1
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Tang X, Wang Z, Jiang D, Chen M, Zhang D. Expression profile, subcellular localization of MARCH4 and transcriptome analysis of its potential regulatory signaling pathway in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:273-282. [PMID: 36126839 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family, as Ring-type E3 ligases, have attracted extensive attention to their immune functions. MARCH4 plays an essential role in regulating immune response in mammal. In the present study, it is the first to report on MARCH4 characteristics and signal pathway in fish. MARCH4 in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea (named as LcMARCH4) encodes a RING-CH domain and two TM domains, as well as other function domains, including an N-terminal proline rich domain, an AxxxG-motif in TM1, a tyrosine-based YXXØ motif, and a C-terminal PDZ-binding domain. LcMARCH4 is a tissue-specific protein with highly significant expression in brain. The mRNA transcripts of LcMARCH4 were significantly induced in the main organs (skin, gill, spleen, and head-kidney) by C. irritans infection. Consistently, significant increase was observed in spleen and head-kidney after LPS, Poly I:C stimulation and V. parahaemolyticus infection. Subcellular localization analysis showed that LcMARCH4 was localized in the cytoplasm and membrane. Moreover, we found 46 DEGs in a comparative transcriptome analysis between the LcMARCH4 overexpression group and control vector group. The analysis showed that HSPA6, HSPA1B and DNAJB1 might play important regulatory roles to MARCH4 in fish. Notably, two noncoding RNA, both RN7SL1 and RN7SL2, the expression levels went up in MARCH4 overexpression cells. Taken together, this study will provide new insights into finfish MARCH4 and its potential regulatory signaling pathway as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jimei University, Xiamen, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Meiling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dongling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.
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2
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Nondegradable ubiquitinated ATG9A organizes Golgi integrity and dynamics upon stresses. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111195. [PMID: 35977480 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ATG9A is a highly conserved membrane protein required for autophagy initiation. It is trafficked from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the phagophore to act as a membrane source for autophagosome expansion. Here, we show that ATG9A is not just a passenger protein in the TGN but rather works in concert with GRASP55, a stacking factor for Golgi structure, to organize Golgi dynamics and integrity. Upon heat stress, the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH9 is promoted to ubiquitinate ATG9A in the form of K63 conjugation, and the nondegradable ubiquitinated ATG9A disperses from the Golgi apparatus to the cytoplasm more intensely, accompanied by inhibiting GRASP55 oligomerization, further resulting in Golgi fragmentation. Knockout of ATG9A or MARCH9 largely prevents Golgi fragmentation and protects Golgi functions under heat and other Golgi stresses. Our results reveal a noncanonical function of ATG9A for Golgi dynamics and suggest the pathway for sensing Golgi stress via the MARCH9/ATG9A axis.
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3
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Yang H, Zhu J, Guo H, Tang A, Chen S, Zhang D, Yuan L, Liu G. Molecular cloning, characterization, and functional analysis of the uncharacterized C11orf96 gene. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:170. [PMID: 35538492 PMCID: PMC9086667 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mammalian genome encodes millions of proteins. Although many proteins have been discovered and identified, a large part of proteins encoded by genes are yet to be discovered or fully characterized. In the present study, we successfully identified a host protein C11orf96 that was significantly upregulated after viral infection. Results First, we successfully cloned the coding sequence (CDS) region of the cat, human, and mouse C11orf96 gene. The CDS region of the C11orf96 gene is 372 bp long, encodes 124 amino acids, and is relatively conserved in different mammals. From bioinformatics analysis, we found that C11orf96 is rich in Ser and has multiple predicted phosphorylation sites. Moreover, protein interaction prediction analysis revealed that the protein is associated with several transmembrane family proteins and zinc finger proteins. Subsequently, we found that C11orf96 is strictly distributed in the cytoplasm. According to the tissue distribution characteristics, C11orf96 is distributed in all tissues and organs, with the highest expression levels in the kidney. These results indicate that C11orf96 may play a specific biological role in the kidney. Conclusions Summarizing, these data lay the foundation for studying the biological functions of C11orf96 and for exploring its role in viral replication. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03224-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China.,Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyuan Guo
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Aoxing Tang
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Zhang
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Ligang Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangqing Liu
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Sandow JJ, Webb AI, Stockwell D, Kershaw NJ, Tan C, Ishido S, Alexander WS, Hilton DJ, Babon JJ, Nicola NA. Proteomic analyses reveal that immune integrins are major targets for regulation by Membrane-Associated Ring-CH (MARCH) proteins MARCH2, 3, 4 and 9. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000244. [PMID: 33945654 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
MARCH proteins are membrane-associated Ring-CH E3 ubiquitin ligases that dampen immune responses by downregulating cell surface expression of major histocompatibility complexes I and II as well as immune co-stimulatory receptors. We recently showed that MARCH2,3,4 and 9 also downregulate cell surface expression of the inflammatory cytokine receptor for interleukin-6 (IL6Rα). Here we use over-expression of these MARCH proteins in the M1 myeloid leukaemia cell line and cell surface proteomic analyses to globally analyse other potential targets of these proteins. A large range of cell surface proteins regulated by more than one MARCH protein in addition to several MARCH protein-specific cell surface targets were identified most of which were downregulated by MARCH expression. Prominent among these were several integrin complexes associated with immune cell homing, adhesion and migration. Integrin α4β1 (VLA4 or VCAM-1 receptor) was downregulated only by MARCH2 and we showed that in MARCH2 knockout mice, Integrin α4 was upregulated specifically in mature B-lymphocytes and this was accompanied by decreased numbers of B-cells in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod J Sandow
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew I Webb
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dina Stockwell
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadia J Kershaw
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cyrus Tan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Satoshi Ishido
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Warren S Alexander
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Douglas J Hilton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Babon
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicos A Nicola
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Tada T, Zhang Y, Fujita H, Tokunaga K. MARCH8: the tie that binds to viruses. FEBS J 2021; 289:3642-3654. [PMID: 33993615 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family member proteins are RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligases that are known to downregulate cellular transmembrane proteins. MARCH8 is a novel antiviral factor that inhibits HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein and vesicular stomatitis virus G by downregulating these envelope glycoproteins from the cell surface, resulting in their reduced incorporation into virions. More recently, we have found that MARCH8 reduces viral infectivity via two different mechanisms. Additionally, several groups have reported further antiviral or virus-supportive functions of the MARCH8 protein and its other cellular mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms by which MARCH8 can regulate cellular homeostasis and inhibit and occasionally support enveloped virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tada
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Yanzhao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Fujita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Japan
| | - Kenzo Tokunaga
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Baugh R, Khalique H, Seymour LW. Convergent Evolution by Cancer and Viruses in Evading the NKG2D Immune Response. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3827. [PMID: 33352921 PMCID: PMC7766243 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) receptor and its family of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) are key components in the innate immune system, triggering NK, γδ and CD8+ T cell-mediated immune responses. While surface NKG2DL are rarely found on healthy cells, expression is significantly increased in response to various types of cellular stress, viral infection, and tumour cell transformation. In order to evade immune-mediated cytotoxicity, both pathogenic viruses and cancer cells have evolved various mechanisms of subverting immune defences and preventing NKG2DL expression. Comparisons of the mechanisms employed following virus infection or malignant transformation reveal a pattern of converging evolution at many of the key regulatory steps involved in NKG2DL expression and subsequent immune responses. Exploring ways to target these shared steps in virus- and cancer-mediated immune evasion may provide new mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities, for example, using oncolytic virotherapy to re-engage the innate immune system towards cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonard W. Seymour
- Anticancer Viruses and Cancer Vaccines Research Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (R.B.); (H.K.)
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7
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Wang X, Cabrera FG, Sharp KL, Spencer DM, Foster AE, Bayle JH. Engineering Tolerance toward Allogeneic CAR-T Cells by Regulation of MHC Surface Expression with Human Herpes Virus-8 Proteins. Mol Ther 2020; 29:718-733. [PMID: 33554868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic, off-the-shelf (OTS) chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapies have the potential to reduce manufacturing costs and variability while providing broader accessibility to cancer patients and those with other diseases. However, host-versus-graft reactivity can limit the durability and efficacy of OTS cell therapies requiring new strategies to evade adaptive and innate-immune responses. Human herpes virus-8 (HHV8) maintains infection, in part, by evading host T and natural killer (NK) cell attack. The viral K3 gene encodes a membrane-tethered E3 ubiquitin ligase that discretely targets major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I components, whereas K5 encodes a similar E3 ligase with broader specificity, including MHC-II and the MHC-like MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A (MIC-A)- and sequence B (MIC-B)-activating ligands of NK cells. We created γ-retroviruses encoding K3 and/or K5 transgenes that efficiently transduce primary human T cells. Expression of K3 or K5 resulted in dramatic downregulation of MHC-IA (human leukocyte antigen [HLA]-A, -B, and -C) and MHC class II (HLA-DR) cell-surface expression. K3 expression was sufficient for T cells to resist exogenously loaded peptide-MHC-specific cytotoxicity, as well as recognition in one-way allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions. Further, in immunodeficient mice engrafted with allogeneic T cells, K3-transduced T cells selectively expanded in vivo. Ectopic K5 expression in MHC class I-, MIC-A+/B+ K562 cells also reduced targeting by primary NK cells. Coexpression of K3 in prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA)-directed, inducible MyD88/CD40 (iMC)-enhanced CAR-T cells did not impact cytotoxicity, T cell growth, or cytokine production against HPAC pancreatic tumor target cells, whereas K5-expressing cells showed a modest reduction in interleukin (IL)-2 production without effect on cytotoxicity. Together, these results support application of these E3 ligases to advance development of OTS CAR-T cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wang
- Research and Development, Bellicum Pharmaceuticals, 2710 Reed Road, Suite 160, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fabricio G Cabrera
- Research and Development, Bellicum Pharmaceuticals, 2710 Reed Road, Suite 160, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kelly L Sharp
- Research and Development, Bellicum Pharmaceuticals, 2710 Reed Road, Suite 160, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David M Spencer
- Research and Development, Bellicum Pharmaceuticals, 2710 Reed Road, Suite 160, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aaron E Foster
- Research and Development, Bellicum Pharmaceuticals, 2710 Reed Road, Suite 160, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - J Henri Bayle
- Research and Development, Bellicum Pharmaceuticals, 2710 Reed Road, Suite 160, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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8
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Chathuranga K, Kim TH, Lee H, Park JS, Kim JH, Chathuranga WAG, Ekanayaka P, Choi YJ, Lee CH, Kim CJ, Jung JU, Lee JS. Negative regulation of NEMO signaling by the ubiquitin E3 ligase MARCH2. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105139. [PMID: 32935379 PMCID: PMC7604578 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NF‐κB essential modulator (NEMO) is a key regulatory protein that functions during NF‐κB‐ and interferon‐mediated signaling in response to extracellular stimuli and pathogen infections. Tight regulation of NEMO is essential for host innate immune responses and for maintenance of homeostasis. Here, we report that the E3 ligase MARCH2 is a novel negative regulator of NEMO‐mediated signaling upon bacterial or viral infection. MARCH2 interacted directly with NEMO during the late phase of infection and catalyzed K‐48‐linked ubiquitination of Lys326 on NEMO, which resulted in its degradation. Deletion of MARCH2 resulted in marked resistance to bacterial/viral infection, along with increased innate immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, MARCH2−/− mice were more susceptible to LPS challenge due to massive production of cytokines. Taken together, these findings provide new insight into the molecular regulation of NEMO and suggest an important role for MARCH2 in homeostatic control of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyuncheol Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jun-Seol Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | | | - Pathum Ekanayaka
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Youn Jung Choi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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9
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Molfetta R, Zingoni A, Santoni A, Paolini R. Post-translational Mechanisms Regulating NK Cell Activating Receptors and Their Ligands in Cancer: Potential Targets for Therapeutic Intervention. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2557. [PMID: 31736972 PMCID: PMC6836727 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient clearance of transformed cells by Natural Killer (NK) cells is regulated by several activating receptors, including NKG2D, NCRs, and DNAM-1. Expression of these receptors as well as their specific “induced self” ligands is finely regulated during malignant transformation through the integration of different mechanisms acting on transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels. Among post-translational mechanisms, the release of activating ligands in the extracellular milieu through protease-mediated cleavage or by extracellular vesicle secretion represents some relevant cancer immune escape processes. Moreover, covalent modifications including ubiquitination and SUMOylation also contribute to negative regulation of NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligand surface expression resulting either in ligand intracellular retention and/or ligand degradation. All these mechanisms greatly impact on NK cell mediated recognition and killing of cancer cells and may be targeted to potentiate NK cell surveillance against tumors. Our mini review summarizes the main post-translational mechanisms regulating the expression of activating receptors and their ligands with particular emphasis on the contribution of ligand shedding and of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifications in reducing target cell susceptibility to NK cell-mediated killing. Strategies aimed at inhibiting shedding of activating ligands and their modifications in order to preserve ligand expression on cancer cells will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Molfetta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zingoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Paolini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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10
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Lin H, Li S, Shu HB. The Membrane-Associated MARCH E3 Ligase Family: Emerging Roles in Immune Regulation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1751. [PMID: 31404274 PMCID: PMC6669941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The membrane-associated RING-CH-type finger (MARCH) proteins of E3 ubiquitin ligases have emerged as critical regulators of immune responses. MARCH proteins target immune receptors, viral proteins as well as components in innate immune response for polyubiquitination and degradations via distinct routes. This review summarizes the current progress about MARCH proteins and their regulation on immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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11
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Zhang Y, Tada T, Ozono S, Yao W, Tanaka M, Yamaoka S, Kishigami S, Fujita H, Tokunaga K. Membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) 1 and 2 are MARCH family members that inhibit HIV-1 infection. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:3397-3405. [PMID: 30630952 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac118.005907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-associated RING-CH 8 (MARCH8) is one of 11 members of the MARCH family of RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligases and down-regulates several membrane proteins (e.g. major histocompatibility complex II [MHC-II], CD86, and transferrin receptor). We recently reported that MARCH8 also targets HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins and acts as an antiviral factor. However, it remains unclear whether other family members might have antiviral functions similar to those of MARCH8. Here we show that MARCH1 and MARCH2 are MARCH family members that reduce virion incorporation of envelope glycoproteins. Infectivity assays revealed that MARCH1 and MARCH2 dose-dependently suppress viral infection. Treatment with type I interferon enhanced endogenous expression levels of MARCH1 and MARCH2 in monocyte-derived macrophages. Expression of these proteins in virus-producing cells decreased the efficiency of viral entry and down-regulated HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins from the cell surface, resulting in reduced incorporation of envelope glycoproteins into virions, as observed in MARCH8 expression. With the demonstration that MARCH1 and MARCH2 are antiviral MARCH family members as presented here, these two proteins join a growing list of host factors that inhibit HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhao Zhang
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takuya Tada
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Seiya Ozono
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.,the Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Weitong Yao
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.,the Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, and
| | - Michiko Tanaka
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shoji Yamaoka
- the Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, and
| | - Satoshi Kishigami
- the Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Hideaki Fujita
- the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
| | - Kenzo Tokunaga
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan,
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12
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Tan C, Byrne EFX, Ah-Cann C, Call MJ, Call ME. A serine in the first transmembrane domain of the human E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH9 is critical for down-regulation of its protein substrates. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2470-2485. [PMID: 30554144 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases regulates the levels of cell-surface membrane proteins, many of which are involved in immune responses. Although their role in ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis and degradation of cell-surface proteins is extensively documented, the features of MARCH proteins and their substrates that drive the molecular recognition events leading to ubiquitin transfer remain poorly defined. In this study, we sought to determine the features of human MARCH9 that are required for regulating the surface levels of its substrate proteins. Consistent with previous studies of other MARCH proteins, we found that susceptibility to MARCH9 activity is encoded in the transmembrane (TM) domains of its substrates. Accordingly, substitutions at specific residues and motifs within MARCH9's TM domains resulted in varying degrees of functional impairment. Most notably, a single serine-to-alanine substitution in the first of its two TM domains rendered MARCH9 completely unable to alter the surface levels of two different substrates: the major histocompatibility class I molecule HLA-A2 and the T-cell co-receptor CD4. Solution NMR analysis of a MARCH9 fragment encompassing the two TM domains and extracellular connecting loop revealed that the residues contributing most to MARCH9 activity are located in the α-helical portions of TM1 and TM2 that are closest to the extracellular face of the lipid bilayer. This observation defines a key region required for substrate regulation. In summary, our biochemical and structural findings demonstrate that specific sequences in the α-helical MARCH9 TM domains make crucial contributions to its ability to down-regulate its protein substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Tan
- From the Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 3052 Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, 3052 Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eamon F X Byrne
- the Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, and
| | - Casey Ah-Cann
- the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, 3052 Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,the ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 3052 Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa J Call
- From the Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 3052 Parkville, Victoria, Australia, .,the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, 3052 Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew E Call
- From the Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 3052 Parkville, Victoria, Australia, .,the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, 3052 Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Hosomi S, Grootjans J, Huang YH, Kaser A, Blumberg RS. New Insights Into the Regulation of Natural-Killer Group 2 Member D (NKG2D) and NKG2D-Ligands: Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and CEA-Related Cell Adhesion Molecule 1. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1324. [PMID: 29973929 PMCID: PMC6020765 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural-killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) is a well-characterized activating receptor expressed by natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, activated CD8+ T cells, subsets of γδ+ T cells, and innate-like T cells. NKG2D recognizes multiple ligands (NKG2D-ligands) to mount an innate immune response against stressed, transformed, or infected cells. NKG2D-ligand surface expression is tightly restricted on healthy cells through transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, while transformed or infected cells express the ligands as a danger signal. Recent studies have revealed that unfolded protein response pathways during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress result in upregulation of ULBP-related protein via the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase-activating factor 4-C/EBP homologous protein (PERK-ATF4-CHOP) pathway, which can be linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Transformed cells, however, possess mechanisms to escape NKG2D-mediated immune surveillance, such as upregulation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1), a negative regulator of NKG2D-ligands. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of NKG2D-ligand regulation, with a focus on newly discovered mechanisms that promote NKG2D-ligand expression on epithelial cells, including ER stress, and mechanisms that suppress NKG2D-ligand-mediated killing of cancer cells, namely by co-expression of CEACAM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Hosomi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Joep Grootjans
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yu-Hwa Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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14
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Stojanovic A, Correia MP, Cerwenka A. The NKG2D/NKG2DL Axis in the Crosstalk Between Lymphoid and Myeloid Cells in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:827. [PMID: 29740438 PMCID: PMC5924773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) receptor is a type II transmembrane protein expressed by both innate and adaptive immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, CD8+ T cells, invariant NKT cells, γδ T cells, and some CD4+ T cells under certain pathological conditions. NKG2D is an activating NK receptor that induces cytotoxicity and production of cytokines by effector cells and supports their proliferation and survival upon engagement with its ligands. In both innate and T cell populations, NKG2D can costimulate responses induced by other receptors, such as TCR in T cells or NKp46 in NK cells. NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) are remarkably diverse. Initially, NKG2DL expression was typically attributed to stressed, infected, or transformed cells, thus signaling “dysregulated-self.” However, many reports indicated their expression under homeostatic conditions, usually in the context of cell activation and/or proliferation. Myeloid cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), are among the first cells sensing and responding to pathogens and tissue damage. By secreting a plethora of soluble mediators, by presenting antigens to T cells and by expressing costimulatory molecules, myeloid cells play vital roles in inducing and supporting responses of other immune cells in lymphoid organs and tissues. When activated, both macrophages and DCs upregulate NKG2DLs, thereby enabling them with additional mechanisms for regulating lymphocyte responses. In this review, we will focus on the expression of NKG2D by innate and adaptive lymphocytes, the regulation of NKG2DL expression on myeloid cells, and the contribution of the NKG2D/NKG2DL axis to the crosstalk of myeloid cells with NKG2D-expressing lymphocytes. In addition, we will highlight pathophysiological conditions associated with NKG2D/NKG2DL dysregulation and discuss the putative involvement of the NKG2D/NKG2DL axis in the lymphocyte/myeloid cell crosstalk in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Stojanovic
- Innate Immunity (D080), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Immunobiochemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Margareta P Correia
- Innate Immunity (D080), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Immunobiochemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- Innate Immunity (D080), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Immunobiochemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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15
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Raulet DH, Marcus A, Coscoy L. Dysregulated cellular functions and cell stress pathways provide critical cues for activating and targeting natural killer cells to transformed and infected cells. Immunol Rev 2017; 280:93-101. [PMID: 29027233 PMCID: PMC5687887 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells recognize and kill cancer cells and infected cells by engaging cell surface ligands that are induced preferentially or exclusively on these cells. These ligands are recognized by activating receptors on NK cells, such as NKG2D. In addition to activation by cell surface ligands, the acquisition of optimal effector activity by NK cells is driven in vivo by cytokines and other signals. This review addresses a developing theme in NK cell biology: that NK-activating ligands on cells, and the provision of cytokines and other signals that drive high effector function in NK cells, are driven by abnormalities that arise from transformation or the infected state. The pathways include genomic damage, which causes self DNA to be exposed in the cytosol of affected cells, where it activates the DNA sensor cGAS. The resulting signaling induces NKG2D ligands and also mobilizes NK cell activation. Other key pathways that regulate NKG2D ligands include PI-3 kinase activation, histone acetylation, and the integrated stress response. This review summarizes the roles of these pathways and their relevance in both viral infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Laboratory, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Research Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Assaf Marcus
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Laboratory, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Research Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Laurent Coscoy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Laboratory, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Research Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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16
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Bauer J, Bakke O, Morth JP. Overview of the membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) E3 ligase family. N Biotechnol 2017; 38:7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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De Angelis Rigotti F, De Gassart A, Pforr C, Cano F, N'Guessan P, Combes A, Camossetto V, Lehner PJ, Pierre P, Gatti E. MARCH9-mediated ubiquitination regulates MHC I export from the TGN. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:753-764. [PMID: 28559542 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Given the heterogeneous nature of antigens, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) intracellular transport intersects with multiple degradation pathways for efficient peptide loading and presentation to cytotoxic T cells. MHC I loading with peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a tightly regulated process, while post-ER intracellular transport is considered to occur by default, leading to peptide-bearing MHC I delivery to the plasma membrane. We show here that MHC I traffic is submitted to a previously uncharacterized sorting step at the trans Golgi network (TGN), dependent on the ubiquitination of its cytoplasmic tail lysine residues. MHC I ubiquitination is mediated by the E3 ligase membrane-associated RING-CH 9 (MARCH9) and allows MHC I access to Syntaxin 6-positive endosomal compartments. We further show that MARCH9 can also target the human MHC I-like lipid antigen-presentation molecule CD1a. MARCH9 expression is modulated by microbial pattern exposure in dendritic cells (DCs), thus revealing the role of this ubiquitin E3 ligase in coordinating MHC I access to endosomes and DC activation for efficient antigen cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aude De Gassart
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Carina Pforr
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Florencia Cano
- Division of Immunology, Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Prudence N'Guessan
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Alexis Combes
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Voahirana Camossetto
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Division of Immunology, Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philippe Pierre
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Evelina Gatti
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Marseille, France
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18
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Han B, Zhao Y, Lin Y, Fu S, Wang L, Zhang M, Tie R, Wang B, Luo Y, Liu L, Yu J, Huang H. Hydroxychloroquine sensitizes chronic myeloid leukemia cells to Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-mediated lysis independent of autophagy. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:1810-1820. [PMID: 28339029 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is the only autophagy inhibitor in clinical use and it has shown great potential in treating chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). By inhibiting autophagy, HCQ enhances the anti-CML efficiency of chemotherapy. In the present study, we demonstrated that HCQ sensitized CML cells to Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-mediated lysis. HCQ inhibited autophagy in CML cells, but the sensitizing effects of HCQ were autophagy-independent. Since the sensitization was not mimicked by ATG7 knockdown and even occurred in the absence of ATG7. We revealed that in a time-dependent manner HCQ induced the expression of NKG2D ligand ULBP4 on the surface of CML cells. This marks the leukemia cell for recognition by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Blocking the interaction of NKG2D with its ligands deleted the sensitizing effects of HCQ. In addition, we showed that HCQ did not affect the synthesis or degradation of ULBP4, but induced the translocation of ULBP4 from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane. Our results uncovered a previously unknown mechanism for HCQ in CML treatment that underlines the ability of HCQ to modulate the immune visibility of CML cells, and pave the way to the development of new combination treatments with HCQ and Vγ9Vδ2 T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Autophagy/genetics
- Autophagy-Related Protein 7/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Cell Membrane/genetics
- Cytoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Humans
- Hydroxychloroquine/administration & dosage
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/biosynthesis
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Biqing Han
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yanmin Zhao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yu Lin
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Shan Fu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Limengmeng Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Ruxiu Tie
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Binsheng Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Lizhen Liu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jian Yu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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19
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Molfetta R, Zitti B, Santoni A, Paolini R. Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifiers modulate NK cell-mediated recognition and killing of damaged cells. AIMS ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/allergy.2017.4.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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20
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Pozhitkov AE, Neme R, Domazet-Lošo T, Leroux BG, Soni S, Tautz D, Noble PA. Tracing the dynamics of gene transcripts after organismal death. Open Biol 2017; 7:160267. [PMID: 28123054 PMCID: PMC5303275 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In life, genetic and epigenetic networks precisely coordinate the expression of genes-but in death, it is not known if gene expression diminishes gradually or abruptly stops or if specific genes and pathways are involved. We studied this by identifying mRNA transcripts that apparently increase in relative abundance after death, assessing their functions, and comparing their abundance profiles through postmortem time in two species, mouse and zebrafish. We found mRNA transcript profiles of 1063 genes became significantly more abundant after death of healthy adult animals in a time series spanning up to 96 h postmortem. Ordination plots revealed non-random patterns in the profiles by time. While most of these transcript levels increased within 0.5 h postmortem, some increased only at 24 and 48 h postmortem. Functional characterization of the most abundant transcripts revealed the following categories: stress, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, transport, development, epigenetic regulation and cancer. The data suggest a step-wise shutdown occurs in organismal death that is manifested by the apparent increase of certain transcripts with various abundance maxima and durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Pozhitkov
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, PO Box 357444, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, 24306 Ploen, Germany
| | - Rafik Neme
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, 24306 Ploen, Germany
| | - Tomislav Domazet-Lošo
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
- Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Brian G Leroux
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, PO Box 357444, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shivani Soni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36101-0271, USA
| | - Diethard Tautz
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, 24306 Ploen, Germany
| | - Peter A Noble
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, PO Box 357444, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36101-0271, USA
- PhD Program in Microbiology, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36101-0271, USA
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21
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Oh J, Shin JS. Molecular mechanism and cellular function of MHCII ubiquitination. Immunol Rev 2016; 266:134-44. [PMID: 26085212 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) is ubiquitinated via the evolutionarily conserved lysine in the cytoplasmic tail of the β chain in dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells. The ubiquitination is mediated by the membrane-associated RING-CH1 (MARCH1) ubiquitin ligase although it can be also mediated by the homologous ligase MARCH8 in model cell lines. The ubiquitination promotes MHCII endocytosis and lysosomal sorting that results in a reduction in the level of MHCII at cell surface. Functionally, MHCII ubiquitination serves as a means by which DCs suppress MHCII expression and reduce antigen presentation in response to the immune regulatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) and regulatory T cells. Recently, additional roles of MHCII ubiquitination have emerged. MHCII ubiquitination promoted DC production of inflammatory cytokines in response to the Toll-like receptor ligands. It also potentiated DC ability to activate antigen-specific naive CD4(+) T cells while limiting the amount of antigens presented at cell surface. Similarly, MHCII ubiquitination promoted DC activation of CD4(+) thymocytes supporting regulatory T-cell development independent of its effect of limiting antigen presentation. Thus, ubiquitination appears to confer MHCII a function independent of presenting antigens by a mechanism yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehak Oh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeoung-Sook Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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22
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Immunosurveillance and immunotherapy of tumors by innate immune cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 38:52-8. [PMID: 26686774 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a role for innate immune effector cells in tumor surveillance. Natural killer (NK) cells and myeloid cells represent the two main subsets of innate immune cells possessing efficient but quite different tumor suppressive abilities. Here, we describe the germline-encoded NK cell receptors that play a role in suppressing tumor development and describe briefly the cellular pathways leading to the upregulation of their ligands in tumor cells. We also describe mechanisms underlying the elimination of tumor cells by macrophages and a recently characterized mechanism dedicated to sensing cytosolic DNA that is implicated in antitumor immune responses.
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23
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Ropka-Molik K, Dusik A, Piórkowska K, Tyra M, Oczkowicz M, Szmatoła T. Polymorphisms of the membrane-associated ring finger 4, ubiquitin protein ligase gene (MARCH4) and its relationship with porcine production traits. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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24
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Ramutton T, Buccheri S, Dieli F, Todaro M, Stassi G, Meraviglia S. γδ T cells as a potential tool in colon cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:989-99. [PMID: 25341120 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are capable of recognizing tumor cells and exert potent cellular cytotoxicity against a large range of tumors, including colon cancer. However, tumors utilize numerous strategies to escape recognition or killing by patrolling γδ T cells, such a downregulation of NKG2D ligands, MICA/B and ULBPs. Therefore, the combined upregulation of T-cell receptorand NKG2D ligands on tumor cells and induction of NKG2D expression on γδ T cells may greatly enhance tumor killing and unlock the functions of γδ T cells. Here, we briefly review current data on the mechanisms of γδ T-cell recognition and killing of colon cancer cells and propose that γδ T cells may represent a promising target for the design of novel and highly innovative immunotherapy in patients with colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiranut Ramutton
- Department of Biopathology & Biomedical Methodologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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25
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Deng W, Gowen BG, Zhang L, Wang L, Lau S, Iannello A, Xu J, Rovis TL, Xiong N, Raulet DH. Antitumor immunity. A shed NKG2D ligand that promotes natural killer cell activation and tumor rejection. Science 2015; 348:136-9. [PMID: 25745066 DOI: 10.1126/science.1258867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, recognize transformed cells and eliminate them in a process termed immunosurveillance. It is thought that tumor cells evade immunosurveillance by shedding membrane ligands that bind to the NKG2D-activating receptor on NK cells and/or T cells, and desensitize these cells. In contrast, we show that in mice, a shed form of MULT1, a high-affinity NKG2D ligand, causes NK cell activation and tumor rejection. Recombinant soluble MULT1 stimulated tumor rejection in mice. Soluble MULT1 functions, at least in part, by competitively reversing a global desensitization of NK cells imposed by engagement of membrane NKG2D ligands on tumor-associated cells, such as myeloid cells. The results overturn conventional wisdom that soluble ligands are always inhibitory and suggest a new approach for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Deng
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin G Gowen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stephanie Lau
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexandre Iannello
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tihana L Rovis
- Center for Proteomics University of Rijeka Faculty of Medicine Brace Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Na Xiong
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 115 Henning Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - David H Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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26
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The Membrane Associated RING-CH Proteins: A Family of E3 Ligases with Diverse Roles through the Cell. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:637295. [PMID: 27419207 PMCID: PMC4897099 DOI: 10.1155/2014/637295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery that conjugation of ubiquitin to proteins can drive proteolytic degradation, ubiquitination has been shown to perform a diverse range of functions in the cell. It plays an important role in endocytosis, signal transduction, trafficking of vesicles inside the cell, and even DNA repair. The process of ubiquitination-mediated control has turned out to be remarkably complex, involving a diverse array of proteins and many levels of control. This review focuses on a family of structurally related E3 ligases termed the membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) ubiquitin ligases, which were originally discovered as structural homologs to the virals E3s, K3, and K5 from Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). These proteins contain a catalytic RING-CH finger and are typically membrane-bound, with some having up to 14 putative transmembrane domains. Despite several lines of evidence showing that the MARCH proteins play a complex and essential role in several cellular processes, this family remains understudied.
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Brizić I, Lenac Roviš T, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S. MCMV avoidance of recognition and control by NK cells. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:641-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Uhlenbrock F, Hagemann-Jensen M, Kehlet S, Andresen L, Pastorekova S, Skov S. The NKG2D ligand ULBP2 is specifically regulated through an invariant chain-dependent endosomal pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1654-65. [PMID: 25024379 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Soluble ULBP2 is a marker for poor prognosis in several types of cancer. In this study we demonstrate that both soluble and cell surface-bound ULBP2 is transported via a so far unrecognized endosomal pathway. ULBP2 surface expression, but not MICA/B, could specifically be targeted and retained by affecting endosomal/lysosomal integrity and protein kinase C activity. The invariant chain was further essential for endosomal transport of ULBP2. This novel pathway was identified through screening experiments by which methylselenic acid was found to possess notable NKG2D ligand regulatory properties. The protein kinase C inhibitor methylselenic acid induced MICA/B surface expression but dominantly blocked ULBP2 surface transport. Remarkably, by targeting this novel pathway we could specifically block the production of soluble ULBP2 from different, primary melanomas. Our findings strongly suggest that the endosomal transport pathway constitutes a novel therapeutic target for ULBP2-producing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Uhlenbrock
- Section for Experimental Animal Models, Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; and
| | - Michael Hagemann-Jensen
- Section for Experimental Animal Models, Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; and
| | - Stephanie Kehlet
- Section for Experimental Animal Models, Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; and
| | - Lars Andresen
- Section for Experimental Animal Models, Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; and
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Søren Skov
- Section for Experimental Animal Models, Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; and
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Mellergaard M, Skovbakke SL, Schneider CL, Lauridsen F, Andresen L, Jensen H, Skov S. N-glycosylation of asparagine 8 regulates surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related protein A (MICA) alleles dependent on threonine 24. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:20078-91. [PMID: 24872415 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.573238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
NKG2D is an activating receptor expressed on several types of human lymphocytes. NKG2D ligands can be induced upon cell stress and are frequently targeted post-translationally in infected or transformed cells to avoid immune recognition. Virus infection and inflammation alter protein N-glycosylation, and we have previously shown that changes in cellular N-glycosylation are involved in regulation of NKG2D ligand surface expression. The specific mode of regulation through N-glycosylation is, however, unknown. Here we investigated whether direct N-glycosylation of the NKG2D ligand MICA itself is critical for cell surface expression and sought to identify the essential residues. We found that a single N-glycosylation site (Asn(8)) was important for MICA018 surface expression. The frequently expressed MICA allele 008, with an altered transmembrane and intracellular domain, was not affected by mutation of this N-glycosylation site. Mutational analysis revealed that a single amino acid (Thr(24)) in the extracellular domain of MICA018 was essential for the N-glycosylation dependence, whereas the intracellular domain was not involved. The HHV7 immunoevasin, U21, was found to inhibit MICA018 surface expression by affecting N-glycosylation, and the retention was rescued by T24A substitution. Our study reveals N-glycosylation as an allele-specific regulatory mechanism important for regulation of surface expression of MICA018, and we pinpoint the residues essential for this N-glycosylation dependence. In addition, we show that this regulatory mechanism of MICA surface expression is likely targeted during different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiken Mellergaard
- From the Laboratory of Immunology, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark and
| | - Sarah Line Skovbakke
- From the Laboratory of Immunology, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark and
| | | | - Felicia Lauridsen
- From the Laboratory of Immunology, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark and
| | - Lars Andresen
- From the Laboratory of Immunology, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark and
| | - Helle Jensen
- From the Laboratory of Immunology, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark and
| | - Søren Skov
- From the Laboratory of Immunology, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark and
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López-Soto A, Huergo-Zapico L, Acebes-Huerta A, Villa-Alvarez M, Gonzalez S. NKG2D signaling in cancer immunosurveillance. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:1741-50. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López-Soto
- Departamento de Biología Funcional; Universidad de Oviedo; IUOPA, Asturias Spain
| | | | - Andrea Acebes-Huerta
- Departamento de Biología Funcional; Universidad de Oviedo; IUOPA, Asturias Spain
| | - Mónica Villa-Alvarez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional; Universidad de Oviedo; IUOPA, Asturias Spain
| | - Segundo Gonzalez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional; Universidad de Oviedo; IUOPA, Asturias Spain
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Le Bert N, Gasser S. Advances in NKG2D ligand recognition and responses by NK cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:230-6. [PMID: 24445601 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The natural killer (NK) group 2 member D (NKG2D) is an activating immune receptor expressed on NK cells, cytotoxic T cells and a subset of other T cells. It has an important role in the recognition and lysis of a variety of infected and tumor cells. Despite significant gains in our understanding of NKG2D, the relevance of NKG2D and its ligands in human diseases has only recently started to emerge. Here, we present an overview of the recent advances in NKG2D biology, discuss the expression of NKG2D ligands in cancer patients and evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic potential of NKG2D ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Le Bert
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stephan Gasser
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Iannello A, Raulet DH. Immune surveillance of unhealthy cells by natural killer cells. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 78:249-257. [PMID: 24135717 PMCID: PMC4244075 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2013.78.020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic and oncogenic insults result in the induction of intrinsic defense mechanisms such as cell-death pathways and senescence, and extrinsic pathways that mobilize immune responses to destroy unhealthy cells. Both protective mechanisms presumably evolved to limit the damage these insults could inflict on the host. After viral infection or malignant transformation, unhealthy cells can be directly sensed by natural killer (NK) and some T cells via the activating receptor NKG2D. All NK cells and subsets of T cells express NKG2D. The NKG2D/ligand system represents a major recognition mechanism for detection and elimination of unhealthy cells. Here we discuss different pathways, including stress pathways, that are responsible for cell-surface display of ligands for NKG2D, which are self-proteins that are minimally expressed by normal cells. We also discuss new results indicating that efficient elimination of tumor cells that display NKG2D ligands depends on the recruitment of NK cells and other immune cells to the tumor, which can be regulated by distinct mechanisms, including the p53-dependent production of chemokines by senescent tumors. The cooperative effect of pathways that induce the display of NKG2D ligands and distinct pathways that mobilize immune cells provides a higher degree of specificity to the NK cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Iannello
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - David H Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
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Lam RA, Chwee JY, Le Bert N, Sauer M, Pogge von Strandmann E, Gasser S. Regulation of self-ligands for activating natural killer cell receptors. Ann Med 2013; 45:384-94. [PMID: 23701136 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2013.792495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are able to lyse infected and tumor cells while sparing healthy cells. Recognition of diseased cells by NK cells is governed by several activating and inhibitory receptors. We review numerous pathways that have been implicated in the regulation of self-ligands for activating receptors, including NKG2D, DNAM-1, LFA-1, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, NKp65, and NKp80 found on NK cells and some T cells. Understanding how the regulation of self-encoded ligand expression is regulated may provide novel avenues for future therapeutic approaches to infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runyi A Lam
- Immunology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore
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Abstract
NKG2D is an activating receptor expressed by all NK cells and subsets of T cells. It serves as a major recognition receptor for detection and elimination of transformed and infected cells and participates in the genesis of several inflammatory diseases. The ligands for NKG2D are self-proteins that are induced by pathways that are active in certain pathophysiological states. NKG2D ligands are regulated transcriptionally, at the level of mRNA and protein stability, and by cleavage from the cell surface. In some cases, ligand induction can be attributed to pathways that are activated specifically in cancer cells or infected cells. We review the numerous pathways that have been implicated in the regulation of NKG2D ligands, discuss the pathologic states in which those pathways are likely to act, and attempt to synthesize the findings into general schemes of NKG2D ligand regulation in NK cell responses to cancer and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200, USA.
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Hervieu A, Rébé C, Végran F, Chalmin F, Bruchard M, Vabres P, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Mignot G. Dacarbazine-mediated upregulation of NKG2D ligands on tumor cells activates NK and CD8 T cells and restrains melanoma growth. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:499-508. [PMID: 22951720 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dacarbazine (DTIC) is a cytotoxic drug widely used for melanoma treatment. However, the putative contribution of anticancer immune responses in the efficacy of DTIC has not been evaluated. By testing how DTIC affects host immune responses to cancer in a mouse model of melanoma, we unexpectedly found that both natural killer (NK) and CD8(+) T cells were indispensable for DTIC therapeutic effect. Although DTIC did not directly affect immune cells, it triggered the upregulation of NKG2D ligands on tumor cells, leading to NK cell activation and IFNγ secretion in mice and humans. NK cell-derived IFNγ subsequently favored upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on tumor cells, rendering them sensitive to cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells. Accordingly, DTIC markedly enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 inhibition efficacy in vivo in an NK-dependent manner. These results underscore the immunogenic properties of DTIC and provide a rationale to combine DTIC with immunotherapeutic agents that relieve immunosuppression in vivo.
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Kasahara M, Yoshida S. Immunogenetics of the NKG2D ligand gene family. Immunogenetics 2012; 64:855-67. [PMID: 22843249 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) are a group of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecules, the expression of which is induced by cellular stresses such as infection, tumorigenesis, heat shock, tissue damage, and DNA damage. They act as a molecular danger signal alerting the immune system for infected or neoplastic cells. Mammals have two families of NKG2DL genes: the MHC-encoded MIC gene family and the ULBP gene family encoded outside the MHC region in most mammals. Rodents such as mice and rats lack the MIC family of ligands. Interestingly, some mammals have NKG2DL-like molecules named MILL that are phylogenetically related to MIC, but do not function as NKG2DLs. In this paper, we review our current knowledge of the MIC, ULBP, and MILL gene families in representative mammalian species and discuss the origin and evolution of the NKG2DL gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kasahara
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15 West-7, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION NKG2D (natural killer group 2, member D) is expressed on the surface of all mouse and human NK cells, and subpopulation of T cells. Stimulation of NK cells through NKG2D triggers cell-mediated cytotoxicity and induces the production of cytokines. NKG2D binds to family of unique ligands with structurally similar to MHC class I, however, NKG2D ligands can be up-regulated in their expression on stressed cells including tumor cells unlike conventional MHC class I molecules. Mounting evidences clearly implicate that NKG2D recognition plays an important role in tumor immune surveillance. AREAS COVERED While NKG2D detect for potentially dangerous cells, various inhibitory and/or escape mechanisms counteract immune surveillance system and thereby limit effective elimination of transformed tumor cells. In addition, tumors often generate an immunosuppressive microenvironment where inhibitory molecules or cytokines negatively effect the function of anti-tumor immune responses. NKG2D ligand expression can be up-regulated by transcriptional or posttranscriptional mechanisms, therefore, certain therapy targeting those regulatory mechanisms could regain the expression of NKG2D ligands on tumor cells to be detected by the host immune responses. EXPERT OPINION Our knowledge in the precise mechanism of anti-tumor immunity is rapidly increasing. While NKG2D is known as primary cytotoxicity receptor in NK cell activation by recognizing 'induced-self' ligands on stressed cells including tumor cells, there are increasing evidences that NKG2D recognition can result in both immune activation and immune silencing. Future combined application of conventional cancer therapy and new therapy utilizing such stress-induced recognition systems will provide a novel opportunity to control malignant tumor progression of cancer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.
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Andresen L, Skovbakke SL, Persson G, Hagemann-Jensen M, Hansen KA, Jensen H, Skov S. 2-Deoxy d-Glucose Prevents Cell Surface Expression of NKG2D Ligands through Inhibition of N-Linked Glycosylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:1847-55. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Nakamura N. The Role of the Transmembrane RING Finger Proteins in Cellular and Organelle Function. MEMBRANES 2011; 1:354-93. [PMID: 24957874 PMCID: PMC4021871 DOI: 10.3390/membranes1040354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A large number of RING finger (RNF) proteins are present in eukaryotic cells and the majority of them are believed to act as E3 ubiquitin ligases. In humans, 49 RNF proteins are predicted to contain transmembrane domains, several of which are specifically localized to membrane compartments in the secretory and endocytic pathways, as well as to mitochondria and peroxisomes. They are thought to be molecular regulators of the organization and integrity of the functions and dynamic architecture of cellular membrane and membranous organelles. Emerging evidence has suggested that transmembrane RNF proteins control the stability, trafficking and activity of proteins that are involved in many aspects of cellular and physiological processes. This review summarizes the current knowledge of mammalian transmembrane RNF proteins, focusing on their roles and significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B13 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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40
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Zafirova B, Wensveen FM, Gulin M, Polić B. Regulation of immune cell function and differentiation by the NKG2D receptor. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3519-29. [PMID: 21898152 PMCID: PMC3192283 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
NKG2D is one of the most intensively studied immune receptors of the past decade. Its unique binding and signaling properties, expression pattern, and functions have been attracting much interest within the field due to its potent antiviral and anti-tumor properties. As an activating receptor, NKG2D is expressed on cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. It recognizes stress-induced MHC class I-like ligands and acts as a molecular sensor for cells jeopardized by viral infections or DNA damage. Although the activating functions of NKG2D have been well documented, recent analysis of NKG2D-deficient mice suggests that this receptor may have a regulatory role during NK cell development. In this review, we will revisit known aspects of NKG2D functions and present new insights in the proposed influence of this molecule on hematopoietic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Zafirova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Boname JM, Lehner PJ. What has the study of the K3 and K5 viral ubiquitin E3 ligases taught us about ubiquitin-mediated receptor regulation? Viruses 2011; 3:118-131. [PMID: 22049306 PMCID: PMC3206601 DOI: 10.3390/v3020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells communicate with each other and the outside world through surface receptors, which need to be tightly regulated to prevent both overstimulation and receptor desensitization. Understanding the processes involved in the homeostatic control of cell surface receptors is essential, but we are not alone in trying to regulate these receptors. Viruses, as the ultimate host pathogens, have co-evolved over millions of years and have both pirated and adapted host genes to enable viral pathogenesis. K3 and K5 (also known as MIR1 and MIR2) are viral ubiquitin E3 ligases from Kaposi's Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) which decrease expression of a number of cell surface receptors and have been used to interrogate cellular processes and improve our understanding of ubiquitin-mediated receptor endocytosis and degradation. In this review, we summarize what has been learned from the study of these viral genes and emphasize their role in elucidating the complexity of ubiquitin in receptor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Boname
- School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Paul J. Lehner
- School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK; E-Mail:
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