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Tian J, Chang S, Wang J, Chen J, Xu H, Huang T, Wang J, Kang J, Fan W, Wang Y. S1P/S1PR1 axis promotes macrophage M1 polarization through NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Lupus nephritis. Mol Immunol 2023; 160:55-66. [PMID: 37379683 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) as well as the leading cause of mortality in patients. Previous studies revealed that S1P level is elevated in plasma samples of SLE patients and murine lupus models. FTY720, targeting S1P receptors, exhibited therapeutic effects in improving the nephritis symptoms of lupus mouse models. However, few studies have discussed the potential relevance of S1P/S1PR to the pathogenesis of LN. Macrophages have been shown to be an important causative agent of renal inflammation, while the pro-inflammatory M1-type promotes kidney injury and inflammation during LN. Importantly, macrophages express various S1P receptors, and how they respond to S1P in the setting of LN remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the level of S1P in the lupus MRL/lpr mice and explored the ensuing interaction of macrophages and S1P. We found that S1P level was elevated in the MRL/lpr mice with a subsequent enhancement of the S1PR1 expression, and blocking S1PR1 by FTY720, the nephritis symptoms of MRL/lpr mice were improved. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that elevated S1P level increase the M1-type macrophage accumulation. And the in-vitro studies proved that S1P/S1PR1 was involved in the promotion of macrophage polarization towards M1 type through activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. These findings confer a novel role to macrophage S1PR1 and provide a new perspective for targeting S1P during LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Sijia Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jingshu Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Huanyu Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Taiping Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Weiping Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
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Liu C, Zhu J, Mi Y, Jin T. Impact of disease-modifying therapy on dendritic cells and exploring their immunotherapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:298. [PMID: 36510261 PMCID: PMC9743681 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which play a pivotal role in inducing either inflammatory or tolerogenic response based on their subtypes and environmental signals. Emerging evidence indicates that DCs are critical for initiation and progression of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Current disease-modifying therapies (DMT) for MS can significantly affect DCs' functions. However, the study on the impact of DMT on DCs is rare, unlike T and B lymphocytes that are the most commonly discussed targets of these therapies. Induction of tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) with powerful therapeutic potential has been well-established to combat autoimmune responses in laboratory models and early clinical trials. In contrast to in vitro tolDC induction, in vivo elicitation by specifically targeting multiple cell-surface receptors has shown greater promise with more advantages. Here, we summarize the role of DCs in governing immune tolerance and in the process of initiating and perpetuating MS as well as the effects of current DMT drugs on DCs. We then highlight the most promising cell-surface receptors expressed on DCs currently being explored as the viable pharmacological targets through antigen delivery to generate tolDCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Liu
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Neurogeriatrcs, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yan Mi
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tao Jin
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Piacente F, Bottero M, Benzi A, Vigo T, Uccelli A, Bruzzone S, Ferrara G. Neuroprotective Potential of Dendritic Cells and Sirtuins in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084352. [PMID: 35457169 PMCID: PMC9025744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells, including parenchymal microglia, perivascular and meningeal macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), are present in the central nervous system (CNS) and establish an intricate relationship with other cells, playing a crucial role both in health and in neurological diseases. In this context, DCs are critical to orchestrating the immune response linking the innate and adaptive immune systems. Under steady-state conditions, DCs patrol the CNS, sampling their local environment and acting as sentinels. During neuroinflammation, the resulting activation of DCs is a critical step that drives the inflammatory response or the resolution of inflammation with the participation of different cell types of the immune system (macrophages, mast cells, T and B lymphocytes), resident cells of the CNS and soluble factors. Although the importance of DCs is clearly recognized, their exact function in CNS disease is still debated. In this review, we will discuss modern concepts of DC biology in steady-state and during autoimmune neuroinflammation. Here, we will also address some key aspects involving DCs in CNS patrolling, highlighting the neuroprotective nature of DCs and emphasizing their therapeutic potential for the treatment of neurological conditions. Recently, inhibition of the NAD+-dependent deac(et)ylase sirtuin 6 was demonstrated to delay the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, by dampening DC trafficking towards inflamed LNs. Thus, a special focus will be dedicated to sirtuins’ role in DCs functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Piacente
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Marta Bottero
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.B.); (T.V.); (A.U.); (G.F.)
| | - Andrea Benzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Tiziana Vigo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.B.); (T.V.); (A.U.); (G.F.)
| | - Antonio Uccelli
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.B.); (T.V.); (A.U.); (G.F.)
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.P.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)10-353-8150
| | - Giovanni Ferrara
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.B.); (T.V.); (A.U.); (G.F.)
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4
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Cohan SL, Benedict RHB, Cree BAC, DeLuca J, Hua LH, Chun J. The Two Sides of Siponimod: Evidence for Brain and Immune Mechanisms in Multiple Sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2022; 36:703-719. [PMID: 35725892 PMCID: PMC9259525 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-022-00927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Siponimod is a selective sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtype 1 (S1P1) and 5 (S1P5) modulator approved in the United States and the European Union as an oral treatment for adults with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (RMS), including active secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). Preclinical and clinical studies provide support for a dual mechanism of action of siponimod, targeting peripherally mediated inflammation and exerting direct central effects. As an S1P1 receptor modulator, siponimod reduces lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes, thus inhibiting their migration from the periphery to the central nervous system. As a result of its peripheral immunomodulatory effects, siponimod reduces both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesion (gadolinium-enhancing and new/enlarging T2 hyperintense) and relapse activity compared with placebo. Independent of these effects, siponimod can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and, by binding to S1P1 and S1P5 receptors on a variety of brain cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons, and microglia, exert effects to modulate neural inflammation and neurodegeneration. Clinical data in patients with SPMS have shown that, compared with placebo, siponimod treatment is associated with reductions in levels of neurofilament light chain (a marker of neuroaxonal damage) and thalamic and cortical gray matter atrophy, with smaller reductions in MRI magnetization transfer ratio and reduced confirmed disability progression. This review examines the preclinical and clinical data supporting the dual mechanism of action of siponimod in RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley L Cohan
- Providence Multiple Sclerosis Center, Providence Brain Institute, 9135 SW Barnes Rd Suite 461, Portland, OR, 97225, USA.
| | | | - Bruce A C Cree
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Le H Hua
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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McGowan EM, Haddadi N, Nassif NT, Lin Y. Targeting the SphK-S1P-SIPR Pathway as a Potential Therapeutic Approach for COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197189. [PMID: 33003377 PMCID: PMC7583882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The world is currently experiencing the worst health pandemic since the Spanish flu in 1918-the COVID-19 pandemic-caused by the coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This pandemic is the world's third wake-up call this century. In 2003 and 2012, the world experienced two major coronavirus outbreaks, SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), causing major respiratory tract infections. At present, there is neither a vaccine nor a cure for COVID-19. The severe COVID-19 symptoms of hyperinflammation, catastrophic damage to the vascular endothelium, thrombotic complications, septic shock, brain damage, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), and acute neurological and psychiatric complications are unprecedented. Many COVID-19 deaths result from the aftermath of hyperinflammatory complications, also referred to as the "cytokine storm syndrome", endotheliitus and blood clotting, all with the potential to cause multiorgan dysfunction. The sphingolipid rheostat plays integral roles in viral replication, activation/modulation of the immune response, and importantly in maintaining vasculature integrity, with sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) and its cognate receptors (SIPRs: G-protein-coupled receptors) being key factors in vascular protection against endotheliitus. Hence, modulation of sphingosine kinase (SphK), S1P, and the S1P receptor pathway may provide significant beneficial effects towards counteracting the life-threatening, acute, and chronic complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review provides a comprehensive overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease, prospective vaccines, and current treatments. We then discuss the evidence supporting the targeting of SphK/S1P and S1P receptors in the repertoire of COVID-19 therapies to control viral replication and alleviate the known and emerging acute and chronic symptoms of COVID-19. Three clinical trials using FDA-approved sphingolipid-based drugs being repurposed and evaluated to help in alleviating COVID-19 symptoms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M McGowan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Esophageal Cancer Precise Therapy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (N.H.); (N.T.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-405814048
| | - Nahal Haddadi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (N.H.); (N.T.N.)
| | - Najah T. Nassif
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (N.H.); (N.T.N.)
| | - Yiguang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Esophageal Cancer Precise Therapy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (N.H.); (N.T.N.)
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6
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Liu H, Jin H, Yue X, Luo Z, Liu C, Rosenberg AJ, Tu Z. PET Imaging Study of S1PR1 Expression in a Rat Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 18:724-32. [PMID: 26975859 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-0944-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Upregulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) expression in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions is associated with neuroinflammatory response. This study investigated the correlation between neuroinflammation and S1PR1 expression in the spinal cord of an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rat model of MS, using the S1PR1 positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer [(11)C]TZ3321. PROCEDURES MicroPET imaging studies of [(11)C]TZ3321 were performed to measure uptake of [(11)C]TZ3321 in the spinal cord of EAE rats. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to confirm the overexpression of S1PR1 and other inflammatory biomarkers. RESULTS MicroPET imaging demonstrated a 20-30 % increase in [(11)C]TZ3321 uptake in the lumbar spinal cord of EAE rats versus sham controls at 35-60 min post injection. The increased uptake of [(11)C]TZ3321 was correlated with the overexpression of S1PR1 in the lumbar spinal cord of EAE rats that was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining. Upregulated S1PR1 expression was associated with glial cell activation and immune cell infiltration. CONCLUSIONS MicroPET imaging modality with a specific radioligand [(11)C]TZ3321 is able to assess the expression of S1PR1 in EAE rat lumbar spinal cord. This may provide a new approach to the assessment of neuroinflammatory response in MS and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Hongjun Jin
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xuyi Yue
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Zonghua Luo
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Chunling Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Adam J Rosenberg
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Zhude Tu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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7
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Hatoum D, Haddadi N, Lin Y, Nassif NT, McGowan EM. Mammalian sphingosine kinase (SphK) isoenzymes and isoform expression: challenges for SphK as an oncotarget. Oncotarget 2017; 8:36898-36929. [PMID: 28415564 PMCID: PMC5482707 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The various sphingosine kinase (SphK) isoenzymes (isozymes) and isoforms, key players in normal cellular physiology, are strongly implicated in cancer and other diseases. Mutations in SphKs, that may justify abnormal physiological function, have not been recorded. Nonetheless, there is a large and growing body of evidence demonstrating the contribution of gain or loss of function and the imbalance in the SphK/S1P rheostat to a plethora of pathological conditions including cancer, diabetes and inflammatory diseases. SphK is expressed as two isozymes SphK1 and SphK2, transcribed from genes located on different chromosomes and both isozymes catalyze the phosphorylation of sphingosine to S1P. Expression of each SphK isozyme produces alternately spliced isoforms. In recent years the importance of the contribution of SpK1 expression to treatment resistance in cancer has been highlighted and, additionally, differences in treatment outcome appear to also be dependent upon SphK isoform expression. This review focuses on an exciting emerging area of research involving SphKs functions, expression and subcellular localization, highlighting the complexity of targeting SphK in cancer and also comorbid diseases. This review also covers the SphK isoenzymes and isoforms from a historical perspective, from their first discovery in murine species and then in humans, their role(s) in normal cellular function and in disease processes, to advancement of SphK as an oncotarget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hatoum
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Nahal Haddadi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Yiguang Lin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Najah T. Nassif
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Eileen M. McGowan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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Gaire BP, Lee CH, Sapkota A, Lee SY, Chun J, Cho HJ, Nam TG, Choi JW. Identification of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Subtype 1 (S1P 1) as a Pathogenic Factor in Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2320-2332. [PMID: 28343295 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Medically relevant roles of receptor-mediated sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling have become a successful or promising target for multiple sclerosis or cerebral ischemia. Animal-based proof-of-concept validation for the latter is particularly through the neuroprotective efficacy of FTY720, a non-selective S1P receptor modulator, presumably via activation of S1P1. In spite of a clear link between S1P signaling and cerebral ischemia, it remains unknown whether the role of S1P1 is pathogenic or neuroprotective. Here, we investigated the involvement of S1P1 along with its role in cerebral ischemia using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion ("tMCAO") model. Brain damage following tMCAO, as assessed by brain infarction, neurological deficit score, and neural cell death, was reduced by oral administration of AUY954, a selective S1P1 modulator as a functional antagonist, in a therapeutic paradigm, indicating that S1P1 is a pathogenic mediator rather than a neuroprotective mediator. This pathogenic role of S1P1 in cerebral ischemia was reaffirmed because tMCAO-induced brain damage was reduced by genetic knockdown with an intracerebroventricular microinjection of S1P1 shRNA lentivirus into the brain. Genetic knockdown of S1P1 or AUY954 exposure reduced microglial activation, as assessed by reduction in the number of activated microglia and reversed morphology from amoeboid to ramified, and microglial proliferation in ischemic brain. Its role in microglial activation was recapitulated in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated primary mouse microglia, in which the mRNA expression level of TNF-α and IL-1β, well-known markers for microglial activation, was reduced in microglia transfected with S1P1 siRNA. These data suggest that the pathogenic role of S1P1 is associated with microglial activation in ischemic brain. Additionally, the pathogenic role of S1P1 in cerebral ischemia appears to be associated with the blood-brain barrier disruption and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) downregulation. Overall, findings from the current study clearly identify S1P1 signaling as a pathogenic factor in transient focal cerebral ischemia, further implicating S1P1 antagonists including functional antagonists as plausible therapeutic agents for human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chi-Ho Lee
- Gachon University, Incheon, 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Arjun Sapkota
- Gachon University, Incheon, 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yeul Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 55 Hanynagdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hee Jun Cho
- TherlifEx, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 21653, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Nam
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 55 Hanynagdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- Gachon University, Incheon, 406-799, Republic of Korea.
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Pyne NJ, Pyne S. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Signaling in Mammalian Cells. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030344. [PMID: 28241498 PMCID: PMC6155263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioactive lipid, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) binds to a family of G protein-coupled receptors, termed S1P1-S1P5. These receptors function in, for example, the cardiovascular system to regulate vascular barrier integrity and tone, the nervous system to regulate neuronal differentiation, myelination and oligodendrocyte/glial cell survival and the immune system to regulate T- and B-cell subsets and trafficking. S1P receptors also participate in the pathophysiology of autoimmunity, inflammatory disease, cancer, neurodegeneration and others. In this review, we describe how S1P1 can form a complex with G-protein and β-arrestin, which function together to regulate effector pathways. We also discuss the role of the S1P1-Platelet derived growth factor receptor β functional complex (which deploys G-protein/β-arrestin and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling) in regulating cell migration. Possible mechanisms by which different S1P-chaperones, such as Apolipoprotein M-High-Density Lipoprotein induce biological programmes in cells are also described. Finally, the role of S1P1 in health and disease and as a target for clinical intervention is appraised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Pyne
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Susan Pyne
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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Sie C, Korn T. Dendritic cells in central nervous system autoimmunity. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 39:99-111. [PMID: 27888330 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) operate at the intersection of the innate and adaptive immune systems. DCs can promote or inhibit adaptive immune responses against neuroantigens. While DC intrinsic properties, i.e., their maturation state or the subset they belong to, are important determinants of the outcome of an autoimmune reaction, tissue-specific cues might also be relevant for the function of DCs. Thus, a better understanding of the performance of distinct DC subsets in specific anatomical niches, not only in lymphoid tissue but also in non-lymphoid tissues such as the meninges, the choroid plexus, and the inflamed CNS parenchyma, will be instrumental for the design of immune intervention strategies to chronic inflammatory diseases that do not put at risk basic surveillance functions of the immune system in the CNS. Here, we will review modern concepts of DC biology in steady state and during autoimmune neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Sie
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology and Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Korn
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology and Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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Scott FL, Clemons B, Brooks J, Brahmachary E, Powell R, Dedman H, Desale HG, Timony GA, Martinborough E, Rosen H, Roberts E, Boehm MF, Peach RJ. Ozanimod (RPC1063) is a potent sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1P1 ) and receptor-5 (S1P5 ) agonist with autoimmune disease-modifying activity. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1778-92. [PMID: 26990079 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Sphingosine1-phosphate (S1P) receptors mediate multiple events including lymphocyte trafficking, cardiac function, and endothelial barrier integrity. Stimulation of S1P1 receptors sequesters lymphocyte subsets in peripheral lymphoid organs, preventing their trafficking to inflamed tissue sites, modulating immunity. Targeting S1P receptors for treating autoimmune disease has been established in clinical studies with the non-selective S1P modulator, FTY720 (fingolimod, Gilenya™). The purpose of this study was to assess RPC1063 for its therapeutic utility in autoimmune diseases. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The specificity and potency of RPC1063 (ozanimod) was evaluated for all five S1P receptors, and its effect on cell surface S1P1 receptor expression, was characterized in vitro. The oral pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and pharmacodynamic effects were established in rodents, and its activity in three models of autoimmune disease (experimental autoimmune encephalitis, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid colitis and CD4(+) CD45RB(hi) T cell adoptive transfer colitis) was assessed. KEY RESULTS RPC1063 was specific for S1P1 and S1P5 receptors, induced S1P1 receptor internalization and induced a reversible reduction in circulating B and CCR7(+) T lymphocytes in vivo. RPC1063 showed high oral bioavailability and volume of distribution, and a circulatory half-life that supports once daily dosing. Oral RPC1063 reduced inflammation and disease parameters in all three autoimmune disease models. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS S1P receptor selectivity, favourable PK properties and efficacy in three distinct disease models supports the clinical development of RPC1063 for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease, differentiates RPC1063 from other S1P receptor agonists, and could result in improved safety outcomes in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J Brooks
- Receptos Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - R Powell
- Receptos Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - H Dedman
- Receptos Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - H Rosen
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - E Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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12
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Dillmann C, Ringel C, Ringleb J, Mora J, Olesch C, Fink AF, Roberts E, Brüne B, Weigert A. S1PR4 Signaling Attenuates ILT 7 Internalization To Limit IFN-α Production by Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1579-90. [PMID: 26783340 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) produce large amounts of type I IFN in response to TLR7/9 ligands. This conveys antiviral effects, activates other immune cells (NK cells, conventional DCs, B, and T cells), and causes the induction and expansion of a strong inflammatory response. pDCs are key players in various type I IFN-driven autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus or psoriasis, but pDCs are also involved in (anti-)tumor immunity. The sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signals through five G-protein-coupled receptors (S1PR1-5) to regulate, among other activities, immune cell migration and activation. The present study shows that S1P stimulation of human, primary pDCs substantially decreases IFN-α production after TLR7/9 activation with different types of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides or tick-borne encephalitis vaccine, which occurred in an S1PR4-dependent manner. Mechanistically, S1PR4 activation preserves the surface expression of the human pDC-specific inhibitory receptor Ig-like transcript 7. We provide novel information that Ig-like transcript 7 is rapidly internalized upon receptor-mediated endocytosis of TLR7/9 ligands to allow high IFN-α production. This is antagonized by S1PR4 signaling, thus decreasing TLR-induced IFN-α secretion. At a functional level, attenuated IFN-α production failed to alter Ag-driven T cell proliferation in pDC-dependent T cell activation assays, but shifted cytokine production of T cells from a Th1 (IFN-γ) to a regulatory (IL-10) profile. In conclusion, S1PR4 agonists block human pDC activation and may therefore be a promising tool to restrict pathogenic IFN-α production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dillmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; and
| | - Christian Ringel
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; and
| | - Julia Ringleb
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; and
| | - Javier Mora
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; and
| | - Catherine Olesch
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; and
| | - Annika F Fink
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; and
| | - Edward Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; and
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; and
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13
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Methods for Testing Immunological Factors. DRUG DISCOVERY AND EVALUATION: PHARMACOLOGICAL ASSAYS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7122208 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-05392-9_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hypersensitivity reactions can be elicited by various factors: either immunologically induced, i.e., allergic reactions to natural or synthetic compounds mediated by IgE, or non-immunologically induced, i.e., activation of mediator release from cells through direct contact, without the induction of, or the mediation through immune responses. Mediators responsible for hypersensitivity reactions are released from mast cells. An important preformed mediator of allergic reactions found in these cells is histamine. Specific allergens or the calcium ionophore 48/80 induce release of histamine from mast cells. The histamine concentration can be determined with the o-phthalaldehyde reaction.
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14
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SEW2871 protects from experimental colitis through reduced epithelial cell apoptosis and improved barrier function in interleukin-10 gene-deficient mice. Immunol Res 2015; 61:303-11. [PMID: 25588868 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8625-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Loss of intestinal epithelial barrier function including typical tight junction changes and epithelial cell apoptosis plays an important role in Crohn's disease. SEW2871, a selective sphingosine-1-phosphate type-1 receptor agonist, has been proven to be efficient in protecting against colitis in IL-10(-/-) mice in our previous study. Here we performed additional studies to investigate whether treatment with SEW2871 was associated with an improved epithelial barrier function in IL-10(-/-) mice. SEW2871 was administered by gavage at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks to IL-10(-/-) mice. Severity of colitis, CD4+ T cells in colon lamina propria and proinflammatory cytokine productions were evaluated. Furthermore, intestinal permeability, tight junction (occludin and ZO-1) expressions and distributions, as well as epithelial cell apoptosis, were also assessed. SEW2871 treatment attenuated established colitis associated with decreased CD4+ T cells in colon lamina propria and reduced TNF-α and IFN-γ levels. Moreover, enhanced barrier function, which resulted from ameliorated tight junction (occludin and ZO-1) expressions and suppressed epithelial cell apoptosis, was found to contribute to the therapeutic effects. SEW2871 treatment protects from colitis in IL-10(-/-) mice through reduced epithelial cell apoptosis and improved barrier function. Thus, targeting sphingosine-1-phosphate may represent a new therapeutic approach in Crohn's disease.
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15
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Spampinato SF, Obermeier B, Cotleur A, Love A, Takeshita Y, Sano Y, Kanda T, Ransohoff RM. Sphingosine 1 Phosphate at the Blood Brain Barrier: Can the Modulation of S1P Receptor 1 Influence the Response of Endothelial Cells and Astrocytes to Inflammatory Stimuli? PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26197437 PMCID: PMC4511229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) to maintain proper barrier functions, keeping an optimal environment for central nervous system (CNS) activity and regulating leukocytes’ access, can be affected in CNS diseases. Endothelial cells and astrocytes are the principal BBB cellular constituents and their interaction is essential to maintain its function. Both endothelial cells and astrocytes express the receptors for the bioactive sphingolipid S1P. Fingolimod, an immune modulatory drug whose structure is similar to S1P, has been approved for treatment in multiple sclerosis (MS): fingolimod reduces the rate of MS relapses by preventing leukocyte egress from the lymph nodes. Here, we examined the ability of S1P and fingolimod to act on the BBB, using an in vitro co-culture model that allowed us to investigate the effects of S1P on endothelial cells, astrocytes, and interactions between the two. Acting selectively on endothelial cells, S1P receptor signaling reduced cell death induced by inflammatory cytokines. When acting on astrocytes, fingolimod treatment induced the release of a factor, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) that reduced the effects of cytokines on endothelium. In an in vitro BBB model incorporating shear stress, S1P receptor modulation reduced leukocyte migration across the endothelial barrier, indicating a novel mechanism that might contribute to fingolimod efficacy in MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona F. Spampinato
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Birgit Obermeier
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anne Cotleur
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anna Love
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yukio Takeshita
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yasuteru Sano
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanda
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Richard M. Ransohoff
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Calik MW, Shankarappa SA, Langert KA, Stubbs EB. Forced Exercise Preconditioning Attenuates Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis by Altering Th1 Lymphocyte Composition and Egress. ASN Neuro 2015; 7:7/4/1759091415595726. [PMID: 26186926 PMCID: PMC4550317 DOI: 10.1177/1759091415595726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A short-term exposure to moderately intense physical exercise affords a novel measure of protection against autoimmune-mediated peripheral nerve injury. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which forced exercise attenuates the development and progression of experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN), an established animal model of Guillain–Barré syndrome. Adult male Lewis rats remained sedentary (control) or were preconditioned with forced exercise (1.2 km/day × 3 weeks) prior to P2-antigen induction of EAN. Sedentary rats developed a monophasic course of EAN beginning on postimmunization day 12.3 ± 0.2 and reaching peak severity on day 17.0 ± 0.3 (N = 12). By comparison, forced-exercise preconditioned rats exhibited a similar monophasic course but with significant (p < .05) reduction of disease severity. Analysis of popliteal lymph nodes revealed a protective effect of exercise preconditioning on leukocyte composition and egress. Compared with sedentary controls, forced exercise preconditioning promoted a sustained twofold retention of P2-antigen responsive leukocytes. The percentage distribution of pro-inflammatory (Th1) lymphocytes retained in the nodes from sedentary EAN rats (5.1 ± 0.9%) was significantly greater than that present in nodes from forced-exercise preconditioned EAN rats (2.9 ± 0.6%) or from adjuvant controls (2.0 ± 0.3%). In contrast, the percentage of anti-inflammatory (Th2) lymphocytes (7–10%) and that of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (∼20%) remained unaltered by forced exercise preconditioning. These data do not support an exercise-inducible shift in Th1:Th2 cell bias. Rather, preconditioning with forced exercise elicits a sustained attenuation of EAN severity, in part, by altering the composition and egress of autoreactive proinflammatory (Th1) lymphocytes from draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Calik
- Center for Narcolepsy, Sleep and Health Research, Department of Biobehavioral Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sahadev A Shankarappa
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA Program in Neuroscience, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA Center for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Kelly A Langert
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA Program in Neuroscience, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Evan B Stubbs
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA Program in Neuroscience, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA Department of Ophthalmology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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17
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Shih HJ, Yen JC, Chiu AW, Chow YC, Pan WH, Wang TY, Huang CJ. FTY720 mitigates torsion/detorsion-induced testicular injury in rats. J Surg Res 2015; 196:325-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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18
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Pulkoski-Gross MJ, Donaldson JC, Obeid LM. Sphingosine-1-phosphate metabolism: A structural perspective. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 50:298-313. [PMID: 25923252 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1039115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids represent an important class of bioactive signaling lipids which have key roles in numerous cellular processes. Over the last few decades, the levels of bioactive sphingolipids and/or their metabolizing enzymes have been realized to be important factors involved in disease development and progression, most notably in cancer. Targeting sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes in disease states has been the focus of many studies and has resulted in a number of pharmacological inhibitors, with some making it into the clinic as therapeutics. In order to better understand the regulation of sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes as well as to develop much more potent and specific inhibitors, the field of sphingolipids has recently taken a turn toward structural biology. The last decade has seen the structural determination of a number of sphingolipid enzymes and effector proteins. In these terms, one of the most complete arms of the sphingolipid pathway is the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) arm. The structures of proteins involved in the function and regulation of S1P are being used to investigate further the regulation of said proteins as well as in the design and development of inhibitors as potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane C Donaldson
- b Department of Medicine , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , NY , USA .,c Stony Brook Cancer Center , Stony Brook , NY , USA , and
| | - Lina M Obeid
- b Department of Medicine , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , NY , USA .,c Stony Brook Cancer Center , Stony Brook , NY , USA , and.,d Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Northport , NY , USA
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19
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Xin Q, Li J, Dang J, Bian X, Shan S, Yuan J, Qian Y, Liu Z, Liu G, Yuan Q, Liu N, Ma X, Gao F, Gong Y, Liu Q. miR-155 Deficiency Ameliorates Autoimmune Inflammation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Targeting S1pr1 in Faslpr/lpr Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5437-45. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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20
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Luessi F, Kraus S, Trinschek B, Lerch S, Ploen R, Paterka M, Roberg T, Poisa-Beiro L, Klotz L, Wiendl H, Bopp T, Jonuleit H, Jolivel V, Zipp F, Witsch E. FTY720 (fingolimod) treatment tips the balance towards less immunogenic antigen-presenting cells in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2015; 21:1811-22. [PMID: 25732840 DOI: 10.1177/1352458515574895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to clarify whether fingolimod has direct effects on antigen-presenting cells in multiple sclerosis patients. METHODS Frequency and phenotype of directly ex vivo dendritic cells and monocytes were analyzed in 43 individuals, including fingolimod-treated and untreated multiple sclerosis patients as well as healthy subjects. These cells were further stimulated with lipopolysaccharide to determine functional effects of fingolimod treatment. RESULTS Absolute numbers of CD1c+ dendritic cells and monocytes were not significantly reduced in fingolimod-treated patients indicating that fingolimod did not block the migration of antigen-presenting cells to peripheral blood. CD86 was upregulated on CD1c+ dendritic cells and thus their activation was not impaired under fingolimod treatment. Quantitative analyses of gene transcription in cells and protein content in supernatants from ex vivo CD1c+ dendritic cells and monocytes, however, showed lower secretion of TNFα, IL1-β and IL-6 upon lipopolysaccharide-stimulation. These results could be matched with CD4+MOG-specific transgenic T cells exhibiting reduced levels of TNFα and IFN-γ but not IL-4 upon stimulation with murine dendritic cells loaded with MOG, when treated with fingolimod. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that fingolimod - apart from trapping lymphocytes in lymph nodes - exerts its disease-modulating activity by rebalancing the immune tolerance networks by modulation of antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Luessi
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Kraus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Bettina Trinschek
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen Lerch
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Ploen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Magdalena Paterka
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Torsten Roberg
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Laura Poisa-Beiro
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Helmut Jonuleit
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Valérie Jolivel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Esther Witsch
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Germany
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21
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Blaho VA, Hla T. An update on the biology of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1596-608. [PMID: 24459205 PMCID: PMC4109755 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r046300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a membrane-derived lysophospholipid that acts primarily as an ex-tracellular signaling molecule. Signals initiated by S1P are transduced by five G protein-coupled receptors, named S1P1-5 Cellular and temporal expression of the S1P receptors (S1PRs) determine their specific roles in various organ systems, but they are particularly critical for regulation of the cardiovascular, immune, and nervous systems, with the most well-known contributions of S1PR signaling being modulation of vascular barrier function, vascular tone, and regulation of lymphocyte trafficking. However, our knowledge of S1PR biology is rapidly increasing as they become attractive therapeutic targets in several diseases, such as chronic inflammatory pathologies, autoimmunity, and cancer. Understanding how the S1PRs regulate interactions between biological systems will allow for greater efficacy in this novel therapeutic strategy as well as characterization of complex physiological networks. Because of the rapidly expanding body of research, this review will focus on the most recent advances in S1PRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Blaho
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Timothy Hla
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
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22
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Chemical and genetic tools to explore S1P biology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 378:55-83. [PMID: 24728593 PMCID: PMC7120161 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-05879-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The zwitterionic lysophospholipid Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (S1P) is a pleiotropic mediator of physiology and pathology. The synthesis, transport, and degradation of S1P are tightly regulated to ensure that S1P is present in the proper concentrations in the proper location. The binding of S1P to five G protein-coupled S1P receptors regulates many physiological systems, particularly the immune and vascular systems. Our understanding of the functions of S1P has been aided by the tractability of the system to both chemical and genetic manipulation. Chemical modulators have been generated to affect most of the known components of S1P biology, including agonists of S1P receptors and inhibitors of enzymes regulating S1P production and degradation. Genetic knockouts and manipulations have been similarly engineered to disrupt the functions of individual S1P receptors or enzymes involved in S1P metabolism. This chapter will focus on the development and utilization of these chemical and genetic tools to explore the complex biology surrounding S1P and its receptors, with particular attention paid to the in vivo findings that these tools have allowed for.
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23
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Liu G, Bi Y, Wang R, Yang H, Zhang Y, Wang X, Liu H, Lu Y, Zhang Z, Chen W, Chu Y, Yang R. Targeting S1P1 receptor protects against murine immunological hepatic injury through myeloid-derived suppressor cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3068-79. [PMID: 24567529 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although FTY720 may alter migration and homing of lymphocytes via sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors, our recent studies indicated that FTY720 directly controls the differentiation of Th1 cells to regulatory T cells (Tregs) by targeting S1P1. However, the pharmacological function of FTY720 in immunological hepatic injury remains unknown. In this study, the role and regulatory signaling pathway of S1P receptor were investigated using a pharmacological approach in immune-mediated hepatic injury (IMH). In the context of IMH, FTY720 significantly ameliorated mortality and hepatic pathology. In FTY720-treated mice, recruited CD11b(+)Gr1(+) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) mediate protection against IMH and are functional suppressive immune modulators that result in fewer IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells and more Foxp3(+) Tregs. In agreement, FTY720-treated MDSCs promote the reciprocal differentiation between Th1 cells and Tregs in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, FTY720 treatment induced inducible NO synthase expression and NO production in MDSCs. Pharmacologic inhibition of inducible NO synthase completely eliminates MDSC suppressive function and eradicates their inducible effects on T cell differentiation. Finally, the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, photocopies the effects of FTY720 on MDSCs, implicating mTOR as a downstream effector of S1P1 signaling. This study identifies MDSCs as an essential component that provides protection against IMH following FTY720 or rapamycin treatment, validating the S1P1-mTOR signaling axis as a potential therapeutic target in hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Antel
- Neuroimmunology Program; Montreal Neurological Institute; Montreal Quebec Canada
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25
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Dasgupta S, Kasper DL. Relevance of commensal microbiota in the treatment and prevention of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19:2478-89. [PMID: 23846489 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0b013e318297d884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Commensal microbiota that reside primarily in the gut of mammals influence the hosts' health to a great extent. Shaping of host immunity locally, a vital component of this influence, can have pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, or neutral outcomes, presumably depending on the composition of the microbiota in an individual and type of molecules expressed in the individual members of the microbiota. Thus, these microbial species can be thought of as a reservoir of molecules that can be used to improve or worsen the condition of patients suffering from immunity or inflammation-driven pathologies like inflammatory bowel disease. In the current review, we elaborate, based on the literature available from murine models of disease and clinical case studies, the need to identify individual members of commensal microbiota that can precipitate or resolve inflammatory bowel disease. Therapeutic approaches could entail enrichment of members of microbiota (or molecules from these microbes), which induces expansion or enhancement of function of regulatory T cells or tolerogenic dendritic cells and reduce members that cause inflammation either directly or indirectly by influencing metabolic and other host molecules. Efficiency of bacteria-driven therapy would potentially be enhanced as we refine our approaches from the use of complete feces as done in fecal transplantation to utilization of microbiota-derived molecules as exemplified by the capsular polysaccharide A from the human gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis. We also highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, defining a natural alternative to the current chemical-based immunosuppressive regimen for patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryasarathi Dasgupta
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Dalet FGE, Guadalupe TFJ, María del Carmen CH, Humberto GAC, Antonio SUM. Insights into the structural biology of G-protein coupled receptors impacts drug design for central nervous system neurodegenerative processes. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:2290-302. [PMID: 25206539 PMCID: PMC4146033 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.24.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, there have been important new insights into the structural biology of G-protein coupled receptors. It is now known that allosteric binding sites are involved in the affinity and selectivity of ligands for G-protein coupled receptors, and that signaling by these receptors involves both G-protein dependent and independent pathways. The present review outlines the physiological and pharmacological implications of this perspective for the design of new drugs to treat disorders of the central nervous system. Specifically, new possibilities are explored in relation to allosteric and orthosteric binding sites on dopamine receptors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and on muscarinic receptors for Alzheimer's disease. Future research can seek to identify ligands that can bind to more than one site on the same receptor, or simultaneously bind to two receptors and form a dimer. For example, the design of bivalent drugs that can reach homo/hetero-dimers of D2 dopamine receptor holds promise as a relevant therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease. Regarding the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, the design of dualsteric ligands for mono-oligomeric rinic receptors could increase therapeutic effectiveness by generating potent compounds that could activate more than one signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farfán-García Eunice Dalet
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Del. Benito Juárez, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Trujillo-Ferrara José Guadalupe
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Del. Benito Juárez, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Castillo-Hernández María del Carmen
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Del. Benito Juárez, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Guerra-Araiza Christian Humberto
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Del. Benito Juárez, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Soriano-Ursúa Marvin Antonio
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Del. Benito Juárez, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Corresponding author: Soriano-Ursúa Marvin Antonio, Professor/Researcher, Departamento de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Del. Benito Juárez, Mexico City 11340, Mexico, , (N201304028)
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Targeting the sphingosine-1-phosphate axis in cancer, inflammation and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:688-702. [PMID: 23954895 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is involved in multiple cellular signalling systems and has a pivotal role in the control of immune cell trafficking. As such, S1P has been implicated in disorders such as cancer and inflammatory diseases. This Review discusses the ways in which S1P might be therapeutically targeted - for example, via the development of chemical inhibitors that target the generation, transport and degradation of S1P and via the development of specific S1P receptor agonists. We also highlight recent conflicting results observed in preclinical studies targeting S1P and discuss ongoing clinical trials in this field.
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Ng D, Gommerman JL. The Regulation of Immune Responses by DC Derived Type I IFN. Front Immunol 2013; 4:94. [PMID: 23626590 PMCID: PMC3631742 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our immune system bears the tremendous task of mounting effective anti-microbial responses whilst maintaining immunoregulatory functions to avoid autoimmunity. In order to quickly respond to pathogens, Dendritic cells (DC) are armed with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), allowing them to recognize highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are uniquely expressed by invading microbes. PRR activation can trigger DCs to release the pleiotropic cytokine, Type I interferons (IFN), which facilitates various biological functions in different immune cell types. In this review, we will discuss the classical PRR-induced Type I IFN response in DCs as well as describe a novel mechanism for Type I IFN induction by the tumor-necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) members, TNFR-1 and lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR). While PRR activation during viral infection, produces large amounts of Type I IFN in a relative short period of time, TNFRSF-induced Type I IFN expression is modest with gradual kinetics. Type I IFN can exert pro-inflammatory effects, but in some cases it also facilitates immune-regulatory functions. Therefore, DCs are important regulators of immune responses by carefully modulating Type I IFN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Ng
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
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Fingolimod: direct CNS effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulation and implications in multiple sclerosis therapy. J Neurol Sci 2013; 328:9-18. [PMID: 23518370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fingolimod is the first oral disease-modifying therapy approved for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Following phosphorylation in vivo, the active agent, fingolimod phosphate (fingolimod-P), acts as a sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator, binding with high affinity to four of the five known S1P receptors (S1P1, S1P3, S1P4 and S1P5). The mechanism of action of fingolimod in MS has primarily been considered as immunomodulatory, whereby fingolimod-P modulates S1P1 on lymphocytes, selectively retaining autoreactive lymphocytes in lymph nodes to reduce damaging infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS). However, emerging evidence indicates that fingolimod has direct effects in the CNS in MS. For example, in the MS animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), fingolimod is highly efficacious in both a prophylactic and therapeutic setting, yet becomes ineffective in animals selectively deficient for S1P1 on astrocytes, despite maintained normal immunologic receptor expression and functions, and S1P-mediated immune activities. Here we review S1P signaling effects relevant to MS in neural cell types expressing S1P receptors, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons, microglia and dendritic cells. The direct effects of fingolimod on these CNS cells observed in preclinical studies are discussed in view of the functional consequences of reducing neurodegenerative processes and promoting myelin preservation and repair. The therapeutic implications of S1P modulation in the CNS are considered in terms of the clinical outcomes of MS, such as reducing MS-related brain atrophy, and other CNS disorders. Additionally, we briefly outline other existing and investigational MS therapies that may also have effects in the CNS.
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Dendritic cells and multiple sclerosis: disease, tolerance and therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 14:547-62. [PMID: 23271370 PMCID: PMC3565281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14010547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a devastating neurological disease that predominantly affects young adults resulting in severe personal and economic impact. The majority of therapies for this disease were developed in, or are beneficial in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS. While known to target adaptive anti-CNS immune responses, they also target, the innate immune arm. This mini-review focuses on the role of dendritic cells (DCs), the professional antigen presenting cells of the innate immune system. The evidence for a role for DCs in the appropriate regulation of anti-CNS autoimmune responses and their role in MS disease susceptibility and possible therapeutic utility are discussed. Additionally, the current controversy regarding the evidence for the presence of functional DCs in the normal CNS is reviewed. Furthermore, the role of CNS DCs and potential routes of their intercourse between the CNS and cervical lymph nodes are considered. Finally, the future role that this nexus between the CNS and the cervical lymph nodes might play in site directed molecular and cellular therapy for MS is outlined.
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