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Chinipardaz Z, Zhong JM, Yang S. Regulation of LL-37 in Bone and Periodontium Regeneration. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12101533. [PMID: 36294968 PMCID: PMC9604716 DOI: 10.3390/life12101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The goal of regenerative therapy is to restore the structure and function of the lost tissues in the fields of medicine and dentistry. However, there are some challenges in regeneration therapy such as the delivery of oxygen and nutrition, and the risk of infection in conditions such as periodontitis, osteomyelitis, etc. Leucine leucine-37 (LL-37) is a 37-residue, amphipathic, and helical peptide found only in humans and is expressed throughout the body. It has been shown to induce neovascularization and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. LL-37 also stimulates the migration and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Recent studies have shown that LL-37 plays an important role in the innate defense system through the elimination of pathogenic microbes and the modulation of the host immune response. LL-37 also manifests other functions such as promoting wound healing, angiogenesis, cell differentiation, and modulating apoptosis. This review summarizes the current studies on the structure, expression, and function of LL-37 and highlights the contributions of LL-37 to oral cavity, periodontium, and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Chinipardaz
- Department of Basic and Translation Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, Levy 437, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jessica M. Zhong
- Department of Basic and Translation Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, Levy 437, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Basic and Translation Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, Levy 437, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Penn Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence:
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Lu F, Zhu Y, Zhang G, Liu Z. Renovation as innovation: Repurposing human antibacterial peptide LL-37 for cancer therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:944147. [PMID: 36081952 PMCID: PMC9445486 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.944147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In many organisms, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) display wide activities in innate host defense against microbial pathogens. Mammalian AMPs include the cathelicidin and defensin families. LL37 is the only one member of the cathelicidin family of host defense peptides expressed in humans. Since its discovery, it has become clear that they have pleiotropic effects. In addition to its antibacterial properties, many studies have shown that LL37 is also involved in a wide variety of biological activities, including tissue repair, inflammatory responses, hemotaxis, and chemokine induction. Moreover, recent studies suggest that LL37 exhibits the intricate and contradictory effects in promoting or inhibiting tumor growth. Indeed, an increasing amount of evidence suggests that human LL37 including its fragments and analogs shows anticancer effects on many kinds of cancer cell lines, although LL37 is also involved in cancer progression. Focusing on recent information, in this review, we explore and summarize how LL37 contributes to anticancer effect as well as discuss the strategies to enhance delivery of this peptide and selectivity for cancer cells.
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Glycosaminoglycan, Antimicrobial Defence Molecule and Cytokine Appearance in Tracheal Hyaline Cartilage of Healthy Humans. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7030055. [PMID: 35893329 PMCID: PMC9326615 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaline cartilage is an important tracheal structure, yet little is known about its molecular composition, complicating investigation of pathologies and replacement options. Our aim was to research tracheal hyaline cartilage structure, protective tissue factors and variations in healthy humans. The tissue material was obtained from 10 cadavers obtained from the Riga Stradins University Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology archive. Tissues were stained with Bismarck brown and PAS for glycosaminoglycans, and immunohistochemistry was performed for HBD-2, HBD-3, HBD-4, IL-10 and LL-37. The slides were inspected by light microscopy and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was calculated. The extracellular matrix was positive across hyaline cartilage for PAS, yet Bismarck brown marked positive proliferation and growth zones. Numerous positive cells for both factors were found in all zones. All of the antimicrobial defence molecules and cytokines were found in a moderate number of cells, except in the mature cell zone with few positive cells. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient revealed strong and moderate correlations between studied factors. Hyaline cartilage is a tracheal defence structure with a moderate number of antimicrobial defence protein and cytokine immunoreactive cells as well as numerous glycosaminoglycan positive cells. The extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans provide structural scaffolding and intercellular signalling. The correlations between the studied factors confirm the synergistic activity of them.
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Gopalakrishnan S, Uma SK, Mohan G, Mohan A, Shanmugam G, Kumar VTV, J S, Chandrika SK, Vasudevan D, Nori SRC, Sathi SN, George S, Maliekal TT. SSTP1, a Host Defense Peptide, Exploits the Immunomodulatory IL6 Pathway to Induce Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:740620. [PMID: 34867962 PMCID: PMC8639500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.740620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While the immunomodulatory pathways initiated in immune cells contribute to therapeutic response, their activation in cancer cells play a role in cancer progression. Also, many of the aberrantly expressed immunomodulators on cancer cells are considered as therapeutic targets. Here, we introduce host defense peptide (HDP), a known immuomodulator, as a therapeutic agent to target them. The cationic host defense peptides (HDPs), an integral part of the innate immune system, possess membranolytic activity, which imparts antimicrobial and antitumor efficacy to it. They act as immunomodulators by activating the immune cells. Though their antimicrobial function has been recently reassigned to immunoregulation, their antitumor activity is still attributed to its membranolytic activity. This membrane pore formation ability, which is proportional to the concentration of the peptide, also leads to side effects like hemolysis, limiting their therapeutic application. So, despite the identification of a variety of anticancer HDPs, their clinical utility is limited. Though HDPs are shown to exert the immunomodulatory activity through specific membrane targets on immune cells, their targets on cancer cells are unknown. We show that SSTP1, a novel HDP identified by shotgun cloning, binds to the active IL6/IL6Rα/gp130 complex on cancer cells, rearranging the active site residues. In contrast to the IL6 blockers inhibiting JAK/STAT activity, SSTP1 shifts the proliferative IL6/JAK/STAT signaling to the apoptotic IL6/JNK/AP1 pathway. In IL6Rα-overexpressing cancer cells, SSTP1 induces apoptosis at low concentration through JNK pathway, without causing significant membrane disruption. We highlight the importance of immunomodulatory pathways in cancer apoptosis, apart from its established role in immune cell regulation and cancer cell proliferation. Our study suggests that identification of the membrane targets for the promising anticancer HDPs might lead to the identification of new drugs for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyla Gopalakrishnan
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Interdisciplinary Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Soumya Krishnan Uma
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Gayathri Mohan
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Amrutha Mohan
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Geetha Shanmugam
- Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Vineeth T. V. Kumar
- Interdisciplinary Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Sreekumar J
- Statistics, Section of Extension and Social Science, The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Sivakumar K. Chandrika
- Genomics Core Facility, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | - Sai Ravi Chandra Nori
- Interdisciplinary Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Shijulal Nelson Sathi
- Interdisciplinary Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Sanil George
- Interdisciplinary Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Protective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Protegrin-1 on Citrobacter rodentium Intestinal Infection in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179494. [PMID: 34502403 PMCID: PMC8431371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious intestinal colitis, manifesting as intestinal inflammation, diarrhea, and epithelial barrier disruption, affects millions of humans worldwide and, without effective treatment, can result in death. In addition to this, the significant rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses an urgent need for alternative anti-infection therapies for the treatment of intestinal disorders. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are potential therapies that have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity due to their (1) unique mode of action, (2) broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and (3) protective role in GI tract maintenance. Protegrin-1 (PG-1) is an AMP of pig origin that was previously shown to reduce the pathological effects of chemically induced digestive tract inflammation (colitis) and to modulate immune responses and tissue repair. This study aimed to extend these findings by investigating the protective effects of PG-1 on pathogen-induced colitis in an infection study over a 10-day experimental period. The oral administration of PG-1 reduced Citrobacter rodentium intestinal infection in mice as evidenced by reduced histopathologic change in the colon, prevention of body weight loss, milder clinical signs of disease, and more effective clearance of bacterial infection relative to challenged phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated mice. Additionally, PG-1 treatment altered the expression of various inflammatory mediators during infection, which may act to resolve inflammation and re-establish intestinal homeostasis. PG-1 administered in its mature form was more effective relative to the pro-form (ProPG-1). To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the protective effects of PG-1 on infectious colitis.
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Lin X, Wang R, Mai S. Advances in delivery systems for the therapeutic application of LL37. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lebegge E, Arnouk SM, Bardet PMR, Kiss M, Raes G, Van Ginderachter JA. Innate Immune Defense Mechanisms by Myeloid Cells That Hamper Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1395. [PMID: 32733461 PMCID: PMC7363805 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, cancer immunotherapy has been steering immune responses toward cancer cell eradication. However, these immunotherapeutic approaches are hampered by the tumor-promoting nature of myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. Despite the arsenal of defense strategies against foreign invaders, myeloid cells succumb to the instructions of an established tumor. Interestingly, the most primordial defense responses employed by myeloid cells against pathogens, such as complement activation, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis, actually seem to favor cancer progression. In this review, we discuss how rudimentary defense mechanisms deployed by myeloid cells can promote tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Lebegge
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sana M Arnouk
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline M R Bardet
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Máté Kiss
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Raes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
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Yang B, Good D, Mosaiab T, Liu W, Ni G, Kaur J, Liu X, Jessop C, Yang L, Fadhil R, Yi Z, Wei MQ. Significance of LL-37 on Immunomodulation and Disease Outcome. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8349712. [PMID: 32509872 PMCID: PMC7246396 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8349712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
LL-37, also called cathelicidin, is an important part of the human immune system, which can resist various pathogens. A plethora of experiments have demonstrated that it has the multifunctional effects of immune regulation, in addition to antimicrobial activity. Recently, there have been increasing interest in its immune function. It was found that LL-37 can have two distinct functions in different tissues and different microenvironments. Thus, it is necessary to investigate LL-37 immune functions from the two sides of the same coin. On the one side, LL-37 promotes inflammation and immune response and exerts its anti-infective and antitumor effects; on the other side, it has the ability to inhibit inflammation and promote carcinogenesis. This review presents a brief summary of its expression, structure, and immunomodulatory effects as well as brief discussions on the role of this small peptide as a key factor in the development and treatment of various inflammation-related diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Yang
- School of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - David Good
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
- School of Allied Health, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Qld 4014, Australia
| | - Tamim Mosaiab
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - Guoying Ni
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
- The First Affiliated Hospital/School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Qld 4558, Australia
| | - Jasmine Kaur
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - Xiaosong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital/School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Qld 4558, Australia
- Cancer Research Institute, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Calvin Jessop
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - Rushdi Fadhil
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - Zhengjun Yi
- School of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Ming Q. Wei
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
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Chen J, Shin VY, Ho JCW, Siu MT, Cheuk IWY, Kwong A. Functional Implications of Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Protein in Breast Cancer and Tumor-Associated Macrophage Microenvironment. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E688. [PMID: 32365569 PMCID: PMC7277779 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-established that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in breast cancer development. Accumulating evidence suggested that human cathelicidin antimicrobial protein (CAMP), which is mainly expressed in host defense cells such as macrophages, is crucial not only in combating microorganisms but also promoting tumor growth. Here we report the interaction of CAMP with TAMs in breast cancer. CAMP expression was upregulated in cancer tissues and in the circulation of breast cancer patients. Surgical removal of tumor decreased CAMP peptide serum level. Knockdown of CAMP decreased cell proliferation and migration/invasion ability in breast cancer cells. CAMP expression was altered during macrophage M1/M2 polarization and was expressed predominantly in M2 phenotype. In addition, breast cancer cells co-cultured with macrophages upregulated CAMP expression and also increased cancer cell viability. Xenograft tumors reduced significantly upon CAMP receptor antagonist treatment. Our data implicated that CAMP confers an oncogenic role in breast cancer and plays an important role in the tumor microenvironment between TAMs and breast cancer cells, and blocking the interaction between them would provide a novel therapeutic option for this malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong; (J.C.); (V.Y.S.); (J.C.-W.H.); (M.-T.S.); (I.W.-Y.C.)
| | - Vivian Yvonne Shin
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong; (J.C.); (V.Y.S.); (J.C.-W.H.); (M.-T.S.); (I.W.-Y.C.)
| | - John Chi-Wang Ho
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong; (J.C.); (V.Y.S.); (J.C.-W.H.); (M.-T.S.); (I.W.-Y.C.)
| | - Man-Ting Siu
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong; (J.C.); (V.Y.S.); (J.C.-W.H.); (M.-T.S.); (I.W.-Y.C.)
| | - Isabella Wai-Yin Cheuk
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong; (J.C.); (V.Y.S.); (J.C.-W.H.); (M.-T.S.); (I.W.-Y.C.)
| | - Ava Kwong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong; (J.C.); (V.Y.S.); (J.C.-W.H.); (M.-T.S.); (I.W.-Y.C.)
- Department of Surgery, The Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Wan Chai District 999077, Hong Kong
- The Hong Kong Hereditary Breast Cancer Family Registry, Shatin 999077, Hong Kong
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Vitamin D Deficiency has a Negative Impact on Cetuximab-Mediated Cellular Cytotoxicity against Human Colon Carcinoma Cells. Target Oncol 2019; 13:657-665. [PMID: 30090970 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-018-0586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypovitaminosis D is associated with an adverse prognosis in colon cancer patients, possibly due to the effects of the vitamin on the immune system. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) significantly contributes to the anti-tumor effects of monoclonal antibodies, including cetuximab, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted monoclonal antibody that is frequently added to chemotherapy in the treatment of colon cancer. OBJECTIVE The present study evaluates the association between vitamin D serum levels and the ability of ex vivo NK cells to support cetuximab-mediated ADCC in colon cancer cell lines. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 124 healthy volunteers and serum vitamin D was determined by RIA. NK cells were isolated from each sample and added to human colorectal carcinoma cells with or without cetuximab, and ADCC was assessed using a colorimetric lactate dehydrogenase assay. RESULTS Correlation analysis indicates a significant, gender- and age-independent association between vitamin D levels and cetuximab-induced ADCC on HT29 cells, where NK cells from samples with vitamin D < 20 ng/mL are significantly less efficient in inducing ADCC. A confirmatory study on two additional colon cancer cell lines yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that vitamin D supplementation in vitamin-deficient/insufficient colorectal cancer patients could improve cetuximab-induced ADCC.
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Xu X, Cai X, Zhu Y, He W, Wu Q, Shi X, Fang Y, Pei Z. MFG-E8 inhibits Aβ-induced microglial production of cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide: A suitable target against Alzheimer’s disease. Cell Immunol 2018; 331:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Alissafi T, Hatzioannou A, Mintzas K, Barouni RM, Banos A, Sormendi S, Polyzos A, Xilouri M, Wielockx B, Gogas H, Verginis P. Autophagy orchestrates the regulatory program of tumor-associated myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3840-3852. [PMID: 29920188 DOI: 10.1172/jci120888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) densely accumulate into tumors and potently suppress antitumor immune responses, promoting tumor development. Targeting MDSCs in tumor immunotherapy has been hampered by lack of understanding of the molecular pathways that govern MDSC differentiation and function. Herein, we identify autophagy as a crucial pathway for MDSC-mediated suppression of antitumor immunity. Specifically, MDSCs in patients with melanoma and mouse melanoma exhibited increased levels of functional autophagy. Ablation of autophagy in myeloid cells markedly delayed tumor growth and endowed antitumor immune responses. Notably, tumor-infiltrating autophagy-deficient monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs) demonstrated impaired suppressive activity in vitro and in vivo, whereas transcriptome analysis revealed substantial differences in genes related to lysosomal function. Accordingly, autophagy-deficient M-MDSCs exhibited impaired lysosomal degradation, thereby enhancing surface expression of MHC class II molecules, resulting in efficient activation of tumor-specific CD4+ T cells. Finally, targeting of the membrane-associated RING-CH1 (MARCH1) E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates the lysosomal degradation of MHC II in M-MDSCs attenuated their suppressive function, and resulted in markedly decreased tumor volume followed by development of a robust antitumor immunity. Collectively, these findings depict autophagy as a molecular target of MDSC-mediated suppression of antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themis Alissafi
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Aggelos Banos
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sundary Sormendi
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Maria Xilouri
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Helen Gogas
- First Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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Comparative Proteomic Study of the Antiproliferative Activity of Frog Host-Defence Peptide Caerin 1.9 and Its Additive Effect with Caerin 1.1 on TC-1 Cells Transformed with HPV16 E6 and E7. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7382351. [PMID: 29862288 PMCID: PMC5971270 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7382351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Caerin is a family of peptides isolated from the glandular secretion of Australian tree frogs, the genus Litoria, and has been previously shown to have anticancer activity against several cancer cells. In this work, we used two host-defence peptides, caerin 1.1 and caerin 1.9, to investigate their ability to inhibit a murine derived TC-1 cell transformed with human papillomavirus 16 E6 and E7 growth in vitro. Caerin 1.9 inhibits TC-1 cell proliferation, although inhibition is more pronounced when applied in conjunction with caerin 1.1. To gain further insights into the antiproliferative mechanisms of caerin 1.9 and its additive effect with caerin 1.1, we used a proteomics strategy to quantitatively examine (i) the changes in the protein profiles of TC-1 cells and (ii) the excretory-secretory products of TC-1 cells following caerin peptides treatment. Caerin 1.9 treatment significantly altered the abundance of several immune-related proteins and related pathways, such as the Tec kinase and ILK signalling pathways, as well as the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In conclusion, caerin peptides inhibit TC-1 cell proliferation, associated with modification in signalling pathways that would change the tumour microenvironment which is normally immune suppressive.
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14
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Arranz-Trullén J, Lu L, Pulido D, Bhakta S, Boix E. Host Antimicrobial Peptides: The Promise of New Treatment Strategies against Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1499. [PMID: 29163551 PMCID: PMC5681943 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a devastating infectious disease and remerges as a global health emergency due to an alarming rise of antimicrobial resistance to its treatment. Despite of the serious effort that has been applied to develop effective antitubercular chemotherapies, the potential of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) remains underexploited. A large amount of literature is now accessible on the AMP mechanisms of action against a diversity of pathogens; nevertheless, research on their activity on mycobacteria is still scarce. In particular, there is an urgent need to integrate all available interdisciplinary strategies to eradicate extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. In this context, we should not underestimate our endogenous antimicrobial proteins and peptides as ancient players of the human host defense system. We are confident that novel antibiotics based on human AMPs displaying a rapid and multifaceted mechanism, with reduced toxicity, should significantly contribute to reverse the tide of antimycobacterial drug resistance. In this review, we have provided an up to date perspective of the current research on AMPs to be applied in the fight against TB. A better understanding on the mechanisms of action of human endogenous peptides should ensure the basis for the best guided design of novel antitubercular chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Arranz-Trullén
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lu Lu
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - David Pulido
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ester Boix
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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KR12 peptide associated with cyclodextrin: Antimicrobial and antitumor activities. Biointerphases 2016; 11:04B307. [PMID: 27907988 DOI: 10.1116/1.4968880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the physical properties and antimicrobial and antiproliferative effects of the KR12 peptide complexed with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (Hp-βCd) in vitro. The KR12:Hp-βCd composition was evaluated for particle size and its zeta (ζ)-potential in the presence and absence of cells. Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis for the peptide alone or associated was evaluated by minimal inhibitory concentration. The cytotoxicity of the peptide and composition toward fibroblasts, Caco-2 cells, and A431 cells was determined using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; thiazolyl blue assay and hemolysis assay. Membrane integrity was analyzed by the lactate dehydrogenase assay. KR12:Hp-βCd decreased the peptide concentration required for the antimicrobial effect. Moreover, this composition was able to modify cell surface parameters, such as ζ-potential, and alter the degree of hemolysis induced by KR12. However, the KR12:Hp-βCd and KR12 alone alter the zeta potential of cells to a similar extent, suggesting a similar level of membrane interaction. The peptide alone inhibited the proliferation of Caco-2 and A431 cells more efficiently than KR12:Hp-βCd (p < 0.001), but did not show significant cytotoxic effects via the dehydrogenase lactate assay. Both substances were effective in inhibiting the growth of odontopathogenic bacteria, as well as inhibiting Caco-2 epithelial cells. These observations highlight the potential antimicrobial and antiproliferative effects of KR12 peptide alone or associated with Hp-βCd.
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16
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García-Quiroz J, García-Becerra R, Santos-Martínez N, Avila E, Larrea F, Díaz L. Calcitriol stimulates gene expression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide in breast cancer cells with different phenotype. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:78. [PMID: 27832772 PMCID: PMC5103596 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In normal and neoplastic cells, growth-promoting, proangiogenic, cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects have all been attributed to cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP). Nevertheless, little is known about the factors regulating this peptide expression in breast cancer. Herein we asked if the well-known antineoplastic hormone calcitriol could differentially modulate CAMP gene expression in human breast cancer cells depending on the cell phenotype in terms of efficacy and potency. Methods The established breast cancer cell lines MCF7, BT-474, HCC1806, HCC1937, SUM-229PE and a primary cell culture generated from invasive ductal breast carcinoma were used in this study. Calcitriol regulation of cathelicidin gene expression in vitro and in human breast cancer xenografts was studied by real time PCR. Tumorigenicity was evaluated for each cell line in athymic mice. Results Estrogen receptor (ER)α + breast cancer cells showed the highest basal CAMP gene expression. When incubated with calcitriol, CAMP gene expression was stimulated in a dose-dependent and cell phenotype-independent manner. Efficacy of calcitriol was lower in ERα + cells when compared to ERα- cells (<10 vs. >70 folds over control, respectively). Conversely, calcitriol lowest potency upon CAMP gene expression was observed in the ERα-/EGFR+ SUM-229PE cell line (EC50 = 70.8 nM), while the highest was in the basal-type/triple-negative cells HCC1806 (EC50 = 2.13 nM) followed by ERα + cells MCF7 and BT-474 (EC50 = 4.42 nM and 14.6 nM, respectively). In vivo, lower basal CAMP gene expression was related to increased tumorigenicity and lack of ERα expression. Xenografted triple-negative breast tumors of calcitriol-treated mice showed increased CAMP gene expression compared to vehicle-treated animals. Conclusions Independently of the cell phenotype, calcitriol provoked a concentration-dependent stimulation on CAMP gene expression, showing greater potency in the triple negative HCC1806 cell line. Efficacy of calcitriol was lower in ERα + cells when compared to ERα- cells in terms of stimulating CAMP gene expression. Lower basal CAMP and lack of ERα gene expression was related to increased tumorigenicity. Our results suggest that calcitriol anti-cancer therapy is more likely to induce higher levels of CAMP in ERα- breast cancer cells, when compared to ERα + breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice García-Quiroz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P., 14080, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rocío García-Becerra
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P., 14080, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Nancy Santos-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P., 14080, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Euclides Avila
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P., 14080, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fernando Larrea
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P., 14080, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Lorenza Díaz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, C.P., 14080, Ciudad de México, México.
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Human Cathelicidin Compensates for the Role of Apolipoproteins in Hepatitis C Virus Infectious Particle Formation. J Virol 2016; 90:8464-77. [PMID: 27440892 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00471-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Exchangeable apolipoproteins (ApoA, -C, and -E) have been shown to redundantly participate in the formation of infectious hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles during the assembly process, although their precise role in the viral life cycle is not well understood. Recently, it was shown that the exogenous expression of only short sequences containing amphipathic α-helices from various apolipoproteins is sufficient to restore the formation of infectious HCV particles in ApoB and ApoE double-gene-knockout Huh7 (BE-KO) cells. In this study, through the expression of a small library of human secretory proteins containing amphipathic α-helix structures, we identified the human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP), the only known member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in humans and expressed mainly in bone marrow and leukocytes. We showed that CAMP is able to rescue HCV infectious particle formation in BE-KO cells. In addition, we revealed that the LL-37 domain in CAMP containing amphipathic α-helices is crucial for the compensation of infectivity in BE-KO cells, and the expression of CAMP in nonhepatic 293T cells expressing claudin 1 and microRNA miR-122 confers complete propagation of HCV. These results suggest the possibility of extrahepatic propagation of HCV in cells with low-level or no expression of apolipoproteins but expressing secretory proteins containing amphipathic α-helices such as CAMP. IMPORTANCE Various exchangeable apolipoproteins play a pivotal role in the formation of infectious HCV during the assembly of viral particles, and amphipathic α-helix motifs in the apolipoproteins have been shown to be a key factor. To the best of our knowledge, we have identified for the first time the human cathelicidin CAMP as a cellular protein that can compensate for the role of apolipoproteins in the life cycle of HCV. We have also identified the domain in CAMP that contains amphipathic α-helices crucial for compensation and show that the expression of CAMP in nonhepatic cells expressing claudin 1 and miR-122 confers complete propagation of HCV. We speculate that low levels of HCV propagation might be possible in extrahepatic tissues expressing secretory proteins containing amphipathic α-helices without the expression of apolipoproteins.
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Xing LW, Tian SX, Gao W, Yang N, Qu P, Liu D, Jiao J, Wang J, Feng XJ. Recombinant expression and biological characterization of the antimicrobial peptide fowlicidin-2 in Pichia pastoris. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:2324-2330. [PMID: 27698732 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowlicidins are a group of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides that were initially identified in chickens. Fowlicidin-2, which is composed of 31 amino acids, is widely expressed in the majority of tissues in chickens and has an important role in innate immunity. In the present study, a recombinant expression system for fowlicidin-2 was successfully constructed using Pichia pastoris X-33 and the expression vector pPICZα-A. Under the optimized fermentation conditions, 85.6 mg fowlicidin-2 with >95% purity was obtained from 1 liter culture medium following purification by ion exchange chromatography and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The recombinant fowlicidin-2 exhibited broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and had a minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 1 to 4 µM. Furthermore, recombinant fowlicidin-2 exhibited hemolytic activity, promoting 50% human erythrocyte hemolysis in the concentration range of 128-256 µM, and anticancer activity, resulting in the death of 50% of A375 human malignant melanoma cells in the concentration range of 2-4 µM. The results of the present study suggest that recombinant fowlicidin-2 may be a promising candidate for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Xing
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Xun Tian
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
| | - Na Yang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
| | - Pei Qu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
| | - Jian Jiao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Jun Feng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
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Abstract
Human cathelicidin LL-37, the only member of the cathelicidin family of host defense peptides expressed in humans, plays a crucial role in host defense against pathogen invasion, as well as in regulating the functions of anti-inflammation, antitumorigenesis, and tissue repair. It is primarily produced by phagocytic leukocytes and epithelial cells, and mediates a wide range of biological responses. Emerging evidence from several studies indicates that LL-37 plays a prominent and complex role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although overexpression of LL-37 has been implicated in the inflamed and noninflamed colon mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis, LL-37 expression was not changed in the inflamed or noninflamed colon or ileal mucosa in patients with Crohn's disease. Furthermore, studies in animal models and human patients further characterized the protective effect of cathelicidins both in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. These data suggest the intricate functions of LL-37 in IBD. They will also create many strategies and opportunities for therapeutic intervention in IBD in the future. This review aims to elucidate the structure and bioactivity of LL-37 and also discuss the recent progress in understanding the relationship between LL-37 and IBD.
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The role of vitamin D in the development of food allergy is unclear. We summarize recent data on the epidemiologic link between sunlight (UVB) and food allergy, and evidence for and against a specific role for vitamin D status. RECENT FINDINGS Since 2007, most epidemiologic studies have supported low sunlight (as measured by season of birth and latitude) as a risk factor for food allergy. Investigators have also looked directly at vitamin D status (as measured by serum 25OHD level) and its potential role. Although conflicting, the vitamin D studies suggest a more complicated association than a linear dose response in all individuals, with some studies indicating different associations based on host characteristics (e.g. concominant eczema, genetic polymorphisms, country of birth). Most studies have not fully examined the myriad effects of sunlight but have instead focused on a single maternal, neonatal or childhood 25OHD level. SUMMARY Many studies have linked sunlight with the development of food allergy but whether this is directly related to vitamin D status or a myriad of other sunlight-derived, seasonal and/or geographic factors remains uncertain. More studies are needed to investigate the role of sunlight and vitamin D status in food allergy because of their potential for primary prevention and disease modification.
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The human cathelicidin LL-37 — A pore-forming antibacterial peptide and host-cell modulator. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:546-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
Significance: This review article provides an overview of the critical roles of the innate immune system to wound healing. It explores aspects of dysregulation of individual innate immune elements known to compromise wound repair and promote nonhealing wounds. Understanding the key mechanisms whereby wound healing fails will provide seed concepts for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Recent Advances: Our understanding of the complex interactions of the innate immune system in wound healing has significantly improved, particularly in our understanding of the role of antimicrobials and peptides and the nature of the switch from inflammatory to reparative processes. This takes place against an emerging understanding of the relationship between human cells and commensal bacteria in the skin. Critical Issues: It is well established and accepted that early local inflammatory mediators in the wound bed function as an immunological vehicle to facilitate immune cell infiltration and microbial clearance upon injury to the skin barrier. Both impaired and excessive innate immune responses can promote nonhealing wounds. It appears that the switch from the inflammatory to the proliferative phase is tightly regulated and mediated, at least in part, by a change in macrophages. Defining the factors that initiate the switch in such macrophage phenotypes and functions is the subject of multiple investigations. Future Directions: The review highlights processes that may be useful targets for further investigation, particularly the switch from M1 to M2 macrophages that appears to be critical as dysregulation of this switch occurs during defective wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S. MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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24
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Bandurska K, Berdowska A, Barczyńska-Felusiak R, Krupa P. Unique features of human cathelicidin LL-37. Biofactors 2015; 41:289-300. [PMID: 26434733 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are antimicrobial peptides produced by humans and animals in response to various pathogenic microbes. This review intends to provide a brief overview of the expression, structure, properties and function of human cathelicidin LL-37 which may be a therapeutic agent against a variety of bacterial and viral diseases, cancers, and hard-to-heal wounds. Cathelicidins act as a primary defense against bacteria and other pathogens in the case of inflammation. They are able to kill bacteria and fungi, inhibit and destroy bacterial biofilms, and possess antiviral and antiparasitics properties. They can also play a role in angiogenesis, wound healing, and the regulation of apoptosis. The host defense peptide LL-37 has emerged as a novel modulator of tumor growth and metastasis in carcinogenesis of various types of cancers. LL-37 is an antimicrobial peptide able of inducing various effects. It acts as an anti- and pro- inflammatory factor. Cathelicidins are able to directly and selectively destroy membranes of various microbes and cancer cells, but they do not attack normal cells. The role of cathelicidins in cancer is double-sided. They play an important role in killing cancer cells and may provide a new possibility for the development of cancer therapeutics. However, they also can participate in carcinogenesis. Due to its activity spectrum LL-37 could be applied in pharmacotherapy. Cathelicidin peptides could serve as a template for the development of modern anti-microbial and anti-viral drugs. LL-37 is an excellent candidate to develop into therapeutics for infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bandurska
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Berdowska
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Krupa
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland
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Pinegin BV, Pashenkov MV, Kulakov VV, Murugin VV, Zhmak MN. Complexes of DNA with the Antimicrobial Peptide LL37 Augment NK Cell Functions by Inducing Type I Interferon Production from Circulating Monocytes and Plasmacytoid Predendritic Cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:850-8. [PMID: 26258404 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cationic antimicrobial peptide, LL37, forms electrostatic complexes with DNA (LL37-DNA), which are potent activators of circulating plasmacytoid predendritic cells (ppDCs) and monocytes. However, the effects of LL37-DNA on other immune cell types, such as NK cells, are poorly characterized. In this study, we show that complexes of human genomic DNA (hgDNA) or synthetic double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides with LL37 strongly enhance natural cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) upon an overnight culture, whereas hgDNA alone has no effect, and LL37 alone is moderately active. LL37-DNA complexes potentiate degranulation of, and interferon (IFN)-γ production by, NK cells upon subsequent encounter of K562 target cells. The complexes do not influence percentages of NK cells among PBMCs or the expression of cytotoxic proteins by NK cells. Using neutralizing anticytokine antibodies and immunomagnetic depletion of different subpopulations of PBMCs, we found that the effect of LL37-DNA on NK cells is indirect and mediated by type I IFNs produced by monocytes and, to a lesser extent, by ppDCs. We discuss possible roles of LL37-DNA complexes in the regulation of NK cell functions and in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris V Pinegin
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center-Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency , Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Pashenkov
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center-Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency , Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Kulakov
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center-Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency , Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Murugin
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center-Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency , Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim N Zhmak
- 2 Laboratory of Ligand-Receptor Interactions, M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bio-Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Apart from its classical function in bone and calcium metabolism, vitamin D is also involved in immune regulation and has been linked to various cancers, immune disorders and allergic diseases. Within the innate and adaptive immune systems, the vitamin D receptor and enzymes in monocytes, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes mediate the immune modulatory actions of vitamin D. Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency early in life has been identified as one of the risk factors for food allergy. Several studies have observed an association between increasing latitude and food allergy prevalence, plausibly linked to lower ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure and vitamin D synthesis in the skin. Along with mounting epidemiological evidence of a link between vitamin D status and food allergy, mice and human studies have shed light on the modulatory properties of vitamin D on the innate and adaptive immune systems. This review will summarize the literature on the metabolism and immune modulatory properties of vitamin D, with particular reference to food allergy.
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27
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Conlon JM. Host-defense peptides of the skin with therapeutic potential: From hagfish to human. Peptides 2015; 67:29-38. [PMID: 25794853 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that peptides that were first identified on the basis of their ability to inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi are multifunctional and so are more informatively described as host-defense peptides. In some cases, their role in protecting the organism against pathogenic microorganisms, although of importance, may be secondary. A previous article in the journal (Peptides 2014; 57:67-77) assessed the potential of peptides present in the skin secretions of frogs for development into anticancer, antiviral, immunomodulatory and antidiabetic drugs. This review aims to extend the scope of this earlier article by focusing upon therapeutic applications of host-defense peptides present in skin secretions and/or skin extracts of species belonging to other vertebrate classes (Agnatha, Elasmobranchii, Teleostei, Reptilia, and Mammalia as represented by the human) that supplement their potential role as anti-infectives for use against multidrug-resistant microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Conlon
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
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28
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Bruns H, Büttner M, Fabri M, Mougiakakos D, Bittenbring JT, Hoffmann MH, Beier F, Pasemann S, Jitschin R, Hofmann AD, Neumann F, Daniel C, Maurberger A, Kempkes B, Amann K, Mackensen A, Gerbitz A. Vitamin D–dependent induction of cathelicidin in human macrophages results in cytotoxicity against high-grade B cell lymphoma. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:282ra47. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lee M, Shi X, Barron AE, McGeer E, McGeer PL. Human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 induces glial-mediated neuroinflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 94:130-41. [PMID: 25686659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
LL-37 is the sole cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide found in humans. It becomes active upon C-terminal cleavage of its inactive precursor hCAP18. In addition to antimicrobial action, it also functions as an innate immune system stimulant in many tissues of the body. Here we report that hCAP18 and LL-37 are expressed in all organs of the human body that were studied with the highest basic levels being expressed in the GI tract and the brain. Its expression and functional role in the central nerve system (CNS) has not previously been reported. We found increased expression of LL-37 in IFNγ-stimulated human astrocytes and their surrogate U373 cells, as well as in LPS/IFNγ-stimulated human microglia and their surrogate monocyte-derived THP-1 cells. We found that treatment of microglia, astrocytes, THP-1 cells and U373 cells with LL-37 induced secretion of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6; the chemokines IL-8 and CCL-2, and other materials toxic to human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. The mechanism of LL-37 stimulation involves activation of intracellular proinflammatory pathways involving phospho-P38 MAP kinase and phospho-NFκB proteins. We blocked the inflammatory stimulant action of LL-37 by removing it with an anti-LL-37 antibody. The inflammatory effect was also prevented by treatment with inhibitors of PKC, PI3K and MEK-1/2 as well as with the intracellular Ca(2+)-chelator, BAPTA-AM. This indicates involvement of these intracellular pathways. Our data suggest that LL-37, in addition to its established roles, may play a role in the chronic neuroinflammation which is observed in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonhee Lee
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Annelise E Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Edith McGeer
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Patrick L McGeer
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.
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Guo FF, Fang JY. Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and gastrointestinal diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:5454-5459. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i35.5454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Host defense antimicrobial peptides are key components of the human innate immunity that plays an indispensable role in human health. Cathelicidins are a family of antimicrobial peptides in mammals. LL-37, the only cathelicidin described so far in humans, plays a critical role in host defense against pathogen invasion, as well as regulating the functions of anti-inflammation, anti-tumorigenesis and tissue repair. Emerging evidence suggests that LL-37 is related to several kinds of gastrointestinal diseases, and its application to the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases has become a growing concern. This review aims to elucidate the structure and biological activity of LL-37 and discuss the recent progress in understanding the relationship between LL-37 and gastrointestinal diseases.
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Danka ES, Hunstad DA. Cathelicidin augments epithelial receptivity and pathogenesis in experimental Escherichia coli cystitis. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1164-73. [PMID: 25336727 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathelicidin is a proposed defender against infection of the urinary tract via its antimicrobial properties, but its activity has not been delineated in a dedicated cystitis model. METHODS Female C57Bl/6 mice, wild type or deficient in cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP; an ortholog of the sole human cathelicidin, LL-37), were infected transurethrally with the cystitis-derived uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strain UTI89. Infection course was evaluated by bladder titers, intracellular bacterial community quantification, and histological analysis. Immune responses and resolution were characterized through cytokine profiling, microscopy, and quantitation of epithelial recovery from exfoliation. RESULTS CRAMP-deficient mice exhibited significantly lower bladder bacterial loads and fewer intracellular bacterial communities during acute cystitis. Although differences in bacterial titers were evident as early as 1 hour after infection, CRAMP-deficient mice showed no baseline alterations in immune activation, uroepithelial structure, apical expression of uroplakins (which serve as bacterial receptors), or intracellular bacterial growth rate. CRAMP-deficient hosts demonstrated less intense cytokine responses, diminished neutrophil infiltration, and accelerated uroepithelial recovery. CONCLUSIONS Mice lacking the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin experienced less severe infection than wild-type mice in a well-established model of cystitis. Although CRAMP exhibits in vitro antibacterial activity against UPEC, it may enhance UPEC infection in the bladder by promoting epithelial receptivity and local inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Danka
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences
| | - David A Hunstad
- Department of Pediatrics Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Development of an Analytical Method for the Rapid Quantitation of Peptides Used in Microbicide Formulations. Chromatographia 2014; 77:1713-1720. [PMID: 25477555 PMCID: PMC4244548 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2777-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a growing number of macromolecules such as peptides and proteins have been formulated into various microbicide formulations for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections. However, a fast and reliable high-throughput method for quantitating peptide/protein in polymer-based microbicide formulations is still lacking. As a result, we developed and validated a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the quantitation of gp120 fragment and LL-37 simultaneously in various microbicide gel formulations. This method was capable of detecting a limit of linearity (regression coefficient of 0.999) for gp120 fragment and LL-37 within a range of 0.625-80 and 1.25-80 µg mL-1, respectively. The lower limit of quantification for gp120 fragment and LL-37 was 1.14 and 0.31 µg mL-1, respectively. Method validation demonstrated acceptable intra- and inter-day RSD % (<5 %) and accuracy (95.67-100.5 %). Formulating both peptides into polymeric pharmaceutical gel formulations showed high extraction efficiency (in the range of 95.90 ± 3.03 to 111.45 ± 2.51 %). Using this method, we were able to separate and identify the forced degraded products from both peptides simultaneously without affecting the quantitation of both peptides in the polymeric dosage forms. Furthermore, this method was able to detect and separate degradants that were unable to be revealed using gel eletrophoresis.
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Huang W, Seo J, Willingham SB, Czyzewski AM, Gonzalgo ML, Weissman IL, Barron AE. Learning from host-defense peptides: cationic, amphipathic peptoids with potent anticancer activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90397. [PMID: 24587350 PMCID: PMC3938723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cationic, amphipathic host defense peptides represent a promising group of agents to be developed for anticancer applications. Poly-N-substituted glycines, or peptoids, are a class of biostable, peptidomimetic scaffold that can display a great diversity of side chains in highly tunable sequences via facile solid-phase synthesis. Herein, we present a library of anti-proliferative peptoids that mimics the cationic, amphipathic structural feature of the host defense peptides and explore the relationships between the structure, anticancer activity and selectivity of these peptoids. Several peptoids are found to be potent against a broad range of cancer cell lines at low-micromolar concentrations including cancer cells with multidrug resistance (MDR), causing cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. They can penetrate into cells, but their cytotoxicity primarily involves plasma membrane perturbations. Furthermore, peptoid 1, the most potent peptoid synthesized, significantly inhibited tumor growth in a human breast cancer xenotransplantation model without any noticeable acute adverse effects in mice. Taken together, our work provided important structural information for designing host defense peptides or their mimics for anticancer applications. Several cationic, amphipathic peptoids are very attractive for further development due to their high solubility, stability against protease degradation, their broad, potent cytotoxicity against cancer cells and their ability to overcome multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Jiwon Seo
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen B. Willingham
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Czyzewski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mark L. Gonzalgo
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Irving L. Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Annelise E. Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Di Francesco A, Favaroni A, Donati M. Host defense peptides: general overview and an update on their activity against Chlamydia spp. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 11:1215-24. [PMID: 24111488 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2013.841450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that cause serious diseases in a wide range of hosts. Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the leading sexually transmitted pathogens in the world. Because vaccines are not currently available, effective drugs are essential. In both animals and humans, chlamydial infections are often treated with tetracycline or its derivatives. A stable tetracycline-resistant phenotype was described in Chlamydia suis strains from pigs in the USA and in Europe. In humans, there are reports of tetracycline treatment failure and the in vitro adaptability of C. trachomatis to evolve to antibiotic resistance has been described, suggesting the pressing need to search for alternative and effective classes of antimicrobial drugs. Host defense peptides (HDPs) are known as direct antimicrobial agents as well as innate immune modulators. Being active against multidrug-resistant bacteria, HDPs are attractive candidates as templates for new drugs. A number of studies evaluated the activity of natural and synthetic HDPs against Chlamydia spp., showing C. trachomatis to be the most sensitive among chlamydia species tested. Protegrins and α-helical peptides were the most active among the HDPs assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Di Francesco
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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35
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MacLeod AS, Hemmers S, Garijo O, Chabod M, Mowen K, Witherden DA, Havran WL. Dendritic epidermal T cells regulate skin antimicrobial barrier function. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4364-74. [PMID: 24051381 DOI: 10.1172/jci70064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis, the outer layer of the skin, forms a physical and antimicrobial shield to protect the body from environmental threats. Skin injury severely compromises the epidermal barrier and requires immediate repair. Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC) reside in the murine epidermis where they sense skin injury and serve as regulators and orchestrators of immune responses. Here, we determined that TCR stimulation and skin injury induces IL-17A production by a subset of DETC. This subset of IL-17A-producing DETC was distinct from IFN-γ producers, despite similar surface marker profiles. Functionally, blocking IL-17A or genetic deletion of IL-17A resulted in delayed wound closure in animals. Skin organ cultures from Tcrd-/-, which lack DETC, and Il17a-/- mice both exhibited wound-healing defects. Wound healing was fully restored by the addition of WT DETC, but only partially restored by IL-17A-deficient DETC, demonstrating the importance of IL-17A to wound healing. Following skin injury, DETC-derived IL-17A induced expression of multiple host-defense molecules in epidermal keratinocytes to promote healing. Together, these data provide a mechanistic link between IL-17A production by DETC, host-defense, and wound-healing responses in the skin. These findings establish a critical and unique role of IL-17A-producing DETC in epidermal barrier function and wound healing.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Defensins/metabolism
- Epidermal Cells
- Epidermis/immunology
- Epidermis/physiology
- Immunity, Innate
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/physiology
- Langerhans Cells/immunology
- Langerhans Cells/metabolism
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Skin/cytology
- Skin/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tissue Culture Techniques
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/metabolism
- Wound Healing
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Expression of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin in myeloid cells is required for lung tumor growth. Oncogene 2013; 33:2709-16. [PMID: 23812430 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides, such as the cathelicidin LL-37/hCAP-18 and its mouse homolog cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP), are important effectors of the innate immune system with direct anti-bacterial activity. Cathelicidin is possibly involved in the regulation of tumor cell growth. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of cathelicidin expressed in non-tumorous cells in a preclinical mouse model of tumor growth. Wild-type and CRAMP-deficient animals were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) and Lewis lung carcinoma cells were injected to initiate the growth of tumors in the lung. CS exposure significantly increased the proliferation of lung tumors in wild-type mice, but not in CRAMP-deficient mice. CS exposure induced the recruitment of myeloid cell into tumor tissue in a CRAMP-dependent manner. Mice lacking RelA/p65 specifically in myeloid cells showed impaired recruitment of CRAMP-positive cells into the lung. In vitro studies with human cells showed that LL-37/hCAP-18 in macrophages is induced by soluble factors derived from cancer cells. Taken together, these data indicate that cathelicidin expressed from myeloid cells promotes CS-induced lung tumor growth by further recruitment of inflammatory cells. The regulation of cathelicidin expression involves myeloid p65/RelA and soluble factor from tumor cells.
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37
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Muehleisen B, Gallo RL. Vitamin D in allergic disease: shedding light on a complex problem. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:324-9. [PMID: 23374263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.12.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is unique among nutritional factors because the intake of this special vitamin represents the sum of vitamin D obtained from diet, nutritional supplements, and endogenous production after exposure to sunlight. The current recommended nutritional intake requirements reflect needs based on its established role in calcium absorption and bone health. However, recent studies have revealed that vitamin D has important functions in the immune system and might influence the course of immune-mediated disorders, including atopic dermatitis and asthma. This review discusses the scientific rationale for a role for vitamin D in immune function, gives an update on allergic disease associations with lower vitamin D serum levels, and discusses recent observations relating to vitamin D in immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beda Muehleisen
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif, USA
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38
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Peinado C, Kang X, Hardamon C, Arora S, Mah S, Zhang H, Ngolab J, Bui JD. The nuclear factor-κB pathway down-regulates expression of the NKG2D ligand H60a in vitro: implications for use of nuclear factor-κB inhibitors in cancer therapy. Immunology 2013; 139:265-74. [PMID: 23350962 PMCID: PMC3647192 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
NKG2D ligands are cell surface proteins that activate NKG2D, a receptor used by natural killer (NK) cells to detect virus-infected and transformed cells. When tumour cells express high levels of NKG2D ligands, they are rejected by the immune system. Hence, reagents that increase NKG2D ligand expression on tumour cells can be important for tumour immunotherapy. To identify genes that regulate the NKG2D ligand H60a, we performed a microarray analysis of 3'-methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma cell lines expressing high versus low H60a levels. A20, an inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, was differentially expressed in H60a-hi sarcoma cells. Correspondingly, treatment of tumour cells with inhibitors of NF-κB activation, such as sulfasalazine (slz), BAY-11-7085, or a non-phosphorylatable IκB, led to increased levels of H60a protein, whereas transduction of cells with an active form of IκB kinase-β (IKKβ) led to decreased levels of H60a. The regulation probably occurred at the transcriptional level, because NF-κB pathway inhibition led to increased H60a transcripts and promoter activity. Moreover, treatment of tumour cells with slz enhanced their killing by NK cells in vitro, suggesting that NF-κB inhibition can lead to tumour cell rejection. Indeed, when we blocked the NF-κB pathway specifically in tumour cells, there was decreased tumour growth in wild-type but not immune-deficient mice. Our results suggest that reagents that can block NF-κB activity specifically in the tumour and not the host immune cells would be efficacious for tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Peinado
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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39
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A comprehensive summary of LL-37, the factotum human cathelicidin peptide. Cell Immunol 2012; 280:22-35. [PMID: 23246832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are a group of antimicrobial peptides. Since their discovery, it has become clear that they are an exceptional class of peptides, with some members having pleiotropic effects. Not only do they possess an antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral function, they also show a chemotactic and immunostimulatory/-modulatory effect. Moreover, they are capable of inducing wound healing, angiogenesis and modulating apoptosis. Recent insights even indicate for a role of these peptides in cancer. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the most recent and relevant insights concerning the human cathelicidin LL-37.
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40
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Ren SX, Cheng ASL, To KF, Tong JHM, Li MS, Shen J, Shen J, Wong CCM, Zhang L, Chan RLY, Wang XJ, Ng SSM, Chiu LCM, Marquez VE, Gallo RL, Chan FKL, Yu J, Sung JJY, Wu WKK, Cho CH. Host immune defense peptide LL-37 activates caspase-independent apoptosis and suppresses colon cancer. Cancer Res 2012; 72:6512-23. [PMID: 23100468 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are a family of bacteriocidal polypeptides secreted by macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). LL-37, the only human cathelicidin, has been implicated in tumorigenesis, but there has been limited investigation of its expression and function in cancer. Here, we report that LL-37 activates a p53-mediated, caspase-independent apoptotic cascade that contributes to suppression of colon cancer. LL-37 was expressed strongly in normal colon mucosa but downregulated in colon cancer tissues, where in both settings its expression correlated with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positive apoptotic cells. Exposure of colon cancer cells to LL-37 induced phosphatidylserine externalization and DNA fragmentation in a manner independent of caspase activation. Apoptogenic function was mediated by nuclear translocation of the proapoptotic factors, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G (EndoG), through p53-dependent upregulation of Bax and Bak and downregulation of Bcl-2 via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway. Correspondingly, colonic mucosa of cathelicidin-deficient mice exhibited reduced expression of p53, Bax, and Bak and increased expression of Bcl-2 together with a lower basal level of apoptosis. Cathelicidin-deficient mice exhibited an increased susceptibility to azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis, establishing pathophysiologic relevance in colon cancer. Collectively, our findings show that LL-37 activates a GPCR-p53-Bax/Bak/Bcl-2 signaling cascade that triggers AIF/EndoG-mediated apoptosis in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun X Ren
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Pinheiro da Silva F, Machado MCC. Antimicrobial peptides: clinical relevance and therapeutic implications. Peptides 2012; 36:308-14. [PMID: 22659161 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are molecules that provide protection against environmental pathogens, acting against a large number of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, yeast, virus and others. Two major groups of antimicrobial peptides are found in humans: cathelicidins and defensins. Recently, several studies have furnished information that besides their role in infection diseases, antimicrobial peptides play a role in diseases as diverse as inflammatory disorders, autoimmunity and cancer. Here, we discuss the role of antimicrobial peptides and vitamin D have in such complex diseases and propose their use should be more explored in the diagnosis and treatment of such conditions.
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42
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Muehleisen B, Jiang SB, Gladsjo JA, Gerber M, Hata T, Gallo RL. Distinct innate immune gene expression profiles in non-melanoma skin cancer of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40754. [PMID: 22808251 PMCID: PMC3396607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) are the most frequent skin cancers in humans. An intact immune system is critical for protection against SCC since organ transplant recipients (OTR) have a 60- to 100-fold higher risk for developing these tumors. The role of the innate immune system in tumor immunosurveillance is unclear. Our aim was to determine the expression of selected innate immune genes in BCC and SCC arising in immunocompetent and OTR patients. Lesional and peri-lesional skin from 28 SCC and 19 BCC were evaluated for mRNA expression of toll-like receptors (TLR) 1-9, downstream TLR signaling molecules, and antimicrobial peptides. 11 SCC occurring in OTR patients were included in the analysis. We found that SCC but not BCC showed significantly elevated expression of TLRs 1-3, 5-8, TRIF and TRAF1. TNF was increased in SCC compared to normal skin. BCC showed increased IFNγ. hBD1, hBD2 and psoriasin mRNA and protein expression were significantly higher in SCC than in normal skin and higher than in BCC. SCC from OTR showed only an increase in hBD2 but no increase in hBD1 or psoriasin. We conclude that innate immune gene expression in SCC is distinct from normal skin and BCC. BCC shows lesser induction of innate immune genes. SCC from OTR patients have depressed expression of hBD1 and psoriasin compared to SCC from immunocompetent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beda Muehleisen
- Division of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shang Brian Jiang
- Division of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Gladsjo
- Division of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Monika Gerber
- Division of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tissa Hata
- Division of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Gallo
- Division of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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A transposon site hybridization screen identifies galU and wecBC as important for survival of Yersinia pestis in murine macrophages. J Bacteriol 2011; 194:653-62. [PMID: 22139502 DOI: 10.1128/jb.06237-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is able to survive and replicate within murine macrophages. However, the mechanism by which Y. pestis promotes its intracellular survival is not well understood. To identify genes that are important for Y. pestis survival in macrophages, a library comprised of ∼31,500 Y. pestis KIM6+ transposon insertion mutants (input pool) was subjected to negative selection in primary murine macrophages. Genes underrepresented in the output pool of surviving bacteria were identified by transposon site hybridization to DNA oligonucleotide microarrays. The screen identified several genes known to be important for survival of Y. pestis in macrophages, including phoPQ and members of the PhoPQ regulon (e.g., pmrF). In addition, genes predicated to encode a glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (galU), a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase (wecB) and a UDP-N-acetyl-d-mannosamine dehydrogenase (wecC) were identified in the screen. Viable-count assays demonstrated that a KIM6+ galU mutant and a KIM6+ wecBC mutant were defective for survival in murine macrophages. The galU mutant was studied further because of its strong phenotype. The KIM6+ galU mutant exhibited increased susceptibility to the antimicrobial peptides polymyxin B and cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of the galU mutant migrated faster than the LOS of the parent KIM6+, suggesting the core was truncated. In addition, the analysis of LOS isolated from the galU mutant by mass spectrometry showed that aminoarabinose modification of lipid A is absent. Therefore, addition of aminoarabinose to lipid A and complete LOS core (galU), as well as enterobacterial common antigen (wecB and wecC), is important for survival of Y. pestis in macrophages.
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Kindrachuk J, Scruten E, Attah-Poku S, Bell K, Potter A, Babiuk LA, Griebel PJ, Napper S. Stability, toxicity, and biological activity of host defense peptide BMAP28 and its inversed and retro-inversed isomers. Biopolymers 2011; 96:14-24. [PMID: 20336731 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) contribute to immune defense through direct antimicrobial activity as well as modulation of host immune responses. While the antimicrobial activity of HDPs has been successfully exploited as topical antibiotics, their use as systemic immunomodulatory antimicrobials has been limited by their toxicity and biological instability. Peptide modification strategies to address these characteristics, while maintaining biological activity, are likely essential to capture the full therapeutic potential of HDPs. Here we investigate the stability, toxicity, and biological activity of the L, inversed (D), and retro-inversed (RI) isomers of BMAP28. The D and RI isomers both form symmetrically related structures to L BMAP28 and resist proteolytic degradation. With respect to toxicity, the considerable hemolytic activity of L BMAP28 is approximately halved with the D isomer and eliminated with RI BMAP28. Furthermore, while D BMAP28 maintains the same cytotoxicity profile against epithelial cells and monocytes as the natural peptide, RI BMAP28 is markedly less toxic against these cell types. As prophylactic antimicrobials, all three isomers significantly reduced bacterial loads [99.99% bacterial clearance by each peptide at the highest dose (20 mg kg(-1) )], when administered 18 h prior to challenge in a mouse model of peritoneal infection. This protection appears to be mediated through neutrophil recruitment and activation of macrophages for bacterial clearance. Collectively, the increased stability and retained biological activity of D and RI BMAP28 make these isomers attractive as antimicrobial therapeutics. In particular, the protection conferred by RI BMAP28, combined with its reduced toxicities, make it a strong candidate for further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Kindrachuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
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45
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Gao N, Kumar A, Guo H, Wu X, Wheater M, Yu FSX. Topical flagellin-mediated innate defense against Candida albicans keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:3074-82. [PMID: 21310913 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to investigate whether flagellin, the sole ligand of Toll-like receptor-5 (TLR5), induces an innate defense that is sufficient to protect injured corneas from Candida albicans. METHODS Scarified corneas of adult B6, TLR5(-/-), Camp(-/-) (cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide), or PMN-depleted mice were pretreated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellin or a mutant and then were inoculated with C. albicans. The corneas were compared for disease progression, cytokine and Camp expression, and PMN infiltration before and after C. albicans infection. Disease progress was recorded by digital photography and clinical scoring, cytokine levels were determined by ELISA, the levels of Camp gene product were assessed by Western blot, and PMN infiltration was measured by MPO determination and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Topical application of flagellin induced profound protection against Candida keratitis in a TLR5-dependent manner. The improved disease outcome including reduced tissue inflammation and rapid functional recovery can be attributed to a marked decrease in fungal burden at the early stage of C. albicans infection in flagellin-exposed B6 mouse corneas. Although both PMN infiltration and Camp upregulation contributed to corneal innate defense against fungal infection, Camp ablation totally, and PMN depletion partially, abrogated flagellin-induced fungal clearance in B6 mouse corneas. CONCLUSIONS Flagellin induces a strong innate defense and promotes robust resistance to C. albicans infection in the cornea. Topical flagellin or its mimetic may become a new prophylactic agent for preventing contact lens or trauma/injury-associated microbial keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Chang WT, Pan CY, Rajanbabu V, Cheng CW, Chen JY. Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) antimicrobial peptide, hepcidin 1-5, shows antitumor activity in cancer cells. Peptides 2011; 32:342-52. [PMID: 21093514 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory function of tilapia hepcidin (TH)1-5, an antimicrobial peptide, was not examined in previous studies. In this study, we synthesized the TH1-5 peptide and tested TH1-5's antitumor activity against several tumor cell lines. We show that TH1-5 inhibited the proliferation of tumor cells and reduced colony formation in a soft agar assay. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that TH1-5 altered the membrane structure similar to the function of a lytic peptide. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, a wound-healing assay, and a flow cytometric analysis showed that TH1-5 induced necrosis with high-concentration treatment and induced apoptosis with low-concentration treatment. Inflammation is known to be closely associated with the development of cancer. TH1-5 showing anti-inflammatory effects in a previous publication induced us to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects in cancer cell lines through the expressions of immune-related genes after being treated with the TH1-5 peptide. However, real-time qualitative RT-PCR indicated that TH1-5 treatment induced downregulation of the expressions of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, interferon-γ, CTSG, caspase-7, and Bcl-2, and upregulation of IL-2 and CAPN5 in HeLa cells, and upregulation of IL-8 and CTSG in HT1080 cells. These results suggest that TH1-5 possibly induces an inflammatory response in HeLa cells, but not in HT1080 cells. Overall, these results indicate that TH1-5 possesses the potential to be a novel peptide for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Ting Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Dybvig T, Facci M, Gerdts V, Wilson HL. Biological roles of host defense peptides: lessons from transgenic animals and bioengineered tissues. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:213-25. [PMID: 21088855 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) have long been recognized as microbicidal agents, but their roles as modulators of innate and adaptive immunity have only more recently been appreciated. The study of transgenic animal and tissue models has provided platforms to improve our understanding of the immune modulatory functions of HDPs. Here, the characterization of transgenic animals or tissue models that over-express and/or are deficient for specific HDPs is reviewed. We also attempt to reconcile this data with evidence from human studies monitoring HDP expression at constitutive levels and/or in conjunction with inflammation, infection models, or disease states. We have excluded activities ascribed to HDPs derived exclusively from in vitro experiments. An appreciation of the way that HDPs promote innate immunity or influence the adaptive immune response is necessary in order to exploit their therapeutic or adjuvant potential and to open new perspectives in understanding the basis of immunity. The potential applications for HDPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tova Dybvig
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
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Zhang H, Hardamon C, Sagoe B, Ngolab J, Bui JD. Studies of the H60a locus in C57BL/6 and 129/Sv mouse strains identify the H60a 3'UTR as a regulator of H60a expression. Mol Immunol 2010; 48:539-45. [PMID: 21093919 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The minor histocompatibility antigen 60 (H60a) is expressed in BALB/C and 129/Sv but not in C57BL/6 strains of mice. We recently found that IFNγ down-regulates H60a, but the mechanism of regulation is not known. To better understand the regulation of H60a, we examined the genomic locus of H60a in 129/Sv and C57BL/6 strains. We found that the upstream regulatory region of H60a was present and functional in both strains. Interestingly, IFNγ can down-regulate H60a transcripts in cell lines from 129/Sv but not C57BL/6 strains of mice, suggesting that IFNγ-dependent regulation of H60a proceeds through cis elements other than the conserved promoter region. We determined that the regulation of H60a by IFNγ proceeds through the 3'UTR of H60a, which is present in 129/Sv, but not C57BL/6 cells. We also found that the H60a 3'UTR and microRNAs can contribute to the level of constitutive expression of H60a in tumor cell lines. We conclude that in 129/Sv strain mice, H60a can be regulated by its 3'UTR through IFNγ and unknown microRNAs. Since H60a mediates NK cell target recognition, our studies identify a cis element that can regulate virus and tumor surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
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Spotlight on Human LL-37, an Immunomodulatory Peptide with Promising Cell-Penetrating Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010. [PMCID: PMC4034075 DOI: 10.3390/ph3113435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides are major components of innate immunity and help control the initial steps of the infectious process. They are expressed not only by immunocytes, but also by epithelial cells. They share an amphipathic secondary structure with a polar cationic site, which explains their tropism for prokaryote membranes and their hydrophobic site contributing to the destructuration of these membranes. LL-37 is the only cationic antimicrobial peptide derived from human cathelicidin. LL-37 can also cross the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells, probably through special domains of this membrane called lipid rafts. This transfer could be beneficial in the context of vaccination: the activation of intracellular toll-like receptors by a complex formed between CpG oligonucleotides and LL-37 could conceivably play a major role in the building of a cellular immunity involving NK cells.
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Wu WKK, Wang G, Coffelt SB, Betancourt AM, Lee CW, Fan D, Wu K, Yu J, Sung JJY, Cho CH. Emerging roles of the host defense peptide LL-37 in human cancer and its potential therapeutic applications. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1741-7. [PMID: 20521250 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human cathelicidin LL-37, a host defense peptide derived from leukocytes and epithelial cells, plays a crucial role in innate and adaptive immunity. Not only does LL-37 eliminate pathogenic microbes directly but also modulates host immune responses. Emerging evidence from tumor biology studies indicates that LL-37 plays a prominent and complex role in carcinogenesis. Although overexpression of LL-37 has been implicated in the development or progression of many human malignancies, including breast, ovarian and lung cancers, LL-37 suppresses tumorigenesis in gastric cancer. These data are beginning to unveil the intricate and contradictory functions of LL-37. The reasons for the tissue-specific function of LL-37 in carcinogenesis remain to be elucidated. Here, we review the relationship between LL-37, its fragments and cancer progression as well as discuss the potential therapeutic implications of targeting this peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K K Wu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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