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Tissue and circulating PD-L2: moving from health and immune-mediated diseases to head and neck oncology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 175:103707. [PMID: 35569724 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amongst the chief targets of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), namely the Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-Ligands (Ls) axis, most research has focused on PD-L1, while to date PD-L2 is still under-investigated. However, emerging data support PD-L2 relevant expression in malignancies of the head and neck area, mostly in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and salivary gland cancers (SGCs). In this context, ICIs have achieved highly heterogeneous outcomes, emphasizing an urgent need for the identification of predictive biomarkers. With the present review, we aimed at describing PD-L2 biological significance by focusing on its tissue expression, its binding to PD-1 and RGMb receptors, and its impact on physiological and anti-cancer immune response. Specifically, we reported PD-L2 expression rates and significant clinical correlates among different head and neck cancer histotypes. Finally, we described the biology of soluble PD-L2 form and its potential application as a prognostic and/or predictive circulating biomarker.
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Peng S, Cao M, Sun X, Zhou Y, Chen C, Ma T, Li H, Li B, Zhu B, Li X. Recombinant programmed cell death 1 inhibits psoriatic inflammation in imiquimod‑treated mice. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:869-879. [PMID: 32468061 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shiguang Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao‑yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Mei Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao‑yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Yaqiong Zhou
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Chu‑Yen Chen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana‑Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tian Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Hongjin Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana‑Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
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Odaka T, Suetake H, Maeda T, Miyadai T. Teleost Basophils Have IgM-Dependent and Dual Ig-Independent Degranulation Systems. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29514952 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, mammalian basophils have been highlighted as having roles in allergy and antiparasitic immunity; however, there is little information about the functions and evolutionary origin of basophils, because they are the least abundant leukocyte in most vertebrates. In this study, we characterized the teleost basophils that are abundant in the peripheral blood of fugu (Takifugu rubripes). Fugu basophils have two distinct granules: reddish-purple and dark violet ones. Teleost fish do not have IgG and IgE, but we found that fugu IgM bound on the surface of the basophils, and the cross-linked IgM induced degranulation of both types of granules. This indicates that teleost basophils can be activated in an Ab-dependent manner. Furthermore, papain induced the degranulation of the reddish-purple granules, which contain histamine, and the released granules stimulated the migration of various leukocytes. In contrast, chitin elicited the degranulation of the dark violet granules, which resulted in CD4+ T cell-specific migration. Thus, fugu basophils control immune responses via two distinct Ab-independent mechanisms. In addition, fugu basophils endocytosed soluble Ag and expressed MHC class II and B7-H1/DC. These findings suggested that fugu basophils can interact with T cells as APCs. Thus, the Ab-dependent basophil activation predates the emergence of IgG and IgE, and fish basophils exhibit different dynamics and features of degranulation to distinct stimuli compared with mammalian basophils. Some features of teleost basophils are more similar to those of mammalian mast cells than to those of mammalian basophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Odaka
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui 917-0003, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suetake
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui 917-0003, Japan
| | - Tomoki Maeda
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui 917-0003, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Miyadai
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui 917-0003, Japan
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Versteven M, Van den Bergh JMJ, Marcq E, Smits ELJ, Van Tendeloo VFI, Hobo W, Lion E. Dendritic Cells and Programmed Death-1 Blockade: A Joint Venture to Combat Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:394. [PMID: 29599770 PMCID: PMC5863527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two decades of clinical cancer research with dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination have proved that this type of personalized medicine is safe and has the capacity to improve survival, but monotherapy is unlikely to cure the cancer. Designed to empower the patient’s antitumor immunity, huge research efforts are set to improve the efficacy of next-generation DC vaccines and to find synergistic combinations with existing cancer therapies. Immune checkpoint approaches, aiming to breach immune suppression and evasion to reinforce antitumor immunity, have been a revelation in the immunotherapy field. Early success of therapeutic antibodies blocking the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway has sparked the development of novel inhibitors and combination therapies. Hence, merging immunoregulatory tumor-specific DC strategies with PD-1-targeted approaches is a promising path to explore. In this review, we focus on the role of PD-1-signaling in DC-mediated antitumor immunity. In the quest of exploiting the full potential of DC therapy, different strategies to leverage DC immunopotency by impeding PD-1-mediated immune regulation are discussed, including the most advanced research on targeted therapeutic antibodies, lessons learned from chemotherapy-induced immune activation, and more recent developments with soluble molecules and gene-silencing techniques. An overview of DC/PD-1 immunotherapy combinations that are currently under preclinical and clinical investigation substantiates the clinical potential of such combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Versteven
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan M J Van den Bergh
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L J Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Viggo F I Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Willemijn Hobo
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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Ellis JS, Guloglu FB, Zaghouani H. Presentation of high antigen-dose by splenic B220(lo) B cells fosters a feedback loop between T helper type 2 memory and antibody isotype switching. Immunology 2016; 147:464-75. [PMID: 26749165 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective humoral immunity ensues when antigen presentation by B cells culminates in productive cooperation with T lymphocytes. This collaboration, however, remains ill-defined because naive antigen-specific B cells are rare and difficult to track in vivo. Herein, we used a defined transfer model to examine how B lymphocytes, as antigen-presenting cells, shape the development of T-cell memory suitable for generation of relevant antibody responses. Specifically, we examined how B cells presenting different doses of antigen during the initial priming phase shape the development of CD4 T-cell memory and its influence on humoral immunity. The findings indicate that B cells presenting low dose of antigen favour the development of T helper type 1 (Th1) type memory, while those presenting a high antigen dose yielded better Th2 memory cells. The memory Th2 cells supported the production of antibodies by effector B cells and promoted isotype switching to IgG1. Moreover, among the B-cell subsets tested for induction of Th2 memory, the splenic but not peritoneal B220(lo) cells were most effective in sustaining Th2 memory development as well as immunoglobulin isotype switching, and this function involved a tight control by programmed death 1-programmed death ligand 2 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Ellis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - F Betul Guloglu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Habib Zaghouani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
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Kulpa DA, Brehm JH, Fromentin R, Cooper A, Cooper C, Ahlers J, Chomont N, Sékaly RP. The immunological synapse: the gateway to the HIV reservoir. Immunol Rev 2014; 254:305-25. [PMID: 23772628 PMCID: PMC3707302 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in the development of a cure for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been the incomplete understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy. It is now realized that the establishment of a latently infected reservoir refractory to immune system recognition has thus far hindered eradication efforts. Recent investigation into the innate immune response has shed light on signaling pathways downstream of the immunological synapse critical for T-cell activation and establishment of T-cell memory. This has led to the understanding that the cell-to-cell contacts observed in an immunological synapse that involve the CD4+ T cell and antigen-presenting cell or T-cell–T-cell interactions enhance efficient viral spread and facilitate the induction and maintenance of latency in HIV-infected memory T cells. This review focuses on recent work characterizing the immunological synapse and the signaling pathways involved in T-cell activation and gene regulation in the context of HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna A Kulpa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida (VGTI-FL), Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
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Brusa D, Serra S, Coscia M, Rossi D, D'Arena G, Laurenti L, Jaksic O, Fedele G, Inghirami G, Gaidano G, Malavasi F, Deaglio S. The PD-1/PD-L1 axis contributes to T-cell dysfunction in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica 2013; 98:953-63. [PMID: 23300177 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.077537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is marked by profound defects in T-cell function. Programmed death-1 is a receptor involved in tumor-mediated immunosuppression through binding of the PD-L1 ligand. Multiparametric flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry were used to study PD-1/PD-L1 expression. Functional assays were used to determine the involvement of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in T-cell responses. PD-1 expression by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes was significantly higher in 117 chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients than in 33 donors of a comparable age. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients displayed increased numbers of effector memory and terminally differentiated cells, respectively, when compared to controls. The number of effector memory CD4(+) and terminally differentiated CD8(+) lymphocytes positively associated with a more advanced stage of disease, treatment requirements and unfavorable genomic aberrations. Furthermore, leukemic lymphocytes expressed higher levels of PD-L1 than circulating B lymphocytes from normal donors. PD-1 and PD-L1 surface expression spiked in proliferating T and B lymphocytes, suggesting that this interaction works efficiently in activated environments. Within chronic lymphocytic leukemia proliferation centers in the lymph node, CD4(+)/PD-1(+) T lymphocytes were found to be in close contact with PD-L1(+) chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Lastly, functional experiments using recombinant soluble PD-L1 and blocking antibodies indicated that this axis contributes to the inhibition of IFN-γ production by CD8(+) T cells. These observations suggest that pharmacological manipulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis may contribute to restoring T-cell functions in the chronic lymphocytic leukemia microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Brusa
- Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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