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Bierhansl L, Hartung HP, Aktas O, Ruck T, Roden M, Meuth SG. Thinking outside the box: non-canonical targets in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:578-600. [PMID: 35668103 PMCID: PMC9169033 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system that causes demyelination, axonal degeneration and astrogliosis, resulting in progressive neurological disability. Fuelled by an evolving understanding of MS immunopathogenesis, the range of available immunotherapies for clinical use has expanded over the past two decades. However, MS remains an incurable disease and even targeted immunotherapies often fail to control insidious disease progression, indicating the need for new and exceptional therapeutic options beyond the established immunological landscape. In this Review, we highlight such non-canonical targets in preclinical MS research with a focus on five highly promising areas: oligodendrocytes; the blood-brain barrier; metabolites and cellular metabolism; the coagulation system; and tolerance induction. Recent findings in these areas may guide the field towards novel targets for future therapeutic approaches in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bierhansl
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center of Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Hoxha M, Spahiu E, Prendi E, Zappacosta B. A Systematic Review on the Role of Arachidonic Acid Pathway in Multiple Sclerosis. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 21:160-187. [PMID: 32842948 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200825164123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease characterized by destruction of oligodendrocytes, immune cell infiltration and demyelination. Inflammation plays a significant role in MS, and the inflammatory mediators such as eicosanoids, leukotrienes, superoxide radicals are involved in pro-inflammatory responses in MS. In this systematic review we tried to define and discuss all the findings of in vivo animal studies and human clinical trials on the potential association between arachidonic acid (AA) pathway and multiple sclerosis. METHODS A systematic literature search across Pubmed, Scopus, Embase and Cochrane database was conducted. This systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS A total of 146 studies were included, of which 34 were conducted in animals, 58 in humans, and 60 studies reported the role of different compounds that target AA mediators or their corresponding enzymes/ receptors, and can have a therapeutic effect in MS. These results suggest that eicosanoids have significant roles in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and MS. The data from animal and human studies elucidated that PGI2, PGF2α, PGD2, isoprostanes, PGE2, PLA2, LTs are increased in MS. PLA2 inhibition modulates the progression of the disease. PGE1 analogues can be a useful option in the treatment of MS. CONCLUSIONS All studies reported the beneficial effects of COX and LOX inhibitors in MS. The hybrid compounds, such as COX-2 inhibitors/TP antagonists and 5-LOX inhibitors can be an innovative approach for multiple sclerosis treatment. Future work in MS should shed light in synthesizing new compounds targeting arachidonic acid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvina Hoxha
- Department of Chemical-Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluations of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Rruga Dritan Hoxha, Tirana. Albania
| | | | - Emanuela Prendi
- Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rruga Dritan Hoxha, Tirana. Albania
| | - Bruno Zappacosta
- Department of Chemical-Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluations of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Rruga Dritan Hoxha, Tirana. Albania
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3
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Kihara Y. Systematic Understanding of Bioactive Lipids in Neuro-Immune Interactions: Lessons from an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1161:133-148. [PMID: 31562628 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21735-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive lipids, or lipid mediators, are utilized for intercellular communications. They are rapidly produced in response to various stimuli and exported to extracellular spaces followed by binding to cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) or nuclear receptors. Many drugs targeting lipid signaling such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), prostaglandins, and antagonists for lipid GPCRs are in use. For example, the sphingolipid analog, fingolimod (also known as FTY720), was the first oral disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), whose mechanisms of action (MOA) includes sequestration of pathogenic lymphocytes into secondary lymphoid organs, as well as astrocytic modulation, via down-regulation of the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor, S1P1, by in vivo-phosphorylated fingolimod. Though the cause of MS is still under debate, MS is considered to be an autoimmune demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease. This review summarizes the involvement of bioactive lipids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, platelet-activating factors, lysophosphatidic acid, and S1P) in MS and the animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Genetic ablation, along with pharmacological inhibition, of lipid metabolic enzymes and lipid GPCRs revealed that each bioactive lipid has a unique role in regulating immune and neural functions, including helper T cell (TH1 and TH17) differentiation and proliferation, immune cell migration, astrocyte responses, endothelium function, and microglial phagocytosis. A systematic understanding of bioactive lipids in MS and EAE dredges up information about understudied lipid signaling pathways, which should be clarified in the near future to better understand MS pathology and to develop novel DMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Kihara
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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4
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Jafarzadeh A, Nemati M. Therapeutic potentials of ginger for treatment of Multiple sclerosis: A review with emphasis on its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 324:54-75. [PMID: 30243185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by chronic inflammatory response-induced demyelination of the neurons and degeneration of the axons within the central nervous system (CNS). A complex network of immunopathological-, inflammatory- and oxidative parameters involve in the development and advancement of MS. The anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-oxidative characteristics of the ginger and several of its components have been indicated in some of experimental and clinical investigations. The possible therapeutic potentials of ginger and its ingredients in the treatment of MS may exert mainly through the regulation of the Th1-, Th2-, Th9-, Th17-, Th22- and Treg cell-related immune responses, down-regulation of the B cell-related immune responses, modulation of the macrophages-related responses, modulation of the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, down-regulation of the arachidonic acid-derived mediators, interfering with the toll like receptor-related signaling pathways, suppression of the inflammasomes, down-regulation of the oxidative stress, reduction of the adhesion molecules expression, and down-regulation of the expression of the chemokines and chemokine receptors. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive knowledge regarding the immunomodulatory-, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of ginger and its components, and highlight novel insights into the possible therapeutic potentials of this plant for treatment of MS. The review encourages more investigations to consider the therapeutic potentials of ginger and its effective components for managing of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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5
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Trotter A, Anstadt E, Clark RB, Nichols F, Dwivedi A, Aung K, Cervantes JL. The role of phospholipase A2 in multiple Sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 27:206-213. [PMID: 30412818 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are a diverse group of enzymes that cleave the fatty acids of membrane phospholipids. They play critical roles in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis by enhancing oxidative stress and initiating inflammation. The levels of PLA2 activity in MS patients compared to controls and role of inhibiting PLA2 activity on severity scores in different experimental models are not comprehensively assessed in the light of varying evidence from published studies. The objective of this systematic review is to determine the association between PLA2 activity and multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We performed a systematic review of six studies that assessed PLA2 activity in MS patients compared to controls and nine studies that assessed PLA2 activity in EAE. sPLA2 nor Lp-PLA2 activity were not increased in MS compared to controls in five of those six studies. A difference in sPLA2 activity was only found in a study that measured the enzyme activity in urine. However, inhibiting cPLA2 or sPLA2 led to lower clinical severity or no signs of EAE in mice, and a lower incidence of EAE lesions compared to animals without cPLA2 inhibition. These findings indicate that PLA2 appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Trotter
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Emily Anstadt
- Department of Immunology, and Department of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Robert B Clark
- Department of Immunology, and Department of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Frank Nichols
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Alok Dwivedi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Koko Aung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jorge L Cervantes
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA; Department of Medical Education, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA.
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Cysteinyl Leukotrienes as Potential Pharmacological Targets for Cerebral Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:3454212. [PMID: 28607533 PMCID: PMC5451784 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3454212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are potent lipid mediators widely known for their actions in asthma and in allergic rhinitis. Accumulating data highlights their involvement in a broader range of inflammation-associated diseases such as cancer, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases. The reported elevated levels of CysLTs in acute and chronic brain lesions, the association between the genetic polymorphisms in the LTs biosynthesis pathways and the risk of cerebral pathological events, and the evidence from animal models link also CysLTs and brain diseases. This review will give an overview of how far research has gone into the evaluation of the role of CysLTs in the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders (ischemia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, multiple sclerosis/experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and epilepsy) in order to understand the underlying mechanism by which they might be central in the disease progression.
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7
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Ghosh A, Chen F, Thakur A, Hong H. Cysteinyl Leukotrienes and Their Receptors: Emerging Therapeutic Targets in Central Nervous System Disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:943-951. [PMID: 27542570 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes are a group of the inflammatory lipid molecules well known as mediators of inflammatory signaling in the allergic diseases. Although they are traditionally known for their role in allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, and others, recent advances in the field of biomedical research highlighted the role of these inflammatory mediators in a broader range of diseases such as in the inflammation associated with the central nervous system (CNS) disorders, vascular inflammation (atherosclerotic), and in cancer. Among the CNS diseases, they, along with their synthesis precursor enzyme 5-lipoxygenase and their receptors, have been shown to be associated with brain injury, Multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain ischemia, epilepsy, and others. However, a lot more remains elusive as the research in these areas is emerging and only a little has been discovered. Herein, through this review, we first provided a general up-to-date information on the synthesis pathway and the receptors for the molecules. Next, we summarized the current findings on their role in the brain disorders, with an insight given to the future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Ghosh
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Abhimanyu Thakur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Ong WY, Farooqui T, Kokotos G, Farooqui AA. Synthetic and natural inhibitors of phospholipases A2: their importance for understanding and treatment of neurological disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:814-31. [PMID: 25891385 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are a diverse group of enzymes that hydrolyze membrane phospholipids into arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic acid is metabolized to eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes), and lysophospholipids are converted to platelet-activating factors. These lipid mediators play critical roles in the initiation, maintenance, and modulation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Neurological disorders including excitotoxicity; traumatic nerve and brain injury; cerebral ischemia; Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; multiple sclerosis; experimental allergic encephalitis; pain; depression; bipolar disorder; schizophrenia; and autism are characterized by oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, alterations in phospholipid metabolism, accumulation of lipid peroxides, and increased activities of brain phospholipase A2 isoforms. Several old and new synthetic inhibitors of PLA2, including fatty acid trifluoromethyl ketones; methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate; bromoenol lactone; indole-based inhibitors; pyrrolidine-based inhibitors; amide inhibitors, 2-oxoamides; 1,3-disubstituted propan-2-ones and polyfluoroalkyl ketones as well as phytochemical based PLA2 inhibitors including curcumin, Ginkgo biloba and Centella asiatica extracts have been discovered and used for the treatment of neurological disorders in cell culture and animal model systems. The purpose of this review is to summarize information on selective and potent synthetic inhibitors of PLA2 as well as several PLA2 inhibitors from plants, for treatment of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation associated with the pathogenesis of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yi Ong
- Department
of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Tahira Farooqui
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis,
Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Akhlaq A. Farooqui
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Pieragostino D, D'Alessandro M, di Ioia M, Rossi C, Zucchelli M, Urbani A, Di Ilio C, Lugaresi A, Sacchetta P, Del Boccio P. An integrated metabolomics approach for the research of new cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of multiple sclerosis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1563-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00700j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
(1) Lipid profiling in MuS and OND patients. (2) Search of alterations associated with MuS. (3) Characterization of differences.
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10
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Yang D, Ji HF, Zhang XM, Yue H, Lin L, Ma YY, Huang XN, Fu J, Wang WZ. Protective effect of cytosolic phospholipase A2 inhibition against inflammation and degeneration by promoting regulatory T cells in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:890139. [PMID: 24782598 PMCID: PMC3981565 DOI: 10.1155/2014/890139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is the rate-limiting enzyme that initiates the production of various inflammatory mediators. Previous studies have shown that inhibiting cPLA2 exerts a neuroprotective effect on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by ameliorating the severity of the disease and influencing Th1 and Th17 responses. However, it remains unclear whether treatment with a cPLA2 inhibitor will influence the regulatory T cells (Tregs) that play a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmune diseases. In this study, the cPLA2 inhibitor AX059 reduced the onset and progression of EAE in Lewis rats. In addition, this effect was accompanied by activation of Tregs and alterations in the expression of their various cytokines. The study therefore demonstrated that Tregs are involved in the immunomodulatory effect mediated by cPLA2 inhibition. These findings may have clinical application in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Hong-Fei Ji
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institute of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Hui Yue
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yu-Yan Ma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Cancer Institute of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiang-nan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Jin Fu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Wei-Zhi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, China
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Lysoglycerophospholipids in chronic inflammatory disorders: The PLA2/LPC and ATX/LPA axes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:42-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Lima IVDA, Bastos LFS, Limborço-Filho M, Fiebich BL, de Oliveira ACP. Role of prostaglandins in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:946813. [PMID: 22778499 PMCID: PMC3385693 DOI: 10.1155/2012/946813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing data demonstrates that inflammation participates in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Among the different inflammatory mediators involved, prostaglandins play an important role. The effects induced by prostaglandins might be mediated by activation of their known receptors or by nonclassical mechanisms. In the present paper, we discuss the evidences that link prostaglandins, as well as the enzymes that produce them, to some neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Vieira de Assis Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro Francisco Silva Bastos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Muenzinger Building, Colorado University of Colorado Boulder, Avenida, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA
| | - Marcelo Limborço-Filho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bernd L. Fiebich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical School, Hauptstraße 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- VivaCell Biotechnology GmbH, Ferdinand-Porsche-Straße 5, 79211 Denzlingen, Germany
| | - Antonio Carlos Pinheiro de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical School, Hauptstraße 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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