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Calvillo-Rodríguez KM, Lorenzo-Anota HY, Rodríguez-Padilla C, Martínez-Torres AC, Scott-Algara D. Immunotherapies inducing immunogenic cell death in cancer: insight of the innate immune system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1294434. [PMID: 38077402 PMCID: PMC10701401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1294434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies include monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, oncolytic viruses, cellular therapies, and other biological and synthetic immunomodulators. These are traditionally studied for their effect on the immune system's role in eliminating cancer cells. However, some of these therapies have the unique ability to directly induce cytotoxicity in cancer cells by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD). Unlike general immune stimulation, ICD triggers specific therapy-induced cell death pathways, based on the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from dying tumour cells. These activate innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and subsequent adaptive immune responses, offering the promise of sustained anticancer drug efficacy and durable antitumour immune memory. Exploring how onco-immunotherapies can trigger ICD, enhances our understanding of their mechanisms and potential for combination strategies. This review explores the complexities of these immunotherapeutic approaches that induce ICD, highlighting their implications for the innate immune system, addressing challenges in cancer treatment, and emphasising the pivotal role of ICD in contemporary cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Misael Calvillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Helen Yarimet Lorenzo-Anota
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
- The Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Padilla
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Ana Carolina Martínez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Daniel Scott-Algara
- Département d'Immunologie, Unité de Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
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2
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Liu G, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Feng J, Lan Y, Dong D, Liu Y, Yuan H, Tai G, Li S, Ni W. Anti-PD-L1 antibody reverses the immune tolerance induced by multiple MUC1-MBP vaccine immunizations by increasing the CD80/PD-L1 ratio, resulting in DC maturation, and decreasing Treg activity in B16-MUC1 melanoma-bearing mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110487. [PMID: 37364328 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we explored the possible mechanism of tumor tolerance induced by multiple repeated immunizations with a tumor vaccine (MUC1-MBP fusion protein plus CpG2006). We first analyzed the mechanism of tolerance by immunizing tumor-bearing mice 2, 5, or 8 times and found that compared with five immunizations with the M-M vaccine, eight immunizations increased tumor volume and weight and Treg levels, while the proportions of Th1 and Tc1 cells in the spleen and lymph nodes were decreased. In particular, the M-M vaccine induced PD-L1 expression in CD11c + DCs and decreased their CD80/PD-L1 ratio. Therefore, the mechanism of tolerance induction by multiple immunizations with the M-M vaccine was investigated by focusing on the CD80/PD-L1 ratio, and an anti-PD-L1 antibody (αPD-L1) and the M-M vaccine were used in combination to treat melanoma. The results showed that αPD-L1 increased the CD80/PD-L1 ratio and enhanced the maturation of cDC1s by blocking PD-L1 on DCs, which potentially increased the activity of Th1 and Tc1 cells. Furthermore, the combination of the M-M vaccine with αPD-L1 decreased the activity and proportion of Tregs, which reversed the immune tolerance induced by eight immunizations with the vaccine. This study reveals the mechanism of the combination of M-M and αPD-L1 and provides a new combination strategy for improving the therapeutic effect of the M-M vaccine, laying a theoretical basis for the clinical application of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomu Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Zenan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yixuan Wu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jingyue Feng
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yue Lan
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Dai Dong
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Guixiang Tai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Weihua Ni
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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3
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Rallis KS, Corrigan AE, Dadah H, Stanislovas J, Zamani P, Makker S, Szabados B, Sideris M. IL-10 in cancer: an essential thermostatic regulator between homeostatic immunity and inflammation - a comprehensive review. Future Oncol 2022; 18:3349-3365. [PMID: 36172856 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are soluble proteins that mediate intercellular signaling regulating immune and inflammatory responses. Cytokine modulation represents a promising cancer immunotherapy approach for immune-mediated tumor regression. However, redundancy in cytokine signaling and cytokines' pleiotropy, narrow therapeutic window, systemic toxicity, short half-life and limited efficacy represent outstanding challenges for cytokine-based cancer immunotherapies. Recently, there has been interest in the paradoxical role of IL-10 in cancer, its controversial prognostic utility and novel strategies to enhance its therapeutic profile. Here, the authors review the literature surrounding the role of IL-10 within the tumor microenvironment, its prognostic correlates to cancer patient outcomes and its pro- and antitumor effects, and they assess the legitimacy of potential therapeutic strategies harnessing IL-10 by outlining the notable preclinical and clinical evidence to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine S Rallis
- Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AD, UK.,Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 5PZ, UK
| | - Amber E Corrigan
- GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Hashim Dadah
- GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Justas Stanislovas
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 5PZ, UK
| | - Parisa Zamani
- GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Shania Makker
- Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AD, UK
| | - Bernadett Szabados
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 5PZ, UK
| | - Michail Sideris
- Women's Health Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AB, UK
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4
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Design of Nanostructure Materials to Modulate Immunosuppressive Tumour Microenvironments and Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy. Bioanalysis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78338-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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5
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Angrini M, Varthaman A, Cremer I. Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) in the Tumor Microenvironment (TME): A Dragon-Like Weapon in a Non-fantasy Game of Thrones. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1263:145-173. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-44518-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Dika E, Ravaioli GM, Melotti B, Patrizi A, Veronesi G, Lambertini M, Scarfì F. In transit melanoma and imiquimod: A case of disease progression. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13512. [PMID: 32367633 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emi Dika
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Maria Ravaioli
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Melotti
- Oncology Unit, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Prevention, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Patrizi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Veronesi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Lambertini
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Scarfì
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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7
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Shi S, Xu C, Fang X, Zhang Y, Li H, Wen W, Yang G. Expression profile of Toll‑like receptors in human breast cancer. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:786-794. [PMID: 31789409 PMCID: PMC6947885 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll‑like receptors (TLRs) are the most widely studied pattern recognition receptors. Mounting evidence suggests an important association between TLRs and the occurrence and development of breast cancer. Thus, targeting these receptors may be a potential strategy for breast cancer treatment. The current study analyzed the data of 1,215 patients with breast cancer obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. It was observed that, in addition to TLR6, TLR7 and TLR8, the expression of the remaining TLRs in breast cancer tissues was lower than that in normal tissues. In addition, TLR3 and TLR9 displayed significantly different expression levels in ER‑/PR‑negative breast cancer compared with the control tissues, while TLR5 expression was significantly reduced in HER2‑enriched breast cancer. Furthermore, TLR10 exhibited lower expression levels in advanced stages of the disease as compared with that observed in earlier stages. Survival analysis revealed that the expression of TLR4 and TLR7 had a significant impact on survival, and higher expression levels suggested worse prognosis. Finally, the expression levels of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6 and TLR10 were correlated with those of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin‑1β and tumor necrosis factor‑α, while the expression levels of TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 were correlated with those of interferon‑β and C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand 10. Taken together, the current study results suggest that TLR expression may serve as a biomarker of cancer pathogenesis and progression, and may provide new insights for the treatment of breast cancer through the regulation and targeting of TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxun Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Cong Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaonan Fang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yonghuan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Hua Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Wujun Wen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
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8
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Krakow S, Crescimone ML, Bartels C, Wiegering V, Eyrich M, Schlegel PG, Wölfl M. Re-expression of CD14 in Response to a Combined IL-10/TLR Stimulus Defines Monocyte-Derived Cells With an Immunoregulatory Phenotype. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1484. [PMID: 31316520 PMCID: PMC6611188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 10 is a central regulator of the antigen-presenting function of myeloid cells. It exerts immunomodulatory effects in vivo and induces a regulatory phenotype in monocyte-derived cells in vitro. We analyzed phenotype and function of monocytic cells in vitro in relation to the cytokine milieu and the timing of TLR-based activation. In GM-CSF/IL-4 cultured human monocytic cells, we identified two, mutually exclusive cell populations arising from undifferentiated cells: CD83+ fully activated dendritic cells and CD14+ macrophage like cells. Re-expression of CD14 occurs primarily after a sequential trigger with a TLR signal following IL-10 preincubation. This cell population with re-expressed CD14 greatly differs in phenotype and function from the CD83+ cells. Detailed analysis of individual subpopulations reveals that exogenous IL-10 is critical for inducing the shift toward the CD14+ population, but does not affect individual changes in marker expression or cell function in most cases. Thus, plasticity of CD14 expression, defining a subset of immunoregulatory cells, is highly relevant for the composition of cellular products (such as DC vaccines) as it affects the function of the total product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Krakow
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marie L Crescimone
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Bartels
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Verena Wiegering
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Eyrich
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul G Schlegel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wölfl
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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9
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Nomikos K, Lampri E, Spyridonos P, Bassukas ID. Alterations in the inflammatory cells infiltrating basal cell carcinomas during immunocryosurgery. Arch Dermatol Res 2019; 311:499-504. [PMID: 31115658 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-019-01933-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunocryosurgery, the combination modality of a cryosurgery session at day 14 of a 5-week daily imiquimod treatment cycle, has shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). The modality was designed to exploit synergy of antitumor effects, including the induction of immune responses, elicited by imiquimod and cryosurgery. Herein, we report on the infiltration of the BCC by selected inflammatory cell species during an immunocryosurgery treatment cycle. The density of tissue infiltrating CD68+, CD3+ and Foxp3+ cells was studied by immunohistochemistry in 56 BCC biopsies from 28 treated sites (26 patients) at baseline and at days 12, 16 or 28 during treatment. Immunocryosurgery induces statistically significant alterations in all three cell species (p < 0.003): The density of CD68+ increased already by day 12 and remained at a higher level during the treatment thereafter. The density of CD3+ cells increased significantly between days 12 and 16 of treatment. The density of Treg (Foxp3+) cells increased in the early phase of treatment (highest at day 12) to decrease significantly already 2 days after the cryosurgery session (day 16) and thereafter up to day 28 of the treatment cycle (p = 0.033). Within the tumor tissue, these alterations result in an abrupt increase in the CD3+/Foxp3+ ratio, a finding suggesting that the cryosurgical perturbation may probably play a decisive modulating role in the cellular composition of the inflammatory infiltrate during immunocryosurgery, eventually heralding the induction of an effective tumor-destructing immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nomikos
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - E Lampri
- Pathologist in Private Practice, Ioannina, Greece
| | - P Spyridonos
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - I D Bassukas
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
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10
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Slavyanskaya TA, Salnikova SV. Precision oncology: myth or reality? BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2019.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer incidence rates are growing at an alarming pace pressing for the development of innovative personalized approaches to treating this disease. The absence of clinical symptoms in the early stages delays the onset of adequate treatment. Traditional therapies are not always as effective as they should be and do not guarantee long-lasting relapse-free survival. Metastatic cancers pose a particular challenge to healthcare professionals. This review touches upon the immunologic mechanisms underlying the development of malignancies, talks about conventional and innovative therapeutic modalities, such as targeted, gene or specific immunotherapies, and analyzes the literature on the use of different approaches that form a basis for precision oncology.
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11
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Kim H, Khanna V, Kucaba TA, Zhang W, Ferguson DM, Griffith TS, Panyam J. Combination of Sunitinib and PD-L1 Blockade Enhances Anticancer Efficacy of TLR7/8 Agonist-Based Nanovaccine. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1200-1210. [PMID: 30620878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines composed of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have shown promising antitumor efficacy in preclinical studies by generating antigen-specific CD8 T cells, but translation of cancer vaccines to the clinic has been limited due to variables responses and development of resistance. The tumor microenvironment deploys various immune escape mechanisms that neutralize CD8 T cell-mediated tumor rejection. Therefore, we hypothesized that modulation of the tumor microenvironment can augment CD8 T cell activation and enhance therapeutic efficacy of cancer vaccines. To accomplish this, we aimed to eliminate immune suppressive cells and block their inhibitory signaling. Combination of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) sunitinib with a nanoparticle-based cancer vaccine (nanovaccine) resulted in the reduction of immune-suppressive myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Blockade of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) using anti-PD-L1 antibody was used to reduce CD8 T cell exhaustion. Combination of nanovaccine+sunitinib+PD-L1 antibody treatment reduced PD-L1high M2 macrophages and MDSCs and upregulated activation of CD8 T cells in the tumor. Nanovaccine+sunitinib+PD-L1 antibody treatment also stimulated antigen-specific CD8 T cell response, which led to improved therapeutic efficacy in MB49 and B16F10 murine tumor models. These results suggest that modulation of tumor microenvironment using sunitinib and PD-L1 blockade can significantly enhance the antitumor efficacy of cancer nanovaccine.
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12
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Kim H, Griffith TS, Panyam J. Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) Nanoparticles as Delivery Platforms for TLR7/8 Agonist-Based Cancer Vaccine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:715-724. [PMID: 30610006 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.254953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery can significantly influence the efficacy of a drug. In the past decades, diverse drug-delivery technologies, including nano- and microparticles, co-crystals, and microneedles have been developed to maximize therapeutic efficacy and minimize undesired side effects of therapeutics. Nanoparticles-submicron-sized drug carriers-have been actively investigated for the delivery of antibiotics, nucleic acids, peptide/proteins, and chemotherapeutics. Recently, nanoparticles have gained attention as a vaccine delivery platform for tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and/or vaccine adjuvants. Agonists of imidazoquinoline-based Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 are potent cytokine inducers that are used as cancer vaccine adjuvants to elicit robust T-cell response by activating dendritic cells (DCs). Despite their in vitro potency, the translation of TLR7 agonists as cancer vaccine adjuvants in the clinic has been limited by their poor retention at the injection site. Therefore, a formulation that could improve the availability of TLR7/8 agonists to DCs via conventional vaccine administration routes (subcutaneous, intramuscular) can broaden the application of TLR7/8 agonists for cancer immunotherapy. Polymeric nanoparticles fabricated with poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) can be an efficient TLR7/8 agonist delivery platform. PLGA is a biocompatible polymer, and nanoparticles prepared from this polymer are stable in saline and are small enough to be administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injections. Furthermore, nanoparticulate TLR7/8 delivery can enhance DC uptake and facilitate lymphatic drainage, both of which can enhance the adjuvanticity of TLR7/8 agonists compared with soluble forms. In this review, we discuss the use of PLGA nanoparticles with TLR7/8 agonists for improving cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoon Kim
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (H.K., J.P.) and Urology (T.S.G.), Center for Immunology (T.S.G.), Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program (T.S.G.), and Masonic Cancer Center (T.S.G., J.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (H.K., J.P.) and Urology (T.S.G.), Center for Immunology (T.S.G.), Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program (T.S.G.), and Masonic Cancer Center (T.S.G., J.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jayanth Panyam
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (H.K., J.P.) and Urology (T.S.G.), Center for Immunology (T.S.G.), Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program (T.S.G.), and Masonic Cancer Center (T.S.G., J.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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13
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Tsoutsou PG, Zaman K, Martin Lluesma S, Cagnon L, Kandalaft L, Vozenin MC. Emerging Opportunities of Radiotherapy Combined With Immunotherapy in the Era of Breast Cancer Heterogeneity. Front Oncol 2018; 8:609. [PMID: 30619749 PMCID: PMC6305124 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of radiotherapy and immunotherapy has recently emerged as an exciting combination that might improve outcomes in many solid tumor settings. In the context of breast cancer, this opportunity is promising and under investigation. Given the heterogeneity of breast cancer, it might be meaningful to study the association of radiotherapy and immunotherapy distinctly among the various breast cancer subtypes. The use of biomarkers, such as tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, which are also associated to breast cancer heterogeneity, might provide an opportunity for tailored studies. This review highlights current knowledge of the association of radiotherapy and immunotherapy in the setting of breast cancer and attempts to highlight the therapeutic opportunities among breast cancer heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelagia G Tsoutsou
- Division of Oncology, Radio-oncology Department, Vaudois University Hospital Centre (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Radio-Oncology Research Laboratory, Vaudois University Hospital Centre (CHUV), Epalinges, Switzerland.,Radiation Oncology Department, Hôpital Neuchâtelois, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | - Khalil Zaman
- Department of Oncology, Breast Center, Vaudois University Hospital Centre (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Martin Lluesma
- Department of Oncology, Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurene Cagnon
- Department of Oncology, Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lana Kandalaft
- Department of Oncology, Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Radio-Oncology Research Laboratory, Vaudois University Hospital Centre (CHUV), Epalinges, Switzerland
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14
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Baird JR, Bell RB, Troesch V, Friedman D, Bambina S, Kramer G, Blair TC, Medler T, Wu Y, Sun Z, de Gruijl TD, van de Ven R, Leidner RS, Crittenden MR, Gough MJ. Evaluation of Explant Responses to STING Ligands: Personalized Immunosurgical Therapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6308-6319. [PMID: 30224374 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Surgeons have unique in situ access to tumors enabling them to apply immunotherapies to resection margins as a means to prevent local recurrence. Here, we developed a surgical approach to deliver stimulator of interferon genes (STING) ligands to the site of a purposeful partial tumor resection using a gel-based biomaterial. In a range of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) murine tumor models, we demonstrate that although control-treated tumors recur locally, tumors treated with STING-loaded biomaterials are cured. The mechanism of tumor control required activation of STING and induction of type I IFN in host cells, not cancer cells, and resulted in CD8 T-cell-mediated cure of residual cancer cells. In addition, we used a novel tumor explant assay to screen individual murine and human HNSCC tumor responses to therapies ex vivo We then utilized this information to personalize the biomaterial and immunotherapy applied to previously unresponsive tumors in mice. These data demonstrate that explant assays identify the diversity of tumor-specific responses to STING ligands and establish the utility of the explant assay to personalize immunotherapies according to the local response.Significance: Delivery of immunotherapy directly to resection sites via a gel-based biomaterial prevents locoregional recurrence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res; 78(21); 6308-19. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Baird
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - R Bryan Bell
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon.,Head and Neck Institute, Portland, Oregon
| | - Victoria Troesch
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - David Friedman
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Shelly Bambina
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Gwen Kramer
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Tiffany C Blair
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Terry Medler
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Yaping Wu
- Pathology, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Zhaoyu Sun
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rieneke van de Ven
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rom S Leidner
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon.,The Oregon Clinic, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon.
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15
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Llopiz D, Ruiz M, Silva L, Sarobe P. Enhancement of Antitumor Vaccination by Targeting Dendritic Cell-Related IL-10. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1923. [PMID: 30233565 PMCID: PMC6129595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding mechanisms associated to dendritic cell (DC) functions has allowed developing new antitumor therapeutic vaccination strategies. However, these vaccines have demonstrated limited clinical results. Although the low immunogenicity of tumor antigens used and the presence of tumor-associated suppressive factors may in part account for these results, intrinsic vaccine-related factors may also be involved. Vaccines modulate DC functions by inducing activating and inhibitory signals that determine ensuing T cell responses. In this mini review, we focus on IL-10, inhibitory cytokine induced in DC upon vaccination, which defines a suppressive cell subset, discussing its implications as a potential target in combined vaccination immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Llopiz
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leyre Silva
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pablo Sarobe
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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16
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Yuan J, Ni G, Wang T, Mounsey K, Cavezza S, Pan X, Liu X. Genital warts treatment: Beyond imiquimod. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1815-1819. [PMID: 29505317 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1445947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Genital warts are one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. The disease is a result of infection with low-risk types of human papillomaviruses, mostly type 6 and 11. Current therapies for genital warts are mainly ablative, or alternatively topical application of imiquimod cream and sinecatechin (polyphenon E) ointment to the warts. However, low patient compliance and high recurrence rate are significant problems for the treatment of genital warts by imiquimod and ablative therapies. We summarise recent literature in this area and propose combining imiquimod with other therapies to increase the efficacy of imiquimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Yuan
- a Institute of Molecular Diagnosis and Target Therapy, First Affiliated Hospital , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Guoying Ni
- c Inflammation and Healing research cluster, Faculty of Science, Health , Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast , Maroochydore DC , Australia
| | - Tianfang Wang
- b Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering , University of the Sunshine Coast , Maroochydore DC , Australia
| | - Kate Mounsey
- c Inflammation and Healing research cluster, Faculty of Science, Health , Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast , Maroochydore DC , Australia
| | - Shelley Cavezza
- c Inflammation and Healing research cluster, Faculty of Science, Health , Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast , Maroochydore DC , Australia
| | - Xuan Pan
- a Institute of Molecular Diagnosis and Target Therapy, First Affiliated Hospital , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Xiaosong Liu
- a Institute of Molecular Diagnosis and Target Therapy, First Affiliated Hospital , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China.,c Inflammation and Healing research cluster, Faculty of Science, Health , Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast , Maroochydore DC , Australia
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17
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Llopiz D, Ruiz M, Infante S, Villanueva L, Silva L, Hervas-Stubbs S, Alignani D, Guruceaga E, Lasarte JJ, Sarobe P. IL-10 expression defines an immunosuppressive dendritic cell population induced by antitumor therapeutic vaccination. Oncotarget 2018; 8:2659-2671. [PMID: 27926522 PMCID: PMC5356831 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination induces immunostimulatory signals that are often accompanied by regulatory mechanisms such as IL-10, which control T-cell activation and inhibit vaccine-dependent antitumor therapeutic effect. Here we characterized IL-10-producing cells in different tumor models treated with therapeutic vaccines. Although several cell subsets produced IL-10 irrespective of treatment, an early vaccine-dependent induction of IL-10 was detected in dendritic cells (DC). IL-10 production defined a DC population characterized by a poorly mature phenotype, lower expression of T-cell stimulating molecules and upregulation of PD-L1. These IL-10+ DC showed impaired in vitro T-cell stimulatory capacity, which was rescued by incubation with IL-10R and PD-L1-inhibiting antibodies. In vivo IL-10 blockade during vaccination decreased the proportion of IL-10+ DC and improved their maturation, without modifying PD-L1 expression. Similarly, PD-L1 blockade did not affect IL- 10 expression. Interestingly, vaccination combined with simultaneous blockade of IL-10 and PD-L1 induced stronger immune responses, resulting in a higher therapeutic efficacy in tumor-bearing mice. These results show that vaccine-induced immunoregulatory IL- 10+ DC impair priming of antitumor immunity, suggesting that therapeutic vaccination protocols may benefit from combined targeting of inhibitory molecules expressed by this DC subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Llopiz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Stefany Infante
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lorea Villanueva
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leyre Silva
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Hervas-Stubbs
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Diego Alignani
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Cytometry Unit, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Guruceaga
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Bioinformatics Unit, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan J Lasarte
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pablo Sarobe
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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18
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Aichhorn S, Linhardt A, Halfmann A, Nadlinger M, Kirchberger S, Stadler M, Dillinger B, Distel M, Dohnal A, Teasdale I, Schöfberger W. A pH-sensitive Macromolecular Prodrug as TLR7/8 Targeting Immune Response Modifier. Chemistry 2017; 23:17721-17726. [PMID: 28758266 PMCID: PMC5763314 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis and biological activity of novel functionalized imidazoquinoline derivatives (ImQ) to generate Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 specific prodrugs are presented. In vivo activity of ImQs to induce inflammation was confirmed in zebrafish larvae. After covalent ligation to fully biodegradable polyphosphazenes (ImQ-polymer), the macromolecular prodrugs were designed to undergo intracellular pH-sensitive release of ImQs to induce inflammation through binding to endosomal TLR7/8 (danger signal). We showed ImQ dissociation from prodrugs at a pH 5 pointing towards endosomal prodrug degradability. ImQ-polymers strongly activated ovalbumin-specific T cells in murine splenocytes as shown by increased proliferation and expression of the IL-2 receptor (CD25) on CD8+ T cells accompanied by strong IFN-γ release. ImQ prodrugs presented here are suggested to form the basis of novel nanovaccines, for example, for intravenous or intratumoral cancer immunotherapeutic applications to trigger physiological antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Aichhorn
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler UniversityAltenberger Straße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Anne Linhardt
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryJohannes Kepler UniversityAltenberger Straße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Angela Halfmann
- Tumorimmunology and Innovative Cancer Models, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung e.V. CCRI-Children's Cancer Research InstituteZimmermannplatz 101090ViennaAustria
| | - Markus Nadlinger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler UniversityAltenberger Straße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Stefanie Kirchberger
- Tumorimmunology and Innovative Cancer Models, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung e.V. CCRI-Children's Cancer Research InstituteZimmermannplatz 101090ViennaAustria
| | - Manuela Stadler
- Tumorimmunology and Innovative Cancer Models, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung e.V. CCRI-Children's Cancer Research InstituteZimmermannplatz 101090ViennaAustria
| | - Barbara Dillinger
- Tumorimmunology and Innovative Cancer Models, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung e.V. CCRI-Children's Cancer Research InstituteZimmermannplatz 101090ViennaAustria
| | - Martin Distel
- Tumorimmunology and Innovative Cancer Models, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung e.V. CCRI-Children's Cancer Research InstituteZimmermannplatz 101090ViennaAustria
| | - Alexander Dohnal
- Tumorimmunology and Innovative Cancer Models, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung e.V. CCRI-Children's Cancer Research InstituteZimmermannplatz 101090ViennaAustria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryJohannes Kepler UniversityAltenberger Straße 694040LinzAustria
| | - Wolfgang Schöfberger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler UniversityAltenberger Straße 694040LinzAustria
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19
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The Systemic Response to Topical Aldara Treatment is Mediated Through Direct TLR7 Stimulation as Imiquimod Enters the Circulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16570. [PMID: 29185473 PMCID: PMC5707416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16707-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical application of Aldara cream, containing the Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist Imiquimod, is a widely used mouse model for investigating the pathogenesis of psoriasis. We have previously used this model to study the effects of peripheral inflammation on the brain, and reported a brain-specific response characterised by increased transcription, infiltration of immune cells and anhedonic-like behavior. Here, we perform a more robust characterisation of the systemic response to Aldara application and find a potent but transient response in the periphery, followed by a prolonged response in the brain. Mass spectrometry analysis of plasma and brain samples identified significant levels of Imiquimod in both compartments at molar concentrations likely to evoke a biological response. Indeed, the association of Imiquimod with the brain correlated with increased Iba1 and GFAP staining, indicative of microglia and astrocyte reactivity. These results highlight the potency of this model and raise the question of how useful it is for interpreting the systemic response in psoriasis-like skin inflammation. In addition, the potential impact on the brain should be considered with regards to human use and may explain why fatigue, headaches and nervousness have been reported as side effects following prolonged Aldara use.
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20
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Toll-Like Receptor 7 Staining in Malignant Epithelial Tumors. Am J Dermatopathol 2017; 39:742-746. [PMID: 28857981 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As important players of the innate immune system, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their role for tumorigenesis have been in the focus of research. In particular TLR7 is an interesting candidate, as TLR7 agonists are broadly used for the treatment of cutaneous tumors. However, data addressing the baseline expression of TLR7 in both basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on the protein level are lacking, while on the genomic level significantly elevated expression of TLR7 in SCC but not in BCC has been demonstrated. AIM Our aim was to characterize the immunohistochemical staining pattern of TLR7 in SCC and BCC. Besides, we aimed to clarify if, in case of different TLR7 expression between SCC and BCC, TLR7 expression would help to define basosquamous carcinoma (BSC), a tumor entity sharing characteristics of both SCC and BCC. METHODS We examined histopathological samples from 23 BCC, 4 BSC, and 24 SCC and characterized the expression of TLR7 by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS We found that TLR7 was not expressed by the tumor tissue of SCC, BCC, and BSC, but by inflammatory cells located within the tumoral and/or peritumoral tissue. Whereas the overall expression of TLR7 did not differ between BCC and SCC (30.4% vs. 45.8%, respectively), we found that within the group of SCC, the well-differentiated SCC showed strong tumoral and/or peritumoral immunocellular TLR7 reactivity in contrast to the poorly differentiated SCC (73.33% vs. 11.1%, respectively). Besides, immunofluorescence double staining revealed the expression of TLR7 in immune cells closely interacting with T cells and natural killer cells. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to genomic data, we did not find a general difference between baseline TLR7 expression of SCC and BCC on the protein level. Nevertheless, the expression of TLR7 by the inflammatory infiltrate associated with SCC may correlate with the degree of differentiation of SCC possibly indicating better outcome.
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21
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Salazar LG, Lu H, Reichow JL, Childs JS, Coveler AL, Higgins DM, Waisman J, Allison KH, Dang Y, Disis ML. Topical Imiquimod Plus Nab-paclitaxel for Breast Cancer Cutaneous Metastases: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol 2017; 3:969-973. [PMID: 28114604 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.6007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Salvage chemotherapy for recurrent chest wall lesions in breast cancer results in response rates of 20% to 30%. Preclinical studies showed significant disease regression could be induced in murine chest wall mammary cancers with a topical toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 agonist, imiquimod. Objective To evaluate the safety and objective response rate (ORR) of imiquimod in combination with systemic albumin bound paclitaxel in treatment-refractory breast cancer of the chest wall. Design, Setting, and Particpants A single arm phase 2 clinical trial of 15 patients with breast cancer previously treated in an academic medical center setting between 2009 and 2012 for chest wall disease that had recurred. Interventions Imiquimod cream, 5%, was applied topically to a designated target lesion once per day for 4 consecutive days on days 1 through 4, 8 through 11, 15 through 18, and 22 through 25 of a 28-day cycle, for 12 weeks. Albumin bound paclitaxel, 100 mg/m2, was given intravenously on days 1, 8, and 15, and repeated every 28 days over the 12-week period. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary endpoint was safety and ORR. Secondary endpoints included the generation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and modulation of immune cell populations. Results The median age at baseline of the 15 study participants was 54 years (range, 46-92 years). Fourteen patients were evaluable. Combination therapy was associated with low-grade toxic effects. Of 358 adverse events 330 (92%) were grades 1 and 2. Five (36%) patients achieved a compete response and another 5 (36%) were partial responders for an overall response rate of 72% (10 of 14). The response duration was limited. Pretreatment levels of programmed death-1 (PD-1)+ peripheral blood T cells (PD-1+ cluster of differentiation [CD]4+; 95% CI, 2.68-6.63; P < .001 and PD-1+CD8+; 95% CI, 1.13-8.35; P = .01) and monocytic myeloid derived suppressor cells (mMDSC) (95% CI, 3.62-12.74; P = .001) greater than controls predicted suboptimal clinical response. Conclusions and Relevance Chemoimmunomodulation with a TLR-7 agonist and albumin bound paclitaxel is effective in inducing disease regression in treatment-refractory breast cancer chest wall metastases but responses are short-lived. Preexisting levels of cells indicating either T-cell exhaustion or systemic immunosuppression may be markers of selection for responsive patients. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00821964.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lupe G Salazar
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Jessica L Reichow
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Jennifer S Childs
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Andrew L Coveler
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Doreen M Higgins
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | | | - Yushe Dang
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Mary L Disis
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle
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22
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Chi H, Li C, Zhao FS, Zhang L, Ng TB, Jin G, Sha O. Anti-tumor Activity of Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonists. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:304. [PMID: 28620298 PMCID: PMC5450331 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors that play a bridging role in innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The activated TLRs not only induce inflammatory responses, but also elicit the development of antigen specific immunity. TLR7, a member of TLR family, is an intracellular receptor expressed on the membrane of endosomes. TLR7 can be triggered not only by ssRNA during viral infections, but also by immune modifiers that share a similar structure to nucleosides. Its powerful immune stimulatory action can be potentially used in the anti-tumor therapy. This article reviewed the anti-tumor activity and mechanism of TLR7 agonists that are frequently applied in preclinical and clinical investigations, and mainly focused on small synthetic molecules, including imiquimod, resiquimod, gardiquimod, and 852A, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huju Chi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science CentreShenzhen, China
| | - Chunman Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science CentreShenzhen, China
| | - Flora Sha Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurology, University of ConnecticutStorrs, CT, United States
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- Departmet of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Guangyi Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Health Science CentreShenzhen, China
| | - Ou Sha
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science CentreShenzhen, China
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23
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Löffler MW, Chandran PA, Laske K, Schroeder C, Bonzheim I, Walzer M, Hilke FJ, Trautwein N, Kowalewski DJ, Schuster H, Günder M, Carcamo Yañez VA, Mohr C, Sturm M, Nguyen HP, Riess O, Bauer P, Nahnsen S, Nadalin S, Zieker D, Glatzle J, Thiel K, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Clasen S, Bösmüller H, Fend F, Kohlbacher O, Gouttefangeas C, Stevanović S, Königsrainer A, Rammensee HG. Personalized peptide vaccine-induced immune response associated with long-term survival of a metastatic cholangiocarcinoma patient. J Hepatol 2016; 65:849-855. [PMID: 27397612 PMCID: PMC5756536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We report a novel experimental immunotherapeutic approach in a patient with metastatic intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. In the 5year course of the disease, the initial tumor mass, two local recurrences and a lung metastasis were surgically removed. Lacking alternative treatment options, aiming at the induction of anti-tumor T cells responses, we initiated a personalized multi-peptide vaccination, based on in-depth analysis of tumor antigens (immunopeptidome) and sequencing. METHODS Tumors were characterized by immunohistochemistry, next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry of HLA ligands. RESULTS Although several tumor-specific neo-epitopes were predicted in silico, none could be validated by mass spectrometry. Instead, a personalized multi-peptide vaccine containing non-mutated tumor-associated epitopes was designed and applied. Immunomonitoring showed vaccine-induced T cell responses to three out of seven peptides administered. The pulmonary metastasis resected after start of vaccination showed strong immune cell infiltration and perforin positivity, in contrast to the previous lesions. The patient remains clinically healthy, without any radiologically detectable tumors since March 2013 and the vaccination is continued. CONCLUSIONS This remarkable clinical course encourages formal clinical studies on adjuvant personalized peptide vaccination in cholangiocarcinoma. LAY SUMMARY Metastatic cholangiocarcinomas, cancers that originate from the liver bile ducts, have very limited treatment options and a fatal prognosis. We describe a novel therapeutic approach in such a patient using a personalized multi-peptide vaccine. This vaccine, developed based on the characterization of the patient's tumor, evoked detectable anti-tumor immune responses, associating with long-term tumor-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus W Löffler
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Germany.
| | - P Anoop Chandran
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karoline Laske
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Current address: Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Paul Ehrlich Str. 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Schroeder
- University Hospital Tübingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Irina Bonzheim
- University Hospital Tübingen, Institute of Pathology, Liebermeisterstr. 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Walzer
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; University of Tübingen, Center for Bioinformatics, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; University of Tübingen, Dept. of Computer Science, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franz J Hilke
- University Hospital Tübingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nico Trautwein
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel J Kowalewski
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Current address: Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Paul Ehrlich Str. 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heiko Schuster
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Günder
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Viviana A Carcamo Yañez
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Mohr
- University of Tübingen, Center for Bioinformatics, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; University of Tübingen, Dept. of Computer Science, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Sturm
- University Hospital Tübingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Huu-Phuc Nguyen
- University Hospital Tübingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- University Hospital Tübingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Bauer
- University Hospital Tübingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sven Nahnsen
- University of Tübingen, Center for Bioinformatics, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; University of Tübingen, Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silvio Nadalin
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Derek Zieker
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Glatzle
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Current address: Klinikum Konstanz, Luisenstr. 7, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karolin Thiel
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schneiderhan-Marra
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Clasen
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans Bösmüller
- University Hospital Tübingen, Institute of Pathology, Liebermeisterstr. 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- University Hospital Tübingen, Institute of Pathology, Liebermeisterstr. 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Kohlbacher
- University of Tübingen, Center for Bioinformatics, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; University of Tübingen, Dept. of Computer Science, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; University of Tübingen, Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstr. 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cécile Gouttefangeas
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Stevanović
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfred Königsrainer
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Germany
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Schukur L, Geering B, Charpin-El Hamri G, Fussenegger M. Implantable synthetic cytokine converter cells with AND-gate logic treat experimental psoriasis. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:318ra201. [PMID: 26676608 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac4964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by a relapsing-remitting disease course and correlated with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 22 (IL22). Psoriasis is hard to treat because of the unpredictable and asymptomatic flare-up, which limits handling of skin lesions to symptomatic treatment. Synthetic biology-based gene circuits are uniquely suited for the treatment of diseases with complex dynamics, such as psoriasis, because they can autonomously couple the detection of disease biomarkers with the production of therapeutic proteins. We designed a mammalian cell synthetic cytokine converter that quantifies psoriasis-associated TNF and IL22 levels using serially linked receptor-based synthetic signaling cascades, processes the levels of these proinflammatory cytokines with AND-gate logic, and triggers the corresponding expression of therapeutic levels of the anti-inflammatory/psoriatic cytokines IL4 and IL10, which have been shown to be immunomodulatory in patients. Implants of microencapsulated cytokine converter transgenic designer cells were insensitive to simulated bacterial and viral infections as well as psoriatic-unrelated inflammation. The designer cells specifically prevented the onset of psoriatic flares, stopped acute psoriasis, improved psoriatic skin lesions and restored normal skin-tissue morphology in mice. The antipsoriatic designer cells were equally responsive to blood samples from psoriasis patients, suggesting that the synthetic cytokine converter captures the clinically relevant cytokine range. Implanted designer cells that dynamically interface with the patient's metabolism by detecting specific disease metabolites or biomarkers, processing their blood levels with synthetic circuits in real time, and coordinating immediate production and systemic delivery of protein therapeutics may advance personalized gene- and cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schukur
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Geering
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland. Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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25
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Zhong Y, Tang H, Wang X, Zeng Q, Liu Y, Zhao XI, Yu K, Shi H, Zhu R, Mao X. Intranasal immunization with heat shock protein 60 induces CD4(+) CD25(+) GARP(+) and type 1 regulatory T cells and inhibits early atherosclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 183:452-68. [PMID: 26452441 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease involving both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Immune tolerance induction may have therapeutic potential for the suppression of atherosclerosis. Current interest is directed towards mucosal tolerance induction, especially nasal tolerance. Previous studies have shown that heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is recognized as an important autoantigen in atherosclerosis, and nasal or oral HSP60 can induce tolerance and ameliorate atherosclerosis by inducing several subsets of regulatory T cells (Tregs ) such as latency-associated peptide (LAP)(+) and forkhead box transcription factor 3 (FoxP3)(+) Tregs. However, little is known regarding the detailed mechanisms of nasal tolerance. Here, we again investigated the impact of nasal HSP60 on atherosclerosis and the mechanisms underlying the anti-atherosclerosis responses. We found that nasal HSP60 caused a significant 33·6% reduction in plaque size at the aortic root in the early stages of atherosclerosis (P < 0·001). Notably, a significant increase in activated CD4(+) CD25(+) glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP)(+) Tregs, type 1 Tregs (Tr1 cells), and CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) Tregs, as well as a marked decrease in the numbers of type 1 and 17 T helper cells was detected in the spleens and cervical lymph nodes of HSP60-treated mice. Moreover, nasal HSP60 increases the production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-10 and decreases the secretion of IFN-γ and IL-17. Interestingly, the atheroprotective role of nasal HSP60 treatment was abrogated partly by the neutralization of IL-10. Our findings show that nasal administration of HSP60 can attenuate atherosclerotic formation by inducing GARP(+) Tregs, Tr1 cells and FoxP3(+) Tregs, and that these Tregs maintain immune homeostasis by secreting IL-10 and TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - H Tang
- Department of Pediatric Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Q Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - X I Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - K Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - H Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - R Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - X Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
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26
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Hartwig T, Pantelyushin S, Croxford AL, Kulig P, Becher B. Dermal IL-17-producing γδ T cells establish long-lived memory in the skin. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3022-33. [PMID: 26332438 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Conventional αβ T cells have the ability to form a long-lasting resident memory T-cell (TRM ) population in nonlymphoid tissues after encountering foreign antigen. Conversely, the concept of 'innate memory', where the ability of nonadaptive branches of the immune system to deliver a rapid, strengthened immune response upon reinfection or rechallenge, is just emerging. Using the αβ T-cell-independent Aldara psoriasis mouse model in combination with genetic fate-mapping and reporter systems, we identified a subset of γδ T cells in mice that is capable of establishing a long-lived memory population in the skin. IL-17A/F-producing Vγ4(+) Vδ4(+) T cells populate and persist in the dermis for long periods of time after initial stimulation with Aldara. Experienced Vγ4(+) Vδ4(+) cells show enhanced effector functions and mediate an exacerbated secondary inflammatory response. In addition to identifying a unique feature of γδ T cells during inflammation, our results have direct relevance to the human disease as this quasi-innate memory provides a mechanistic insight into relapses and chronification of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hartwig
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stanislav Pantelyushin
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrew L Croxford
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paulina Kulig
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Llopiz D, Aranda F, Díaz-Valdés N, Ruiz M, Infante S, Belsúe V, Lasarte JJ, Sarobe P. Vaccine-induced but not tumor-derived Interleukin-10 dictates the efficacy of Interleukin-10 blockade in therapeutic vaccination. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1075113. [PMID: 27057445 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1075113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking antibodies against immunosuppressive molecules have shown promising results in cancer patients. However, there are not enough data to define those conditions dictating treatment efficacy. In this scenario, IL-10 is a cytokine with controversial effects on tumor growth. Thus, our aim was to characterize in which setting IL-10 blockade may potentiate the beneficial effects of a therapeutic vaccine In the IL-10-expressing B16-OVA and TC-1 P3 (A15) tumor models, therapeutic vaccination with tumor antigens plus the TLR7 ligand Imiquimod increased IL-10 production. Although blockade of IL-10 signal with anti-IL-10R antibodies did not inhibit tumor growth, when combined with vaccination it enhanced tumor rejection, associated with stronger innate and adaptive immune responses. Interestingly, a similar enhancement on immune responses was observed after simultaneous vaccination and IL-10 blockade in naive mice. However, when using vaccines containing as adjuvants the TLR3 ligand poly(I:C) or anti-CD40 agonistic antibodies, despite tumor IL-10 expression, anti-IL-10R antibodies did not provide any beneficial effect on tumor growth and antitumor immune responses. Of note, as opposed to Imiquimod, vaccination with this type of adjuvants did not induce IL-10 and correlated with a lack of in vitro IL-10 production by dendritic cells (DC). Finally, in B16-OVA-bearing mice, blockade of IL-10 during therapeutic vaccination with a multiple adjuvant combination (MAC) with potent immunostimulatory properties but still inducing IL-10 led to superior antitumor immunity and complete tumor rejection. These results suggest that for therapeutic antitumor vaccination, blockade of vaccine-induced IL-10 is more relevant than tumor-associated IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Llopiz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nancy Díaz-Valdés
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Stefany Infante
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Virginia Belsúe
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pablo Sarobe
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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28
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Kobold S, Wiedemann G, Rothenfußer S, Endres S. Modes of action of TLR7 agonists in cancer therapy. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:1085-95. [PMID: 25428647 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
From the numerous Toll-like receptor agonists, only TLR7 agonists have been approved for cancer treatment, although they are current restricted to topical application. The main target cells of TLR7 agonists are plasmacytoid dendritic cells, producing IFN-α and thus acting on other immune cells. Thereby dendritic cells acquire enhanced costimulatory and antigen-presenting capacity, priming an adaptive immune response. Besides NK cells, antigen-specific T cells are the main terminal effectors of TLR7 agonists in tumor therapy. This qualifies TLR7 agonists as vaccine adjuvants, which is currently being tested in clinical trials. However, the systemic application of TLR7 agonists shows insufficient efficacy, most likely owing to toxicity-limited dosing. The use of TLR7 agonists in combinational therapy holds the promise of synergistic activity and lower required doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) & Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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29
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Ito H, Ando T, Arioka Y, Saito K, Seishima M. Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity enhances the anti-tumour effects of a Toll-like receptor 7 agonist in an established cancer model. Immunology 2015; 144:621-30. [PMID: 25322876 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have been shown to have anti-tumour activity in basic research and clinical studies. However, TLR agonist monotherapy does not sufficiently eliminate tumours. Activation of the innate immune response by TLR agonists is effective at driving adaptive immunity via interleukin-12 (IL-12) or IL-1, but is counteracted by the simultaneous induction of immunosuppressive cytokines and other molecules, including IL-10, transforming growth factor-β, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). In the present study, we evaluated the anti-cancer effect of the TLR7 agonist, imiquimod (IMQ), in the absence of IDO activity. The administration of IMQ in IDO knockout (KO) mice inoculated with tumour cells significantly suppressed tumour progression compared with that in wild-type (WT) mice, and improved the survival rate. Moreover, injection with IMQ enhanced the tumour antigen-specific T helper type 1 response in IDO-KO mice with tumours. Combination therapy with IMQ and an IDO inhibitor also significantly inhibited tumour growth. Our results indicated that the enhancement of IDO expression with TLR agonists in cancer treatment might impair host anti-tumour immunity while the inhibition of IDO could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of TLR agonists via the increase of T helper type 1 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Ito
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, First Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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30
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Ito H, Ando T, Ogiso H, Arioka Y, Seishima M. Inhibition of induced nitric oxide synthase enhances the anti-tumor effects on cancer immunotherapy using TLR7 agonist in mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:429-36. [PMID: 25567751 PMCID: PMC11029476 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have been shown to have anti-tumor activity in basic research and clinical studies. However, TLR agonist monotherapy in cancer treatment dose not sufficiently eliminate tumors. Activation of the innate immune response by TLR agonists and other pathogen-associated molecular patterns is effective for driving adaptive immunity via interleukin (IL)-12 or IL-1, but is counteracted by the simultaneous induction of immunosuppressive cytokines and other molecules, including IL-10, tumor growth factor-β, and induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In the present study, we evaluated the anticancer effect of the TLR7 agonist, imiquimod (IMQ), in the absence of iNOS. The administration of IMQ in iNOS-knockout (KO) mice implanted with tumor cells significantly suppressed tumor progression as compared to that in wild-type mice and improved the survival rate. Moreover, injection with IMQ enhanced the tumor antigen-specific Th1 response in iNOS-KO mice with tumors. The enhancement of the antigen-specific Th1 response was associated with an increase in IL-2 and IL-12b expressions in the tumor-draining lymph nodes. Combination therapy with IMQ and an iNOS inhibitor also significantly inhibited tumor growth in the established tumor model. Finally, our results indicated that the enhancement of iNOS expression through the administration with TLR agonists impairs host anti-tumor immunity, while the inhibition of iNOS could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of TLR agonists via the increase in Th1 immune response.
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MESH Headings
- Aminoquinolines/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Imiquimod
- Immunotherapy
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/agonists
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/enzymology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Toll-Like Receptor 7/agonists
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Ito
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan,
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31
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Rich AM, Hussaini HM, Parachuru VPB, Seymour GJ. Toll-like receptors and cancer, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma. Front Immunol 2014; 5:464. [PMID: 25309546 PMCID: PMC4174116 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly apparent that the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the progression of cancer. The microenvironment may promote tumor cell survival and proliferation or, alternatively may induce tumor cell apoptosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins, expressed on immune cells and epithelial cells, that recognize exogenous and endogenous macromolecules. Once activated, they initiate signaling pathways leading to the release of cytokines and chemokines, which recruit immune cells inducing further cytokine production, the production of angiogenic mediators and growth factors, all of which may influence tumor progression. This paper examines the actions of TLRs in carcinogenesis with particular emphasis on their role in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Mary Rich
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Haizal Mohd Hussaini
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, National University of Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Venkata P B Parachuru
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Gregory J Seymour
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
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32
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Adams S, Novik Y, Oratz R, Axelrod D, Speyer J, Tiersten A, Goldberg JD, Bhardwaj N, Unutmaz D, Demaria S, Formenti S. Clinical trial evidence of the antitumor activity of topical imiquimod for breast cancer skin metastases. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:3204-5. [PMID: 25092780 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.56.1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Adams
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Yelena Novik
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ruth Oratz
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - James Speyer
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | - Derya Unutmaz
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
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33
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Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in the females. Intensive efforts have been made to understand the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of breast cancer. The physiological conditions that lead to tumorigenesis including breast cancer are not well understood. Toll like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of innate immune system that protect the host against bacterial and viral infection. The emerging evidences suggest that TLRs are activated through pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as endogenous molecules, which lead to the activation of inflammatory pathways. This leads to increased levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines mounting inflammation. Several evidences support the view that chronic inflammation can lead to cancerous condition. Inflammation aids in tumor progression and metastasis. Association of inflammation with breast cancer is emerging. TLR mediated activation of NF-κB and IRF is an essential link connecting inflammation to cancer. The recent reports provide several evidences, which suggest the important role of TLRs in breast cancer pathogenesis and recurrence. The current review focuses on emerging studies suggesting the strong linkages of TLR mediated regulation of inflammation during breast cancer and its metastasis emphasizing the initiation of the systematic study.
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34
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Yusuf N. Toll-like receptor mediated regulation of breast cancer: a case of mixed blessings. Front Immunol 2014; 5:224. [PMID: 24904578 PMCID: PMC4032943 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nabiha Yusuf
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
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35
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Lu H. TLR Agonists for Cancer Immunotherapy: Tipping the Balance between the Immune Stimulatory and Inhibitory Effects. Front Immunol 2014; 5:83. [PMID: 24624132 PMCID: PMC3939428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Lu
- Tumor Vaccine Group, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
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36
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Karashima T, Komatsu T, Niimura M, Kawada C, Kamada M, Inoue K, Udaka K, Kuroda N, Shuin T. Novel combination therapy with imiquimod and sorafenib for renal cell carcinoma. Int J Urol 2014; 21:702-6. [PMID: 24571181 DOI: 10.1111/iju.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the combination of the imidazoquinoline immune response modifier, imiquimod, and the multitargeted tyrosine-kinase inhibitor, sorafenib, inhibits the growth of renal cell carcinoma in mice. METHODS Female BALB/c mice were implanted subcutaneously with 2 × 10(5) RENCA mouse kidney cancer cells, and were treated with transcutaneously applied cream containing imiquimod and oral administrations of sorafenib beginning 5 days after implantation of the cells. Tumor incidence and burden were determined at 28 days after initiation of therapy. T cell infiltration in the tumor was determined by immunofluorescence staining with anti-CD3-ε and CD8-α antibodies. RESULTS Therapy with imiquimod, sorafenib or their combination was well tolerated. Combination therapy with imiquimod and sorafenib significantly inhibited tumor growth when compared with administration of control vehicle, imiquimod or sorafenib alone (P < 0.05). The CD3- and CD8-positive T cells infiltrated into tumors to a greater degree in response to the combination therapy when compared with tumors treated with control vehicle or sorafenib alone. CONCLUSIONS Combination therapy with a tyrosine-kinase inhibitor and an imidazoquinoline could be a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Karashima
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
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37
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Combinations of TLR ligands: a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:271246. [PMID: 24371445 PMCID: PMC3859257 DOI: 10.1155/2013/271246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of pattern recognition receptors recognizing molecules expressed by pathogens, are typically expressed by immune cells. However, several recent studies revealed functional TLR expression also on tumor cells. Their expression is a two-sided coin for tumor cells. Not only tumor-promoting effects of TLR ligands are described but also direct oncopathic and immunostimulatory effects. To clarify TLRs' role in colorectal cancer (CRC), we tested the impact of the TLR ligands LPS, Poly I:C, R848, and Taxol on primary human CRC cell lines (HROC40, HROC60, and HROC69) in vitro and in vivo (CT26). Taxol, not only a potent tumor-apoptosis-inducing, but also TLR4-activating chemotherapeutic compound, inhibited growth and viability of all cell lines, whereas the remaining TLR ligands had only marginal effects (R848 > LPS > Poly I:C). Combinations of the substances here did not improve the results, whereas antitumoral effects were dramatically boosted when human lymphocytes were added. Here, combining the TLR ligands often diminished antitumoral effects. In vivo, best tumor growth control was achieved by the combination of Taxol and R848. However, when combined with LPS, Taxol accelerated tumor growth. These data generally prove the potential of TLR ligands to control tumor growth and activate immune cells, but they also demonstrate the importance of choosing the right combinations.
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38
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Stewart CA, Metheny H, Iida N, Smith L, Hanson M, Steinhagen F, Leighty RM, Roers A, Karp CL, Müller W, Trinchieri G. Interferon-dependent IL-10 production by Tregs limits tumor Th17 inflammation. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4859-74. [PMID: 24216477 PMCID: PMC3809773 DOI: 10.1172/jci65180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of IL-10 and Tregs in the inflammatory tumor microenvironment to impair anticancer Th1 immunity makes them attractive targets for cancer immunotherapy. IL-10 and Tregs also suppress Th17 activity, which is associated with poor prognosis in several cancers. However, previous studies have overlooked their potential contribution to the regulation of pathogenic cancer-associated inflammation. In this study, we investigated the origin and function of IL-10–producing cells in the tumor microenvironment using transplantable tumor models in mice. The majority of tumor-associated IL-10 was produced by an activated Treg population. IL-10 production by Tregs was required to restrain Th17-type inflammation. Accumulation of activated IL-10+ Tregs in the tumor required type I IFN signaling but not inflammatory signaling pathways that depend on TLR adapter protein MyD88 or IL-12 family cytokines. IL-10 production limited Th17 cell numbers in both spleen and tumor. However, type I IFN was required to limit Th17 cells specifically in the tumor microenvironment, reflecting selective control of tumor-associated Tregs by type I IFN. Thus, the interplay of type I IFN, Tregs, and IL-10 is required to negatively regulate Th17 inflammation in the tumor microenvironment. Therapeutic interference of this network could therefore have the undesirable consequence of promoting Th17 inflammation and cancer growth.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/adverse effects
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Interferon Type I/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/deficiency
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/deficiency
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Andrew Stewart
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Data Management Services Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Bill Ford Chair of Cellular Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Metheny
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Data Management Services Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Bill Ford Chair of Cellular Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Noriho Iida
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Data Management Services Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Bill Ford Chair of Cellular Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Loretta Smith
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Data Management Services Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Bill Ford Chair of Cellular Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Miranda Hanson
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Data Management Services Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Bill Ford Chair of Cellular Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Folkert Steinhagen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Data Management Services Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Bill Ford Chair of Cellular Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M. Leighty
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Data Management Services Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Bill Ford Chair of Cellular Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Roers
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Data Management Services Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Bill Ford Chair of Cellular Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher L. Karp
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Data Management Services Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Bill Ford Chair of Cellular Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Werner Müller
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Data Management Services Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Bill Ford Chair of Cellular Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Data Management Services Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Bill Ford Chair of Cellular Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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39
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Demaria S, Vanpouille-Box C, Formenti SC, Adams S. The TLR7 agonist imiquimod as an adjuvant for radiotherapy-elicited in situ vaccination against breast cancer. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25997. [PMID: 24404422 PMCID: PMC3881106 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy can convert malignant cells into an in situ anticancer vaccine, but is often inadequate at generating sufficient pro-inflammatory signals to optimally activate innate and adaptive immune responses. Topical imiquimod is a powerful pro-inflammatory agent with clinical activity against superficial skin cancers. These two modalities appear to complement each other, hence achieving local and systemic tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Demaria
- Department of Pathology; New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA ; Department of Radiation Oncology; New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA ; NYU Cancer Institute; New York, NY USA
| | - Claire Vanpouille-Box
- Department of Pathology; New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA ; NYU Cancer Institute; New York, NY USA
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology; New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA ; NYU Cancer Institute; New York, NY USA
| | - Sylvia Adams
- NYU Cancer Institute; New York, NY USA ; Departmet of Medicine; New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA
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40
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Ray A, Chakraborty K, Ray P. Immunosuppressive MDSCs induced by TLR signaling during infection and role in resolution of inflammation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:52. [PMID: 24066282 PMCID: PMC3776133 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligand-mediated activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) not only induces inflammation but also immune suppression, which is an emerging area of investigation. Multiple negative feedback intracellular mechanisms have been described that are brought into play to prevent uncontrolled TLR activation. However, the identification of TLR-induced regulatory myeloid cells is a relatively recent development that has ramifications in pathogen-induced disease state as well as in cancer. Our efforts to understand how a high dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a ligand of TLR4, suppresses allergic airway inflammation led to the identification of myeloid cells that are CD11b+Griint(Ly6Gint)F4/80+ and are phenotypically and morphologically similar to myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) which are best studied in the context of cancer. MDSCs have been also detected during infection by various bacteria, parasites and viruses, which can engage different TLRs. These TLR-induced myeloid cells produce different types of mediators to influence immune response and inflammation that can be either beneficial or detrimental to the host. One beneficial function of TLR4/MyD88-triggered MDSCs in the lung is to efferocytose apoptotic neutrophils to help resolve inflammation elicited during bacterial pneumonia. A better understanding of the generation and function of these regulatory cells would be helpful to harness their potential or suppress their function for disease-specific immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Ray
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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41
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Raby AC, Holst B, Le Bouder E, Diaz C, Ferran E, Conraux L, Guillemot JC, Coles B, Kift-Morgan A, Colmont CS, Szakmany T, Ferrara P, Hall JE, Topley N, Labeta MO. Targeting the TLR Co-Receptor CD14 with TLR2-Derived Peptides Modulates Immune Responses to Pathogens. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:185ra64. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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42
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Engel AL, Sun GC, Gad E, Rastetter LR, Strobe K, Yang Y, Dang Y, Disis ML, Lu H. Protein-bound polysaccharide activates dendritic cells and enhances OVA-specific T cell response as vaccine adjuvant. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1468-76. [PMID: 23735481 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein-bound polysaccharide-K (PSK) is a hot water extract from Trametes versicolor mushroom. It has been used traditionally in Asian countries for its immune stimulating and anti-cancer effects. We have recently found that PSK can activate Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). TLR2 is highly expressed on dendritic cells (DC), so the current study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of PSK on DC activation and the potential of using PSK as a vaccine adjuvant. In vitro experiments using mouse bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) demonstrated that PSK induces DC maturation as shown by dose-dependent increase in the expression of CD80, CD86, MHCII, and CD40. PSK also induces the production of multiple inflammatory cytokines by DC, including IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-6, at both mRNA and protein levels. In vivo experiments using PSK as an adjuvant to OVAp323-339 vaccine showed that PSK as adjuvant leads to enlarged draining lymph nodes with higher number of activated DC. PSK also stimulates proliferation of OVA-specific T cells, and induces T cells that produce multiple cytokines, IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α. Altogether, these results demonstrate the ability of PSK to activate DC in vitro and in vivo and the potential of using PSK as a novel vaccine adjuvant.
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43
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Ridnour LA, Cheng RYS, Switzer CH, Heinecke JL, Ambs S, Glynn S, Young HA, Trinchieri G, Wink DA. Molecular pathways: toll-like receptors in the tumor microenvironment--poor prognosis or new therapeutic opportunity. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 19:1340-6. [PMID: 23271799 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous reports have described Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in the tumor microenvironment as it relates to cancer progression, as well as their involvement in inflammation. While TLRs mediate immune surveillance, clinical studies have associated TLR expression in the tumor with poor patient survival, indicating that TLR expression may affect cancer treatment and survival. This review will examine mechanisms in which TLR activation upregulates protumorigenic pathways, including the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS2) and COX2, which in turn increase TLR expression and promote a feed-forward loop leading to tumor progression and the development of more aggressive tumor phenotypes. These propagating loops involve cancer cell, stroma, and/or immune cell TLR expression. Because of abundant TLR expression in many human tumors, several TLR agonists are now in clinical and preclinical trials and some have shown enhanced efficacy when used as adjuvant with radiation, chemotherapy, or cancer vaccines. These findings suggest that TLR expression influences cancer biology and therapeutic response, which may involve specific interactions within the tumor microenvironment, including mediators of inflammation such as nitric oxide and the arachidonic acid signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Ridnour
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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44
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Kohrt H. Breast cancer treatment with imiquimod: applying an old lotion to a new disease. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:6571-3. [PMID: 23172886 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the prior two decades, imiquimod, a toll-like receptor 7 agonist, has been applied to nearly 50 clinical settings. Because of its immunomodulatory role, the topical cream today, for the first time, is being applied to cutaneous breast cancer in preclinical models and in a phase II clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holbrook Kohrt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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45
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Ochi A, Graffeo CS, Zambirinis CP, Rehman A, Hackman M, Fallon N, Barilla RM, Henning JR, Jamal M, Rao R, Greco S, Deutsch M, Medina-Zea MV, Saeed UB, Ego-Osuala MO, Hajdu C, Miller G. Toll-like receptor 7 regulates pancreatic carcinogenesis in mice and humans. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:4118-29. [PMID: 23023703 PMCID: PMC3484447 DOI: 10.1172/jci63606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is an aggressive cancer that interacts with stromal cells to produce a highly inflammatory tumor microenvironment that promotes tumor growth and invasiveness. The precise interplay between tumor and stroma remains poorly understood. TLRs mediate interactions between environmental stimuli and innate immunity and trigger proinflammatory signaling cascades. Our finding that TLR7 expression is upregulated in both epithelial and stromal compartments in human and murine pancreatic cancer led us to postulate that carcinogenesis is dependent on TLR7 signaling. In a mouse model of pancreatic cancer, TLR7 ligation vigorously accelerated tumor progression and induced loss of expression of PTEN, p16, and cyclin D1 and upregulation of p21, p27, p53, c-Myc, SHPTP1, TGF-β, PPARγ, and cyclin B1. Furthermore, TLR7 ligation induced STAT3 activation and interfaced with Notch as well as canonical NF-κB and MAP kinase pathways, but downregulated expression of Notch target genes. Moreover, blockade of TLR7 protected against carcinogenesis. Since pancreatic tumorigenesis requires stromal expansion, we proposed that TLR7 ligation modulates pancreatic cancer by driving stromal inflammation. Accordingly, we found that mice lacking TLR7 exclusively within their inflammatory cells were protected from neoplasia. These data suggest that targeting TLR7 holds promise for treatment of human pancreatic cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/immunology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Toll-Like Receptor 7/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 7/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 7/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Ochi
- Department of Surgery,
Department of Cell Biology, and
Department of Pathology, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher S. Graffeo
- Department of Surgery,
Department of Cell Biology, and
Department of Pathology, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Constantinos P. Zambirinis
- Department of Surgery,
Department of Cell Biology, and
Department of Pathology, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adeel Rehman
- Department of Surgery,
Department of Cell Biology, and
Department of Pathology, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Hackman
- Department of Surgery,
Department of Cell Biology, and
Department of Pathology, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nina Fallon
- Department of Surgery,
Department of Cell Biology, and
Department of Pathology, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rocky M. Barilla
- Department of Surgery,
Department of Cell Biology, and
Department of Pathology, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Justin R. Henning
- Department of Surgery,
Department of Cell Biology, and
Department of Pathology, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mohsin Jamal
- Department of Surgery,
Department of Cell Biology, and
Department of Pathology, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Raghavendra Rao
- Department of Surgery,
Department of Cell Biology, and
Department of Pathology, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephanie Greco
- Department of Surgery,
Department of Cell Biology, and
Department of Pathology, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Deutsch
- Department of Surgery,
Department of Cell Biology, and
Department of Pathology, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marco V. Medina-Zea
- Department of Surgery,
Department of Cell Biology, and
Department of Pathology, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Usama Bin Saeed
- Department of Surgery,
Department of Cell Biology, and
Department of Pathology, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Melvin O. Ego-Osuala
- Department of Surgery,
Department of Cell Biology, and
Department of Pathology, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cristina Hajdu
- Department of Surgery,
Department of Cell Biology, and
Department of Pathology, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - George Miller
- Department of Surgery,
Department of Cell Biology, and
Department of Pathology, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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46
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Dewan MZ, Vanpouille-Box C, Kawashima N, DiNapoli S, Babb JS, Formenti SC, Adams S, Demaria S. Synergy of topical toll-like receptor 7 agonist with radiation and low-dose cyclophosphamide in a mouse model of cutaneous breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:6668-78. [PMID: 23048078 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study tested the hypothesis that topical Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 agonist imiquimod promotes antitumor immunity and synergizes with other treatments in a model of skin-involving breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN TSA mouse breast carcinoma cells were injected s.c. into syngeneic mice. Imiquimod 5% or placebo cream was applied topically on the shaved skin overlying tumors three times/wk. In some experiments, local ionizing radiation therapy (RT) was delivered to the tumor in three fractions of 8 Gy, given on consecutive days. Cyclophosphamide was given intraperitoneally (i.p.) in one dose of 2 mg/mouse. Mice were followed for tumor growth and survival. RESULTS Treatment with imiquimod significantly inhibited tumor growth, an effect that was associated with increased tumor infiltration by CD11c(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+) cells, and abolished by depletion of CD8(+) cells. Administration of imiquimod in combination with RT enhanced significantly tumor response compared with either treatment alone (P < 0.005), and 11% to 66% of irradiated tumors completely regressed. Importantly, the addition of topical imiquimod also resulted in growth inhibition of a secondary tumor outside of the radiation field. Low-dose cyclophosphamide given before start of treatment with imiquimod and RT further improved tumor inhibition and reduced tumor recurrence. Mice that remained tumor-free rejected a tumorigenic inoculum of TSA cells, showing long-term immunologic memory. CONCLUSIONS Topical imiquimod inhibits tumor growth and synergizes with RT. Addition of cyclophosphamide further increases the therapeutic effect and induces protective immunologic memory, suggesting that this combination is a promising strategy for cutaneous breast cancer metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zahidunnabi Dewan
- Department of Pathology, Radiology, Radiation Oncology, and Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, and NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Hackstein H, Hagel N, Knoche A, Kranz S, Lohmeyer J, von Wulffen W, Kershaw O, Gruber AD, Bein G, Baal N. Skin TLR7 triggering promotes accumulation of respiratory dendritic cells and natural killer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43320. [PMID: 22927956 PMCID: PMC3425551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The TLR7 agonist imiquimod has been used successfully as adjuvant for skin treatment of virus-associated warts and basal cell carcinoma. The effects of skin TLR7 triggering on respiratory leukocyte populations are unknown. In a placebo-controlled experimental animal study we have used multicolour flow cytometry to systematically analyze the modulation of respiratory leukocyte subsets after skin administration of imiquimod. Compared to placebo, skin administration of imiquimod significantly increased respiratory dendritic cells (DC) and natural killer cells, whereas total respiratory leukocyte, alveolar macrophages, classical CD4+ T helper and CD8+ T killer cell numbers were not or only moderately affected. DC subpopulation analyses revealed that elevation of respiratory DC was caused by an increase of respiratory monocytic DC and CD11bhi DC subsets. Lymphocyte subpopulation analyses indicated a marked elevation of respiratory natural killer cells and a significant reduction of B lymphocytes. Analysis of cytokine responses of respiratory leukocytes after stimulation with Klebsiella pneumonia indicated reduced IFN-γ and TNF-α expression and increased IL-10 and IL-12p70 production after 7 day low dose skin TLR7 triggering. Additionally, respiratory NK cytotoxic activity was increased after 7d skin TLR7 triggering. In contrast, lung histology and bronchoalveolar cell counts were not affected suggesting that skin TLR7 stimulation modulated respiratory leukocyte composition without inducing overt pulmonary inflammation. These data suggest the possibility to modulate respiratory leukocyte composition and respiratory cytokine responses against pathogens like Klebsiella pneumonia through skin administration of a clinically approved TLR7 ligand. Skin administration of synthetic TLR7 ligands may represent a novel, noninvasive means to modulate respiratory immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Hackstein
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany.
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Adams S, Kozhaya L, Martiniuk F, Meng TC, Chiriboga L, Liebes L, Hochman T, Shuman N, Axelrod D, Speyer J, Novik Y, Tiersten A, Goldberg JD, Formenti SC, Bhardwaj N, Unutmaz D, Demaria S. Topical TLR7 agonist imiquimod can induce immune-mediated rejection of skin metastases in patients with breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:6748-57. [PMID: 22767669 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Skin metastases of breast cancer remain a therapeutic challenge. Toll-like receptor 7 agonist imiquimod is an immune response modifier and can induce immune-mediated rejection of primary skin malignancies when topically applied. Here we tested the hypothesis that topical imiquimod stimulates local antitumor immunity and induces the regression of breast cancer skin metastases. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A prospective clinical trial was designed to evaluate the local tumor response rate of breast cancer skin metastases treated with topical imiquimod, applied 5 d/wk for 8 weeks. Safety and immunologic correlates were secondary objectives. RESULTS Ten patients were enrolled and completed the study. Imiquimod treatment was well tolerated, with only grade 1 to 2 transient local and systemic side effects consistent with imiquimod's immunomodulatory effects. Two patients achieved a partial response [20%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3%-56%]. Responders showed histologic tumor regression with evidence of an immune-mediated response, showed by changes in the tumor lymphocytic infiltrate and locally produced cytokines. CONCLUSION Topical imiquimod is a beneficial treatment modality for breast cancer metastatic to skin/chest wall and is well tolerated. Importantly, imiquimod can promote a proimmunogenic tumor microenvironment in breast cancer. Preclinical data generated by our group suggest superior results with a combination of imiquimod and ionizing radiation and we are currently testing in patients whether the combination can further improve antitumor immune and clinical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Adams
- Departments of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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Dang Y, Wagner WM, Gad E, Rastetter L, Berger CM, Holt GE, Disis ML. Dendritic cell-activating vaccine adjuvants differ in the ability to elicit antitumor immunity due to an adjuvant-specific induction of immunosuppressive cells. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:3122-31. [PMID: 22510348 PMCID: PMC3367040 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We questioned whether the vaccine adjuvant combination of TLR-7 ligand agonist, imiquimod, with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) would result in enhanced dendritic cell recruitment and activation with increased antigen-specific immunity as compared with either adjuvant used alone. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The adjuvant effects of GM-CSF and imiquimod were studied in ovalbumin (OVA) and MMTVneu transgenic mice using peptide-based vaccines. Type I immunity, serum cytokines, myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSC), and regulatory T cells (Treg) levels were examined. RESULTS Both GM-CSF and imiquimod equally induced local accumulation and activation of dendritic cells. Both adjuvants effectively enhanced OVA-specific T-cell responses. We further evaluated the antitumor efficacy of adjuvant GM-CSF and imiquimod immunizing against murine insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2), a nonmutated oncoprotein overexpressed in the tumors of MMTVneu transgenic mice. Tumor growth was significantly inhibited in the mice receiving IGFBP-2 peptides with GM-CSF (P = 0.000), but not in imiquimod vaccine-treated groups (P = 0.141). Moreover, the addition of imiquimod to GM-CSF negated the antitumor activity of the vaccine when GM-CSF was used as the sole adjuvant. While GM-CSF stimulated significant levels of antigen-specific T-helper cell (T(H))1, imiquimod induced elevated serum interleukin (IL)-10. Both MDSC and Tregs were increased in the imiquimod-treated but not GM-CSF-treated groups (P = 0.000 and 0.006, respectively). Depleting MDSC and Treg in animals immunized with imiquimod and IGFBP-2 peptides restored antitumor activity to the levels observed with vaccination using GM-CSF as the sole adjuvant. CONCLUSION Adjuvants may induce regulatory responses in the context of a self-antigen vaccine. Adjuvant triggered immunosuppression may limit vaccine efficacy and should be evaluated in preclinical models especially when contemplating combination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushe Dang
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Guilbride DL, Guilbride PD, Gawlinski P. Malaria's deadly secret: a skin stage. Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:142-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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