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Emerging Therapies for Chronic Hepatitis B and the Potential for a Functional Cure. Drugs 2023; 83:367-388. [PMID: 36906663 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, an estimated 296 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, with a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Current therapy with pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) and indefinite or finite therapy with nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (Nucs) are effective in HBV suppression, hepatitis resolution, and prevention of disease progression. However, few achieve hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss (functional cure), and relapse often occurs after the end of therapy (EOT) because these agents have no direct effect on durable template: covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and integrated HBV DNA. Hepatitis B surface antigen loss rate increases slightly by adding or switching to Peg-IFN in Nuc-treated patients and this loss rate greatly increases up to 39% in 5 years with finite Nuc therapy with currently available Nuc(s). For this, great effort has been made to develop novel direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and immunomodulators. Among the DAAs, entry inhibitors and capsid assembly modulators have little effect on reducing HBsAg levels; small interfering RNA, antisense oligonucleotides, and nucleic acid polymers in combination with Peg-IFN and Nuc may reduce HBsAg levels significantly, even a rate of HBsAg loss sustained for > 24 weeks after EOT up to 40%. Novel immunomodulators, including T-cell receptor agonists, check-point inhibitors, therapeutic vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies may restore HBV-specific T-cell response but not sustained HBsAg loss. The safety issues and the durability of HBsAg loss warrant further investigation. Combining agents of different classes has the potential to enhance HBsAg loss. Compounds directly targeting cccDNA would be more effective but are still in the early stage of development. More effort is required to achieve this goal.
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Wang XY, Zhang LN. RNA binding protein SAMD4: current knowledge and future perspectives. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:21. [PMID: 36732864 PMCID: PMC9893680 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SAMD4 protein family is a class of novel RNA-binding proteins that can mediate post-transcriptional regulation and translation repression in eukaryotes, which are highly conserved from yeast to humans during evolution. In mammalian cells, SAMD4 protein family consists of two members including SAMD4A/Smaug1 and SAMD4B/Smaug2, both of which contain common SAM domain that can specifically bind to different target mRNAs through stem-loop structures, also known as Smaug recognition elements (SREs), and regulate the mRNA stability, degradation and translation. In addition, SAMD4 can form the cytoplasmic mRNA silencing foci and regulate the translation of SRE-containing mRNAs in neurons. SAMD4 also can form the cytosolic membrane-less organelles (MLOs), termed as Smaug1 bodies, and regulate mitochondrial function. Importantly, many studies have identified that SAMD4 family members are involved in various pathological processes including myopathy, bone development, neural development, and cancer occurrence and progression. In this review, we mainly summarize the structural characteristics, biological functions and molecular regulatory mechanisms of SAMD4 protein family members, which will provide a basis for further research and clinical application of SAMD4 protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ya Wang
- grid.28703.3e0000 0000 9040 3743Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, 100124 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Na Zhang
- grid.28703.3e0000 0000 9040 3743Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, 100124 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Depierreux DM, Altenburg AF, Soday L, Fletcher-Etherington A, Antrobus R, Ferguson BJ, Weekes MP, Smith GL. Selective modulation of cell surface proteins during vaccinia infection: A resource for identifying viral immune evasion strategies. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010612. [PMID: 35727847 PMCID: PMC9307158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between immune cells and virus-infected targets involves multiple plasma membrane (PM) proteins. A systematic study of PM protein modulation by vaccinia virus (VACV), the paradigm of host regulation, has the potential to reveal not only novel viral immune evasion mechanisms, but also novel factors critical in host immunity. Here, >1000 PM proteins were quantified throughout VACV infection, revealing selective downregulation of known T and NK cell ligands including HLA-C, downregulation of cytokine receptors including IFNAR2, IL-6ST and IL-10RB, and rapid inhibition of expression of certain protocadherins and ephrins, candidate activating immune ligands. Downregulation of most PM proteins occurred via a proteasome-independent mechanism. Upregulated proteins included a decoy receptor for TRAIL. Twenty VACV-encoded PM proteins were identified, of which five were not recognised previously as such. Collectively, this dataset constitutes a valuable resource for future studies on antiviral immunity, host-pathogen interaction, poxvirus biology, vector-based vaccine design and oncolytic therapy. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the vaccine used to eradicate smallpox and an excellent model for studying host-pathogen interactions. Many VACV-mediated immune evasion strategies are known, however how immune cells recognise VACV-infected cells is incompletely understood because of the complexity of surface proteins regulating such interactions. Here, a systematic study of proteins on the cell surface at different times during infection with VACV is presented. This shows not only the precise nature and kinetics of appearance of VACV proteins, but also the selective alteration of cellular surface proteins. The latter thereby identified potential novel immune evasion strategies and host proteins regulating immune activation. Comprehensive comparisons with published datasets provided further insight into mechanisms used to regulate surface protein expression. Such comparisons also identified proteins that are targeted by both VACV and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and which are therefore likely to represent host proteins regulating immune recognition and activation. Collectively, this work provides a valuable resource for studying viral immune evasion mechanisms and novel host proteins critical in host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lior Soday
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael P. Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MPW); (GLS)
| | - Geoffrey L. Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MPW); (GLS)
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Abstract
Viruses are intracellular parasites that subvert the functions of their host cells to accomplish their infection cycle. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-residing chaperone proteins are central for the achievement of different steps of the viral cycle, from entry and replication to assembly and exit. The most abundant ER chaperones are GRP78 (78-kDa glucose-regulated protein), GRP94 (94-kDa glucose-regulated protein), the carbohydrate or lectin-like chaperones calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT), the protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), and the DNAJ chaperones. This review will focus on the pleiotropic roles of ER chaperones during viral infection. We will cover their essential role in the folding and quality control of viral proteins, notably viral glycoproteins which play a major role in host cell infection. We will also describe how viruses co-opt ER chaperones at various steps of their infectious cycle but also in order to evade immune responses and avoid apoptosis. Finally, we will discuss the different molecules targeting these chaperones and the perspectives in the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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Kong F, Zhang F, Liu X, Qin S, Yang X, Kong D, Pan X, You H, Zheng K, Tang R. Calcium signaling in hepatitis B virus infection and its potential as a therapeutic target. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:82. [PMID: 34362380 PMCID: PMC8349099 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a ubiquitous second messenger, calcium (Ca2+) can interact with numerous cellular proteins to regulate multiple physiological processes and participate in a variety of diseases, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, which is a major cause of hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated that depends on the distinct Ca2+ channels on the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, as well as mitochondria, HBV can elevate cytosolic Ca2+ levels. Moreover, within HBV-infected cells, the activation of intracellular Ca2+ signaling contributes to viral replication via multiple molecular mechanisms. Besides, the available evidence indicates that targeting Ca2+ signaling by suitable pharmaceuticals is a potent approach for the treatment of HBV infection. In the present review, we summarized the molecular mechanisms related to the elevation of Ca2+ signaling induced by HBV to modulate viral propagation and the recent advances in Ca2+ signaling as a potential therapeutic target for HBV infection. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyun Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Fulong Zhang
- Imaging Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong China
| | - Xiangye Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Suping Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Delong Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiucheng Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Hongjuan You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Sciences Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Renxian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Sciences Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu China
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6
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Kanduła Z, Lewandowski K. Calreticulin – a multifaced protein. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.8892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR) is a highly conserved multi-function protein that primarily localizes within
the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It participates in various processes in the cells,
including glycoprotein chaperoning, regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, antigen processing and
presentation for adaptive immune response, cell adhesion/migration, cell proliferation, immunogenic
cell death, gene expression and RNA stability. The role of CALR in the assembly,
retrieval and cell surface expression of MHC class I molecules is well known. A fraction of
the total cellular CALR is localized in the cytosol, following its retro-translocation from the
ER. In the cell stress conditions, CALR is also expressed on the cell surface via an interaction
with phosphatidylserine localized on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. The abovementioned
mechanism is relevant for the recognition of the cells, as well as immunogenicity
and phagocytic uptake of proapoptotic and apoptotic cells.
Lastly, the presence of CALR exon 9 gene mutations was confirmed in patients with myeloproliferative
neoplasms. Their presence results in an abnormal CALR structure due to the
loss of its ER-retention sequence, CALR extra-ER localisation, the formation of a complex
with thrombopoietin receptor, and oncogenic transformation of hematopoietic stem cells. It
is also known that CALR exon 9 mutants are highly immunogenic and induce T cell response.
Despite this fact, CALR mutant positive hematopoietic cells emerge. The last phenomenon is
probably the result of the inhibition of phagocytosis of the cancer cells exposing CALR mutant
protein by dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Kanduła
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland
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Bian J, Liang M, Ding S, Wang L, Ni W, Xiong S, Li W, Bao X, Gao X, Wang R. iTRAQ-based high-throughput proteomics analysis reveals alterations of plasma proteins in patients infected with human bocavirus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225261. [PMID: 31751365 PMCID: PMC6872134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a member of the genus Bocavirus, family Parvoviridae, and subfamily Parvovirus and was first identified in nasopharyngeal aspirates of Swedish children with acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) in 2005. It is the causative agent of nasopharyngeal aspirate disease and death in children. The HboV genomic structure is a linear single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Its clinical pathogenic characteristics have been extensively studied, however, at present the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of HBoV infection is not completely clear. In this study, a total of 293 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between ARTI cases and healthy plasma samples were characterized using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-coupled bioinformatics analysis, among which 148 were up-regulated and 135 were down-regulated. Gene Ontology (GO) and Cluster of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG) annotated an enrichment of DEPs in complement activation and biological processes like immunity, inflammation, signal transduction, substance synthesis, and metabolism. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis enriched DEPs mainly in the Wnt signaling pathway (ko04310), PPAR signaling pathway (ko03320), intestinal immune network for IgA production (ko04672), complement and coagulation cascades (ko04610), Toll-like receptor signaling pathway (ko04620) and B cell receptor signaling pathway (ko04662). Further, expression levels of three candidate proteins (upregulated PPP2R1A and CUL1, and downregulated CETP) were validated using western blotting. Our investigation is the first analysis of the proteomic profile of HBoV-infected ARTI cases using the iTRAQ approach, providing a foundation for a better molecular understanding of the pathogenesis of ARTI in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Bian
- Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, PR China
| | - Min Liang
- Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shuxian Ding
- Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, PR China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, PR China
| | - Wenchang Ni
- Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shisi Xiong
- Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, PR China
| | - Wan Li
- Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xingxing Bao
- Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xue Gao
- Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, PR China
| | - Rong Wang
- Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Nishikawa S, Itoh Y, Tokugawa M, Inoue Y, Nakashima KI, Hori Y, Miyajima C, Yoshida K, Morishita D, Ohoka N, Inoue M, Mizukami H, Makino T, Hayashi H. Kurarinone from Sophora Flavescens Roots Triggers ATF4 Activation and Cytostatic Effects Through PERK Phosphorylation. Molecules 2019; 24:E3110. [PMID: 31461933 PMCID: PMC6749437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to cellular stresses, activating transcriptional factor 4 (ATF4) regulates the expression of both stress-relieving genes and apoptosis-inducing genes, eliciting cell fate determination. Since pharmacological activation of ATF4 exerts potent anti-tumor effects, modulators of ATF4 activation may have potential in cancer therapy. We herein attempted to identify small molecules that activate ATF4. A cell-based screening to monitor TRB3 promoter activation was performed using crude drugs used in traditional Japanese Kampo medicine. We found that an extract from Sophora flavescens roots exhibited potent TRB3 promoter activation. The activity-guided fractionation revealed that kurarinone was identified as the active ingredient. Intriguingly, ATF4 activation in response to kurarinone required PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). Moreover, kurarinone induced the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 as well as cytostasis in cancer cells. Importantly, the cytostatic effect of kurarinone was reduced by pharmacological inhibition of PERK. These results indicate that kurarinone triggers ATF4 activation through PERK and exerts cytostatic effects on cancer cells. Taken together, our results suggest that modulation of the PERK-ATF4 pathway with kurarinone has potential as a cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiko Nishikawa
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yuka Itoh
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Muneshige Tokugawa
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Inoue
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
- Department of Innovative Therapeutic Sciences, Cooperative Major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi Nakashima
- Laboratory of Medicinal Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Yuka Hori
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Chiharu Miyajima
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
- Department of Innovative Therapeutic Sciences, Cooperative Major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kou Yoshida
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Daisuke Morishita
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Ohoka
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Laboratory of Medicinal Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Hajime Mizukami
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Makino
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Hayashi
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
- Department of Innovative Therapeutic Sciences, Cooperative Major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
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9
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Makjaroen J, Somparn P, Hodge K, Poomipak W, Hirankarn N, Pisitkun T. Comprehensive Proteomics Identification of IFN-λ3-regulated Antiviral Proteins in HBV-transfected Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:2197-2215. [PMID: 30097535 PMCID: PMC6210224 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon lambda (IFN-λ) is a relatively unexplored, yet promising antiviral agent. IFN-λ has recently been tested in clinical trials of chronic hepatitis B virus infection (CHB), with the advantage that side effects may be limited compared with IFN-α, as IFN-λ receptors are found only in epithelial cells. To date, IFN-λ's downstream signaling pathway remains largely unelucidated, particularly via proteomics methods. Here, we report that IFN-λ3 inhibits HBV replication in HepG2.2.15 cells, reducing levels of both HBV transcripts and intracellular HBV DNA. Quantitative proteomic analysis of HBV-transfected cells was performed following 24-hour IFN-λ3 treatment, with parallel IFN-α2a and PBS treatments for comparison using a dimethyl labeling method. The depth of the study allowed us to map the induction of antiviral proteins to multiple points of the viral life cycle, as well as facilitating the identification of antiviral proteins not previously known to be elicited upon HBV infection (e.g. IFITM3, XRN2, and NT5C3A). This study also shows up-regulation of many effectors involved in antigen processing/presentation indicating that this cytokine exerted immunomodulatory effects through several essential molecules for these processes. Interestingly, the 2 subunits of the immunoproteasome cap (PSME1 and PSME2) were up-regulated whereas cap components of the constitutive proteasome were down-regulated upon both IFN treatments, suggesting coordinated modulation toward the antigen processing/presentation mode. Furthermore, in addition to confirming canonical activation of interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) transcription through the JAK-STAT pathway, we reveal that IFN-λ3 restored levels of RIG-I and RIG-G, proteins known to be suppressed by HBV. Enrichment analysis demonstrated that several biological processes including RNA metabolism, translation, and ER-targeting were differentially regulated upon treatment with IFN-λ3 versus IFN-α2a. Our proteomic data suggests that IFN-λ3 regulates an array of cellular processes to control HBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiradej Makjaroen
- From the ‡Medical Microbiology Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- §Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- ¶Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poorichaya Somparn
- §Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- ¶Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kenneth Hodge
- ¶Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Witthaya Poomipak
- ¶Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattiya Hirankarn
- §Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- ¶Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Zhou Y, Xia Z, Cheng Z, Xu G, Yang X, Liu S, Zhu Y. Inducible microRNA-590-5p inhibits host antiviral response by targeting the soluble interleukin-6 (IL6) receptor. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18168-18179. [PMID: 30291142 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miR)-590-5p has been identified as an important regulator of some signaling pathways such as cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. However, little is known about its role during viral infection. Here, we report that miR-590-5p was significantly induced by various viruses and effectively potentiated virus replication in different viral infection systems. Furthermore, miR-590-5p substantially attenuated the virus-induced expression of type I and type III interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines, resulting in impaired downstream antiviral signaling. Interleukin-6 receptor (IL6R) was identified as a target of miR-590-5p. Interestingly, the role of miR-590-5p in virus-triggered signaling was abolished in IL6R knockout cells, and this could be rescued by restoring the expression of the soluble IL6R (sIL6R) but not the membrane-bound IL6R (mIL6R), suggesting that sIL6R is indispensable for miR-590-5p in modulating the host antiviral response. Furthermore, miR-590-5p down-regulated endogenous sIL6R and mIL6R expression through a translational repression mechanism. These findings thus uncover a previously uncharacterized role and the underlying mechanism of miR-590-5p in the innate immune response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhou
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Zhangchuan Xia
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Zhikui Cheng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Gang Xu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xiaodan Yang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Shi Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.
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11
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Small molecule promotes β-catenin citrullination and inhibits Wnt signaling in cancer. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 14:94-101. [PMID: 29083417 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Wnt (wingless)/β-catenin signaling is critical for tumor progression and is frequently activated in colorectal cancer as a result of the mutation of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC); however, therapeutic agents targeting this pathway for clinical use are lacking. Here we report that nitazoxanide (NTZ), a clinically approved antiparasitic drug, efficiently inhibits Wnt signaling independent of APC. Using chemoproteomic approaches, we have identified peptidyl arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) as the functional target of NTZ in Wnt inhibition. By targeting PAD2, NTZ increased the deamination (citrullination) and turnover of β-catenin in colon cancer cells. Replacement of arginine residues disrupted the transcriptional activity, and NTZ induced degradation of β-catenin. In Wnt-activated colon cancer cells, knockout of either PAD2 or β-catenin substantially increased resistance to NTZ treatment. Our data highlight the potential of NTZ as a modulator of β-catenin citrullination for the treatment of cancer patients with Wnt pathway mutations.
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Ge M, Luo Z, Qiao Z, Zhou Y, Cheng X, Geng Q, Cai Y, Wan P, Xiong Y, Liu F, Wu K, Liu Y, Wu J. HERP Binds TBK1 To Activate Innate Immunity and Repress Virus Replication in Response to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3280-3292. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Inducible Rubicon facilitates viral replication by antagonizing interferon production. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:607-620. [PMID: 28392573 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The RUN domain Beclin-1-interacting cysteine-rich-containing (Rubicon) protein is involved in the maturation step of autophagy and the endocytic pathway as a Beclin-1-binding partner, but little is known regarding the role of Rubicon during viral infection. Here, we performed functional studies of the identified target in interferon (IFN) signaling pathways associated with Rubicon to elucidate the mechanisms of viral resistance to IFN. The Rubicon protein levels were elevated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, sera and liver tissues from patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection relative to those in healthy individuals. Assays of the overexpression and knockdown of Rubicon showed that Rubicon significantly promoted HBV replication. In addition, Rubicon knockdown resulted in the inhibition of enterovirus 71, influenza A virus and vesicular stomatitis virus. The expression o0f Rubicon led to the suppression of virus-induced type-I interferon (IFN-α and IFN-β) and type-III interferon (IFN-λ1). Translocation of activated IRF3 and IRF7 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus was involved in this process, and the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), a key factor in the IFN pathway, was the target with which Rubicon interacted. Our results reveal a previously unrecognized function of Rubicon as a virus-induced protein that binds to NEMO, leading to the inhibition of type-I interferon production. Rubicon thus functions as an important negative regulator of the innate immune response, enhances viral replication and may play a role in viral immune evasion.
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Yang S, Pei Y, Zhao A. iTRAQ-based Proteomic Analysis of Porcine Kidney Epithelial PK15 cells Infected with Pseudorabies virus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45922. [PMID: 28374783 PMCID: PMC5379687 DOI: 10.1038/srep45922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is one of the most important pathogens of swine, resulting in severe economic losses to the pig industry. To improve our understanding of the host responses to PRV infection, we applied isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to quantitatively identify the differentially expressed cellular proteins in PRV-infected PK15 cells. In total, relative quantitative data were identified for 4333 proteins in PRV and mock- infected PK15 cells, among which 466 cellular proteins were differentially expressed, including 234 upregulated proteins and 232 downregulated proteins. Bioinformatics analysis disclosed that most of these differentially expressed proteins were involved in metabolic processes, cellular growth and proliferation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, cell adhesion and cytoskeleton. Moreover, expression levels of four representative proteins, beta-catenin, STAT1, GRB2 and PCNA, were further confirmed by western blot analysis. This is the first attempt to analyze the protein profile of PRV-infected PK15 cells using iTRAQ technology, and our findings may provide valuable information to help understand the host response to PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbai Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yue Pei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Ayong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
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Xia Z, Xu G, Yang X, Peng N, Zuo Q, Zhu S, Hao H, Liu S, Zhu Y. Inducible TAP1 Negatively Regulates the Antiviral Innate Immune Response by Targeting the TAK1 Complex. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3690-3704. [PMID: 28356387 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response is critical for host defense and must be tightly controlled, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for its negative regulation are not yet completely understood. In this study, we report that transporter 1, ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (TAP1), a virus-inducible endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein, negatively regulated the virus-triggered immune response. In this study, we observed upregulated expression of TAP1 following virus infection in human lung epithelial cells (A549), THP-1 monocytes, HeLa cells, and Vero cells. The overexpression of TAP1 enhanced virus replication by inhibiting the virus-triggered activation of NF-κB signaling and the production of IFNs, IFN-stimulated genes, and proinflammatory cytokines. TAP1 depletion had the opposite effect. In response to virus infection, TAP1 interacted with the TGF-β-activated kinase (TAK)1 complex and impaired the phosphorylation of TAK1, subsequently suppressing the phosphorylation of the IκB kinase complex and NF-κB inhibitor α (IκBα) as well as NF-κB nuclear translocation. Our findings collectively suggest that TAP1 plays a novel role in the negative regulation of virus-triggered NF-κB signaling and the innate immune response by targeting the TAK1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangchuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaodan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Nanfang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qi Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shengli Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hua Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Expression of Interferon Effector Gene SART1 Correlates with Interferon Treatment Response against Hepatitis B Infection. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:3894816. [PMID: 28077916 PMCID: PMC5203921 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3894816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-α (IFN-α) has limited response rate in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The underlying mechanism of differential responsiveness to IFN remains elusive. It has been recently reported that SART1 mediates antiviral effects of IFN-α in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) cell culture model. In this study, we investigated the role of SART1 in antiviral activity of IFN-α against hepatitis B virus (HBV) using blood and liver biopsy samples from chronic hepatitis B patients treated with pegylated IFN-α and HepG2 cells transfected with cloned HBV DNA. We observed that the basal SART1 expression in liver and PBMCs before IFN treatment was significantly higher in responders than in nonresponders. Furthermore, baseline SART1 expression level positively correlated with the degree of HBV DNA and HBeAg decline after IFN treatment. Mechanistically, silencing SART1 abrogated the antiviral activity of IFN-α, reduced the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) Mx, OAS, and PKR, and attenuated JAK-STAT signaling in HepG2 cells, suggesting that SART1 regulates IFN-mediated antiviral activity through JAK-STAT signaling and ISG expression. Our study elucidates the important role of SART1 in IFN-mediated anti-HBV response and provides new insights into understanding variation of IFN treatment response in CHB patients.
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Splenectomy versus Partial Splenic Embolization for Massive Splenomegaly Secondary to Hepatitis B-Related Liver Cirrhosis: A Case-Control Study. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:3471626. [PMID: 27418925 PMCID: PMC4933866 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3471626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Both splenectomy (SP) and partial splenic embolization (PSE) are used to treat massive splenomegaly (MSM) secondary to hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis (HB-LC). This retrospective case-control study was conducted to compare the effects of SP and PSE on these patients. Methods. From July 2004 to January 2012, patients with MSM secondary to HB-LC who underwent SP or PSE were 1 : 1 : 1 matched with similar nonsurgery patients, respectively. Intraoperative situation, hematological indices, liver function, HBV DNA level, HBeAg seroconversion rate, morbidity, and mortality at 6 months postoperatively were compared. Results. Operative time, estimated blood loss, blood transfusion rate, severe pain, postoperative stay, and portal vein thrombosis (PVT) rate in the PSE group were significantly superior to the SP group, although SP and PSE were similar in liver function improvement, HBV suppression, morbidity, and mortality at 6 months postoperatively, and SP even improved WBC and PLT counts higher than PSE. Conclusion. Both SP and PSE are effective in improving liver function, increasing WBC and PLT counts, and suppressing replication of HBV for MSM secondary to HB-LC. Although postoperative improvement in WBC and PLT counts by SP can be higher than PSE, PSE is simple and minimally invasive and has a lower incidence of PVT.
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King A, Ndifon C, Lui S, Widdows K, Kotamraju VR, Agemy L, Teesalu T, Glazier JD, Cellesi F, Tirelli N, Aplin JD, Ruoslahti E, Harris LK. Tumor-homing peptides as tools for targeted delivery of payloads to the placenta. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600349. [PMID: 27386551 PMCID: PMC4928982 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The availability of therapeutics to treat pregnancy complications is severely lacking mainly because of the risk of causing harm to the fetus. As enhancement of placental growth and function can alleviate maternal symptoms and improve fetal growth in animal models, we have developed a method for targeted delivery of payloads to the placenta. We show that the tumor-homing peptide sequences CGKRK and iRGD bind selectively to the placental surface of humans and mice and do not interfere with normal development. Peptide-coated nanoparticles intravenously injected into pregnant mice accumulated within the mouse placenta, whereas control nanoparticles exhibited reduced binding and/or fetal transfer. We used targeted liposomes to efficiently deliver cargoes of carboxyfluorescein and insulin-like growth factor 2 to the mouse placenta; the latter significantly increased mean placental weight when administered to healthy animals and significantly improved fetal weight distribution in a well-characterized model of fetal growth restriction. These data provide proof of principle for targeted delivery of drugs to the placenta and provide a novel platform for the development of placenta-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna King
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Academic Health Science Centre, St Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Cornelia Ndifon
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Academic Health Science Centre, St Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Sylvia Lui
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Academic Health Science Centre, St Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Kate Widdows
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Academic Health Science Centre, St Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Venkata R. Kotamraju
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106–9610, USA
| | - Lilach Agemy
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106–9610, USA
| | - Tambet Teesalu
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106–9610, USA
| | - Jocelyn D. Glazier
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Academic Health Science Centre, St Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Francesco Cellesi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - John D. Aplin
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Academic Health Science Centre, St Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Erkki Ruoslahti
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106–9610, USA
| | - Lynda K. Harris
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Academic Health Science Centre, St Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- School of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Corresponding author.
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Ren S, Wang J, Chen TL, Li HY, Wan YS, Peng NF, Gui XE, Zhu Y. Hepatitis B Virus Stimulated Fibronectin Facilitates Viral Maintenance and Replication through Two Distinct Mechanisms. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152721. [PMID: 27023403 PMCID: PMC4811540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) is a high molecular weight extracellular matrix protein that functions in cell adhesion, growth, migration, and embryonic development. However, little is known about the role of FN during viral infection. In the present study, we found significantly higher levels of FN in sera, and liver tissues from hepatitis B virus (HBV) patients relative to healthy individuals. HBV expression enhanced FN mRNA and protein levels in the hepatic cell lines Huh7 and HepG2. HBV infection of susceptible HepG2-sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide cells also increased FN expression. We also found that transcriptional factor specificity protein 1 was involved in the induction of FN by HBV. Knockdown of FN expression significantly inhibited HBV DNA replication and protein synthesis through activating endogenous IFN-α production. In addition, FN interacted with the transforming growth factor β-activated protein kinase 1 (TAK1) and TAK1-binding protein complex and attenuated interferon signaling by inhibiting TAK1 phosphorylation. Furthermore, the nuclear translocation of NF-κB/p65 was found to be inhibited by FN. We also observed that FN promoted HBV enhancers to support HBV expression. These results suggest novel functions of endogenous FN involved in immune evasion and maintenance of HBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tie-Long Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao-Yu Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Shun Wan
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan-Fang Peng
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi-En Gui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Clinical and molecular response to interferon-α therapy in essential thrombocythemia patients with CALR mutations. Blood 2015; 126:2585-91. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-07-659060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Pegylated IFNα induces hematologic and molecular remission in CALR-mutated ET patients. The analysis of additional mutations highlights the presence of subclones with variable evolutions during IFNα therapy.
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Human hepatitis B virus surface and e antigens inhibit major vault protein signaling in interferon induction pathways. J Hepatol 2015; 62:1015-23. [PMID: 25481566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We previously demonstrated that major vault protein (MVP) is a novel virus-induced host factor and its expression upregulates type-I interferon production, leading to cellular antiviral response. However, it remains unclear whether the antiviral function of MVP is impaired during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and what mechanisms are involved. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess whether HBV can alter MVP expression despite the lack of type-I IFN induction and shed light on the underlying mechanisms HBV utilizes to evade host innate immune response. METHODS The ability of HBV surface and e antigens to inhibit MVP signaling in interferon induction pathways was evaluated by co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot and reporter assays. RESULTS In our current study, we found high levels of MVP in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, sera, and liver tissue from HBV-infected patients relative to healthy individuals. We determined that MVP intracellularly associates with MyD88, an adapter protein involved in virus-triggered induction of type-I IFN. Protein truncation analysis revealed that the middle domain of MVP (amino acid residues 310-620) was essential for MyD88 binding. Conversely, HBV inhibited MVP-induced type-I IFN production by suppressing MVP/MyD88 interaction. HBV antigens, both HBsAg and HBeAg, suppressed this interaction by competitively binding to the essential MyD88 binding region of MVP and limiting downstream IFN signaling. CONCLUSIONS MVP is a virus-induced protein capable of binding with MyD88 leading to type-I IFN production. HBV may evade an immune response by disrupting this interaction and limiting type-I IFN antiviral activity.
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Wu Z, Zhang C, Ma X, Guan M. Clinical relevance between CALR mutation and myeloproliferative neoplasms. Stem Cell Investig 2015; 2:4. [PMID: 27358872 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2015.01.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In late 2013, somatic mutations in calreticulin (CALR), mainly those involving insertions and deletions in exon 9, attracted the great attention of hematologists and researchers. These JAK2- and MPL- mutual exclusive mutations enjoy a favorable specificity and prevalence (20-30%) in patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), suggesting promise for these mutations in disease management. Moreover, these genetic variations are now also considered as a group of independent risk factors for disease prognosis. In this mini-review, we will document the value of CALR mutations in disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic strategy selection, and we will discuss current advances in methods to detect these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Wu
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital North, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, China ; 2 Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China ; 3 Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Chen Zhang
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital North, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, China ; 2 Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China ; 3 Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital North, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, China ; 2 Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China ; 3 Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Ming Guan
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital North, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, China ; 2 Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China ; 3 Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Zhao F, Xu G, Zhou Y, Wang L, Xie J, Ren S, Liu S, Zhu Y. MicroRNA-26b inhibits hepatitis B virus transcription and replication by targeting the host factor CHORDC1 protein. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:35029-41. [PMID: 25342750 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes acute and chronic hepatitis in humans, and HBV infection is a major threat to global health. HBV replication is regulated by a series of host factors, including microRNAs (miRNAs), which are highly conserved small noncoding RNAs that participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Here, we report that a chemically synthesized mimic of miR-26b inhibited HBV antigen expression, transcription, and replication, whereas antisense knockdown of endogenous miR-26b enhanced HBV replication in HepG2 cells. Overexpression and knockdown experiments showed that miR-26b significantly decreased HBV enhancer/promoter activities. We identified the cysteine- and histidine-rich domain containing 1 (CHORDC1) as a novel host factor target of miR-26b. CHORDC1 protein but not mRNA was markedly decreased by miR-26b overexpression via base-pairing with complementary sequences in the 3'UTR of its mRNA. Overexpression and knockdown studies showed that CHORDC1 increased viral antigen expression, transcription, and replication by elevating HBV enhancer/promoter activities. Conversely, HBV infection suppressed miR-26b expression and increased CHORDC1 protein levels in human liver cells. Another mature miRNA of the hsa-miR-26 family, miR-26a, had a similar function as miR-26b in targeting CHORDC1 and affecting HBV production. These results suggest that suppression of miR-26b expression up-regulates its target gene CHORDC1, which increases HBV enhancer/promoter activities and promotes viral transcription, gene expression, and replication. Our study could provide new insights into miRNA expression and the persistence of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanpeng Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Xu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Yaqin Zhou
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Lvyin Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Jiajia Xie
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Sheng Ren
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Shi Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
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25
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Verchot J. The ER quality control and ER associated degradation machineries are vital for viral pathogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:66. [PMID: 24653727 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00066/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is central to protein production and membrane lipid synthesis. The unfolded protein response (UPR) supports cellular metabolism by ensuring protein quality control in the ER. Most positive strand RNA viruses cause extensive remodeling of membranes and require active membrane synthesis to promote infection. How viruses interact with the cellular machinery controlling membrane metabolism is largely unknown. Furthermore, there is mounting data pointing to the importance of the UPR and ER associated degradation (ERAD) machineries in viral pathogenesis in eukaryotes emerging topic. For many viruses, the UPR is an early event that is essential for persistent infection and benefits virus replication. In addition, many viruses are reported to commandeer ER resident chaperones to contribute to virus replication and intercellular movement. In particular, calreticulin, the ubiquitin machinery, and the 26S proteasome are most commonly identified components of the UPR and ERAD machinery that also regulate virus infection. In addition, researchers have noted a link between UPR and autophagy. It is well accepted that positive strand RNA viruses use autophagic membranes as scaffolds to support replication and assembly. However this topic has yet to be explored using plant viruses. The goal of research on this topic is to uncover how viruses interact with this ER-related machinery and to use this information for designing novel strategies to boost immune responses to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK, USA
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Verchot J. The ER quality control and ER associated degradation machineries are vital for viral pathogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:66. [PMID: 24653727 PMCID: PMC3949406 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is central to protein production and membrane lipid synthesis. The unfolded protein response (UPR) supports cellular metabolism by ensuring protein quality control in the ER. Most positive strand RNA viruses cause extensive remodeling of membranes and require active membrane synthesis to promote infection. How viruses interact with the cellular machinery controlling membrane metabolism is largely unknown. Furthermore, there is mounting data pointing to the importance of the UPR and ER associated degradation (ERAD) machineries in viral pathogenesis in eukaryotes emerging topic. For many viruses, the UPR is an early event that is essential for persistent infection and benefits virus replication. In addition, many viruses are reported to commandeer ER resident chaperones to contribute to virus replication and intercellular movement. In particular, calreticulin, the ubiquitin machinery, and the 26S proteasome are most commonly identified components of the UPR and ERAD machinery that also regulate virus infection. In addition, researchers have noted a link between UPR and autophagy. It is well accepted that positive strand RNA viruses use autophagic membranes as scaffolds to support replication and assembly. However this topic has yet to be explored using plant viruses. The goal of research on this topic is to uncover how viruses interact with this ER-related machinery and to use this information for designing novel strategies to boost immune responses to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanmarie Verchot
- *Correspondence: Jeanmarie Verchot, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA e-mail:
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Klampfl T, Gisslinger H, Harutyunyan AS, Nivarthi H, Rumi E, Milosevic JD, Them NCC, Berg T, Gisslinger B, Pietra D, Chen D, Vladimer GI, Bagienski K, Milanesi C, Casetti IC, Sant'Antonio E, Ferretti V, Elena C, Schischlik F, Cleary C, Six M, Schalling M, Schönegger A, Bock C, Malcovati L, Pascutto C, Superti-Furga G, Cazzola M, Kralovics R. Somatic mutations of calreticulin in myeloproliferative neoplasms. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:2379-90. [PMID: 24325356 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1311347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1429] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 50 to 60% of patients with essential thrombocythemia or primary myelofibrosis carry a mutation in the Janus kinase 2 gene (JAK2), and an additional 5 to 10% have activating mutations in the thrombopoietin receptor gene (MPL). So far, no specific molecular marker has been identified in the remaining 30 to 45% of patients. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing to identify somatically acquired mutations in six patients who had primary myelofibrosis without mutations in JAK2 or MPL. Resequencing of CALR, encoding calreticulin, was then performed in cohorts of patients with myeloid neoplasms. RESULTS Somatic insertions or deletions in exon 9 of CALR were detected in all patients who underwent whole-exome sequencing. Resequencing in 1107 samples from patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms showed that CALR mutations were absent in polycythemia vera. In essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis, CALR mutations and JAK2 and MPL mutations were mutually exclusive. Among patients with essential thrombocythemia or primary myelofibrosis with nonmutated JAK2 or MPL, CALR mutations were detected in 67% of those with essential thrombocythemia and 88% of those with primary myelofibrosis. A total of 36 types of insertions or deletions were identified that all cause a frameshift to the same alternative reading frame and generate a novel C-terminal peptide in the mutant calreticulin. Overexpression of the most frequent CALR deletion caused cytokine-independent growth in vitro owing to the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) by means of an unknown mechanism. Patients with mutated CALR had a lower risk of thrombosis and longer overall survival than patients with mutated JAK2. CONCLUSIONS Most patients with essential thrombocythemia or primary myelofibrosis that was not associated with a JAK2 or MPL alteration carried a somatic mutation in CALR. The clinical course in these patients was more indolent than that in patients with the JAK2 V617F mutation. (Funded by the MPN Research Foundation and Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Klampfl
- From CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (T.K., A.S.H., H.N., J.D.M., N.C.C.T., T.B., D.C., G.I.V., K.B., F.S., C.C., M. Six, A.S., C.B., G.S.-F., R.K.) and the Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Blood Coagulation, Medical University of Vienna (H.G., B.G., M. Schalling, R.K.) - both in Vienna; and the Department of Hematology Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo (E.R., D.P., C.M., I.C.C., E.S., V.F., C.E., L.M., C.P., M.C.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia (L.M., M.C.) - both in Pavia, Italy
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Yang TC, Li SW, Lai CC, Lu KZ, Chiu MT, Hsieh TH, Wan L, Lin CW. Proteomic analysis for Type I interferon antagonism of Japanese encephalitis virus NS5 protein. Proteomics 2013; 13:3442-56. [PMID: 24166946 PMCID: PMC7167617 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) exhibits a Type I interferon (IFN) antagonistic function. This study characterizes Type I IFN antagonism mechanism of NS5 protein, using proteomic approach. In human neuroblastoma cells, NS5 expression would suppress IFNβ‐induced responses, for example, expression of IFN‐stimulated genes PKR and OAS as well as STAT1 nuclear translocation and phosphorylation. Proteomic analysis showed JEV NS5 downregulating calreticulin, while upregulating cyclophilin A, HSP 60 and stress‐induced‐phosphoprotein 1. Gene silence of calreticulin raised intracellular Ca2+ levels while inhibiting nuclear translocalization of STAT1 and NFAT‐1 in response to IFNβ, thus, indicating calreticulin downregulation linked with Type I IFN antagonism of JEV NS5 via activation of Ca2+/calicineurin. Calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A attenuated NS5‐mediated inhibition of IFNβ‐induced responses, for example, IFN‐sensitive response element driven luciferase, STAT1‐dependent PKR mRNA expression, as well as phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT1. Transfection with calcineurin (vs. control) siRNA enhanced nuclear translocalization of STAT1 and upregulated PKR expression in NS5‐expressing cells in response to IFNβ. Results prove Ca2+, calreticulin, and calcineurin involvement in STAT1‐mediated signaling as well as a key role of JEV NS5 in Type I IFN antagonism. This study offers insights into the molecular mechanism of Type I interferon antagonism by JEV NS5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuey-Ching Yang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Soluble interleukin-6 receptor-mediated innate immune response to DNA and RNA viruses. J Virol 2013; 87:11244-54. [PMID: 23946454 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01248-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor, which exists as membrane-bound and soluble forms, plays critical roles in the immune response. The soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL6R) has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for preventing coronary heart disease. However, little is known about the role of this receptor during viral infection. In this study, we show that sIL6R, but not IL-6, is induced by viral infection via the cyclooxygenase-2 pathway. Interestingly, sIL6R, but not IL-6, exhibited extensive antiviral activity against DNA and RNA viruses, including hepatitis B virus, influenza virus, human enterovirus 71, and vesicular stomatitis virus. No synergistic effects on antiviral action were observed by combining sIL6R and IL-6. Furthermore, sIL6R mediated antiviral action via the p28 pathway and induced alpha interferon (IFN-α) by promoting the nuclear translocation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and NF-κB, which led to the activation of downstream IFN effectors, including 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS), double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), and myxovirus resistance protein (Mx). Thus, our results demonstrate that sIL6R, but not IL-6, plays an important role in the host antiviral response.
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30
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Fan H, Yan X, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Gao Y, Xu Y, Wang F, Meng S. Increased expression of Gp96 by HBx-induced NF-κB activation feedback enhances hepatitis B virus production. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65588. [PMID: 23776506 PMCID: PMC3679196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated expression of heat shock protein gp96 in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients is positively correlated with the progress of HBV-induced diseases, but little is known regarding the molecular mechanism of virus-induced gp96 expression and its impact on HBV infection. In this study, up-regulation of gp96 by HBV replication was confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. Among HBV components, HBV x protein (HBx) was found to increase gp96 promoter activity and enhance gp96 expression by using a luciferase reporter system, and western blot analysis. Further, we found that HBx-mediated regulation of gp96 expression requires a NF-κB cis-regulatory element on the gp96 promoter, and chromatin immunoprecipitation results demonstrated that HBx promotes the binding of NF-κB to the gp96 promoter. Significantly, both gain- and loss-of-function studies showed that gp96 enhances HBV production in HBV-transfected cells and a mouse model based on hydrodynamic transfection. Moreover, up-regulated gp96 expression was observed in HBV-infected patients, and gp96 levels were correlated with serum viral loads. Thus, our work demonstrates a positive feedback regulatory pathway involving gp96 and HBV, which may contribute to persistent HBV infection. Our data also indicate that modulation of gp96 function may represent a novel strategy for the intervention of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhou Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yaxing Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Fusheng Wang
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Songdong Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Kapoor NR, Ahuja R, Shukla SK, Kumar V. The HBx protein of hepatitis B virus confers resistance against nucleolar stress and anti-cancer drug-induced p53 expression. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1287-92. [PMID: 23507139 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The nucleolus is a stress sensor associated with cell cycle progression and a viral target. However, the role of the nucleolus during hepatitis B virus infection has not been studied. Here we show that under nucleolar stress, the HBx oncoprotein down-regulates p53 and p21(waf1) levels by disrupting the interaction between ribosomal protein L11 and MDM2. Further, HBx inhibited Act D-mediated down-regulation of proliferative factors such as c-Myc and cyclin E and revived RNA pol I-dependent transcription under these conditions. Importantly, HBx also countered the action of anticancer drug Paclitaxel suggesting its possible role in drug resistance. Thus, HBx not only can facilitate cell proliferation under stress conditions but can confer resistance against anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Rohit Kapoor
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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Li Y, Xie J, Xu X, Wang J, Ao F, Wan Y, Zhu Y. MicroRNA-548 down-regulates host antiviral response via direct targeting of IFN-λ1. Protein Cell 2013; 4:130-41. [PMID: 23150165 PMCID: PMC4875363 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-mediated pathways are a crucial part of the cellular response against viral infection. Type III IFNs, which include IFN-λ1, 2 and 3, mediate antiviral responses similar to Type I IFNs via a distinct receptor complex. IFN-λ1 is more effective than the other two members. Transcription of IFN-λ1 requires activation of IRF3/7 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), similar to the transcriptional mechanism of Type I IFNs. Using reporter assays, we discovered that viral infection induced both IFN-λ1 promoter activity and that of the 3'-untranslated region (UTR), indicating that IFN-λ1 expression is also regulated at the post-transcriptional level. After analysis with microRNA (miRNA) prediction programs and 3'UTR targeting site assays, the miRNA-548 family, including miR-548b-5p, miR-548c-5p, miR-548i, miR-548j, and miR-548n, was identified to target the 3'UTR of IFN-λ1. Further study demonstrated that miRNA-548 mimics down-regulated the expression of IFN-λ1. In contrast, their inhibitors, the complementary RNAs, enhanced the expression of IFN-λ1 and IFN-stimulated genes. Furthermore, miRNA-548 mimics promoted infection by enterovirus-71 (EV71) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), whereas their inhibitors significantly suppressed the replication of EV71 and VSV. Endogenous miRNA-548 levels were suppressed during viral infection. In conclusion, our results suggest that miRNA-548 regulates host antiviral response via direct targeting of IFN-λ1, which may offer a potential candidate for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkui Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
- Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Jiajia Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Xiupeng Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Jun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Fang Ao
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Yushun Wan
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Ying Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
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