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Ibusuki A, Kawai K, Nitahara-Takeuchi A, Argüello RJ, Kanekura T. TCR signaling and cellular metabolism regulate the capacity of murine epidermal γδ T cells to rapidly produce IL-13 but not IFN-γ. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1361139. [PMID: 38482017 PMCID: PMC10933099 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1361139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Resident epidermal T cells of murine skin, called dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs), express an invariant γδ TCR that recognizes an unidentified self-ligand expressed on epidermal keratinocytes. Although their fetal thymic precursors are preprogrammed to produce IFN-γ, DETCs in the adult epidermis rapidly produce IL-13 but not IFN-γ early after activation. Here, we show that preprogrammed IFN-γ-producing DETC precursors differentiate into rapid IL-13 producers in the perinatal epidermis. The addition of various inhibitors of signaling pathways downstream of TCR to the in vitro differentiation model of neonatal DETCs revealed that TCR signaling through the p38 MAPK pathway is essential for the functional differentiation of neonatal DETCs. Constitutive TCR signaling at steady state was also shown to be needed for the maintenance of the rapid IL-13-producing capacity of adult DETCs because in vivo treatment with the p38 MAPK inhibitor decreased adult DETCs with the rapid IL-13-producing capacity. Adult DETCs under steady-state conditions had lower glycolytic capacity than proliferating neonatal DETCs. TCR stimulation of adult DETCs induced high glycolytic capacity and IFN-γ production during the late phase of activation. Inhibition of glycolysis decreased IFN-γ but not IL-13 production by adult DETCs during the late phase of activation. These results demonstrate that TCR signaling promotes the differentiation of IL-13-producing DETCs in the perinatal epidermis and is needed for maintaining the rapid IL-13-producing capacity of adult DETCs. The low glycolytic capacity of adult DETCs at steady state also regulates the rapid IL-13 response and delayed IFN-γ production after activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Ibusuki
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kawai
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Kido Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ayano Nitahara-Takeuchi
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Rafael J. Argüello
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Takuro Kanekura
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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2
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Hu W, Shang R, Yang J, Chen C, Liu Z, Liang G, He W, Luo G. Skin γδ T Cells and Their Function in Wound Healing. Front Immunol 2022; 13:875076. [PMID: 35479079 PMCID: PMC9035842 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.875076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For the skin immune system, γδ T cells are important components, which help in defensing against damage and infection of skin. Compared to the conventional αβ T cells, γδ T cells have their own differentiation, development and activation characteristics. In adult mice, dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs), Vγ4 and Vγ6 γδ T cells are the main subsets of skin, the coordination and interaction among them play a crucial role in wound repair. To get a clear overview of γδ T cells, this review synopsizes their derivation, development, colonization and activation, and focuses their function in acute and chronic wound healing, as well as the underlining mechanism. The aim of this paper is to provide cues for the study of human epidermal γδ T cells and the potential treatment for skin rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruoyu Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiacai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangping Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Guangping Liang, ; Weifeng He, ; Gaoxing Luo,
| | - Weifeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Guangping Liang, ; Weifeng He, ; Gaoxing Luo,
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Guangping Liang, ; Weifeng He, ; Gaoxing Luo,
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3
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The E protein-TCF1 axis controls γδ T cell development and effector fate. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108716. [PMID: 33535043 PMCID: PMC7919611 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TCF1 plays a critical role in T lineage commitment and the development of αβ lineage T cells, but its role in γδ T cell development remains poorly understood. Here, we reveal a regulatory axis where T cell receptor (TCR) signaling controls TCF1 expression through an E-protein-bound regulatory element in the Tcf7 locus, and this axis regulates both γδ T lineage commitment and effector fate. Indeed, the level of TCF1 expression plays an important role in setting the threshold for γδ T lineage commitment and modulates the ability of TCR signaling to influence effector fate adoption by γδ T lineage progenitors. This finding provides mechanistic insight into how TCR-mediated repression of E proteins promotes the development of γδ T cells and their adoption of the interleukin (IL)-17-producing effector fate. IL-17-producing γδ T cells have been implicated in cancer progression and in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis.
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4
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Xu Y, Dimitrion P, Cvetkovski S, Zhou L, Mi QS. Epidermal resident γδ T cell development and function in skin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:573-580. [PMID: 32803399 PMCID: PMC11073445 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal resident γδ T cells, or dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) in mice, are a unique and conserved population of γδ T cells enriched in the epidermis, where they serve as the regulators of immune responses and sense skin injury. Despite the great advances in the understanding of the development, homeostasis, and function of DETCs in the past decades, the origin and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we reviewed the recent research progress on DETCs, including their origin and homeostasis in the skin, especially at transcriptional and epigenetic levels, and discuss the involvement of DETCs in skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingping Xu
- Experimental Research Center, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, and Guangdong Provincial Dermatology Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Peter Dimitrion
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School Medicine University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Steven Cvetkovski
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School Medicine University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School Medicine University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School Medicine University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
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5
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Thelen F, Witherden DA. Get in Touch With Dendritic Epithelial T Cells! Front Immunol 2020; 11:1656. [PMID: 32849572 PMCID: PMC7403176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune systems continuously interchange information and orchestrate their immune responses to protect the host. γδT cells play crucial roles, as they incorporate both innate and adaptive immune characteristics. Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC) are specialized γδT cells, which are uniquely positioned to rapidly respond to skin wounds and infections. Their elongated dendrite morphology allows them to be in continuous contact with multiple neighboring keratinocytes and Langerhans cells. Cellular interactions are fundamental to the formation, activation and maintenance of immune cell functions during steady state and pathology. Recent technological advances, especially in the field of cellular imaging, have contributed greatly to the characterization of complex cellular interactions in a spatiotemporally resolved manner. In this review, we will highlight the often-underappreciated function of DETC and other γδT cells during steady state and an ongoing immune response. More specifically, we discuss how DETC-precursors are shaped in the fetal thymus during embryogenesis as well as how direct cell-cell interactions of DETC with neighboring epidermal cells shape skin homeostasis and effector functions. Furthermore, we will discuss seminal work and recent discoveries made in the γδT cell field, which have highlighted the importance of γδT cells in the skin, both in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavian Thelen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Deborah A Witherden
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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6
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Xiang J, Qiu M, Zhang H. Role of Dendritic Epidermal T Cells in Cutaneous Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1266. [PMID: 32765487 PMCID: PMC7381160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) are γδ T cells expressing invariant Vγ5Vδ1 T cell receptor (TCR) in murine epidermis. Initially, the development and the maturation of DETC progenitors are mediated by skint-1, TCR, and cytokines in the fetal thymus. Then, the DETC progenitors migrate to the epidermis with the guidance of selectins, CCR10, CCR4, etc. Eventually, mature DETCs proliferate and maintain a homeostatic population in the epidermis through IL-15 and aryl hydro-carbon receptor signaling. In “stressed” skin, DETCs are activated, exhibiting features such as a round morphology, cytotoxicity, and production of cytokines. In cutaneous carcinoma, DETCs generally inhibit tumor development directly in non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted manner, with the assistance of cytokines. DETCs also recognize and inhibit tumor via TCR, non-TCR receptors (such as 2B4 and NKG2D), or both. This study summarizes the biogenesis and the function of DETCs in cutaneous carcinoma and clarifies the essential surveillance role in the epidermis that DETCs play. As there are no DETCs in human epidermis but only human epidermis γδ T cells, we need to understand the anti-tumor pathways used by DETCs to find analogous immune pathways in human skin, which could be exploited for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghui Qiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Johnson MD, Witherden DA, Havran WL. The Role of Tissue-resident T Cells in Stress Surveillance and Tissue Maintenance. Cells 2020; 9:E686. [PMID: 32168884 PMCID: PMC7140644 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While forming a minor population in the blood and lymphoid compartments, T cells are significantly enriched within barrier tissues. In addition to providing protection against infection, these tissue-resident T cells play critical roles in tissue homeostasis and repair. T cells in the epidermis and intestinal epithelium produce growth factors and cytokines that are important for the normal turnover and maintenance of surrounding epithelial cells and are additionally required for the efficient recognition of, and response to, tissue damage. A role for tissue-resident T cells is emerging outside of the traditional barrier tissues as well, with recent research indicating that adipose tissue-resident T cells are required for the normal maintenance and function of the adipose tissue compartment. Here we review the functions of tissue-resident T cells in the epidermis, intestinal epithelium, and adipose tissue, and compare the mechanisms of their activation between these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah A. Witherden
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (M.D.J.); (W.L.H.)
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8
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Huang L, Ye K, McGee MC, Nidetz NF, Elmore JP, Limper CB, Southard TL, Russell DG, August A, Huang W. Interleukin-2-Inducible T-Cell Kinase Deficiency Impairs Early Pulmonary Protection Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3103. [PMID: 32038633 PMCID: PMC6993117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase highly expressed in T-cell lineages and regulates multiple aspects of T-cell development and function, mainly through its function downstream of the T-cell receptor. Itk deficiency can lead to CD4 lymphopenia and Epstein-Bar virus (EBV)-associated lymphoproliferation and recurrent pulmonary infections in humans. However, the role of the ITK signaling pathway in pulmonary responses in active tuberculosis due to Mtb infection is not known. We show here that human lungs with active tuberculosis exhibit altered T-cell receptor/ITK signaling and that Itk deficiency impaired early protection against Mtb in mice, accompanied by defective development of IL-17A-producing γδ T cells in the lungs. These findings have important implications of human genetics associated with susceptibility to Mtb due to altered immune responses and molecular signals modulating host immunity that controls Mtb activity. Enhancing ITK signaling pathways may be an alternative strategy to target Mtb infection, especially in cases with highly virulent strains in which IL-17A plays an essential protective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Kaixiong Ye
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Michael C McGee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Natalie F Nidetz
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Jessica P Elmore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Candice B Limper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Teresa L Southard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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9
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Khairallah C, Chu TH, Sheridan BS. Tissue Adaptations of Memory and Tissue-Resident Gamma Delta T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2636. [PMID: 30538697 PMCID: PMC6277633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial and mucosal barriers are critical interfaces physically separating the body from the outside environment and are the tissues most exposed to microorganisms and potential inflammatory agents. The integrity of these tissues requires fine tuning of the local immune system to enable the efficient elimination of invasive pathogens while simultaneously preserving a beneficial relationship with commensal organisms and preventing autoimmunity. Although they only represent a small fraction of circulating and lymphoid T cells, γδ T cells form a substantial population at barrier sites and even outnumber conventional αβ T cells in some tissues. After their egress from the thymus, several γδ T cell subsets naturally establish residency in predetermined mucosal and epithelial locations, as exemplified by the restricted location of murine Vγ5+ and Vγ3Vδ1+ T cell subsets to the intestinal epithelium and epidermis, respectively. Because of their preferential location in barrier sites, γδ T cells are often directly or indirectly influenced by the microbiota or the pathogens that invade these sites. More recently, a growing body of studies have shown that γδ T cells form long-lived memory populations upon local inflammation or bacterial infection, some of which permanently populate the affected tissues after pathogen clearance or resolution of inflammation. Natural and induced resident γδ T cells have been implicated in many beneficial processes such as tissue homeostasis and pathogen control, but their presence may also exacerbate local inflammation under certain circumstances. Further understanding of the biology and role of these unconventional resident T cells in homeostasis and disease may shed light on potentially novel vaccines and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Khairallah
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Timothy H Chu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Brian S Sheridan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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10
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γδ T cells in homeostasis and host defence of epithelial barrier tissues. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:733-745. [PMID: 28920588 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial surfaces line the body and provide a crucial interface between the body and the external environment. Tissue-resident epithelial γδ T cells represent a major T cell population in the epithelial tissues and are ideally positioned to carry out barrier surveillance and aid in tissue homeostasis and repair. In this Review, we focus on the intraepithelial γδ T cell compartment of the two largest epithelial tissues in the body - namely, the epidermis and the intestine - and provide a comprehensive overview of the crucial contributions of intraepithelial γδ T cells to tissue integrity and repair, host homeostasis and protection in the context of the symbiotic relationship with the microbiome and during pathogen clearance. Finally, we describe epithelium-specific butyrophilin-like molecules and briefly review their emerging role in selectively shaping and regulating epidermal and intestinal γδ T cell repertoires.
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11
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Zhang B, Wu J, Jiao Y, Bock C, Dai M, Chen B, Chao N, Zhang W, Zhuang Y. Differential Requirements of TCR Signaling in Homeostatic Maintenance and Function of Dendritic Epidermal T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4282-91. [PMID: 26408667 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) are generated exclusively in the fetal thymus and maintained in the skin epithelium throughout postnatal life of the mouse. DETCs have restricted antigenic specificity as a result of their exclusive usage of a canonical TCR. Although the importance of the TCR in DETC development has been well established, the exact role of TCR signaling in DETC homeostasis and function remains incompletely defined. In this study, we investigated TCR signaling in fully matured DETCs by lineage-restricted deletion of the Lat gene, an essential signaling molecule downstream of the TCR. We found that Lat deletion impaired TCR-dependent cytokine gene activation and the ability of DETCs to undergo proliferative expansion. However, linker for activation of T cells-deficient DETCs were able to maintain long-term population homeostasis, although with a reduced proliferation rate. Mice with Lat deletion in DETCs exhibited delayed wound healing accompanied by impaired clonal expansion within the wound area. Our study revealed differential requirements for TCR signaling in homeostatic maintenance of DETCs and in their effector function during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jianxuan Wu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Yiqun Jiao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Cheryl Bock
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Meifang Dai
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Benny Chen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Nelson Chao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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12
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Kannan A, Lee Y, Qi Q, Huang W, Jeong AR, Ohnigian S, August A. Allele-sensitive mutant, Itkas, reveals that Itk kinase activity is required for Th1, Th2, Th17, and iNKT-cell cytokine production. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2276-85. [PMID: 25989458 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Itk(-/-) mice exhibit defects in the activation, development, and function of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and iNKT cells. These and other defects in these mice make it difficult to uncouple the developmental versus functional requirement of Itk signaling. Here, we report an allele-sensitive mutant of Itk (Itkas) whose catalytic activity can be selectively inhibited by analogs of the PP1 kinase inhibitor. We show that Itkas behaves like WT Itk in the absence of the inhibitor and can rescue the development of Itk(-/-) T cells in mice. Using mice carrying Itkas, we show using its inhibitor that Itk activity is required not only for Th2, Th17, and iNKT-cell cytokine production, but also surprisingly, for Th1 cytokine production. This work has important implications for understanding the role of Itk signaling in the development versus function of iNKT cells, Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kannan
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - YongChan Lee
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Qian Qi
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Weishan Huang
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ah-Reum Jeong
- Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Ohnigian
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Avery August
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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13
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Huang W, Jeong AR, Kannan AK, Huang L, August A. IL-2-inducible T cell kinase tunes T regulatory cell development and is required for suppressive function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2267-72. [PMID: 25063868 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) is a key signaling mediator downstream of TCR, mediating T cell positive selection, as well as innate T cell and CD4(+) Th2/Th17 differentiation. In this article, we show that ITK also negatively tunes IL-2-induced expansion of conventional Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs). In vivo, Treg abundance is inversely correlated with ITK expression, and inducible Treg development is inversely dependent on ITK kinase activity. While Treg development normally requires both hematopoietic and thymic MHC class 2 (MHC2) expression, the absence of ITK allows Treg development with MHC2 expression in either compartment, with preference for selection by thymic MHC2, suggesting a gatekeeper role for ITK in ensuring that only Tregs selected by both thymic and hematopoietic MHC2 survive selection. Although ITK suppresses Treg development and is not required for maintenance of neuropilin-1-positive natural Tregs in the periphery, it is indispensable for Treg functional suppression of naive CD4(+) T cell-induced colitis in Rag(-/-) recipients. ITK thus regulates the development and function of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Ah-Reum Jeong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089; and
| | - Arun K Kannan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
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14
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Hu S, Xiong N. Programmed downregulation of CCR6 is important for establishment of epidermal γδT cells by regulating their thymic egress and epidermal location. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3267-75. [PMID: 23420888 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The skin as the outmost epithelial tissue is under frequent physical, chemical, and biological assaults. To counter the assaults and maintain the local tissue homeostasis, the skin is stationed with various innate or innate-like lymphocytes such as γδT cells. Increasing evidence suggests that an intrathymically programmed process is involved in coordinated expression of multiple homing molecules on specific γδT cell subsets to direct their localization in different regions of the skin for the protective functions. However, detailed molecular events underlying the programmed skin distribution of specific γδT cell subsets are not fully understood. We report in this study that the temporally and spatially regulated downregulation of chemokine receptor CCR6 on fetal thymic Vγ3(+) epidermal γδT precursors is involved in their thymic egress and proper localization in the epidermis. Failure of downregulation of CCR6 in the mature Vγ3(+) epidermal γδT precursor cells due to the constitutive expression of transgenic CCR6 resulted in their abnormal accumulation in the fetal thymus and reduced numbers of the epidermal γδT cells. In addition, the transgenic expression of CCR6 on the Vγ3(+) γδT cells also improperly increased their distribution in dermis of the skin. Those findings advanced our understanding of the molecular basis regulating the tissue specific distribution of various innate-like γδT cell lymphocytes in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Hu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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15
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Korn T, Petermann F. Development and function of interleukin 17-producing γδ T cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1247:34-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Prinz I. Dynamics of the interaction of γδ T cells with their neighbors in vivo. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2391-8. [PMID: 21584813 PMCID: PMC11114905 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a diverse component of the immune system in humans and mice with presumably important but still largely unknown functions. Understanding the dynamic interaction of γδ T cells with their neighbors should help to understand their physiological role. This review addresses recent advances and strategies to visualize the dynamic interactions of γδ T cells with their neighbors in vivo. Current knowledge regarding the dynamic contacts of tissue resident γδ T cells and epithelial cells, but also of the communication between circulating γδ T cells and DCs, monocytes and FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells is revisited with emphasis on the role of γδ T cell motility.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Microscopy, Confocal/methods
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/methods
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany, Prinz.
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17
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Witherden DA, Havran WL. Molecular aspects of epithelial γδ T cell regulation. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:265-71. [PMID: 21481636 PMCID: PMC3109268 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells lie at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity, sharing features with both arms of the immune system. The vast majority of γδ T cells reside in epithelial layers of tissues such as skin, gut, lung, tongue and reproductive tract where they provide a first line of defense against environmental attack. The existence of epithelium-resident γδ T cells has been known for over 20 years but our understanding of the molecular events regulating development and function of these cells is incomplete. We review recent advances in the field, with particular emphasis on the γδ T cell population resident in mouse epidermis. These studies have enhanced our knowledge and understanding of the life cycle of this enigmatic population of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Witherden
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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18
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Qi Q, Kannan AK, August A. Tec family kinases: Itk signaling and the development of NKT αβ and γδ T cells. FEBS J 2011; 278:1970-9. [PMID: 21362141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Tec family tyrosine kinase interleukin-2 inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) is predominantly expressed in T cells and has been shown to be critical for the development, function and differentiation of conventional αβ T cells. However, less is known about its role in nonconventional T cells such as NKT and γδ T cells. In this minireview, we discuss evidence for a role for Itk in the development of invariant NKT αβ cells, as well as a smaller population NKT-like γδ T cells. We discuss how these cells take what could be the same signaling pathway regulated by Itk, and interpret it to give different outcomes with regards to development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qi
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology & Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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19
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Jin Y, Xia M, Saylor CM, Narayan K, Kang J, Wiest DL, Wang Y, Xiong N. Cutting edge: Intrinsic programming of thymic γδT cells for specific peripheral tissue localization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7156-60. [PMID: 21068400 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Various innate-like T cell subsets preferentially reside in specific epithelial tissues as the first line of defense. However, mechanisms regulating their tissue-specific development are poorly understood. Using the prototypical skin intraepithelial γδT cells (sIELs) as a model, we show in this study that a TCR-mediated selection plays an important role in promoting acquisition of a specific skin-homing property by fetal thymic sIEL precursors for their epidermal location, and the skin-homing potential is intrinsically programmed even before the selection. In addition, once localized in the skin, the sIEL precursors develop into sIELs without the requirement of further TCR-ligand interaction. These studies reveal that development of the tissue-specific lymphocytes is a hard-wired process that targets them to specific tissues for proper functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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