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Wang Q, Cheng J, Liu F, Zhu J, Li Y, Zhao Y, Li X, Zhang H, Ju Y, Ma L, Hui X, Lin Y. Modulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dysregulation via a SPAK and OSR1 Targeted Framework Nucleic Acid in Hydrocephalus. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306622. [PMID: 38353402 PMCID: PMC11077654 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is one of the most common brain disorders and a life-long incurable condition. An empirical "one-size-fits-all" approach of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting remains the mainstay of hydrocephalus treatment and effective pharmacotherapy options are currently lacking. Macrophage-mediated ChP inflammation and CSF hypersecretion have recently been identified as a significant discovery in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus. In this study, a pioneering DNA nano-drug (TSOs) is developed by modifying S2 ssDNA and S4 ssDNA with SPAK ASO and OSR1 ASO in tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) and synthesis via a one-pot annealing procedure. This construct can significantly knockdown the expression of SPAK and OSR1, along with their downstream ion channel proteins in ChP epithelial cells, thereby leading to a decrease in CSF secretion. Moreover, these findings indicate that TSOs effectively inhibit the M0 to M1 phenotypic switch of ChP macrophages via the MAPK pathways, thus mitigating the cytokine storm. In in vivo post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) models, TSOs significantly reduce CSF secretion rates, alleviate ChP inflammation, and prevent the onset of hydrocephalus. These compelling results highlight the potential of TSOs as a promising therapeutic option for managing hydrocephalus, with significant applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiguang Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institutes for Systems GeneticsFrontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular NetworkWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Department of NeurosurgerySichuan Provincial People's HospitalUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610000P.R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Core facilitiesWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Yuxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Yan Ju
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Lu Ma
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Xuhui Hui
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- Institutes for Systems GeneticsFrontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular NetworkWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral BiomaterialsSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
- National Center for Translational MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P.R. China
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2
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Ciou JJ, Chien MW, Hsu CY, Liu YW, Dong JL, Tsai SY, Yang SS, Lin SH, Yen BLJ, Fu SH, Sytwu HK. Excess Salt Intake Activates IL-21-Dominant Autoimmune Diabetogenesis via a Salt-Regulated Ste20-Related Proline/Alanine-Rich Kinase in CD4 T Cells. Diabetes 2024; 73:592-603. [PMID: 38241027 PMCID: PMC11031440 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The fundamental mechanisms by which a diet affects susceptibility to or modifies autoimmune diseases are poorly understood. Excess dietary salt intake acts as a risk factor for autoimmune diseases; however, little information exists on the impact of salt intake on type 1 diabetes. To elucidate the potential effect of high salt intake on autoimmune diabetes, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice were fed a high-salt diet (HSD) or a normal-salt diet (NSD) from 6 to 12 weeks of age and monitored for diabetes development. Our results revealed that the HSD accelerated diabetes progression with more severe insulitis in NOD mice in a CD4+ T-cell-autonomous manner when compared with the NSD group. Moreover, expression of IL-21 and SPAK in splenic CD4+ T cells from HSD-fed mice was significantly upregulated. Accordingly, we generated T-cell-specific SPAK knockout (CKO) NOD mice and demonstrated that SPAK deficiency in T cells significantly attenuated diabetes development in NOD mice by downregulating IL-21 expression in CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, HSD-triggered diabetes acceleration was abolished in HSD-fed SPAK CKO mice when compared with HSD-fed NOD mice, suggesting an essential role of SPAK in salt-exacerbated T-cell pathogenicity. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of SPAK activity using a specific SPAK inhibitor (closantel) in NOD mice ameliorated diabetogenesis, further illuminating the potential of a SPAK-targeting immunotherapeutic approach for autoimmune diabetes. Here, we illustrate that a substantial association between salt sensitivity and the functional impact of SPAK on T-cell pathogenicity is a central player linking high-salt-intake influences to immunopathophysiology of diabetogenesis in NOD mice. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jie Ciou
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Chien
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yuan Hsu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ling Dong
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ying Tsai
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Sen Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - B. Lin-Ju Yen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Huei Fu
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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3
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Robert SM, Reeves BC, Kiziltug E, Duy PQ, Karimy JK, Mansuri MS, Marlier A, Allington G, Greenberg ABW, DeSpenza T, Singh AK, Zeng X, Mekbib KY, Kundishora AJ, Nelson-Williams C, Hao LT, Zhang J, Lam TT, Wilson R, Butler WE, Diluna ML, Feinberg P, Schafer DP, Movahedi K, Tannenbaum A, Koundal S, Chen X, Benveniste H, Limbrick DD, Schiff SJ, Carter BS, Gunel M, Simard JM, Lifton RP, Alper SL, Delpire E, Kahle KT. The choroid plexus links innate immunity to CSF dysregulation in hydrocephalus. Cell 2023; 186:764-785.e21. [PMID: 36803604 PMCID: PMC10069664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) is the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier and the primary source of CSF. Acquired hydrocephalus, caused by brain infection or hemorrhage, lacks drug treatments due to obscure pathobiology. Our integrated, multi-omic investigation of post-infectious hydrocephalus (PIH) and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) models revealed that lipopolysaccharide and blood breakdown products trigger highly similar TLR4-dependent immune responses at the ChP-CSF interface. The resulting CSF "cytokine storm", elicited from peripherally derived and border-associated ChP macrophages, causes increased CSF production from ChP epithelial cells via phospho-activation of the TNF-receptor-associated kinase SPAK, which serves as a regulatory scaffold of a multi-ion transporter protein complex. Genetic or pharmacological immunomodulation prevents PIH and PHH by antagonizing SPAK-dependent CSF hypersecretion. These results reveal the ChP as a dynamic, cellularly heterogeneous tissue with highly regulated immune-secretory capacity, expand our understanding of ChP immune-epithelial cell cross talk, and reframe PIH and PHH as related neuroimmune disorders vulnerable to small molecule pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Robert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Benjamin C Reeves
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Emre Kiziltug
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jason K Karimy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - M Shahid Mansuri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Arnaud Marlier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Garrett Allington
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ana B W Greenberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tyrone DeSpenza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Amrita K Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xue Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kedous Y Mekbib
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Adam J Kundishora
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Le Thi Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - TuKiet T Lam
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Keck MS & Proteomics Resource, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rashaun Wilson
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Keck MS & Proteomics Resource, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - William E Butler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael L Diluna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Philip Feinberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Kiavash Movahedi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Allen Tannenbaum
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY 11794, USA
| | - Sunil Koundal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xinan Chen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David D Limbrick
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven J Schiff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Bob S Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Murat Gunel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Seth L Alper
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA; Department of Neurosurgery and Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Hortle E, Tran VL, Wright K, Fontaine AR, Pinello N, O'Rourke MB, Wong JJL, Hansbro PM, Britton WJ, Oehlers SH. OXSR1 inhibits inflammasome activation by limiting potassium efflux during mycobacterial infection. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/9/e202201476. [PMID: 35545295 PMCID: PMC9107790 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria up-regulate host kinase OXSR1 preventing potassium efflux and inflammasome activation. Depletion or inhibition of OXSR1 potentiates inflammasome activation and decreases bacterial burden. Pathogenic mycobacteria inhibit inflammasome activation to establish infection. Although it is known that potassium efflux is a trigger for inflammasome activation, the interaction between mycobacterial infection, potassium efflux, and inflammasome activation has not been investigated. Here, we use Mycobacterium marinum infection of zebrafish embryos and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of THP-1 cells to demonstrate that pathogenic mycobacteria up-regulate the host WNK signalling pathway kinases SPAK and OXSR1 which control intracellular potassium balance. We show that genetic depletion or inhibition of OXSR1 decreases bacterial burden and intracellular potassium levels. The protective effects of OXSR1 depletion are at least partially mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome activation, caspase-mediated release of IL-1β, and downstream activation of protective TNF-α. The elucidation of this druggable pathway to potentiate inflammasome activation provides a new avenue for the development of host-directed therapies against intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor Hortle
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia .,The University of Sydney, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Camperdown, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vi Lt Tran
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Kathryn Wright
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Angela Rm Fontaine
- Centenary Imaging and Sydney Cytometry at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Natalia Pinello
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Matthew B O'Rourke
- Centre for Inflammation and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Justin J-L Wong
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Stefan H Oehlers
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia .,The University of Sydney, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Camperdown, Australia.,A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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5
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Bhuiyan MIH, Young CB, Jahan I, Hasan MN, Fischer S, Meor Azlan NF, Liu M, Chattopadhyay A, Huang H, Kahle KT, Zhang J, Poloyac SM, Molyneaux BJ, Straub AC, Deng X, Gomez D, Sun D. NF-κB Signaling-Mediated Activation of WNK-SPAK-NKCC1 Cascade in Worsened Stroke Outcomes of Ang II-Hypertensive Mice. Stroke 2022; 53:1720-1734. [PMID: 35272484 PMCID: PMC9038703 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.038351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worsened stroke outcomes with hypertension comorbidity are insensitive to blood pressure-lowering therapies. In an experimental stroke model with comorbid hypertension, we investigated causal roles of ang II (angiotensin II)-mediated stimulation of the brain WNK (with no lysine [K] kinases)-SPAK (STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase)-NKCC1 (Na-K-Cl cotransporter) complex in worsened outcomes. METHODS Saline- or ang II-infused C57BL/6J male mice underwent stroke induced by permanent occlusion of the distal branches of the middle cerebral artery. Mice were randomly assigned to receive either vehicle dimethyl sulfoxide/PBS (2 mL/kg body weight/day, IP), a novel SPAK inhibitor, 5-chloro-N-(5-chloro-4-((4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide (ZT-1a' 5 mg/kg per day, IP) or a NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) inhibitor TAT-NBD (transactivator of transcription-NEMO-binding domain' 20 mg/kg per day, IP). Activation of brain NF-κB and WNK-SPAK-NKCC1 cascade as well as ischemic stroke outcomes were examined. RESULTS Stroke triggered a 2- to 5-fold increase of WNK (isoforms 1, 2, 4), SPAK/OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1), and NKCC1 protein in the ang II-infused hypertensive mouse brains at 24 hours after stroke, which was associated with increased nuclear translocation of phospho-NF-κB protein in the cortical neurons (a Pearson correlation r of 0.77, P<0.005). The upregulation of WNK-SPAK-NKCC1 cascade proteins resulted from increased NF-κB recruitment on Wnk1, Wnk2, Wnk4, Spak, and Nkcc1 gene promoters and was attenuated by NF-κB inhibitor TAT-NBD. Poststroke administration of SPAK inhibitor ZT-1a significantly reduced WNK-SPAK-NKCC1 complex activation, brain lesion size, and neurological function deficits in the ang II-hypertensive mice without affecting blood pressure and cerebral blood flow. CONCLUSIONS The ang II-induced stimulation of NF-κB transcriptional activity upregulates brain WNK-SPAK-NKCC1 cascade and contributes to worsened ischemic stroke outcomes, illustrating the brain WNK-SPAK-NKCC1 complex as a therapeutic target for stroke with comorbid hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Iqbal H Bhuiyan
- Departments of Neurology (M.I.H.B., C.B.Y., I.J., M.N.H., S.F., H.H., B.J.M., D.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (M.I.H.B., C.B.Y., I.J., M.N.H., S.F., B.J.M., D.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational, and Clinical Center, PA (M.I.H.B.' D.S.)
| | - Cullen B Young
- Departments of Neurology (M.I.H.B., C.B.Y., I.J., M.N.H., S.F., H.H., B.J.M., D.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (M.I.H.B., C.B.Y., I.J., M.N.H., S.F., B.J.M., D.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Israt Jahan
- Departments of Neurology (M.I.H.B., C.B.Y., I.J., M.N.H., S.F., H.H., B.J.M., D.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (M.I.H.B., C.B.Y., I.J., M.N.H., S.F., B.J.M., D.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Md Nabiul Hasan
- Departments of Neurology (M.I.H.B., C.B.Y., I.J., M.N.H., S.F., H.H., B.J.M., D.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (M.I.H.B., C.B.Y., I.J., M.N.H., S.F., B.J.M., D.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sydney Fischer
- Departments of Neurology (M.I.H.B., C.B.Y., I.J., M.N.H., S.F., H.H., B.J.M., D.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (M.I.H.B., C.B.Y., I.J., M.N.H., S.F., B.J.M., D.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nur Farah Meor Azlan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom (N.F.M.A., J.Z.)
| | - Mingjun Liu
- Medicine (M.L., D.G.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ansuman Chattopadhyay
- Molecular Biology-Information Service, Health Sciences Library System (A.C.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Huachen Huang
- Departments of Neurology (M.I.H.B., C.B.Y., I.J., M.N.H., S.F., H.H., B.J.M., D.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.T.K.)
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom (N.F.M.A., J.Z.)
| | | | - Bradley J Molyneaux
- Departments of Neurology (M.I.H.B., C.B.Y., I.J., M.N.H., S.F., H.H., B.J.M., D.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (M.I.H.B., C.B.Y., I.J., M.N.H., S.F., B.J.M., D.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Adam C Straub
- Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (A.C.S), University of Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.C.S., D.G.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Xianming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China (X.D.)
| | - Delphine Gomez
- Medicine (M.L., D.G.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute (A.C.S., D.G.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Dandan Sun
- Departments of Neurology (M.I.H.B., C.B.Y., I.J., M.N.H., S.F., H.H., B.J.M., D.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (M.I.H.B., C.B.Y., I.J., M.N.H., S.F., B.J.M., D.S.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational, and Clinical Center, PA (M.I.H.B.' D.S.)
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6
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Huang TY, Yang SS, Liao CL, Lin MH, Lin HH, Lin JC, Chen PJ, Shih YL, Chang WK, Hsieh TY. SPAK Deficiency Attenuates Chemotherapy-Induced Intestinal Mucositis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:733555. [PMID: 34888232 PMCID: PMC8649624 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.733555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ste20-related protein proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) affects cell proliferation, differentiation, and transformation, and sodium and chloride transport in the gut. However, its role in gut injury pathogenesis is unclear. Objective We determined the role of SPAK in chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis using in vivo and in vitro models. Methods Using SPAK-knockout (KO) mice, we evaluated the severity of intestinal mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) by assessing body weight loss, histological changes in the intestinal mucosa, length of villi in the small intestine, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, proliferative indices, and apoptotic indices. We also evaluated changes in gut permeability and tight junction-associated protein expression. Changes in cell permeability, proliferation, and apoptosis were assessed in SPAK siRNA-transfected 5FU-treated IEC-6 cells. Results 5-FU-treated SPAK-KO mice exhibited milder intestinal mucositis, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, increased villus length, good maintenance of proliferative indices of villus cells, decreased apoptotic index of enterocytes, reduced gut permeability, and restoration of tight junction protein expression (vs. 5-FU-treated wild-type mice). Under in vitro conditions, siRNA-mediated SPAK-knockdown in IEC-6 cells decreased cell permeability and maintained homeostasis following 5-FU treatment. Conclusion SPAK deficiency attenuated chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis by modulating gut permeability and tight junction-associated protein expression and maintaining gut homeostasis in murine small intestinal tissues following gut injury. The expression of SPAK may influence the pathogenesis of chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Yu Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan Association for the Study of Small Intestinal Diseases, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Sen Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of BioMedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Hwai Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chun Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Jen Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lueng Shih
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kuo Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yuan Hsieh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Abstract
Reparative inflammation is an important protective response that eliminates foreign organisms, damaged cells, and physical irritants. However, inappropriately triggered or sustained inflammation can respectively initiate, propagate, or prolong disease. Post-hemorrhagic (PHH) and post-infectious hydrocephalus (PIH) are the most common forms of hydrocephalus worldwide. They are treated using neurosurgical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion techniques with high complication and failure rates. Despite their distinct etiologies, clinical studies in human patients have shown PHH and PIH share similar CSF cytokine and immune cell profiles. Here, in light of recent work in model systems, we discuss the concept of "inflammatory hydrocephalus" to emphasize potential shared mechanisms and potential therapeutic vulnerabilities of these disorders. We propose that this change of emphasis could shift our thinking of PHH and PIH from a framework of life-long neurosurgical disorders to that of preventable conditions amenable to immunomodulation.
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8
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Qiu Z, Dong B, Guo W, Piotr R, Longmore G, Yang X, Yu Z, Deng J, Evers BM, Wu Y. STK39 promotes breast cancer invasion and metastasis by increasing SNAI1 activity upon phosphorylation. Theranostics 2021; 11:7658-7670. [PMID: 34335956 PMCID: PMC8315073 DOI: 10.7150/thno.62406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SNAI1 is widely regarded as a master driver of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and associated with breast cancer progression and metastasis. This pro-malignant role is strongly linked to posttranslational modification, especially phosphorylation, which controls its protein levels and subcellular localization. While multiple kinases are implicated in regulation of SNAI1 stability, the precise mechanism by which SNAI1 is stabilized in tumors remains to be fully elucidated. Methods: A series of in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to reveal the regulation of SNAI1 by Serine/Threonine Kinase 39 (STK39) and the role of STK39 in breast cancer metastasis. Results: We identified STK39, a member of Stem 20-like serine/threonine kinase family, as a novel posttranslational regulator that enhances the stability of SNAI1. Inhibition of STK39 via knockdown or use of a specific inhibitor resulted in SNAI1 destabilization. Mechanistically, STK39 interacted with and phosphorylated SNAI1 at T203, which is critical for its nuclear retention. Functionally, STK39 inhibition markedly impaired the EMT phenotype and decreased tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. These effects were rescued by ectopic SNAI1 expression. In addition, depletion of STK39 dramatically enhanced sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that STK39 is a key mediator of SNAI1 stability and is associated with the pro-metastatic cellular process, highlighting the STK39-SNAI1 signaling axis as promising therapeutic targets for treatments of metastatic breast cancer.
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9
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Shen CH, Lin JY, Lu CY, Yang SS, Peng CK, Huang KL. SPAK-p38 MAPK signal pathway modulates claudin-18 and barrier function of alveolar epithelium after hyperoxic exposure. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21:58. [PMID: 33588817 PMCID: PMC7885562 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperoxia downregulates the tight junction (TJ) proteins of the alveolar epithelium and leads to barrier dysfunction. Previous study has showed that STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) interferes with the intestinal barrier function in mice. The aim of the present study is to explore the association between SPAK and barrier function in the alveolar epithelium after hyperoxic exposure. METHODS Hyperoxic acute lung injury (HALI) was induced by exposing mice to > 99% oxygen for 64 h. The mice were randomly allotted into four groups comprising two control groups and two hyperoxic groups with and without SPAK knockout. Mouse alveolar MLE-12 cells were cultured in control and hyperoxic conditions with or without SPAK knockdown. Transepithelial electric resistance and transwell monolayer permeability were measured for each group. In-cell western assay was used to screen the possible mechanism of p-SPAK being induced by hyperoxia. RESULTS Compared with the control group, SPAK knockout mice had a lower protein level in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in HALI, which was correlated with a lower extent of TJ disruption according to transmission electron microscopy. Hyperoxia down-regulated claudin-18 in the alveolar epithelium, which was alleviated in SPAK knockout mice. In MLE-12 cells, hyperoxia up-regulated phosphorylated-SPAK by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was inhibited by indomethacin. Compared with the control group, SPAK knockdown MLE-12 cells had higher transepithelial electrical resistance and lower transwell monolayer permeability after hyperoxic exposure. The expression of claudin-18 was suppressed by hyperoxia, and down-regulation of SPAK restored the expression of claudin-18. The process of SPAK suppressing the expression of claudin-18 and impairing the barrier function was mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). CONCLUSIONS Hyperoxia up-regulates the SPAK-p38 MAPK signal pathway by ROS, which disrupts the TJ of the alveolar epithelium by suppressing the expression of claudin-18. The down-regulation of SPAK attenuates this process and protects the alveolar epithelium against the barrier dysfunction induced by hyperoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Shen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Section 2, Cheng-Gong Rd, Neihu 114, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yo Lu
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Sen Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kan Peng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Section 2, Cheng-Gong Rd, Neihu 114, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Lun Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Section 2, Cheng-Gong Rd, Neihu 114, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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10
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Zhang C, Wang X, Fang D, Xu P, Mo X, Hu C, Abdelatty A, Wang M, Xu H, Sun Q, Zhou G, She J, Xia J, Hui KM, Xia H. STK39 is a novel kinase contributing to the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by the PLK1/ERK signaling pathway. Theranostics 2021; 11:2108-2122. [PMID: 33500714 PMCID: PMC7797677 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Protein kinases are critical therapeutic targets for curing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As a serine/threonine kinase, the potential roles of serine/threonine kinase 39 (STK39) in HCC remain to be explored. Methods: The expression of STK39 was examined by RT-qPCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by CCK8 and TUNEL kit. Cell migration and invasion assays were performed using a transwell system with or without Matrigel. RNA-seq, mass spectrometry and luciferase reporter assays were used to identify STK39 binding proteins. Results: Here, we firstly report that STK39 was highly overexpressed in clinical HCC tissues compared with adjacent tissues, high expression of STK39 was induced by transcription factor SP1 and correlated with poor patient survival. Gain and loss of function assays revealed that overexpression of STK39 promoted HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. In contrast, the depletion of STK39 attenuated the growth and metastasis of HCC cells. Moreover, knockdown of STK39 induced the HCC cell cycle arrested in the G2/M phase and promoted apoptosis. In mechanistic studies, RNA-seq revealed that STK39 positively regulated the ERK signaling pathway. Mass spectrometry identified that STK39 bound to PLK1 and STK39 promoted HCC progression and activated ERK signaling pathway dependent on PLK1. Conclusions: Thus, our study uncovers a novel role of STK39/PLK1/ERK signaling axis in the progress of HCC and suggests STK39 as an indicator for prognosis and a potential drug target of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Dan Fang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Mo
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Alaa Abdelatty
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haojun Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoren Zhou
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjun She
- Department of High Talent & General Surgery & Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinglin Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kam Man Hui
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Centre Singapore & Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Hongping Xia
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Sir Run Run Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine & Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
- Department of High Talent & General Surgery & Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Centre Singapore & Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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11
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Hall CHT, Lee JS, Murphy EM, Gerich ME, Dran R, Glover LE, Abdulla ZI, Skelton MR, Colgan SP. Creatine Transporter, Reduced in Colon Tissues From Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Regulates Energy Balance in Intestinal Epithelial Cells, Epithelial Integrity, and Barrier Function. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:984-998.e1. [PMID: 32433978 PMCID: PMC7891846 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) have intestinal barrier dysfunction. Creatine regulates energy distribution within cells and reduces the severity of colitis in mice. We studied the functions of the creatine transporter solute carrier family 6 member 8 (SLC6A8, also called CRT) in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and mice, and we measured levels in mucosal biopsies from patients with IBD. METHODS Colon biopsy specimens from patients with IBD (30 with Crohn's disease and 27 with ulcerative colitis) and 30 patients without IBD (control individuals) and colon tissues from mice (with and without disruption of Crt) were analyzed by immunofluorescence, immunoblots, and/or quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). CRT was knocked down or overexpressed in T84 cells, which were analyzed by immunofluorescence, immunoblots, high-performance liquid chromatography (to measure creatine levels), qRT-PCR, transepithelial electrical resistance, barrier function, actin localization, wound healing, mitochondrial oxygen consumption, and glycolysis extracellular acidification rate assays. Organoids from colon cells of CRT-knockout mice and control mice were analyzed by qRT-PCR, immunoblot, and transepithelial electrical resistance. RESULTS CRT localized around tight junctions (TJs) of T84 IECs. In analyses of IECs with CRT knockdown or overexpression, we found that CRT regulates intracellular creatine, barrier formation, and wound healing. CRT-knockout organoids also had diminished barrier formation. In the absence of adequate creatine, IECs transition toward a stressed, glycolysis-predominant form of metabolism; this resulted in leaky TJs and mislocalization of actin and TJ proteins. Colon tissues from patients with IBD had reduced levels of CRT messenger RNA compared with those from control individuals. CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of IEC cell lines and colonoids derived from CRT-knockout mice, we found that CRT regulates energy balance in IECs and thereby epithelial integrity and barrier function. Mucosal biopsy specimens from patients with ulcerative colitis and inactive Crohn's disease have lower levels of CRT, which might contribute to the reduced barrier function observed in patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H T Hall
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - J Scott Lee
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Emily M Murphy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mark E Gerich
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rachael Dran
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Louis E Glover
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zuhair I Abdulla
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Matthew R Skelton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.
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12
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Rangan P, Choi I, Wei M, Navarrete G, Guen E, Brandhorst S, Enyati N, Pasia G, Maesincee D, Ocon V, Abdulridha M, Longo VD. Fasting-Mimicking Diet Modulates Microbiota and Promotes Intestinal Regeneration to Reduce Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathology. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2704-2719.e6. [PMID: 30840892 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary interventions are potentially effective therapies for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). We tested the effect of 4-day fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) cycles on a chronic dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced murine model resulting in symptoms and pathology associated with IBD. These FMD cycles reduced intestinal inflammation, increased stem cell number, stimulated protective gut microbiota, and reversed intestinal pathology caused by DSS, whereas water-only fasting increased regenerative and reduced inflammatory markers without reversing pathology. Transplants of Lactobacillus or fecal microbiota from DSS- and FMD-treated mice reversed DSS-induced colon shortening, reduced inflammation, and increased colonic stem cells. In a clinical trial, three FMD cycles reduced markers associated with systemic inflammation. The effect of FMD cycles on microbiota composition, immune cell profile, intestinal stem cell levels and the reversal of pathology associated with IBD in mice, and the anti-inflammatory effects demonstrated in a clinical trial show promise for FMD cycles to ameliorate IBD-associated inflammation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Rangan
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Inyoung Choi
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Min Wei
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Gerardo Navarrete
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Esra Guen
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Sebastian Brandhorst
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Nobel Enyati
- USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts & Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3551 Trousdale Pkwy, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Gab Pasia
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Daral Maesincee
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Vanessa Ocon
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Maya Abdulridha
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Valter D Longo
- USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts & Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3551 Trousdale Pkwy, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; IFOM FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milano 20139, Italy.
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13
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Hung CM, Peng CK, Yang SS, Shui HA, Huang KL. WNK4–SPAK modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 171:113738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Wang W, Xin J, Chen W, Jing L, Zhang P. Icariin alleviates hypoxia-induced damage in MC3T3-E1 cells by downregulating TALNEC2. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 67:1000-1010. [PMID: 31845407 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Osteonecrosis is a harmful musculoskeletal disease. We aim to detect the effects of icariin (ICA) in MC3T3-E1 cell. MC3T3-E1 cell was pretreated with ICA and was subjected to hypoxia stimuli. The tumor-associated long noncoding RNA expressed on chromosome 2 (TALNEC2) overexpression or silencing vectors (pTALNEC2 or si-TALNEC2) was utilized for MC3T3-E1 cell transfection. Viability and apoptosis rate were individually tested by cell counting kit-8 and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide kit untied with flow cytometry. The alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) activity was tested through ALP assay. The quantitative reverse transcription PCR or Western blot was performed for elements detection at the RNA or protein level. Hypoxia treatment induced viability inhibition and CyclinD1 reduction, but elevation of p53 and p16. It also promoted apoptosis by increasing apoptotic cells, Bax, and cleaved-poly ADP-ribose polymerase but decreasing Bcl-2. Also, hypoxia stimuli restrained ALP activity, and osteopontin, osteocalcin, and Runt-related transcription factor 2 expression. Those effects caused by hypoxia stimuli were all reversed by ICA. TALNEC2 was downregulated by ICA, whose impacts were subsequently abolished by pTALNEC2. Silencing TALNEC2 displayed similar effects with ICA. But the apoptosis was not affected by si-TALNEC2. ICA blocked ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SPAK/JNK) but triggered phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway in MC3T3-E1 cell by suppressing TALNEC2. ICA relieved hypoxia-stimulated damage by restraining TALNEC2 through blocking SPAK/JNK and triggering PI3K/AKT/mTOR in the MC3T3-E1 cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Xin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenming Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhong Jing
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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15
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Gallolu Kankanamalage S, Karra AS, Cobb MH. WNK pathways in cancer signaling networks. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:72. [PMID: 30390653 PMCID: PMC6215617 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The with no lysine [K] (WNK) pathway consists of the structurally unique WNK kinases, their downstream target kinases, oxidative stress responsive (OSR)1 and SPS/Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK), and a multitude of OSR1/SPAK substrates including cation chloride cotransporters. Main body While the best known functions of the WNK pathway is regulation of ion transport across cell membranes, WNK pathway components have been implicated in numerous human diseases. The goal of our review is to draw attention to how this pathway and its components exert influence on the progression of cancer, specifically by detailing WNK signaling intersections with major cell communication networks and processes. Conclusion Here we describe how WNKs and associated proteins interact with and influence PI3K-AKT, TGF-β, and NF-κB signaling, as well as its unanticipated role in the regulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachith Gallolu Kankanamalage
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390-9041, USA
| | - Aroon S Karra
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390-9041, USA
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390-9041, USA.
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Astragaloside II promotes intestinal epithelial repair by enhancing L-arginine uptake and activating the mTOR pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12302. [PMID: 28951595 PMCID: PMC5614914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragaloside II (AS II) extracted from Astragalus membranaceus has been reported to promote tissue wound repair. However, the effect of AS II on inflammatory bowel disease is unknown. We investigated the effects and mechanism of AS II on intestinal wound healing in both in vitro and in vivo models. Human intestinal Caco-2 cells were treated with multiple concentrations of AS II to assess cell proliferation, scratch wound closure, L-arginine uptake, cationic amino acid transporter activity, and activation of the mTOR signaling pathway. These effects were also measured in a mouse model of colitis. AS II promoted wound closure and increased cell proliferation, L-arginine uptake, CAT1 and CAT2 protein levels, total protein synthesis, and phosphorylation of mTOR, S6K, and 4E-BP1 in Caco-2 cells. These effects were suppressed by lysine or rapamycin treatment, suggesting that the enhanced arginine uptake mediates AS II-induced wound healing. Similar results were also observed in vivo. Our findings indicate that AS II can contribute to epithelial barrier repair following intestinal injury, and may offer a therapeutic avenue in treating irritable bowel disease.
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17
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Effects of SPAK on vascular reactivity and nitric oxide production in endotoxemic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 814:248-254. [PMID: 28864211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vasoplegia impedes therapeutic interventions to restore vascular tone, leading to severe hypotension, poor tissue perfusion, and multiple organ failure in septic shock. High levels of circulating nitric oxide (NO) play a crucial role in endotoxin-induced vascular hyporeactivity. Proinflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the induction of inducible NO synthase and overproduction of NO. Anti-inflammatory therapy can diminish NO formation and improve vascular hyporeactivity in septic shock. STE20/SPS1-realted proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) has been reported to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase and contribute to intestinal inflammation. Thus, we evaluated the roles of SPAK in NO production and vascular hyporeactivity in endotoxemic animals. Male wild-type and SPAK deficiency mice were intraperitoneally administered vehicle or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50mg/kg). The changes of systolic blood pressure and plasma nitrate and nitrite levels were measured during the experimental period. Thoracic aortas were exercised to assess vascular reactivity and SPAK expression. In the present study, mice in endotoxin model showed severe hypotension and hyporeactivity to serotonin, phenylephrine (PE), and acetylcholine in the aortic rings. Phosphorylated SPAK expression in the aorta and NO levels in the plasma were also increased in animals with endotoxic shock. However, deletion of SPAK not only reduced the elevation of NO levels but also improved vascular hyporeactivity to serotonin and PE in endotoxemic mice. Taken together, SPAK could be involved in the NO overproduction and vascular hyporesponsiveness to vasoconstrictors in endotoxic shock. Thus, inhibition of SPAK could be useful in the prevention of endotoxin-induced vascular hyporeactivity.
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Zhang J, Karimy JK, Delpire E, Kahle KT. Pharmacological targeting of SPAK kinase in disorders of impaired epithelial transport. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:795-804. [PMID: 28679296 PMCID: PMC6081737 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1351949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich serine-threonine kinase SPAK (STK39) modulates ion transport across and between epithelial cells in response to environmental stimuli such osmotic stress and inflammation. Research over the last decade has established a central role for SPAK in the regulation of ion and water transport in the distal nephron, colonic crypts, and pancreatic ducts, and has implicated deregulated SPAK signaling in NaCl-sensitive hypertension, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and cystic fibrosis. Areas covered: We review recent advances in our understanding of the role of SPAK kinase in the regulation of epithelial transport. We highlight how SPAK signaling - including its upstream Cl- sensitive activators, the WNK kinases, and its downstream ion transport targets, the cation- Cl- cotransporters contribute to human disease. We discuss prospects for the pharmacotherapeutic targeting of SPAK kinase in specific human disorders that feature impaired epithelial homeostasis. Expert opinion: The development of novel drugs that antagonize the SPAK-WNK interaction, inhibit SPAK kinase activity, or disrupt SPAK kinase activation by interfering with its binding to MO25α/β could be useful adjuncts in essential hypertension, inflammatory colitis, and cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Jason K. Karimy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiolgy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristopher T. Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology; and Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Hong Y, Li C, Tan X, Xu L, Yang L, Yan Y. Schistosoma japonicum serine protease inhibitor increases endothelial barrier function. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:7312-7324. [PMID: 31966571 PMCID: PMC6965217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains the second most prevalent zoonotic disease after malaria in veterinary medicine. The egg lodgement in target host tissue plays important roles in pathogenesis of this disease, but the process prior to egg-laying is still elusive. Surely, investigation of how this parasite invades and moves inside corresponding host will probably improve our understanding of homeostasis and maintenance of animal health, further, of related pathogenesis and thus potential intervention against schistosomiasis. TNT-coupled transcription/translation-expressed Sj serpin was employed for the protease inhibition assay. Transendothelial resistance (TER), its charge selectivity and size selectivity, were measured by the ussing chamber technique in serpin-transfected or recombinant serpin-treated HUVEC monolayer. The expressions of junction proteins were assayed using real-time PCR, Western blot and immunostaining. Sj serpin blocks the protease activity of elastase in a time-dependent manner; and Sj serpin can increase TER ofendothelial monolayer by decreasing its paracellular size selectivity, but not by interfere with the charge selectivity. Altered expression of tight junction protein claudin-2 was not observed at either RNA or protein levels; however, we found a marked increase in the expression of occludin, ZO-1,VE-cadherin and beta-catenin. Sj serpin can increase the transendothelial barrier function by decreasing the transendothelial permeability, implying serpin as a potential target to limit the invasion of schistosome into animal blood vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hong
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengtan Li
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohua Tan
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liangwen Xu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yutao Yan
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Biology, Georgia State UniversityAtlanta, Georgia, USA
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Jin F, Li C. Seawater-drowning-induced acute lung injury: From molecular mechanisms to potential treatments. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2591-2598. [PMID: 28587319 PMCID: PMC5450642 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Drowning is a crucial public safety problem and is the third leading cause of accidental fatality, claiming ~372,000 lives annually, worldwide. In near-drowning patients, acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the most common complications. Approximately 1/3 of near-drowning patients fulfill the criteria for ALI or ARDS. In the present article, the current literature of near-drowning, pathophysiologic changes and the molecular mechanisms of seawater-drowning-induced ALI and ARDS was reviewed. Seawater is three times more hyperosmolar than plasma, and following inhalation of seawater the hyperosmotic seawater may cause serious injury in the lung and alveoli. The perturbing effects of seawater may be primarily categorized into insufficiency of pulmonary surfactant, blood-air barrier disruption, formation of pulmonary edema, inflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy, apoptosis and various other hypertonic stimulation. Potential treatments for seawater-induced ALI/ARDS were also presented, in addition to suggestions for further studies. A total of nine therapeutic strategies had been tested and all had focused on modulating the over-activated immunoreactions. In conclusion, seawater drowning is a complex injury process and the exact mechanisms and potential treatments require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faguang Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Congcong Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
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Abstract
WNK kinases, along with their upstream regulators (CUL3/KLHL3) and downstream targets (the SPAK/OSR1 kinases and the cation-Cl- cotransporters [CCCs]), comprise a signaling cascade essential for ion homeostasis in the kidney and nervous system. Recent work has furthered our understanding of the WNKs in epithelial transport, cell volume homeostasis, and GABA signaling, and uncovered novel roles for this pathway in immune cell function and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Shekarabi
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06477, USA; MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Arjun R Khanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA; VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06477, USA.
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Lin TJ, Yang SS, Hua KF, Tsai YL, Lin SH, Ka SM. SPAK plays a pathogenic role in IgA nephropathy through the activation of NF-κB/MAPKs signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:214-224. [PMID: 27519267 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Sterile 20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) can stimulate production of proinflammatory cytokines and interact with inflammation-related molecules. However, it has yet to be determined whether SPAK plays a pathophysiological role in the complicated pathological mechanisms of IgA nephropathy (IgAN), which is mainly characterized by mesangial cell (MC) proliferation and is the most common form of glomerulonephritis. In the present study, we examined the pathophysiological role of SPAK in IgAN using a mouse model and cell models. Our results clearly showed that (1) SPAK deficiency prevents the development of IgAN and inhibits production of immune/inflammatory mediators and T cell activation and proliferation; and (2) when primed with IgA immune complexes (IgA IC), both peritoneal macrophages and primary MCs from SPAK knockout mice show markedly reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibition of NF-κB/MAPKs activation. We proposed that activation of SPAK and the NF-κB/MAPKs signaling pathway in MCs, macrophages and T cells of the glomerulus may be a mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of IgAN. The activation of SPAK in renal tubuloepithelial cells either directly by IgA IC or an indirect action of the activated MCs or infiltrating mononuclear leukocytes seen in the kidney may further aggravate the disease process of IgAN. Our results suggest that SPAK is a potential therapeutic target for the glomerular disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Jung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Sen Yang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of BioMedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuk-Man Ka
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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23
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Wang L, Cheng L, Lu ZJ, Sun XY, Li JY, Peng R. Association of three candidate genetic variants in RAB7L1/NUCKS1, MCCC1 and STK39 with sporadic Parkinson's disease in Han Chinese. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:425-30. [PMID: 26914237 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1526-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies identified that polymorphisms RAB7L1/NUCKS1 rs823118, MCCC1 rs12637471 and STK39 rs1955337 to be the risk loci for Parkinson's disease (PD) in a Caucasian population. However, the characteristics of these three polymorphisms in a Han Chinese population from mainland China were unknown. We examined genetic associations of rs823118, rs12637471 and rs1955337 with PD susceptibility in a Han Chinese population of 1016 sporadic PD patients and 1069 controls. We also conducted further stratified analysis according to age at onset and compared the clinical characteristics between minor allele carriers and non-carriers for each locus. In this study, the minor allele frequency (MAF) was significantly different of RAB7L1/NUCKS1 rs823118 (P = 0.003) and MCCC1 rs12637471 (P = 0.008) between cases and controls. Subjects of RAB7L1/NUCKS1 rs823118 with CC+CT genotypes had a decreased risk compared to those with TT genotype (P = 0.001) and this association also can be seen among younger population (<50 years, P = 0.011). For the MCCC1 rs12637471, subjects with GA+GG genotypes had an increased risk compared to those with AA genotype (P = 0.017). However, we did not observe any significant difference in allele and genotype distribution between PD patients and controls for rs1955337 in STK39. In addition, minor allele carriers cannot be distinguished from non-carriers based on their clinical features of the three loci. Our study provides strong support for the susceptibility role of rs823118 and rs12637471 in sporadic PD in a Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Jiao Lu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yi Sun
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ying Li
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Peng
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Kumaran R, Cookson MR. Pathways to Parkinsonism Redux: convergent pathobiological mechanisms in genetics of Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:R32-44. [PMID: 26101198 PMCID: PMC4571999 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, there have been a large number of genes identified that contribute to the lifetime risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). Some genes follow a Mendelian inheritance pattern, but others are risk factors for apparently sporadic PD. Here, we will focus on those genes nominated by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in sporadic PD, with a particular emphasis on genes that overlap between familial and sporadic disease such as those encoding a-synuclein (SNCA), tau (MAPT), and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). We will advance the view that there are likely relationships between these genes that map not only to neuronal processes, but also to neuroinflammation. We will particularly discuss evidence for a role of PD proteins in microglial activation and regulation of the autophagy-lysosome system that is dependent on microtubule transport in neurons. Thus, there are at least two non-mutually exclusive pathways that include both non-cell-autonomous and cell-autonomous mechanisms in the PD brain. Collectively, these data have highlighted the amount of progress made in understanding PD and suggest ways forward to further dissect this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindran Kumaran
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707, USA
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25
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Chang KH, Wu YR, Chen YC, Fung HC, Lee-Chen GJ, Chen CM. STK39, But Not BST1, HLA-DQB1, and SPPL2B Polymorphism, Is Associated With Han-Chinese Parkinson's Disease in Taiwan. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1690. [PMID: 26469904 PMCID: PMC4616801 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is emerging as an important pathway involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Herein, we investigated the effect of 4 top PD-associated genetic variants in Caucasians listed on the top risk loci identified by meta-analysis of genome wide-association studies in PDGene database (http://www.pdgene.org/top_results), including serine threonine kinase 39 (STK39) rs1955337, bone marrow stromal cell antigen 1 (BST1) rs11724635, major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1 (HLA-DQB1) rs9275326, and signal peptide peptidase-like 2B (SPPL2B) rs62120679, by genotyping 596 Han-Chinese patients with PD and 597 age-matched control subjects. Compared with subjects with STK39 rs1955337 GG genotype, those with TT genotype had a 1.64-fold increased risk of PD (95% confidence interval: 1.13-2.39, P = 0.010). The recessive model also demonstrated an increased PD risk in TT genotype (odds ratio: 1.59, 95% confidence interval: 1.12-2.27) compared with the other genotypes (GT + GG). PD patients demonstrate a similar genotypic and allelic frequency in BST1 rs11724635, HLA-DQB1 rs9275326, and SPPL2B rs62120679 compared with controls. These findings suggested that the STK39 rs1955337 TT genotype is a risk factor for Han-Chinese patients with PD in Taiwan. The ethnic discrepancies of the other 3 genetic variants may indicate a distinct genetic background of neuroinflammation between PD patients in Han-Chinese and Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsuan Chang
- From the Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine (K-HC, Y-RW, Y-CC, H-CF, C-MC); and Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (C-JL-C)
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26
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Yang L, Yan Y. Protein kinases are potential targets to treat inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2014; 5:209-217. [PMID: 25374761 PMCID: PMC4218950 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v5.i4.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the two main forms of which are ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. In this article, we will review the mechanisms of involvement of protein kinases in the pathogenesis of and intervention against IBD, in terms of their effects on genetics, microbiota, mucous layer and tight junction, and the potential of protein kinases as therapeutic targets against IBD.
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27
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Dzamko N, Geczy CL, Halliday GM. Inflammation is genetically implicated in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2014; 302:89-102. [PMID: 25450953 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has long been associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) but the extent to which it is a cause or consequence is sill debated. Over the past decade a number of genes have been implicated in PD. Relatively rare missense mutations in genes such as LRRK2, Parkin, SNCA and PINK1 are causative for familial PD whereas more common variation in genes, including LRRK2, SNCA and GBA, comprise risk factors for sporadic PD. Determining how the function of these genes and the proteins they encode are altered in PD has become a priority, as results will likely provide much needed insights into contributing causes. Accumulating evidence indicates that many of these genes function in pathways that regulate aspects of immunity, particularly inflammation, suggesting close associations between PD and immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dzamko
- School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - C L Geczy
- School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - G M Halliday
- School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.
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Tan X, Li D, Wang X, Zeng Y, Yan Y, Yang L. Claudin-2 downregulation by KSHV infection is involved in the regulation of endothelial barrier function. J Cutan Pathol 2014; 41:630-9. [PMID: 24995964 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposi sarcoma (KS), caused by the infection of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is a disease manifested mainly by dark purple skin and mouth nodules. Cancer care studies showed that co-infection of KSHV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was able to increase the patients' survival, but the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. METHODS To understand the mechanism underlying the prolonged survival in KSHV-HIV co-infected patients, we performed microarray analysis on RNA extracted from biopsies from KS tumors and adjacent healthy tissues in four KS patients. Subsequently, we performed hierarchical clustering, gene ontology (GO) and ingenuity pathway analysis. We then characterized the roles of tight junction protein claudin-2 in the endothelial barrier function. RESULTS Three hundred and forty-three differentially expressed genes were identified, of which 246 genes exhibited significantly increased expression in the tumor compared to the adjacent healthy tissue and 97 genes showed downregulated expression, including claudin-2. Knockdown of claudin-2 in cultured endothelial cells enhances barrier function by altering the charge selectivity, but not the size selectivity. CONCLUSION Claudin-2 expression is decreased in KS tumors from patients co-infected with KSHV and HIV. Decreased claudin-2 enhances endothelial barrier function and may play a role in the prolonged survival of patients with KSHV and HIV co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Tan
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Allan ERO, Tailor P, Balce DR, Pirzadeh P, McKenna NT, Renaux B, Warren AL, Jirik FR, Yates RM. NADPH Oxidase Modifies Patterns of MHC Class II–Restricted Epitopic Repertoires through Redox Control of Antigen Processing. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4989-5001. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Chemical library screening for WNK signalling inhibitors using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Biochem J 2014; 455:339-45. [PMID: 23981180 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
WNKs (with-no-lysine kinases) are the causative genes of a hereditary hypertensive disease, PHAII (pseudohypoaldosteronism type II), and form a signal cascade with OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive 1)/SPAK (STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich protein kinase) and Slc12a (solute carrier family 12) transporters. We have shown that this signal cascade regulates blood pressure by controlling vascular tone as well as renal NaCl excretion. Therefore agents that inhibit this signal cascade could be a new class of antihypertensive drugs. Since the binding of WNK to OSR1/SPAK kinases was postulated to be important for signal transduction, we sought to discover inhibitors of WNK/SPAK binding by screening chemical compounds that disrupt the binding. For this purpose, we developed a high-throughput screening method using fluorescent correlation spectroscopy. As a result of screening 17000 compounds, we discovered two novel compounds that reproducibly disrupted the binding of WNK to SPAK. Both compounds mediated dose-dependent inhibition of hypotonicity-induced activation of WNK, namely the phosphorylation of SPAK and its downstream transporters NKCC1 (Na/K/Cl cotransporter 1) and NCC (NaCl cotransporter) in cultured cell lines. The two compounds could be the promising seeds of new types of antihypertensive drugs, and the method that we developed could be applied as a general screening method to identify compounds that disrupt the binding of two molecules.
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31
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Li NN, Tan EK, Chang XL, Mao XY, Zhang JH, Zhao DM, Liao Q, Yu WJ, Peng R. Genetic association study between STK39 and CCDC62/HIP1R and Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79211. [PMID: 24312176 PMCID: PMC3842305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The first large-scale meta-analysis of published genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) identified 5 new genetic loci (ACMSD, STK39, MCCC1/LAMP3, SYT11, and CCDC62/HIP1R). Very recently, a large-scale replication and heterogeneity study also reported that STK39 and CCDC62/HIP1R increased risk of PD in Asian and Caucasian populations. However, their roles still remain unclear in a Han Chinese population from mainland China. Methods We examined genetic associations of STK39 rs2102808 and CCDC62/HIP1R rs12817488 with PD susceptibility in a Han Chinese population of 783 PD patients and 725 controls. We also performed further stratified analyses by the age of onset and accomplished in-depth clinical characteristics analyses between the different genotypes for each locus. Results No significant differences were observed in the minor allele frequency (MAF) among cases and controls at the two loci (STK39 rs2102808: OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.91, 1.23, P = 0.467; CCDC62/HIP1R rs12817488: OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.76, 1.01, P = 0.072). Subgroup analyses by the age of onset also showed no significant differences among different subgroups of the two loci. In addition, minor allele carriers cannot be distinguished from non-carriers based on their clinical features at the two loci. Conclusions We are unable to demonstrate the association between STK39 and CCDC62/HIP1R and PD susceptibility in a Han Chinese population from mainland China. Additional replication studies in other populations and functional studies are warranted to better validate the role of the two new loci in PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke–NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xue-Li Chang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue-Ye Mao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin-Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wangjiang Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Liao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen-Juan Yu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong Peng
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail:
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Kong LC, Tap J, Aron-Wisnewsky J, Pelloux V, Basdevant A, Bouillot JL, Zucker JD, Doré J, Clément K. Gut microbiota after gastric bypass in human obesity: increased richness and associations of bacterial genera with adipose tissue genes. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:16-24. [PMID: 23719559 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.058743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is one of the most efficient procedures for treating morbid obesity and results in weight-loss and improvements in metabolism and inflammation. OBJECTIVE We examined the impact of RYGB on modifications of gut microbiota and its potential associations with changes in gene expression in white adipose tissue (WAT). DESIGN Gut microbiota were profiled from fecal samples by using pyrosequencing in morbidly obese individuals, explored before (0 mo), 3 mo after, and 6 mo after RYGB. WAT gene expression was studied at 0 and 3 mo. We explored associations between microbial genera and differentially expressed genes in WAT and clinical markers. RESULTS The richness of gut microbiota increased after RYGB; 37% of increased bacteria belonged to Proteobacteria. The associations between gut microbiota composition and WAT gene expression increased after RYGB. Fourteen discriminant bacterial genera (7 were dominant and 7 were subdominant) and 202 WAT genes changed after RYGB. Variations in bacterial genera correlated with changes in both clinical phenotype and adipose tissue gene expression. Some genes encode metabolic and inflammatory genes. Almost half of the correlations were independent of the change in calorie intake. CONCLUSION These results show an increase in gut microbiota richness and in the number of associations between gut microbiota and WAT genes after RYGB in obesity. Variations of gut microbiota were associated with changes in WAT gene expression. These findings stimulate deeper explorations of the mechanisms linking gut microbiome and WAT pathological alterations in human obesity and its changes after weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chun Kong
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Heart and Metabolism Department, Centre de Recherche Nutrition Humaine, Paris, France 1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Zhang Y, Viennois E, Xiao B, Baker MT, Yang S, Okoro I, Yan Y. Knockout of Ste20-like proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) attenuates intestinal inflammation in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:1617-28. [PMID: 23499375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases are characterized by epithelial barrier disruption and alterations in immune regulation. Ste20-like proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) plays a role in intestinal inflammation, but the underlying mechanisms need to be defined. Herein, SPAK knockout (KO) C57BL/6 mice exhibited significant increases in intestinal transepithelial resistance, a marked decrease in paracellular permeability to fluorescence isothiocyanate-dextran, and altered apical side tight junction sodium ion selectivity, compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, the expression of junction protein, claudin-2, decreased. In contrast, expressions of occludin, E-cadherin, β-catenin, and claudin-5 increased significantly, whereas no obvious change of claudin-1, claudin-4, zonula occludens protein 1, and zonula occludens protein 2 expressions was observed. In murine models of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium and trinitrobenzene sulfuric acid, KO mice were more tolerant than wild-type mice, as demonstrated by colonoscopy features, histological characteristics, and myeloperoxidase activities. Consistent with these findings, KO mice showed increased IL-10 levels and decreased proinflammatory cytokine secretion, ameliorated bacterial translocation on treatment with dextran sulfate sodium, and regulation of with no lysine (WNK) kinase activity. Together, these features may reduce epithelial permeability. In conclusion, SPAK deficiency increases intestinal innate immune homeostasis, which is important for control or attenuation of pathological responses in inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Biology, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Gagnon KB, Delpire E. Molecular physiology of SPAK and OSR1: two Ste20-related protein kinases regulating ion transport. Physiol Rev 2013; 92:1577-617. [PMID: 23073627 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SPAK (Ste20-related proline alanine rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress responsive kinase) are members of the germinal center kinase VI subfamily of the mammalian Ste20 (Sterile20)-related protein kinase family. Although there are 30 enzymes in this protein kinase family, their conservation across the fungi, plant, and animal kingdom confirms their evolutionary importance. Already, a large volume of work has accumulated on the tissue distribution, binding partners, signaling cascades, and physiological roles of mammalian SPAK and OSR1 in multiple organ systems. After reviewing this basic information, we will examine newer studies that demonstrate the pathophysiological consequences to SPAK and/or OSR1 disruption, discuss the development and analysis of genetically engineered mouse models, and address the possible role these serine/threonine kinases might have in cancer proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B Gagnon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2520, USA
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Bel S, Elkis Y, Lerer-Goldstein T, Nyska A, Shpungin S, Nir U. Loss of TMF/ARA160 protein renders colonic mucus refractory to bacterial colonization and diminishes intestinal susceptibility to acute colitis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25631-9. [PMID: 22553199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.364786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
TMF/ARA160 is a Golgi-associated protein with several cellular functions, among them direction of the NF-κB subunit, p65 RelA, to ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation in stressed cells. We sought to investigate the role of TMF/ARA160 under imposed stress conditions in vivo. TMF(-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were treated with the ulcerative agent dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), and the severity of the inflicted acute colitis was determined. TMF(-/-) mice were found to be significantly less susceptible to DSS-induced colitis, with profoundly less bacterial penetration into the colonic epithelia. Surprisingly, unlike in WT mice, no bacterial colonies were visualized in colons of healthy untreated TMF(-/-) mice, indicating the constitutive resistance of TMF(-/-) colonic mucus to bacterial retention and penetration. Gene expression analysis of colon tissues from unchallenged TMF(-/-) mice revealed 5-fold elevated transcription of the muc2 gene, which encodes the major component of the colonic mucus gel, the MUC2 mucin. Accordingly, the morphology of the colonic mucus in TMF(-/-) mice was found to differ from the mucus structure in WT colons. The NF-κB subunit, p65, a well known transcription inducer of muc2, was up-regulated significantly in TMF(-/-) intestinal epithelial cells. However, this did not cause spontaneous inflammation or increased colonic crypt cell proliferation. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that absence of TMF/ARA160 renders the colonic mucus refractory to bacterial colonization and the large intestine less susceptible to the onset of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Bel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life-Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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