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Teagle AR, Castro-Sanchez P, Brownlie RJ, Logan N, Kapoor SS, Wright D, Salmond RJ, Zamoyska R. Deletion of the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 for adoptive T cell therapy facilitates CTL effector function but promotes T cell exhaustion. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e007614. [PMID: 38056892 PMCID: PMC10711921 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is a promising strategy for treating cancer, yet it faces several challenges such as lack of long-term protection due to T cell exhaustion induced by chronic TCR stimulation in the tumor microenvironment. One benefit of ACT, however, is that it allows for cellular manipulations, such as deletion of the phosphotyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22), which improves CD8+ T cell antitumor efficacy in ACT. We tested whether Ptpn22KO cytolytic T cells (CTLs) were also more effective than Ptpn22WT CTL in controlling tumors in scenarios that favor T cell exhaustion. METHODS Tumor control by Ptpn22WT and Ptpn22KO CTL was assessed following adoptive transfer of low numbers of CTL to mice with subcutaneously implanted MC38 tumors. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes were isolated for analysis of effector functions. An in vitro assay was established to compare CTL function in response to acute and chronic restimulation with antigen-pulsed tumor cells. The expression of effector and exhaustion-associated proteins by Ptpn22WT and Ptpn22KO T cells was followed over time in vitro and in vivo using the ID8 tumor model. Finally, the effect of PD-1 and TIM-3 blockade on Ptpn22KO CTL tumor control was assessed using monoclonal antibodies and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout. RESULTS Despite having improved effector function at the time of transfer, Ptpn22KO CTL became more exhausted than Ptpn22WT CTL, characterized by more rapid loss of effector functions, and earlier and higher expression of inhibitory receptors (IRs), particularly the terminal exhaustion marker TIM-3. TIM-3 expression, under the control of the transcription factor NFIL3, was induced by IL-2 signaling which was enhanced in Ptpn22KO cells. Antitumor responses of Ptpn22KO CTL were improved following PD-1 blockade in vivo, yet knockout or antibody-mediated blockade of TIM-3 did not improve but further impaired tumor control, indicating TIM-3 signaling itself did not drive the diminished function seen in Ptpn22KO CTL. CONCLUSIONS This study questions whether TIM-3 plays a role as an IR and highlights that genetic manipulation of T cells for ACT needs to balance short-term augmented effector function against the risk of T cell exhaustion in order to achieve longer-term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rose Teagle
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Rebecca J Brownlie
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nicola Logan
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simran S Kapoor
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Wright
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert J Salmond
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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2
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Zhao Y, Qu Y, Duan M, Hao C, Yao W. Dynamics of the inhibitory immune checkpoint TIM-3 in mouse pulmonary phagocytes after silica exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 261:115087. [PMID: 37285680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Long-term inhalation of silica particles in the workplace causes silicosis, which is incurable and seriously endangers the health of workers. It is believed that silicosis is caused by an imbalance of the pulmonary immune microenvironment, in which pulmonary phagocytes play a crucial role. As an emerging immunomodulatory factor, it is unclear whether T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM3) participate in silicosis by modulating pulmonary phagocytes function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dynamic changes of the TIM-3 in pulmonary macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and monocytes during the development of silicosis in mice. The plasma levels of soluble TIM-3 in silicosis patients were also examined. Flow cytometry was used to identify alveolar macrophages (AMs), interstitial macrophages (IMs), CD11b+ DC, CD103+ DC, Ly6C+, and Ly6C- monocytes in mouse lung tissues, and further analyses were conducted on the expression of TIM-3. Results showed that soluble TIM-3 was significantly elevated in plasma of silicosis patients, and the level of which was higher in stage II and III patients than that in stage I. In silicosis mice, the protein and mRNA levels of TIM-3 and Galectin9 were significantly upregulated in lung tissues. Specific to pulmonary phagocytes, silica exposure affected TIM-3 expression in a cell-specific and dynamic manner. In macrophages, TIM-3 expression upregulated in AM after 28 days and 56 days of silica instillation, while the expression of TIM-3 in IM decreased at all observation time points. In DCs, silica exposure only caused a decrease of TIM-3 expression in CD11b+ DCs. In monocytes, TIM-3 dynamics in Ly6C+ and Ly6C- monocytes were generally consistent during silicosis development, which significant decrease after 7 and 28 days of silica exposure. In conclusion, TIM-3 may mediate the development of silicosis by regulating pulmonary phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youliang Zhao
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Yaqian Qu
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Meixiu Duan
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Changfu Hao
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.
| | - Wu Yao
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.
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3
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Chen H, Zha J, Tang R, Chen G. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3): Solving a key puzzle in autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110418. [PMID: 37290326 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional immune cells participate in the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune diseases, although the specific mechanisms remain elusive and effective clinical interventions are lacking. Recent research on immune checkpoint molecules has revealed significant expression of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3) on the surfaces of various immune cells. These include different subsets of T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells. Further investigation into its protein structure, ligands, and intracellular signaling pathway activation mechanisms has found that TIM-3, by binding with different ligands, is involved in the regulation of crucial biological processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, phenotypic transformation, effector protein synthesis, and cellular interactions of various immune cells. The TIM-3-ligand axis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of numerous conditions, including autoimmune diseases, infections, cancers, transplant rejection, and chronic inflammation. This article primarily focuses on the research findings of TIM-3 in the field of autoimmune diseases, with a special emphasis on the structure and signaling pathways of TIM-3, its types of ligands, and the potential mechanisms implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, as well as other autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation. The latest research results in the field of immunology suggest that TIM-3 dysfunction affects various immune cells and participates in the pathogenesis of diseases. Monitoring the activity of its receptor-ligand axis can serve as a novel biological marker for disease clinical diagnosis and prognosis evaluation. More importantly, the TIM-3-ligand axis and the downstream signaling pathway molecules may become key targets for targeted intervention treatment of autoimmune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Clinical Immunology Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Zha
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Runyan Tang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guochun Chen
- Clinical Immunology Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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4
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Dulal D, Boring A, Terrero D, Johnson T, Tiwari AK, Raman D. Tackling of Immunorefractory Tumors by Targeting Alternative Immune Checkpoints. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2774. [PMID: 37345111 PMCID: PMC10216651 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically, well known or traditional immune checkpoints (ICs), such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, are in place to promote tolerance to self-antigens and prevent generation of autoimmunity. In cancer, the ICs are effectively engaged by the tumor cells or stromal ells from the tumor microenvironment through expression of cognate ligands for the ICs present on the cell surface of CD8+ T lymphocytes. The ligation of ICs on CD8+ T lymphocytes triggers inhibitory signaling pathways, leading to quiescence or an exhaustion of CD8+ T lymphocytes. This results in failure of immunotherapy. To overcome this, several FDA-approved therapeutic antibodies are available, but the clinical outcome is quite variable due to the resistance encountered through upregulated expression of alternate ICs such as VISTA, LAG-3, TIGIT and TIM-3. This review focuses on the roles played by the traditional as well as alternate ICs and the contribution of associated signaling pathways in generating such resistance to immunotherapy. Combinatorial targeting of traditional and alternate ICs might be beneficial for immune-refractory tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmindra Dulal
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (D.D.); (A.B.); (A.K.T.)
| | - Andrew Boring
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (D.D.); (A.B.); (A.K.T.)
| | - David Terrero
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Main Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Tiffany Johnson
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (D.D.); (A.B.); (A.K.T.)
| | - Amit K. Tiwari
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (D.D.); (A.B.); (A.K.T.)
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Main Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Dayanidhi Raman
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (D.D.); (A.B.); (A.K.T.)
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5
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Hemmatzadeh M, Ahangar Parvin E, Mohammadi H, Azizi G, Shomali N, Jadidi-Niaragh F. The role of immune regulatory molecules in rheumatoid arthritis: Implication for etiopathogenesis and prospective for treatment. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3541-3553. [PMID: 35938550 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered an autoimmune chronic disorder and the most common inflammatory arthropathy. Disease progression in RA begins with asymptomatic autoimmune responses in cases with a genetic or environmental predisposition, that alters to arthralgia phase as autoantibodies reach the joints and subjects begin demonstrating nonspecific musculoskeletal presentations lacking any clinical symptoms of synovial inflammation. After that, patients' symptoms develop to undifferentiated arthritis (UA)/idiopathic arthritis (IA) whenever the subjects progress to clinical synovitis systemic comorbidities affecting the vasculature, metabolism, and bone, and eventually with augmented immune cell infiltration, IA/UA patients progress to clinically classifiable RA. RA is mainly correlated with different immune cells and each of them contributes variously to the pathogenesis of the disease. The pathogenesis of RA is altered by the contribution of both T and B cells in an autoimmune irregularity. Modulation of the immune responses occurs through regulatory and inhibitory molecules that control activation of the adaptive system as well as immune hemostasis. To confine the exorbitant T cell-associated inflammatory reactions, the immune system provides a system of inhibitory feedbacks, collectively named immune checkpoints. In this review, we aimed to discuss about inhibitory members of immune checkpoint molecules, including programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1, cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-antigen-4, lymphocyte activation gene-3, T cell immunoglobulin-3, V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator, and T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain and their role in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Ahangar Parvin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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6
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Zha Z, Liu S, Liu Y, Li C, Wang L. Potential Utility of Natural Products against Oxidative Stress in Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081495. [PMID: 36009214 PMCID: PMC9404913 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune-mediated degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by immune cell infiltration, demyelination and axonal injury. Oxidative stress-induced inflammatory response, especially the destructive effect of immune cell-derived free radicals on neurons and oligodendrocytes, is crucial in the onset and progression of MS. Therefore, targeting oxidative stress-related processes may be a promising preventive and therapeutic strategy for MS. Animal models, especially rodent models, can be used to explore the in vivo molecular mechanisms of MS considering their similarity to the pathological processes and clinical signs of MS in humans and the significant oxidative damage observed within their CNS. Consequently, these models have been used widely in pre-clinical studies of oxidative stress in MS. To date, many natural products have been shown to exert antioxidant effects to attenuate the CNS damage in animal models of MS. This review summarized several common rodent models of MS and their association with oxidative stress. In addition, this review provides a comprehensive and concise overview of previously reported natural antioxidant products in inhibiting the progression of MS.
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7
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Liu Y, Chen H, Chen Z, Qiu J, Pang H, Zhou Z. Novel Roles of the Tim Family in Immune Regulation and Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748787. [PMID: 34603337 PMCID: PMC8484753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell Ig and mucin domain (Tim) protein family members were identified to be important regulators of the immune response. As their name indicates, Tim proteins were originally considered a T cell-specific markers, and they mainly regulate the responses of T helper cells. However, accumulating evidence indicates that Tims are also expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells, and even plays various roles in natural killer cells (NKs) and mast cells. In recent years, the expression and function of Tims on different cells and the identification of new ligands for the Tim family have suggested that the Tim family plays a crucial role in immune regulation. In addition, the relationship between Tim family gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to several autoimmune diseases has expanded our knowledge of the role of Tim proteins in immune regulation. In this review, we discuss how the Tim family affects immunomodulatory function and the potential role of the Tim family in typical autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and type 1 diabetes (T1D). A deeper understanding of the immunoregulatory mechanism of the Tim family might provide new insights into the clinical diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongzhi Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiying Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junlin Qiu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haipeng Pang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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8
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Liu J, Liu Y, Panda S, Liu A, Lei J, Burd I. Type 1 Cytotoxic T Cells Increase in Placenta after Intrauterine Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:718563. [PMID: 34566975 PMCID: PMC8456007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.718563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells recognize non-self antigen by MHC class I molecules and kill the target cells by the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Our group previously reported an increase of CD8+ T‐cell trafficking in the placenta with exposure to Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). CD8+ cytotoxic T cells have been classified into distinct subsets based upon cytokine production: Tc1 cells produce IFN-γ, Tc2 cells produce interleukin 4 (IL-4). Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to analyze the subsets of placenta CD8+ T cells. We hypothesized that LPS injection would induce a change of properties of CD8+ T cell and Tc1/Tc2 ratio. We investigated the subsets of CD8+ T cell infiltration to placenta and their specific function in response to LPS-induced inflammation in a mouse model. At embryonic (E) day 17, pregnant CD-1 dams received an intrauterine injection of 25 µg LPS in100 μl PBS or 100 μl of PBS only. Flow cytometry was used to quantify CD8+ T cells, evaluate the phenotype and subtypes, and detect markers of Tc1 and Tc2 cells in placenta, at 6 hours and 24 hours post injection (hpi). Intracellular staining and flow cytometry were performed to characterize cytokines produced by CD8+ T cells. Standard statistical analysis were employed. After 6 and 24 hours of LPS injection, total CD8 T cells increased (P<0.05). Tc1 cells expanded (P<0.05) in LPS-treated dams compared with the PBS group. The Tc1/Tc2 ratio was significantly higher in the LPS group than the PBS group (P<0.05). The expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ were increased in LPS group both at 6hpi and 24 hpi (P<0.05). We identified functional placental CD8+ T cell subtypes and found a significant increase ratio of Tc1/Tc2. Following IUI, CD8+ T cells induced inflammatory response in the placenta primarily via the production of Type 1 cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α. We have provided evidence of a Tc1-bias response and cytokines in the mouse model of IUI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Snigdha Panda
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anguo Liu
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jun Lei
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Irina Burd
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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9
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Guo Q. Tim-3 on CD4 + T cells is associated with pathology in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis of mouse. EUR J INFLAMM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/20587392211030149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a reliable model to study the pathogenesis of Multiple sclerosis (MS), which is a progressive autoimmune-mediated inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS). Tim-3 is one of the crucial immune checkpoints in immune tolerance. We investigated the impact of Tim3 in EAE by the anti-Tim3 antibody and detected the immune cell and inflammation through flow cytometry and ELISA. In this study we found that CD4 T cells express low levels of Tim-3 in EAE mice. Tim-3 suppression exacerbated the disease progression in EAE mice. Furthermore, the Galectin-9/Tim-3 pathway promoted the apoptosis of CD4 T cells and inhibited the differentiation of Th17 in EAE mice. Our study unravels the anti-inflammatory Galectin-9/Tim-3 pathway in EAE mice and provides a potential therapeutic target for EAE and MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guo
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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10
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Boehne C, Behrendt AK, Meyer-Bahlburg A, Boettcher M, Drube S, Kamradt T, Hansen G. Tim-3 is dispensable for allergic inflammation and respiratory tolerance in experimental asthma. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249605. [PMID: 33822811 PMCID: PMC8023500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) has been described as a transmembrane protein, expressed on the surface of various T cells as well as different cells of innate immunity. It has since been associated with Th1 mediated autoimmune diseases and transplantation tolerance studies, thereby indicating a possible role of this receptor in counter-regulation of Th2 immune responses. In the present study we therefore directly examined the role of Tim-3 in allergic inflammation and respiratory tolerance. First, Tim-3-/- mice and wild type controls were immunized and challenged with the model allergen ovalbumin (OVA) to induce an asthma-like phenotype. Analysis of cell numbers and distribution in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid as well as lung histology in H&E stained lung sections demonstrated a comparable degree of eosinophilic inflammation in both mouse strains. Th2 cytokine production in restimulated cell culture supernatants and serum IgE and IgG levels were equally increased in both genotypes. In addition, cell proliferation and the distribution of different T cell subsets were comparable. Moreover, analysis of both mouse strains in our respiratory tolerance model, where mucosal application of the model allergen before immunization, prevents the development of an asthma-like phenotype, revealed no differences in any of the parameters mentioned above. The current study demonstrates that Tim-3 is dispensable not only for the development of allergic inflammation but also for induction of respiratory tolerance in mice in an OVA-based model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Boehne
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Behrendt
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Almut Meyer-Bahlburg
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Martin Boettcher
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Sebastian Drube
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Thomas Kamradt
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Gesine Hansen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
- * E-mail:
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11
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Ganjalikhani Hakemi M, Jafarinia M, Azizi M, Rezaeepoor M, Isayev O, Bazhin AV. The Role of TIM-3 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Promising Target for Immunotherapy? Front Oncol 2020; 10:601661. [PMID: 33425759 PMCID: PMC7793963 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.601661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most common tumors in the world is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and its mortality rates are still on the rise, so addressing it is considered an important challenge for universal health. Despite the various treatments that have been developed over the past decades, the prognosis for advanced liver cancer is still poor. Recently, tumor immunotherapy has opened new opportunities for suppression of tumor progression, recurrence, and metastasis. Besides this, investigation into this malignancy due to high immune checkpoint expression and the change of immunometabolic programming in immune cells and tumor cells is highly considered. Because anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated protein (CTLA)-4 antibodies and anti-programmed cell death protein (PD)-1 antibodies have shown therapeutic effects in various cancers, studies have shown that T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3), a new immune checkpoint molecule, plays an important role in the development of HCC. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on signal transduction events of TIM-3, its role as a checkpoint target for HCC therapy, and the immunometabolic situation in the progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morteza Jafarinia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Azizi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Rezaeepoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Orkhan Isayev
- Department of Cytology, Embryology and Histology, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan.,Genetic Resources Institute, Azerbaijan National Academy of Scince, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
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12
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Mazzarella L, Giugliano S, D'Amico P, Belli C, Duso BA, Rescigno M, Curigliano G. Evidence for interleukin 17 involvement in severe immune-related neuroendocrine toxicity. Eur J Cancer 2020; 141:218-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Guo S, Li Y, Wei B, Liu W, Li R, Cheng W, Zhang X, He X, Li X, Duan C. Tim-3 deteriorates neuroinflammatory and neurocyte apoptosis after subarachnoid hemorrhage through the Nrf2/HMGB1 signaling pathway in rats. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:21161-21185. [PMID: 33168786 PMCID: PMC7695377 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is known to play an important role in early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3) has emerged as a critical regulator of adaptive and innate immune responses, and has been identified to play a vital role in certain inflammatory diseases; The present study explored the effect of Tim-3 on inflammatory responses and detailed mechanism in EBI following SAH. We investigated the effects of Tim-3 on SAH models established by endovascular puncture method in Sprague–Dawley rats. The present studies revealed that SAH induced a significant inflammatory response and significantly increased Tim-3 expression. Tim-3-AAV administration aggravated neurocyte apoptosis, brain edema, blood-brain barrier permeability, and neurological dysfunction; significantly inhibited Nrf2 expression; and increased HMGB1 expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-17, and IL-18. However, Tim-3 siRNA or NK252 administration abolished the pro-inflammatory effects of Tim-3. Our results indicate a function for Tim-3 as a molecular player that links neuroinflammation and brain damage after SAH. We reveal that Tim-3 overexpression deteriorates neuroinflammatory and neurocyte apoptosis after subarachnoid hemorrhage through the Nrf2/HMGB1 signaling pathway in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenquan Guo
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanzhi Li
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hengyang Hospital, Southern Medical University (Hengyang Central Hospital), Hengyang, China
| | - Boyang Wei
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Li
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenping Cheng
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuying He
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xifeng Li
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanzhi Duan
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Arneth B. Contributions of T cells in multiple sclerosis: what do we currently know? J Neurol 2020; 268:4587-4593. [PMID: 33083867 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by neurologic dysfunction. The symptoms worsen as the disease progresses to the relapsing stage. AIM This study aimed to examine the role of T cells in MS pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The review was performed based on articles obtained from PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL. Search terms and phrases, such as "multiple sclerosis," "MS," "T cells," "development," "Dysregulated T cells," and "Effector T cells", were used to identify articles that could help explore the research topic. RESULTS The pathogenesis of MS is linked to the regulatory, inflammatory, suppressive, and effector roles of T cells. However, the actual roles of specific T cell subsets in MS development are not well understood. DISCUSSION The study revealed a significant link between MS and T cell activity. Targeting T cells is a potential strategy for the development of new therapies to manage MS. CONCLUSION MS is a complex demyelinating condition that affects several million people around the world. Research has revealed that various classes of T cells, including effector T cells and regulatory T cells, influence the development and progression of MS. Further investigations are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms through which specific T cell populations influence MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borros Arneth
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Hospital of the Universities of Giessen and Marburg UKGM, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Feulgenstr 12, 35440, Giessen, Germany.
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15
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Mohammadzadeh A. Co-inhibitory receptors, transcription factors and tolerance. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Tim-3: A co-receptor with diverse roles in T cell exhaustion and tolerance. Semin Immunol 2020; 42:101302. [PMID: 31604535 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T cell inhibitory co-receptors play a crucial role in maintaining the balance between physiologic immune responses and maladaptive ones. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing-3 (Tim-3) is a unique inhibitory co-receptor in that its expression is chiefly restricted to interferon (IFN)γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Early reports firmly established its importance in maintaining peripheral tolerance in transplantation and autoimmunity. However, it has become increasingly clear that Tim-3 expression on T cells, together with other check-point molecules, in chronic infections and cancers can hinder productive immune responses. In this review, we outline what is currently known about the regulation of Tim-3 expression, its ligands and signaling. We discuss both its salutary and deleterious function in immune disorders, as well as the T cell-extrinsic and -intrinsic factors that regulate its function.
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17
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Ruffo E, Wu RC, Bruno TC, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3): The next immune checkpoint receptor. Semin Immunol 2020; 42:101305. [PMID: 31604537 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapy has revolutionized cancer treatment by blocking inhibitory pathways in T cells that limits the an effective anti-tumor immune response. Therapeutics targeting CTLA-4 and PD1/PDL1 have progressed to first line therapy in multiple tumor types with some patients exhibiting tumor regression or remission. However, the majority of patients do not benefit from checkpoint therapy emphasizing the need for alternative therapeutic options. Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 (LAG3) or CD223 is expressed on multiple cell types including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and Tregs, and is required for optimal T cell regulation and homeostasis. Persistent antigen-stimulation in cancer or chronic infection leads to chronic LAG3 expression, promoting T cell exhaustion. Targeting LAG3 along with PD1 facilitates T cell reinvigoration. A substantial amount of pre-clinical data and mechanistic analysis has led to LAG3 being the third checkpoint to be targeted in the clinic with nearly a dozen therapeutics under investigation. In this review, we will discuss the structure, function and role of LAG3 in murine and human models of disease, including autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, chronic viral and parasitic infections, and cancer, emphasizing new advances in the development of LAG3-targeting immunotherapies for cancer that are currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ruffo
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Richard C Wu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5115 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Hematology/Oncology Fellowship Program, University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, 5115 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
| | - Tullia C Bruno
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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18
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Schnell A, Bod L, Madi A, Kuchroo VK. The yin and yang of co-inhibitory receptors: toward anti-tumor immunity without autoimmunity. Cell Res 2020; 30:285-299. [PMID: 31974523 PMCID: PMC7118128 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-inhibitory receptors are important regulators of T-cell function that define the balance between tolerance and autoimmunity. The immune regulatory function of co-inhibitory receptors, including CTLA-4, PD-1, TIM-3, TIGIT, and LAG-3, was first discovered in the setting of autoimmune disease models, in which their blockade or deficiency resulted in induction or exacerbation of the disease. Later on, co-inhibitory receptors on lymphocytes have also been found to influence outcomes in tumor and chronic viral infection settings. These receptors suppress T-cell function in the tumor microenvironment (TME), thereby making the T cells dysfunctional. Based on this observation, blockade of co-inhibitory receptors (also known as checkpoint molecules) has emerged as a successful treatment option for a number of human cancers. However, severe autoimmune-like side effects limit the use of therapeutics that block individual or combinations of co-inhibitory receptors for cancer treatment. In this review we provide an overview of the role of co-inhibitory receptors in autoimmunity and anti-tumor immunity. We then discuss current approaches and future directions to leverage our knowledge of co-inhibitory receptors to target them in tumor immunity without inducing autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schnell
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lloyd Bod
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Asaf Madi
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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19
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Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM3), a member of the TIM family, was originally identified as a receptor expressed on interferon-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Initial data indicated that TIM3 functioned as a 'co-inhibitory' or 'checkpoint' receptor, but due to the lack of a definable inhibitory signalling motif, it was also suggested that TIM3 might act as a co-stimulatory receptor. Recent studies have shown that TIM3 is part of a module that contains multiple co-inhibitory receptors (checkpoint receptors), which are co-expressed and co-regulated on dysfunctional or 'exhausted' T cells in chronic viral infections and cancer. Furthermore, co-blockade of TIM3 and programmed cell death 1 (PD1) can result in tumour regression in preclinical models and can improve anticancer T cell responses in patients with advanced cancers. Here, we highlight the developments in understanding TIM3 biology, including novel ligand identification and the discovery of loss-of-function mutations associated with human disease. In addition, we summarize emerging data from human clinical trials showing that TIM3 indeed acts as a 'checkpoint' receptor and that inhibition of TIM3 enhances the antitumour effect of PD1 blockade.
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20
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Immune checkpoint molecules. Possible future therapeutic implications in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2019; 104:102333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Fu R, Li L, Hu J, Wang Y, Tao J, Liu H, Liu Z, Zhang W. Elevated TIM3 expression of T helper cells affects immune system in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. J Investig Med 2019; 67:1125-1130. [PMID: 31511310 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2019-001059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM3) expression is associated with immunosuppression and clinical outcomes in many diseases. However, the specific mechanism of TIM3 in immune system has not been clarified. In order to illustrate the mechanism of TIM3 in immune system, we analyzed the expression, function and regulation of TIM3 in T helper (Th)1 cells, Th2 cells, Th17 cells and regulatory T cells (Treg) through flow cytometry in patients with myelodysplastic syndrom (MDS). Our data showed elevated proportion of Th2 and Treg cells, while the proportion of Th1 and Th17 cells decreased in patients with MDS (p<0.05) and the expression of TIM3 increased in Th1, Th17 and Treg cells in patients with MDS when compared with expression in control patients (p<0.05). The secretion of transforming growth factor-β in TIM3+Treg cells decreased in patients with MDS. These findings suggested that TIM3 might affect immune helper systems by regulating Treg cells and related immune cells. Therefore, studying the role of the TIM3 pathway in MDS is necessary and may help to provide a new way to explore the pathogenesis and treatments of MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaxin Hu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingshuai Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinglian Tao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaoyun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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22
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Zhang R, Li H, Bai L, Duan J. Association between T-Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain 3 (TIM-3) Genetic Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Autoimmune Diseases. Immunol Invest 2019; 48:563-576. [PMID: 31044630 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1599009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linfu Bai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Duan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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23
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Li ZH, Wang LL, Liu H, Muyayalo KP, Huang XB, Mor G, Liao AH. Galectin-9 Alleviates LPS-Induced Preeclampsia-Like Impairment in Rats via Switching Decidual Macrophage Polarization to M2 Subtype. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3142. [PMID: 30687334 PMCID: PMC6335255 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of decidual macrophages (DMs) is considered a critical event in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia (PE). T cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (Tim-3) is an important negative regulatory molecule that induces immune tolerance by interacting with its ligand Galectin-9 (Gal-9) and thus modulating function of various immune cells, including macrophages. However, the regulatory effects of Tim-3/Gal-9 signaling on DMs polarization and its role in PE remain unclear. In this study, we established a PE-like rat model by administering 1.0 μg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to normal pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats via the tail vein at embryonic day 5 (E5). Apart from the pre-eclamptic manifestations, increased M1 subtype and decreased M2 subtype were observed at the maternal-fetal interface, as well as increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and reduced anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β and IL-10). Moreover, the expression of Tim-3 in DMs and that of Gal-9 at the maternal-fetal interface were reduced. After administration of recombinant Galectin-9 (rGal-9) protein, we found that liver and renal injuries and maternofetal placental functional deficiency, including inadequate trophoblast cells invasion, impaired spiral artery remodeling and fetal capillary development, were reversed. In addition, the polarization of DMs was inclined to M2 subtype, which was similar to the polarization of DMs in the control rats but contrary to the PE-like rats. Interestingly, at E9, the expression of Tim-3 in DMs and that of Gal-9 at the maternal-fetal interface were significantly increased in the rGal-9 protein intervention group. Taken together, our findings show that administration of rGal-9 protein can alleviate the PE-like rat manifestations induced by LPS. This finding may be related to the activation of the Tim-3/Gal-9 signaling pathway, which promotes DMs polarization dominantly shifting to M2 subtype. Moreover, upregulation of Tim-3 in DMs and Gal-9 at the maternal-fetal interface at E9 suggests that Tim-3/Gal-9 pathway may play some important roles in early pregnancy and even embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hui Li
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Ling Wang
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kahinho P Muyayalo
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Huang
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gil Mor
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Reproductive Immunology Unit, Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ai-Hua Liao
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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24
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Co-signaling Molecules in Neurological Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:233-265. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Kumar P, Bhattacharya P, Prabhakar BS. A comprehensive review on the role of co-signaling receptors and Treg homeostasis in autoimmunity and tumor immunity. J Autoimmun 2018; 95:77-99. [PMID: 30174217 PMCID: PMC6289740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immune system ensures optimum T-effector (Teff) immune responses against invading microbes and tumor antigens while preventing inappropriate autoimmune responses against self-antigens with the help of T-regulatory (Treg) cells. Thus, Treg and Teff cells help maintain immune homeostasis through mutual regulation. While Tregs can contribute to tumor immune evasion by suppressing anti-tumor Teff response, loss of Treg function can result in Teff responses against self-antigens leading to autoimmune disease. Thus, loss of homeostatic balance between Teff/Treg cells is often associated with both cancer and autoimmunity. Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors, collectively known as co-signaling receptors, play an indispensable role in the regulation of Teff and Treg cell expansion and function and thus play critical roles in modulating autoimmune and anti-tumor immune responses. Over the past three decades, considerable efforts have been made to understand the biology of co-signaling receptors and their role in immune homeostasis. Mutations in co-inhibitory receptors such as CTLA4 and PD1 are associated with Treg dysfunction, and autoimmune diseases in mice and humans. On the other hand, growing tumors evade immune surveillance by exploiting co-inhibitory signaling through expression of CTLA4, PD1 and PDL-1. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) using anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 has drawn considerable attention towards co-signaling receptors in tumor immunology and created renewed interest in studying other co-signaling receptors, which until recently have not been as well studied. In addition to co-inhibitory receptors, co-stimulatory receptors like OX40, GITR and 4-1BB have also been widely implicated in immune homeostasis and T-cell stimulation, and use of agonistic antibodies against OX40, GITR and 4-1BB has been effective in causing tumor regression. Although ICB has seen unprecedented success in cancer treatment, autoimmune adverse events arising from ICB due to loss of Treg homeostasis poses a major obstacle. Herein, we comprehensively review the role of various co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors in Treg biology and immune homeostasis, autoimmunity, and anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, we discuss the autoimmune adverse events arising upon targeting these co-signaling receptors to augment anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Palash Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Associate Dean for Technological Innovation and Training, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Room E-705, (M/C 790), 835 S. Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Chihara
- Division of Neurology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
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27
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Baecher-Allan C, Kaskow BJ, Weiner HL. Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Immunotherapy. Neuron 2018; 97:742-768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Hamana A, Takahashi Y, Tanioka A, Nishikawa M, Takakura Y. Safe and effective interferon-beta gene therapy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis by regulating biological activity through the design of interferon-beta-galectin-9 fusion proteins. Int J Pharm 2017; 536:310-317. [PMID: 29217470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease. Despite the historical use of interferon-beta (IFN-β) for the treatment of patients with MS, concerns exist regarding the side effects of IFN-β. In this study, we designed a series of novel IFN-β fusion proteins containing galectin-9 (gal-9), which exerts immunosuppressive effects through the binding to its receptor on activated Th1 cells. We hypothesized that these fusion proteins would improve the therapeutic effects and reduce the side effects of IFN-β. The IFN-β-gal-9 fusion proteins showed less IFN-β biological activity on non-T cells than IFN-β alone. In vitro experiments using re-stimulated T cells isolated from mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) showed that the IFN-β-gal-9 fusion proteins suppressed activated T cells more effectively than IFN-β. Moreover, in our in vivo experiments, the gene transfer of IFN-β-gal-9 fusion protein-expressing plasmid DNA into EAE mice showed beneficial therapeutic effects without cytopenia, a known side effect of IFN-β. In contrast, the gene transfer of IFN-β-expressing plasmid DNA induced a rapid decrease in the white blood cell count, despite its therapeutic effect. These results indicate that gene therapy using IFN-β-gal-9 fusion proteins is expected to be safe and effective for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hamana
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan.
| | - Akane Tanioka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Makiya Nishikawa
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Takakura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
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Anderson AC, Joller N, Kuchroo VK. Lag-3, Tim-3, and TIGIT: Co-inhibitory Receptors with Specialized Functions in Immune Regulation. Immunity 2017; 44:989-1004. [PMID: 27192565 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1414] [Impact Index Per Article: 202.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Co-inhibitory receptors, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, have an important role in regulating T cell responses and have proven to be effective targets in the setting of chronic diseases where constitutive co-inhibitory receptor expression on T cells dampens effector T cell responses. Unfortunately, many patients still fail to respond to therapies that target CTLA-4 and PD-1. The next wave of co-inhibitory receptor targets that are being explored in clinical trials include Lag-3, Tim-3, and TIGIT. These receptors, although they belong to the same class of receptors as PD-1 and CTLA-4, exhibit unique functions, especially at tissue sites where they regulate distinct aspects of immunity. Increased understanding of the specialized functions of these receptors will inform the rational application of therapies that target these receptors to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Anderson
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicole Joller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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30
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Lucca LE, Hafler DA. Co-inhibitory blockade while preserving tolerance: checkpoint inhibitors for glioblastoma. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:9-25. [PMID: 28258696 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of immunotherapy with checkpoint receptor blockade has changed the treatment of advanced cancers, at times inducing prolonged remission. Nevertheless, the success rate of the approach is variable across patients and different tumor types, and treatment is often accompanied by severe immune-related side effects, suggesting the importance of co-inhibitory pathway for both prevention of autoimmunity and failure of tumor rejection. A better understanding of how to uncouple anti-tumor activity from loss of self-tolerance is necessary to increase the therapeutic efficacy of checkpoint immunotherapy. In this review, we describe basic concepts of T-cell exhaustion that occur in cancer, highlighting the role of co-inhibitory receptors in contributing to this process while preventing immunopathology. By providing an overview of the current therapeutic success and immune-related burden of secondary effects of checkpoint immunotherapy, we illustrate the "double-edged sword" related to interference with immune-regulatory pathways. Finally, since achieving tumor rejection while preserving self-tolerance is particularly important for the central nervous system, we analyze the case for checkpoint immunotherapy in glioblastoma, the most common adult brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana E Lucca
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David A Hafler
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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31
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Dong J, Yang XF, Wang LX, Wei X, Wang AH, Hao CQ, Shen HJ, Huang CX, Zhang Y, Lian JQ. Modulation of Tim-3 Expression by Antigen-Dependent and -Independent Factors on T Cells from Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:98. [PMID: 28401068 PMCID: PMC5368241 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) was up-regulated on viral specific T cells and contributed to T cells exhaustion during chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, modulation of Tim-3 expression was still not fully elucidated. To evaluate the potential viral and inflammatory factors involved in the inductor of Tim-3 expression on T cells, 76 patients with chronic HBV infection (including 40 chronic hepatitis B [CHB] and 36 asymptomatic HBV carriers [AsC]) and 40 of normal controls (NCs) were enrolled in this study. Tim-3 expressions on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were assessed in response to HBV-encoding antigens, HBV peptide pools, and common γ-chain (γc) cytokines stimulation by flow cytometry. HBV peptides and anti-CD3/CD28 directly induced Tim-3 expression on T cells. γc cytokines also drive Tim-3 up-regulations on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in patients with chronic HBV infection. However, γc cytokines did not enhance the Tim-3 inductions by either anti-CD3/CD28 or HBV peptides stimulation. Furthermore, γc cytokines-mediated Tim-3 induction could not be abrogated by γc cytokine receptor-neutralizing antibodies. The current results suggested that elevation of Tim-3 expression on T cells could be regulated by both antigen-dependent and -independent manner in patients with chronic HBV infection. The role of γc cytokines in modulation of inhibitory pathway might be evaluated as immunotherapies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Tenth Hospital of PLAWuwei, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Yang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Lin-Xu Wang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - An-Hui Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Chun-Qiu Hao
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Huan-Jun Shen
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Chang-Xing Huang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Jian-Qi Lian
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
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Catakovic K, Klieser E, Neureiter D, Geisberger R. T cell exhaustion: from pathophysiological basics to tumor immunotherapy. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:1. [PMID: 28073373 PMCID: PMC5225559 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is capable of distinguishing between danger- and non-danger signals, thus inducing either an appropriate immune response against pathogens and cancer or inducing self-tolerance to avoid autoimmunity and immunopathology. One of the mechanisms that have evolved to prevent destruction by the immune system, is to functionally silence effector T cells, termed T cell exhaustion, which is also exploited by viruses and cancers for immune escape In this review, we discuss some of the phenotypic markers associated with T cell exhaustion and we summarize current strategies to reinvigorate exhausted T cells by blocking these surface marker using monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Catakovic
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, Salzburg, 5020, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eckhard Klieser
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Roland Geisberger
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, Salzburg, 5020, Austria. .,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria.
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Peña-Ortega F. Pharmacological Tools to Activate Microglia and their Possible use to Study Neural Network Patho-physiology. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:595-619. [PMID: 27697040 PMCID: PMC5543677 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160928151546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are the resident immunocompetent cells of the CNS and also constitute a unique cell type that contributes to neural network homeostasis and function. Understanding microglia cell-signaling not only will reveal their diverse functions but also will help to identify pharmacological and non-pharmacological tools to modulate the activity of these cells. METHODS We undertook a search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature to identify microglial activators and their cell-specificity. We also looked for their effects on neural network function and dysfunction. RESULTS We identified several pharmacological targets to modulate microglial function, which are more or less specific (with the proper control experiments). We also identified pharmacological targets that would require the development of new potent and specific modulators. We identified a wealth of evidence about the participation of microglia in neural network function and their alterations in pathological conditions. CONCLUSION The identification of specific microglia-activating signals provides experimental tools to modulate the activity of this heterogeneous cell type in order to evaluate its impact on other components of the nervous system, and it also helps to identify therapeutic approaches to ease some pathological conditions related to microglial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
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Abstract
Co-inhibitory receptors play a key role in regulating T cell responses and maintaining immune homeostasis. Their inhibitory function prevents autoimmune responses but also restricts the ability of T cells to mount effective immune responses against tumors or persistent pathogens. T cells express a module of co-inhibitory receptors, which display great diversity in expression, structure, and function. Here, we focus on the co-inhibitory receptors Tim-3, Lag-3, and TIGIT and how they regulate T cell function, maintenance of self-tolerance, their role in regulating ongoing T cell responses at peripheral tissues, and their synergistic effects in regulating autoimmunity and antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Joller
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Boston, MA, USA.
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Dasgupta S, Dasgupta S. Antigen presentation for priming T cells in central system. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 82:41-48. [PMID: 27903432 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Generation of myelin antigen-specific T cells is a major event in neuroimmune responses that causes demyelination. The antigen-priming of T cells and its location is important in chronic and acute inflammation. In autoimmune multiple sclerosis, the effector T cells are considered to generate in periphery. However, the reasons for chronic relapsing-remitting events are obscure. Considering mechanisms, a feasible aim of research is to investigate the role of antigen-primed T cells in lupus cerebritis. Last thirty years of investigations emphasize the relevance of microglia and infiltrated dendritic cells/macrophages as antigen presenting cells in the central nervous system. The recent approach towards circulating B-lymphocytes is an important area in the context. Here, we analyze the existing findings on antigen presentation in the central nervous system. The aim is to visualize signaling events of myelin antigen presentation to T cells and lead to the strategy of future goals on immunotherapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhajit Dasgupta
- Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, Saint James School of Medicine, P.O. Box 318, Albert Lake Drive, The Quarter, AI-2640, British West Indies, Anguilla.
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36
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Co-Signaling Molecules in Maternal-Fetal Immunity. Trends Mol Med 2016; 23:46-58. [PMID: 27914866 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically, a successful pregnancy requires the maternal immune system to recognize and tolerate the semiallogeneic fetus, and allow for normal invasion of trophoblasts. Thus, pregnancy complications are considered to be associated with dysfunctional maternal-fetal crosstalk. Co-signaling molecules are a group of cell surface molecules that positively or negatively modulate the immune response. Well studied in the fields of oncology and transplantation, they are also suggested to be involved in maternal-fetal crosstalk. Here, we review the latest knowledge on the expression and function of such co-signaling molecules, highlighting their immunoregulatory roles in maternal-fetal tolerance and decidual vascular remodeling, and their involvement in pathological pregnancies. This review may instruct future basic research on, and clinical applications for, maternal-fetal immunity.
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Park J, Kwon M, Shin EC. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer treatment. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1577-1587. [PMID: 27770382 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0850-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During immune responses antigen-specific T cells are regulated by several mechanisms, including through inhibitory receptors and regulatory T cells, to avoid excessive or persistent immune responses. These regulatory mechanisms, which are called 'immune checkpoints', suppress T cell responses, particularly in patients with chronic viral infections and cancer where viral antigens or tumor antigens persist for a long time and contribute to T cell exhaustion. Among these regulatory mechanisms, cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) are the most well-known receptors and both have been targeted for drug development. As a result, anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 (or anti-PD-L1) antibodies were recently developed as immune checkpoint inhibitors for use in cancer treatments. In this review we describe several receptors that function as immunological checkpoints as well as the pharmaceuticals that target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsik Park
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsuk Kwon
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Hiraishi Y, Nambu A, Shibui A, Nakanishi W, Yamaguchi S, Morita H, Iikura M, McKenzie AN, Matsumoto K, Sudo K, Yamasoba T, Nagase T, Nakae S. TIM-3 is not essential for development of airway inflammation induced by house dust mite antigens. Allergol Int 2016; 65:459-465. [PMID: 27209052 PMCID: PMC5074363 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3), which is preferentially expressed on Th1 cells rather than Th2 cells, is considered to be a negative regulator of Th1 cell function. This suggests that TIM-3 indirectly enhances Th2-type immune responses by suppressing Th1 cell function. Methods To investigate TIM-3's possible involvement in Th2-type acute and chronic airway inflammation, wild-type and TIM-3-deficient (TIM-3−/−) mice were sensitized and challenged with a house dust mite (HDM) extract. Airway inflammation and the number of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) in the mice were determined by histological analysis and with a hemocytometer, respectively. Expression of mRNA in the lungs was determined by quantitative PCR, while the levels of cytokines in the BALFs and IgE in sera were determined by ELISA. Results Despite constitutive expression of TIM-3 mRNA in the lungs, the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) and the score of pulmonary inflammation were comparable between wild-type and TIM-3−/− mice during both acute and chronic HDM-induced airway inflammation. On the other hand, the number of lymphocytes in the BALFs of TIM-3−/− mice was significantly increased compared with wild-type mice during HDM-induced chronic, but not acute, airway inflammation, while the levels of Th2 cytokines in the BALFs and HDM-specific IgG1 and IgG2a and total IgE in the sera were comparable in both groups. Conclusions Our findings indicate that, in mice, TIM-3 is not essential for development of HDM-induced acute or chronic allergic airway inflammation, although it appears to be involved in reduced lymphocyte recruitment during HDM-induced chronic allergic airway inflammation.
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YAGHOOBI E, ABEDIAN S, BABANI O, IZAD M. TIM-3 Rs10515746 (A/C) and Rs10053538 (C/A) Gene Polymorphisms and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 45:644-9. [PMID: 27398337 PMCID: PMC4935708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by auto-reactive T cells against myelin antigens. T-cell immunoglobulin mucin -3 (TIM-3) is a negative regulator glycoprotein expressed by a range of immune cells, including, Th1 cells, activated CD8+ T cells and in a lower level on Th17 cells. A defect in TIM-3 regulation has been shown in multiple sclerosis patients. In humans, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in the TIM-3 gene and are associated with inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between TIM-3 -574A>C and -1516 C>A SNPs in the promoter region, and susceptibility to MS. METHODS DNA samples from 102 patients and 102 healthy controls were genotyped using RFLP-PCR method. RESULTS In this case-control study, analysis of the alleles and genotypes revealed a significant higher frequency of C/C and lower frequency of A/C genotypes for -574 locus of TIM-3 gene in MS patients (P=0.0002). We also found that C/C genotype for locus of -1516 increased in MS patients, while A/C genotype decreased (P=0.012). Allele C of -574C/C and -1516 C>A SNPs were also more frequent in MS patients (P=0.036 and 0.0027 respectively). CONCLUSION -574 A>C and -1516 C>A SNPs in the promoter region of TIM3 gene may affect the disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmat YAGHOOBI
- Dept. of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed ABEDIAN
- Dept. of Immunology, Mazandaran University Medical of Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Omid BABANI
- Amirkola Children’s Hospital, Amirkola, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam IZAD
- Dept. of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Sina Hospital, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author:
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Sato F, Omura S, Jaffe S, Tsunoda I. Role of CD4+ T Cells in the Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7150304 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800763-1.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although the precise etiology of MS remains unclear, CD4+ T cells have been proposed to play not only effector but also regulatory roles in MS. CD4+ T cells can be divided into four subsets: pro-inflammatory helper T (Th) 1 and Th17 cells, anti-inflammatory Th2 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs). The roles of CD4+ T cells in MS have been clarified by either “loss-of-function” or “gain-of-function” methods, which have been carried out mainly in autoimmune and viral models of MS: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection, respectively. Observations in MS patients were consistent with the mechanisms found in the MS models, that is, increased pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 activity is associated with disease exacerbation, while anti-inflammatory Th2 cells and Tregs appear to play a protective role.
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Le Mercier I, Lines JL, Noelle RJ. Beyond CTLA-4 and PD-1, the Generation Z of Negative Checkpoint Regulators. Front Immunol 2015; 6:418. [PMID: 26347741 PMCID: PMC4544156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two years, clinical trials with blocking antibodies to the negative checkpoint regulators CTLA-4 and PD-1 have rekindled the hope for cancer immunotherapy. Multiple negative checkpoint regulators protect the host against autoimmune reactions but also restrict the ability of T cells to effectively attack tumors. Releasing these brakes has emerged as an exciting strategy for cancer treatment. Conversely, these pathways can be manipulated to achieve durable tolerance for treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplantation. In the future, treatment may involve combination therapy to target multiple cell types and stages of the adaptive immune responses. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the recently discovered negative checkpoint regulators, future targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Le Mercier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA
| | - J Louise Lines
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA
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Wu M, Zhu Y, Zhao J, Ai H, Gong Q, Zhang J, Zhao J, Wang Q, La X, Ding J. Soluble costimulatory molecule sTim3 regulates the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 in patients with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:8812-8819. [PMID: 26309533 PMCID: PMC4537953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study is to investigate the mechanism of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA). A total of 35 cases of URSA patients (URSA group), 20 cases with normal pregnancy (normal pregnancy group) and 20 healthy non-pregnancy candidates (healthy control group) were enrolled in this study. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used for detection of serum soluble Tim-3 (sTim3) and Galectin-9. Cytokine bead array (CBA) determination method was used to detect IFN-γ and IL-4 expression levels. Compared with the healthy control group, sTim-3 levels in normal pregnancy group and URSA group increased, and URSA group had significantly higher sTim-3 levels than normal pregnancy group (P < 0.05). Compared with the healthy control group, Galectin-9 levels in normal pregnancy group and URSA group also increased. However, the normal pregnancy group had significantly higher Galectin-9 level than URSA group (P < 0.05). IFN-γ levels in normal pregnancy group and URSA group were lower than those in healthy control group, and IFN-γ levels in the normal pregnancy group were significantly lower than those in URSA group (P < 0.05). Levels of IL-4 in normal pregnancy group and URSA groups increased compared with the healthy control group, and the IL-4 levels in normal pregnancy group were significantly higher than those in URSA group (P < 0.05). Th1/Th2 imbalance, sTim-3 and Galectin-9 expression increase are found in the patients with URSA, ant this might be involved in the regulation of immunity in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Wu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuejie Zhu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Haiquan Ai
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoqiao Gong
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Junda Zhao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Qingli Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling La
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Jianbing Ding
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- Department of Immunology, School of Preclinical Medicine of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, Xinjiang, P. R. China
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Abstract
Tim-3 is a member of the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (Tim) family of proteins, which are expressed by several cell types in the immune system, including CD4 and CD8 T cells activated under certain conditions. These molecules are generally thought to act as receptors for multiple ligands and thus to function by engaging intracellular signaling pathways in a ligand-dependent manner. In recent years, the function of the Tim-3 protein has been studied in some detail, particularly with respect to its role in the regulation of CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. Here, we review the structural features of Tim-3, known ligands for this molecule and the links established between Tim-3 and signal transduction pathways. In addition, we review the current literature regarding the role of Tim-3 in the regulation of effector responses by CD4 and CD8 T cells. Overall, findings published thus far strongly support the conclusion that Tim-3 functions to inhibit T cell responses, particularly under conditions involving chronic stimulation. Conversely, some reports have provided evidence that Tim-3 can stimulate T cells under conditions involving acute stimulation, suggesting that the role of Tim-3 may vary depending on context. Further study of Tim-3 is likely to advance our understanding of how CD4 and CD8 T cell responses are regulated and could uncover novel approaches for manipulating T cell function for therapeutic benefit.
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The HIF-1/glial TIM-3 axis controls inflammation-associated brain damage under hypoxia. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6340. [PMID: 25790768 PMCID: PMC4383004 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is closely related to the extent of damage following cerebral ischaemia, and the targeting of this inflammation has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Here, we present that hypoxia-induced glial T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein (TIM)-3 can function as a modulator that links inflammation and subsequent brain damage after ischaemia. We find that TIM-3 is highly expressed in hypoxic brain regions of a mouse cerebral hypoxia-ischaemia (H/I) model. TIM-3 is distinctively upregulated in activated microglia and astrocytes, brain resident immune cells, in a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1-dependent manner. Notably, blockade of TIM-3 markedly reduces infarct size, neuronal cell death, oedema formation and neutrophil infiltration in H/I mice. Hypoxia-triggered neutrophil migration and infarction are also decreased in HIF-1α-deficient mice. Moreover, functional neurological deficits after H/I are significantly improved in both anti-TIM-3-treated mice and myeloid-specific HIF-1α-deficient mice. Further understanding of these insights could serve as the basis for broadening the therapeutic scope against hypoxia-associated brain diseases.
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Wang HW, Zhu XL, Qin LM, Qian HJ, Wang Y. Microglia activity modulated by T cell Ig and mucin domain protein 3 (Tim-3). Cell Immunol 2014; 293:49-58. [PMID: 25557503 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the main innate immune cells in the central nervous system that are actively involved in maintaining brain homeostasis and diseases. T cell Ig and mucin domain protein 3 (Tim-3) plays critical roles in both the adaptive and the innate immune system and is an emerging therapeutic target for treatment of various disorders. In the brain Tim-3 is specifically expressed on microglia but its functional role is unclear. Here, we showed that Tim-3 was up-regulated on microglia by ATP or LPS stimulation. Tim-3 activation with antibodies increased microglia expression of TGF-β, TNF-α and IL-1β. Blocking of Tim-3 with antibodies decreased the microglial phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons. Tim-3 blocking alleviated the detrimental effect of microglia on neurons and promoted NG2 cell differentiation in co-cultures. Finally, MAPKs namely ERK1/2 and JNK proteins were phosphorylated upon Tim-3 activation in microglia. Data indicated that Tim-3 modulates microglia activity and regulates the interaction of microglia-neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-wei Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, PR China
| | - Xin-li Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
| | - Li-ming Qin
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Hai-jun Qian
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Yiner Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
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Fang XY, Xu WD, Pan HF, Leng RX, Ye DQ. Novel insights into Tim-4 function in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity 2014; 48:189-95. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2014.983266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Steelman AJ, Li J. Astrocyte galectin-9 potentiates microglial TNF secretion. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:144. [PMID: 25158758 PMCID: PMC4158089 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant neuroinflammation is suspected to contribute to the pathogenesis of myriad neurological diseases. As such, determining the pathways that promote or inhibit glial activation is of interest. Activation of the surface glycoprotein T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing protein 3 (Tim-3) by the lectin galectin-9 has been implicated in promoting innate immune cell activation by potentiating or synergizing toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. In the present study we examined the role of the Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway in glial activation in vitro. Method Primary monocultures of microglia or astrocytes, co-cultures containing microglia and astrocytes, and mixed glial cultures consisting of microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were stimulated with poly(I:C) or LPS, and galectin-9 up-regulation was determined. The effect of endogenous galectin-9 production on microglial activation was examined using cultures from wild-type and Lgals9 null mice. The ability for recombinant galectin-9 to promote microglia activation was also assessed. Tim-3 expression on microglia and BV2 cells was examined by qPCR and flow cytometry and its necessity in transducing the galectin-9 signal was determined using a Tim-3 specific neutralizing antibody or recombinant soluble Tim-3. Result Astrocytes potentiated TNF production from microglia following TLR stimulation. Poly(I:C) stimulation increased galectin-9 expression in microglia and microglial-derived factors promoted galectin-9 up-regulation in astrocytes. Astrocyte-derived galectin-9 in turn enhanced microglial TNF production. Similarly, recombinant galectin-9 enhanced poly(I:C)-induced microglial TNF and IL-6 production. Inhibition of Tim-3 did not alter TNF production in mixed glial cultures stimulated with poly(I:C). Conclusion Galectin-9 functions as an astrocyte-microglia communication signal and promotes cytokine production from microglia in a Tim-3 independent manner. Activation of CNS galectin-9 likely modulates neuroinflammatory processes in which TNF and IL-6 contribute to either pathology or reparation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-014-0144-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences and Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, Mail Stop 4458, College Station 77843, TX, USA.
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48
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Saresella M, Piancone F, Marventano I, La Rosa F, Tortorella P, Caputo D, Rovaris M, Clerici M. A role for the TIM-3/GAL-9/BAT3 pathway in determining the clinical phenotype of multiple sclerosis. FASEB J 2014; 28:5000-9. [PMID: 25091272 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-258194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) ligates galectin-9 (Gal-9); this process, resulting in the inhibition of Th1 responses and in the apoptosis of antigen-specific cells, is hampered by binding of the molecular adaptor human leukocyte antigen B (HLA-B)-associated transcript 3 (Bat3) to the intracellular tail of Tim-3. Apoptosis of myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T lymphocytes correlates with reduced rates of disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). We extensively analyzed the Tim-3/Gal-9/Bat3 pathway in 87 patients with a diagnosis of stable relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), or benign MS (BEMS), as well as in 40 healthy control (HC) subjects. Results showed that MBP-specific CD4(+)Tim-3(+), CD4(+)/Gal-9(+), and CD4(+)/Tim-3(+)/AV(+) (apoptotic) T lymphocytes were augmented in the BEMS group, whereas CD4(+)/Bat3(+) and CD8(+)/Bat3(+) T lymphocytes were increased and CD4(+)/Tim-3(+)/AV(+) T cells were reduced in the PPMS group (>2 fold and P<0.05 in all cases). Blocking the Tim-3/Gal-9 interaction with specific mAb reduced T-lymphocyte apoptosis and augmented production of IFNγ and IL-17 in the BEMS, RRMS, and HC groups, but not in the PPMS group. The Tim-3/Gal-9 interaction favors apoptosis of MBP-specific T lymphocytes in BEMS; this process is reduced in PPMS by the up-regulation of Bat3. Therapeutic interventions aimed at silencing Bat3 could be beneficial in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Saresella
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Federica Piancone
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Ivana Marventano
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Francesca La Rosa
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Paola Tortorella
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Domenico Caputo
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Marco Rovaris
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Mario Clerici
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Simmons SB, Liggitt D, Goverman JM. Cytokine-regulated neutrophil recruitment is required for brain but not spinal cord inflammation during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:555-63. [PMID: 24913979 PMCID: PMC4123857 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which inflammatory lesions lead to tissue injury in the brain and/or spinal cord. The specific sites of tissue injury are strong determinants of clinical outcome in MS, but the pathways that determine whether damage occurs in the brain or spinal cord are not understood. Previous studies in mouse models of MS demonstrated that IFN-γ and IL-17 regulate lesion localization within the brain; however, the mechanisms by which these cytokines mediate their effects have not been identified. In the present study, we show that IL-17 promoted, but IFN-γ inhibited, ELR(+) chemokine-mediated neutrophil recruitment to the brain, and that neutrophil infiltration was required for parenchymal tissue damage in the brain. In contrast, IFN-γ promoted ELR(+) chemokine expression and neutrophil recruitment to the spinal cord. Surprisingly, tissue injury in the spinal cord did not exhibit the same dependence on neutrophil recruitment that was observed for the brain. Our results demonstrate that the brain and spinal cord exhibit distinct sensitivities to cellular mediators of tissue damage, and that IL-17 and IFN-γ differentially regulate recruitment of these mediators to each microenvironment. These findings suggest an approach toward tailoring therapies for patients with distinct patterns of neuroinflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelitis/genetics
- Myelitis/immunology
- Myelitis/metabolism
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Rats
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-17/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-17/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-17/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Simmons
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Denny Liggitt
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Joan M Goverman
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
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50
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Zhang XM, Shan NN. The role of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 in immune thrombocytopenia. Scand J Immunol 2014; 79:231-6. [PMID: 24383985 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3), originally identified as a T helper (Th) 1-specific type I membrane protein, plays a vital role in Th1 immunity and tolerance induction through interaction with its ligand, galectin-9. The binding of TIM-3 by galectin-9 serves to downregulate Th1 responses. Moreover, the regulatory function of TIM-3 has been extended to other cells, such as Th17 cells, CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), CD8(+) T cells and certain innate immune cells. Previous studies have acknowledged that the TIM-3 pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of several human autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis and aplastic anaemia. Moreover, genetic data suggest a role for TIM-3 in human autoimmune diseases. However, in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), a common Th1- and possibly Th17-biased autoimmune disorder, the role of TIM-3 has not been explored. Recently, our data have demonstrated that TIM-3 expression is reduced in ITP patients, and we have found a potential link between ITP and the TIM-3 pathway. In this article, we discuss and speculate on the role of the TIM-3 pathway in ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-M Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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