG removal medium, and a combination was found that featured BDG-dependent activity. These results indicate that a BDG assay system using recombinant Factor G is feasible in reconstitution. This research will support future reagent development that does not require natural horseshoe crab resources. KEY POINTS: • Cloned novel Factor G α subunit and β subunit genes from L. polyphemus • Proposed a method of removing BDG without reducing culture medium performance • Identified combination of recombinant α and β subunits for BDG-dependent activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotaro Yamamoto
- R & D Marketing Operations Biotechnology Center, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, 6-1 Takata-cho, Amagasaki-shi, Hyogo, 661-0963, Japan
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fukuchi
- R & D Marketing Operations Biotechnology Center, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, 6-1 Takata-cho, Amagasaki-shi, Hyogo, 661-0963, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nishibu
- R & D Marketing Operations Biotechnology Center, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, 6-1 Takata-cho, Amagasaki-shi, Hyogo, 661-0963, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kitagawa
- R & D Marketing Operations Biotechnology Center, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, 6-1 Takata-cho, Amagasaki-shi, Hyogo, 661-0963, Japan.
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Kawabata SI, Shibata T. New insights into the hemolymph coagulation cascade of horseshoe crabs initiated by autocatalytic activation of a lipopolysaccharide-sensitive zymogen. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 135:104491. [PMID: 35850280 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The concept of a chain reaction of proteolytic activation of multiple protease zymogens was first proposed to explain the blood clotting system in mammals as an enzyme cascade. In multicellular organisms, similar enzyme cascades are widely present in signal transduction and amplification systems. The initiation step of the blood coagulation cascade often consists of autocatalytic activation of the corresponding zymogens located on the surfaces of host- or foreign-derived substances at injured sites. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the concept of autocatalytic activation remains speculative. In this review, we will focus on the autocatalytic activation of prochelicerase C on the surface of lipopolysaccharide as a potential initiator of hemolymph coagulation in horseshoe crabs. Prochelicerase C is presumed to have evolved from a common complement factor in Chelicerata; thus, evolutionary insights into the hemolymph coagulation and complement systems in horseshoe crabs will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Ichiro Kawabata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Toshio Shibata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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Cui F, Luo P, Bai Y, Meng J. A Novel Diagnostic Method for Invasive Fungal Disease Using the Factor G Alpha Subunit From Limulus polyphemus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:658144. [PMID: 34262536 PMCID: PMC8275026 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.658144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deaths due to invasive fungal disease (IFD) have been increasing every year. Early and rapid detection is important to reduce the mortality rate associated with IFD. In this study, we explored a novel diagnostic method for detecting IFD, which involves the G Factor α subunit (GFαSub) from Limulus polyphemus. The GFαSub double-sandwich method was developed to detect (1,3)-β-D-glucans in human serum using purified GFαSub and horseradish peroxidase-labeled GFαSub. The GFαSub double-sandwich method and the G test were performed and compared. Using GFαSub sequence analysis, the expression plasmid pET30a-GFαSub252-668 was synthesized, and GFαSub252-668 was expressed and purified via isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside induction and nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity. The optimization method was established via the orthogonal method. Using this method, the sera of 36 patients with IFD and 92 volunteers without IFD underwent detection, and the receiver operating characteristic curve of the GFαSub252-668 double-sandwich method was described. The sensitivity and specificity of the GFαSub252-668 double-sandwich method were 91.67 and 82.61%, respectively, and there was good correlation with the G test for the serum specimens of 36 patients with pulmonary IFD (R 2 = 0.7592). In conclusion, our study suggests that the GFαSub252-668 double-sandwich method was satisfactory at detecting IFD cases. This method can be promoted and further developed as a novel method for diagnosing IFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Bai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangping Meng
- Assisted Reproductive Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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3D Structural Insights into β-Glucans and Their Binding Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041578. [PMID: 33557270 PMCID: PMC7915573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
β(1,3)-glucans are a component of fungal and plant cell walls. The β-glucan of pathogens is recognized as a non-self-component in the host defense system. Long β-glucan chains are capable of forming a triple helix structure, and the tertiary structure may profoundly affect the interaction with β-glucan-binding proteins. Although the atomic details of β-glucan binding and signaling of cognate receptors remain mostly unclear, X-ray crystallography and NMR analyses have revealed some aspects of β-glucan structure and interaction. Here, we will review three-dimensional (3D) structural characteristics of β-glucans and the modes of interaction with β-glucan-binding proteins.
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Takahashi D, Dai H, Hiromasa Y, Krishnamoorthi R, Kanost MR. Self-association of an insect β-1,3-glucan recognition protein upon binding laminarin stimulates prophenoloxidase activation as an innate immune response. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:28399-410. [PMID: 25147183 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.583971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect β-glucan recognition protein (βGRP), a pathogen recognition receptor for innate immune responses, detects β-1,3-glucan on fungal surfaces via its N-terminal carbohydrate-binding domain (N-βGRP) and triggers serine protease cascades for the activation of prophenoloxidase (pro-PO) or Toll pathways. Using biophysical and biochemical methods, we characterized the interaction of the N-terminal domain from Manduca sexta βGRP2 (N-βGRP2) with laminarin, a soluble form of β-1,3-glucan. We found that carbohydrate binding by N-βGRP2 induces the formation of two types of protein-carbohydrate complexes, depending on the molar ratio of carbohydrate to protein ([C]/[P]). Precipitation, analytical ultracentrifugation, and chemical cross-linking experiments have shown that an insoluble aggregate forms when the molar ratio of carbohydrate to protein is low ([C]/[P] ∼ 1). In contrast, a soluble complex, containing at least five N-βGRP2 molecules forms at a higher molar ratio of carbohydrate/protein ([C]/[P] >5). A hypothesis that this complex is assembled partly due to protein-protein interactions was supported by chemical cross-linking experiments combined with LC-MS/MS spectrometry analysis, which permitted identification of a specific intermolecular cross-link site between N-βGRP molecules in the soluble complex. The pro-PO activation in naive plasma was strongly stimulated by addition of the insoluble aggregates of N-βGRP2. The soluble complex with laminarin formed in the plasma also stimulated pro-PO activation, but at a lower level. Taken together, these results provide experimental evidence for novel mechanisms in which associations of βGRP with microbial polysaccharide promotes assembly of βGRP oligomers, which may form a platform needed to trigger the pro-PO pathway activation cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Huaien Dai
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Yasuaki Hiromasa
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Ramaswamy Krishnamoorthi
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Michael R Kanost
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
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Poissy J, Sendid B, Damiens S, Ichi Ishibashi K, François N, Kauv M, Favory R, Mathieu D, Poulain D. Presence of Candida cell wall derived polysaccharides in the sera of intensive care unit patients: relation with candidaemia and Candida colonisation. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2014; 18:R135. [PMID: 24975380 PMCID: PMC4227034 DOI: 10.1186/cc13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prompt diagnosis of candidaemia and invasive candidosis is crucial to the early initiation of antifungal therapy. The poor sensitivity of blood cultures (BCs) has led to the development of fungal glycan tests as a diagnostic adjunct. We analysed the performance of tests for the detection of circulating β-D-1,3-glucan (BDG) and mannan in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. METHODS This retrospective, case-control study included 43 ICU patients with candidaemia and 67 controls, hospitalised on the same ward and assessed weekly for yeast colonisation with simultaneous serum sampling; 340 sera taken before and after positive BCs were available for the cases group and 203 for the controls. BDG and mannan levels were determined using the Fungitell® and Platelia™ Candida Ag tests, respectively. RESULTS BDG was detected early in sera from cases patients but was also present in several sera from controls. Increasing the cut-off from 80 pg/mL to 350 pg/mL and 800 pg/mL resulted in sensitivity/specificity ratios of 0.97/0.31, 0.65/0.74, 0.30/0.86, respectively. Detection of mannan was more specific but lacked sensitivity. No obvious correlation was found between BDG and colonisation, but a trend existed between high colonisation and high BDG. Candidaemia relapses were associated with a rise in BDG and mannan but, in contrast to the transient nature of mannan, BDG persisted up to 7 weeks after positive BCs. CONCLUSION A combination of mannan and BDG tests could be used to guide pre-emptive therapeutic decisions in ICU patients.
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Shibata T, Ariki S, Shinzawa N, Miyaji R, Suyama H, Sako M, Inomata N, Koshiba T, Kanuka H, Kawabata SI. Protein crosslinking by transglutaminase controls cuticle morphogenesis in Drosophila. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13477. [PMID: 20976106 PMCID: PMC2956697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TG) plays important and diverse roles in mammals, such as blood coagulation and formation of the skin barrier, by catalyzing protein crosslinking. In invertebrates, TG is known to be involved in immobilization of invading pathogens at sites of injury. Here we demonstrate that Drosophila TG is an important enzyme for cuticle morphogenesis. Although TG activity was undetectable before the second instar larval stage, it dramatically increased in the third instar larval stage. RNA interference (RNAi) of the TG gene caused a pupal semi-lethal phenotype and abnormal morphology. Furthermore, TG-RNAi flies showed a significantly shorter life span than their counterparts, and approximately 90% of flies died within 30 days after eclosion. Stage-specific TG-RNAi before the third instar larval stage resulted in cuticle abnormality, but the TG-RNAi after the late pupal stage did not, indicating that TG plays a key role at or before the early pupal stage. Immediately following eclosion, acid-extractable protein from wild-type wings was nearly all converted to non-extractable protein due to wing maturation, whereas several proteins remained acid-extractable in the mature wings of TG-RNAi flies. We identified four proteins—two cuticular chitin-binding proteins, larval serum protein 2, and a putative C-type lectin—as TG substrates. RNAi of their corresponding genes caused a lethal phenotype or cuticle abnormality. Our results indicate that TG-dependent protein crosslinking in Drosophila plays a key role in cuticle morphogenesis and sclerotization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Shibata
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ariki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoaki Shinzawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryuta Miyaji
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Haruka Suyama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miyuki Sako
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Inomata
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takumi Koshiba
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kanuka
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shun-ichiro Kawabata
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Castro-Chavez F. The rules of variation: amino acid exchange according to the rotating circular genetic code. J Theor Biol 2010; 264:711-21. [PMID: 20371250 PMCID: PMC3130497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
General guidelines for the molecular basis of functional variation are presented while focused on the rotating circular genetic code and allowable exchanges that make it resistant to genetic diseases under normal conditions. The rules of variation, bioinformatics aids for preventative medicine, are: (1) same position in the four quadrants for hydrophobic codons, (2) same or contiguous position in two quadrants for synonymous or related codons, and (3) same quadrant for equivalent codons. To preserve protein function, amino acid exchange according to the first rule takes into account the positional homology of essential hydrophobic amino acids with every codon with a central uracil in the four quadrants, the second rule includes codons for identical, acidic, or their amidic amino acids present in two quadrants, and the third rule, the smaller, aromatic, stop codons, and basic amino acids, each in proximity within a 90 degree angle. I also define codifying genes and palindromati, CTCGTGCCGAATTCGGCACGAG.
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Abstract
The search for common host mechanisms that recognize human fungal pathogens as non-self has led to an increased interest in cell wall polysaccharides since they are absent from mammals and at least for some of them, common to all fungal species. Even though the receptors recognizing mannans and beta-1,3-glucans have been extensively studied to date, the epitope of the polysaccharide ligand is often not well defined. In addition, receptors recognizing other cell wall major components such as chitin, alpha-1,3-glucan or galactose polymers remain to be identified. Moreover, the fungal adhesins playing a role in adhesion to host have been only explored in yeasts. Eventhough progresses have been made in the last 10 years, a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between the host membrane receptors and the fungal cell wall components is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Latgé
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Aspergillus, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
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Kawabata SI. Immunocompetent Molecules and Their Response Network in Horseshoe Crabs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 708:122-36. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8059-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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