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Li S, Xie Y, Yu C, Zheng C, Xu Z. The battle between host antiviral innate immunity and immune evasion by cytomegalovirus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:341. [PMID: 39120730 PMCID: PMC11335264 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has successfully established a long-lasting latent infection in humans due to its ability to counteract the host antiviral innate immune response. During coevolution with the host, the virus has evolved various evasion techniques to evade the host's innate immune surveillance. At present, there is still no vaccine available for the prevention and treatment of CMV infection, and the interaction between CMV infection and host antiviral innate immunity is still not well understood. However, ongoing studies will offer new insights into how to treat and prevent CMV infection and its related diseases. Here, we update recent studies on how CMV evades antiviral innate immunity, with a focus on how CMV proteins target and disrupt critical adaptors of antiviral innate immune signaling pathways. This review also discusses some classic intrinsic cellular defences that are crucial to the fight against viral invasion. A comprehensive review of the evasion mechanisms of antiviral innate immunity by CMV will help investigators identify new therapeutic targets and develop vaccines against CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yuanyang Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Changyin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Zucai Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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2
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Bharti R, Calabrese DR. Innate and adaptive effector immune drivers of cytomegalovirus disease in lung transplantation: a double-edged sword. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2024; 3:1388393. [PMID: 38993763 PMCID: PMC11235306 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2024.1388393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Up to 90% of the global population has been infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV), a herpesvirus that remains latent for the lifetime of the host and drives immune dysregulation. CMV is a critical risk factor for poor outcomes after solid organ transplant, though lung transplant recipients (LTR) carry the highest risk of CMV infection, and CMV-associated comorbidities compared to recipients of other solid organ transplants. Despite potent antivirals, CMV remains a significant driver of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), re-transplantation, and death. Moreover, the extended utilization of CMV antiviral prophylaxis is not without adverse effects, often necessitating treatment discontinuation. Thus, there is a critical need to understand the immune response to CMV after lung transplantation. This review identifies key elements of each arm of the CMV immune response and highlights implications for lung allograft tolerance and injury. Specific attention is paid to cellular subsets of adaptive and innate immune cells that are important in the lung during CMV infection and reactivation. The concept of heterologous immune responses is reviewed in depth, including how they form and how they may drive tissue- and allograft-specific immunity. Other important objectives of this review are to detail the emerging role of NK cells in CMV-related outcomes, in addition to discussing perturbations in CMV immune function stemming from pre-existing lung disease. Finally, this review identifies potential mechanisms whereby CMV-directed treatments may alter the cellular immune response within the allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Bharti
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Daniel R. Calabrese
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
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3
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Serafini N, Di Santo JP. Group 3 innate lymphoid cells: A trained Gutkeeper. Immunol Rev 2024; 323:126-137. [PMID: 38491842 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) are tissue-resident immune lymphocytes that critically regulate intestinal homeostasis, organogenesis, and immunity. ILC3s possess the capacity to "sense" the inflammatory environment within tissues, especially in the context of pathogen challenges that imprints durable non-antigen-specific changes in ILC3 function. As such, ILC3s become a new actor in the emerging field of trained innate immunity. Here, we summarize recent discoveries regarding ILC3 responses to bacterial challenges and the role these encounters play in triggering trained innate immunity. We further discuss how signaling events throughout ILC3 ontogeny potentially control the development and function of trained ILC3s. Finally, we highlight the open questions surrounding ILC3 "training" the answers to which may reveal new insights into innate immunity. Understanding the fundamental concepts behind trained innate immunity could potentially lead to the development of new strategies for improving immunity-based modulation therapies for inflammation, infectious diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Serafini
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, Paris, France
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4
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Unterberg M, Ehrentraut SF, Bracht T, Wolf A, Haberl H, von Busch A, Rump K, Ziehe D, Bazzi M, Thon P, Sitek B, Marcus K, Bayer M, Schork K, Eisenacher M, Ellger B, Oswald D, Wappler F, Defosse J, Henzler D, Köhler T, Zarbock A, Putensen CP, Schewe JC, Frey UH, Anft M, Babel N, Steinmann E, Brüggemann Y, Trilling M, Schlüter A, Nowak H, Adamzik M, Rahmel T, Koos B. Human cytomegalovirus seropositivity is associated with reduced patient survival during sepsis. Crit Care 2023; 27:417. [PMID: 37907989 PMCID: PMC10619294 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is one of the leading causes of death. Treatment attempts targeting the immune response regularly fail in clinical trials. As HCMV latency can modulate the immune response and changes the immune cell composition, we hypothesized that HCMV serostatus affects mortality in sepsis patients. METHODS We determined the HCMV serostatus (i.e., latency) of 410 prospectively enrolled patients of the multicenter SepsisDataNet.NRW study. Patients were recruited according to the SEPSIS-3 criteria and clinical data were recorded in an observational approach. We quantified 13 cytokines at Days 1, 4, and 8 after enrollment. Proteomics data were analyzed from the plasma samples of 171 patients. RESULTS The 30-day mortality was higher in HCMV-seropositive patients than in seronegative sepsis patients (38% vs. 25%, respectively; p = 0.008; HR, 1.656; 95% CI 1.135-2.417). This effect was observed independent of age (p = 0.010; HR, 1.673; 95% CI 1.131-2.477). The predictive value on the outcome of the increased concentrations of IL-6 was present only in the seropositive cohort (30-day mortality, 63% vs. 24%; HR 3.250; 95% CI 2.075-5.090; p < 0.001) with no significant differences in serum concentrations of IL-6 between the two groups. Procalcitonin and IL-10 exhibited the same behavior and were predictive of the outcome only in HCMV-seropositive patients. CONCLUSION We suggest that the predictive value of inflammation-associated biomarkers should be re-evaluated with regard to the HCMV serostatus. Targeting HCMV latency might open a new approach to selecting suitable patients for individualized treatment in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Unterberg
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - S F Ehrentraut
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - T Bracht
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - A Wolf
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - H Haberl
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - A von Busch
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - K Rump
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - D Ziehe
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Bazzi
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - P Thon
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - B Sitek
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - K Marcus
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
- Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for Proteindiagnostics (PRODI), Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Bayer
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - K Schork
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
- Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for Proteindiagnostics (PRODI), Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Eisenacher
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
- Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for Proteindiagnostics (PRODI), Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - B Ellger
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Oswald
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund, Germany
| | - F Wappler
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical School, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Defosse
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical School, Cologne, Germany
| | - D Henzler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Surgical Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Klinikum Herford, Herford, Germany
| | - T Köhler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Surgical Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Klinikum Herford, Herford, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, AMEOS-Klinikum Halberstadt, Halberstadt, Germany
| | - A Zarbock
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Operative Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - C P Putensen
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - J C Schewe
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - U H Frey
- Marien Hospital Herne, Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Anft
- Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Clinic I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - N Babel
- Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Clinic I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - E Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Y Brüggemann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Trilling
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - A Schlüter
- Knappschaft Kliniken GmbH, Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - H Nowak
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Center for Artficial Intelligence, Medical Informatics and Data Science, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Adamzik
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - T Rahmel
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - B Koos
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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5
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Karandikar K, Bhonde G, Palav H, Padwal V, Velhal S, Pereira J, Meshram H, Goel A, Shah I, Patel V, Bhor VM. A novel gut microbiome-immune axis influencing pathology in HCMV infected infants with neonatal cholestasis. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105165. [PMID: 37247806 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The interplay of active HCMV infection with gut dysbiosis in the immunopathology of cholestasis in neonates and infants remains unexplored. In this study, we evaluated gut microbiome profiles and immune dysfunction in a cohort of HCMV infected cholestatic infants (IgM positive, N = 21; IgM negative, N = 25) compared to healthy infants, N = 10. HCMV infected IgM positive individuals exhibited increased clinical severity in terms of liver dysfunction, altered CD4+: CD8+ ratio, and elevated Granzyme B levels in cellular immune subsets. Gut microbiome analysis revealed distinct and differential diversity and composition within infected groups aligned with clinical severity reflected through the increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria, reduced Bifidobacteria, and a unique signature mapping to the HCMV infected IgM negative group. Correlation analyses revealed associations between Bifidobacterium breve, Gammaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Clostridia, Finegoldia magna, Veillonella dispar, and Granzyme B expressing immune cell subsets. Our study describes a novel gut microbiome-immune axis that may influence disease severity in cholestatic infants with active HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Karandikar
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR-NIRRCH, Mumbai, India
| | - Gauri Bhonde
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR-NIRRCH, Mumbai, India
| | - Harsha Palav
- Department of Viral Immunopathogenesis, ICMR-NIRRCH, Mumbai, India
| | - Varsha Padwal
- Department of Viral Immunopathogenesis, ICMR-NIRRCH, Mumbai, India
| | - Shilpa Velhal
- Department of Viral Immunopathogenesis, ICMR-NIRRCH, Mumbai, India
| | - Jacintha Pereira
- Department of Viral Immunopathogenesis, ICMR-NIRRCH, Mumbai, India
| | - Himali Meshram
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric GI, Hepatology, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
| | - Akshat Goel
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric GI, Hepatology, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
| | - Ira Shah
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric GI, Hepatology, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
| | - Vainav Patel
- Department of Viral Immunopathogenesis, ICMR-NIRRCH, Mumbai, India.
| | - Vikrant M Bhor
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR-NIRRCH, Mumbai, India.
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6
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Ochando J, Mulder WJM, Madsen JC, Netea MG, Duivenvoorden R. Trained immunity - basic concepts and contributions to immunopathology. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023; 19:23-37. [PMID: 36253509 PMCID: PMC9575643 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Trained immunity is a functional state of the innate immune response and is characterized by long-term epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells. This concept originated in the field of infectious diseases - training of innate immune cells, such as monocytes, macrophages and/or natural killer cells, by infection or vaccination enhances immune responses against microbial pathogens after restimulation. Although initially reported in circulating monocytes and tissue macrophages (termed peripheral trained immunity), subsequent findings indicate that immune progenitor cells in the bone marrow can also be trained (that is, central trained immunity), which explains the long-term innate immunity-mediated protective effects of vaccination against heterologous infections. Although trained immunity is beneficial against infections, its inappropriate induction by endogenous stimuli can also lead to aberrant inflammation. For example, in systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis, trained immunity might contribute to inflammatory activity, which promotes disease progression. In organ transplantation, trained immunity has been associated with acute rejection and suppression of trained immunity prolonged allograft survival. This novel concept provides a better understanding of the involvement of the innate immune response in different pathological conditions, and provides a new framework for the development of therapies and treatment strategies that target epigenetic and metabolic pathways of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ochando
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Transplant Immunology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Willem J. M. Mulder
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Joren C. Madsen
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Raphaël Duivenvoorden
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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7
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Mohamed HT, El-Sharkawy AA, El-Shinawi M, Schneider RJ, Mohamed MM. Inflammatory Breast Cancer: The Secretome of HCMV+ Tumor-Associated Macrophages Enhances Proliferation, Invasion, Colony Formation, and Expression of Cancer Stem Cell Markers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:899622. [PMID: 35847899 PMCID: PMC9281473 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.899622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a highly aggressive phenotype of breast cancer that is characterized by a high incidence early metastasis. We previously reported a significant association of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA in the carcinoma tissues of IBC patients but not in the adjacent normal tissues. HCMV-infected macrophages serve as “mobile vectors” for spreading and disseminating virus to different organs, and IBC cancer tissues are highly infiltrated by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that enhance IBC progression and promote breast cancer stem cell (BCSC)-like properties. Therefore, there is a need to understand the role of HCMV-infected TAMs in IBC progression. The present study aimed to test the effect of the secretome (cytokines and secreted factors) of TAMs derived from HCMV+ monocytes isolated from IBC specimens on the proliferation, invasion, and BCSC abundance when tested on the IBC cell line SUM149. HCMV+ monocytes were isolated from IBC patients during modified radical mastectomy surgery and tested in vitro for polarization into TAMs using the secretome of SUM149 cells. MTT, clonogenic, invasion, real-time PCR arrays, PathScan Intracellular Signaling array, and cytokine arrays were used to characterize the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs for their effect on the progression of SUM149 cells. The results showed that the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs expressed high levels of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 cytokines compared to HCMV- TAMs. In addition, the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs induced the proliferation, invasion, colony formation, and expression of BCSC-related genes in SUM149 cells compared to mock untreated cells. In addition, the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs activated the phosphorylation of intracellular signaling molecules p-STAT3, p-AMPKα, p-PRAS40, and p-SAPK/JNK in SUM149 cells. In conclusion, this study shows that the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs enhances the proliferation, invasion, colony formation, and BCSC properties by activating the phosphorylation of p-STAT3, p-AMPKα, p-PRAS40, and p-SAPK/JNK intracellular signaling molecules in IBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Taha Mohamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Hossam Taha Mohamed,
| | | | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Galala University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Robert J. Schneider
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mona Mostafa Mohamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Sector of International Cooperation, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
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8
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CD14 Is Involved in the Interferon Response of Human Macrophages to Rubella Virus Infection. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020266. [PMID: 35203475 PMCID: PMC8869353 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦ) as specialized immune cells are involved in rubella virus (RuV) pathogenesis and enable the study of its interaction with the innate immune system. A similar replication kinetics of RuV in the two human MΦ types, the pro-inflammatory M1-like (or GM-MΦ) and anti-inflammatory M2-like (M-MΦ), was especially in M-MΦ accompanied by a reduction in the expression of the innate immune receptor CD14. Similar to RuV infection, exogenous interferon (IFN) β induced a loss of glycolytic reserve in M-MΦ, but in contrast to RuV no noticeable influence on CD14 expression was detected. We next tested the contribution of CD14 to the generation of cytokines/chemokines during RuV infection of M-MΦ through the application of anti-CD14 blocking antibodies. Blockage of CD14 prior to RuV infection enhanced generation of virus progeny. In agreement with this observation, the expression of IFNs was significantly reduced in comparison to the isotype control. Additionally, the expression of TNF-α was slightly reduced, whereas the chemokine CXCL10 was not altered. In conclusion, the observed downmodulation of CD14 during RuV infection of M-MΦ appears to contribute to virus-host-adaptation through a reduction of the IFN response.
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9
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Qin Y, Wang G, Kong D, Li G, Wang H, Qin H, Wang H. Risk Factors of Cytomegalovirus Reactivation in Ulcerative Colitis Patients: A Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11111952. [PMID: 34829298 PMCID: PMC8625464 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11111952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is associated with exacerbation of disease activity in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the risk factors for CMV reactivation in this population remain debatable. This meta-analysis was performed to identify the risk factors for CMV reactivation in UC patients. PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched from the inception of these databases to 31 August 2021, with the aim of identifying studies that investigated the risk factors of CMV reactivation in UC patients. A quality assessment of the included studies was performed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The publication bias was assessed respectively via a funnel plot and Egger’s regression asymmetry test. The robustness and reliability of each outcome were evaluated by sensitivity analysis. Twenty studies were included in the final meta-analysis, comprising a total of 2099 patients with UC. A significantly higher risk of CMV reactivation was observed in patients with severe UC (OR = 1.465, 95% CI: 1.107 to 1.939, p = 0.008), pancolitis (OR = 2.108, 95% CI: 1.586 to 2.800, p = 0.0001), older age of UC onset (MD = 6.212, 95% CI: 2.552 to 9.971, p = 0.001), as well as use of glucocorticoids (OR = 4.175, 95% CI: 3.076 to 5.666, p = 0.001), immunosuppressants (OR = 1.795, 95% CI: 1.289 to 2.501, p = 0.001), and azathioprine (OR = 1.444, 95% CI: 1.012 to 2.061, p = 0.043). However, infliximab treatment was observed not to increase the occurrence of CMV reactivation in patients who suffered from UC. In contrast, 5-aminosalicylic acid (OR = 0.674, 95% CI: 0.492 to 0.924, p = 0.014) was associated with a lower risk of CMV reactivation. Patients with UC should be closely monitored for risk factors of CMV reactivation in order to provide timely diagnosis and antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; (Y.Q.); (D.K.); (G.L.); (H.W.); (H.Q.)
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Grace Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S2E8, Canada;
| | - Dejun Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; (Y.Q.); (D.K.); (G.L.); (H.W.); (H.Q.)
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Guangming Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; (Y.Q.); (D.K.); (G.L.); (H.W.); (H.Q.)
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; (Y.Q.); (D.K.); (G.L.); (H.W.); (H.Q.)
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hong Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; (Y.Q.); (D.K.); (G.L.); (H.W.); (H.Q.)
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China; (Y.Q.); (D.K.); (G.L.); (H.W.); (H.Q.)
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-01186-22-60362502
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10
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MyD88 is an essential regulator of NK cell-mediated clearance of MCMV infection. Mol Immunol 2021; 137:94-104. [PMID: 34242922 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The signaling adapter MyD88 is critical for immune cell activation in response to viral or bacterial pathogens via several TLRs, IL-1βR and IL-18R. However, the essential role of MyD88 during activations mediated by germline-encoded NK cell receptors (NKRs), such as Ly49H or NKG2D, has yet to be investigated. To define the NK cell-intrinsic function of MyD88, we generated a novel NK cell conditional knockout mouse for MyD88 (Myd88fl/flNcr1Cre/+). Phenotypic characterization of these mice demonstrated that MyD88 is dispensable for NK cell development and maturation. However, the MyD88-deficient NK cells exhibited significantly reduced cytotoxic potentials in vivo. In addition, the lack of MyD88 significantly reduced the NKG2D-mediated inflammatory cytokine production in vitro. Consistent with this, mice lacking MyD88 were unable to respond and clear MCMV infection. Transcriptomic analyses of splenic NK cells following MCMV infection revealed that inflammatory gene signatures were upregulated in Ly49H+. In contrast, Ly49H- NK cells have significant enrichment in G2M checkpoint genes, revealing distinct transcriptomic profiles of these subsets. Our results identify a central role for MyD88 in Ly49H-dependent gene signatures, including alterations in genes regulating proliferation in Ly49H+ NK cells. In summary, our study reveals a previously unknown function of MyD88 in Ly49H-dependent signaling and in vivo functions of NK cells.
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11
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Zheng W, Xu Q, Zhang Y, E X, Gao W, Zhang M, Zhai W, Rajkumar RS, Liu Z. Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immunity against herpesviridae infection: a current perspective on viral infection signaling pathways. Virol J 2020; 17:192. [PMID: 33298111 PMCID: PMC7726878 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past decades, researchers have demonstrated the critical role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the innate immune system. They recognize viral components and trigger immune signal cascades to subsequently promote the activation of the immune system. Main body Herpesviridae family members trigger TLRs to elicit cytokines in the process of infection to activate antiviral innate immune responses in host cells. This review aims to clarify the role of TLRs in the innate immunity defense against herpesviridae, and systematically describes the processes of TLR actions and herpesviridae recognition as well as the signal transduction pathways involved. Conclusions Future studies of the interactions between TLRs and herpesviridae infections, especially the subsequent signaling pathways, will not only contribute to the planning of effective antiviral therapies but also provide new molecular targets for the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Xiaofei E
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Mogen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Weijie Zhai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | | | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
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12
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Yambe N, Tamai R, Mashima I, Kiyoura Y. Etidronate down-regulates Toll-like receptor 2 ligand-induced chemokine production by inhibiting MyD88 expression and NF-κB activation. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 43:51-57. [PMID: 33251898 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1850761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pretreatment of J774.1 cells with etidronate, a non-nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (non-NBP) used as an antibone resorptive drug, was previously reported to inhibit Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 agonist-induced proinflammatory cytokine production. The present study aimed to examine the effects of etidronate on chemokine production by human monocytic U937 cells incubated with Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 (Pam3CSK4, a TLR2 ligand) and lipid A (a TLR4 ligand). METHODS U937 cells were pretreated with or without etidronate, and then incubated with or without Pam3CSK4 or lipid A. Levels of secreted human interleukin (IL)-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in culture supernatants and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cytotoxicity was determined by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in supernatants. Expression of intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and MyD88 was analyzed by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS Etidronate down-regulated IL-8 and MCP-1 production and NF-κB p65 activation induced by Pam3CSK4, but not lipid A, in U937 cells. Etidronate also inhibited MyD88 expression in U937 cells incubated with Pam3CSK4. CONCLUSION Etidronate down-regulates IL-8 and MCP-1 production in U937 cells by inhibiting both the expression of MyD88 and activation of NF-κB p65 in the TLR2, but not TLR4, pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohito Yambe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ohu University Graduate School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Riyoko Tamai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ohu University Graduate School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan.,Department of Oral Medical Science, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Izumi Mashima
- Department of Oral Medical Science, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kiyoura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ohu University Graduate School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan.,Department of Oral Medical Science, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan
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13
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Reactivation of human cytomegalovirus inhibits expression of liver fibrosis related cytokines in patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus genotype 4a. Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104596. [PMID: 33127535 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) reactivation on the expression pattern of matrix metalloproteinases, their inhibitors and related cytokines during HCV infection poorly understood. METHODS Reactivation of CMV in 95 subjects (75 chronically infected HCV patients and 20 healthy subjects) was examined. All studied subjects had detectable IgG antibodies for CMV, but only 35/75 of HCV patients (46.7%) had detectable CMV DNA. The expressions of 11 fibrosis related genes by quantitative real-time PCR were analyzed in subjects' PBMCs. The serum levels of TGFβ2 and PDGFα have been measured by ELISA. RESULTS Chronically infected HCV patients with reactivated CMV had less expression of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, PDGFα and STAT1 transcripts than HCV patients with latent CMV (p = 0.037, 0.006, 0.001 and 0.009; respectively) and normal controls (TGF-β2, p = 0.008). Moreover the expression of (TGFβ2 and PDGFα) genes decreased significantly in CMV-reactivated patients during the early stage of fibrosis relative to the comparable stage of HCV infection (p = 0.004 and 0.008; respectively). Besides, the mRNA abundance of STAT1 gene in CMV-reactivated patients decreased dramatically as compared to HCV infections during the late stage of fibrosis (p = 0.014). The TGFβ2 protein level has been declined dramatically in CMV-reactivated patients compared to HCV infected patients and control group (p = 0.001 and 0.033; respectively). Our results suggest that CMV reactivation disrupts the expression of several cytokines as compared to solitary infection with HCV. Noticeably, the expressions of matrix metalloproteinases genes and their inhibitors have not been significantly influenced by reactivation of CMV. CONCLUSION The current data reveal that reactivation of CMV partially blocks the upregulation of 2 important pro-inflammatory cytokines i.e. TGFβ 2 and PDGFα at early stages of fibrosis, moreover this CMV mediated blockage of the STAT1 shows statistical significance at late stage of fibrosis.
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14
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Mhandire DZ, Mhandire K, Magadze M, Wonkam A, Kengne AP, Dandara C. Genetic variation in toll like receptors 2, 7, 9 and interleukin-6 is associated with cytomegalovirus infection in late pregnancy. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:113. [PMID: 32450795 PMCID: PMC7247288 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and/or reactivation in pregnancy is associated with a myriad of adverse infant outcomes. However, the role of host genetic polymorphisms in modulating maternal CMV status is inconclusive. This study investigated the possible association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in toll-like receptor (TLR) and cytokine genes with maternal plasma CMV DNA status in black Zimbabweans. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 110 women in late gestation who included 36 CMV infected cases and 74 CMV uninfected, age and HIV status matched controls were enrolled. Twenty single nucleotide polymorphisms in 10 genes which code for proteins involved in immunity against CMV were genotyped using Iplex GOLD SNP genotyping protocol on the Agena MassARRAY® system. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata SE and the 'Genetics' and 'SNPassoc' packages of the statistical package R. RESULTS The TLR7 rs179008A > T (p < 0.001) polymorphism was associated while the TLR9 rs352139T > C (p = 0.049) polymorphism was on the borderline for association with CMV positive (CMV+) status. In contrast, the interleukin (IL)-6 rs10499563T > C (p < 0.001) and TLR2 rs1816702C > T (p = 0.001) polymorphisms were associated with CMV negative (CMV-) status. Furthermore, allele frequencies of SNPs in TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, TLR7, IL-6, IL-10, IL-28B, IL-1A and interferon AR1 (IFNAR1) genes are being reported here for the first time in a Zimbabwean population. The allele frequencies in the Zimbabwean population are generally comparable to other African populations but different when compared to European and Asian populations. CONCLUSIONS Toll-like receptor and interleukin genetic polymorphisms influence CMV status in late gestation among black Zimbabweans. This is attributable to possible modulation of immune responses to CMV reactivation in a population previously exposed to CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Z Mhandire
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kudakwashe Mhandire
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mulalo Magadze
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre P Kengne
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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15
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Zmonarski SC, Banasik M, Gołębiowski T, Letachowicz K, Madziarska K, Żabińska M, Zmonarska J, Mazanowska O, Krajewska M. Toll-Like 4 Receptor Expression on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Renal Transplant Recipients Can Help to Indicate the Risk of Graft Deterioration in Patients Who Experienced an Episode of Symptomatic Cytomegalovirus Infection. Transplant Proc 2020; 52:2394-2402. [PMID: 32444127 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Data binding the expression of Toll-like 4 receptor (TLR4), transplanted kidney (KT) function, and symptomatic CMV infection (CMV+) are scarcely available. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between TLR4 expression (TLR4ex) in patients who had a relapse of CMV and transplant function. MATERIALS AND METHODS TLR4ex was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of KT recipients. We compared TLR4ex among 30 CMV+ patients and 87 patients without CMV infection (CMVneg). At the beginning (day 0) TLR4ex, as well as concentrations of cyclosporin A and tacrolimus were determined. All patients, CMV+ and CMVneg patients were divided according to the respective median of TLR4ex into groups of low-TLR4 expression (L-TLR4ex) and high-TLR4 expression (H-TLR4ex). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (EGFR) was assessed on day 0 and after the follow-up (F-up). The magnitudes of EGFR change (ΔEGFR) were evaluated. Stable treatment along the F-up period (median 11.9 months) was applied. RESULTS TLR4ex of CMV+ in 67% was below median for all patients. For day 0, in CMV+: no link of TLR4ex with EGFR was found; TLR4ex was lower but day 0 EGFR did not differ from H-TLR4ex. In CMVneg, a GFR-TLR4ex link was present. Post F-up. In CMV+ with L-TLR4ex, EGFR declined, with no change in H-TLR4ex. In CMVneg with H-TLR4ex, EGFR increased, with no change in L-TLR4ex. Both regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses points out the impact of CMV+ and TLR4ex on eGFR and ΔEGFR. CONCLUSION In CMV+, low TLR4ex increases the risk of EGFR deterioration. In CMVneg, high TLR4ex raises the chance of EGFR improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir C Zmonarski
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Mirosław Banasik
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Gołębiowski
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Letachowicz
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Madziarska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcelina Żabińska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Zmonarska
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Oktawia Mazanowska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Krajewska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw, Poland
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16
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Zhu W, Liu S. The role of human cytomegalovirus in atherosclerosis: a systematic review. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:339-353. [PMID: 32253424 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive vascular disease with increasing morbidity and mortality year by year in modern society. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is closely associated with the development of atherosclerosis. HCMV infection may accelerate graft atherosclerosis and the development of transplant vasculopathy in organ transplantation. However, our current understanding of HCMV-associated atherosclerosis remains limited and is mainly based on clinical observations. The underlying mechanism of the involvement of HCMV infection in atherogenesis remains unclear. Here, we summarized current knowledge regarding the multiple influences of HCMV on a diverse range of infected cells, including vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, monocytes, macrophages, and T cells. In addition, we described potential HCMV-induced molecular mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, lipid metabolism, and miRNA regulation, which are involved in the development of HCMV-associated atherogenesis. Gaining an improved understanding of these mechanisms will facilitate the development of novel and effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HCMV-related cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhu
- Clinical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shuangquan Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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17
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Frascaroli G, Rossini G, Maltoni V, Bartoletti M, Ortolani P, Gredmark-Russ S, Gelsomino F, Moroni A, Silenzi S, Castellani G, Sambri V, Mastroianni A, Brune W, Varani S. Genetic and Functional Characterization of Toll-Like Receptor Responses in Immunocompetent Patients With CMV Mononucleosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:386. [PMID: 32850485 PMCID: PMC7426556 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) modulates both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, limited data are available on the role of receptors of innate immunity, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) in contributing to antiviral responses and inflammation. Objectives: The aim of this translational study was to characterize TLR responses in immunocompetent patients with primary and symptomatic CMV infection. Study Design: The study population consisted of 40 patients suffering from CMV mononucleosis and 124 blood donors included as controls. We evaluated the association between TLR2, 3, 4, 7 and 9 gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and susceptibility to symptomatic CMV infection in immunocompetent adults. Additionally, functional TLR-mediated cytokine responses in supernatants of short-term cultures of whole blood from patients with CMV mononucleosis and blood donors were evaluated. Results: TLR2 and TLR7/8 responses were altered in CMV infected patients as compared to healthy donors and were associated with the release of higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, but not of the anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10. The analysis on the TLR SNPs indicated no difference between patients with CMV infection and the control group. Conclusions: No variation in the TLR2,3,4,7 and 9 genes was associated to the development of symptomatic CMV infection in immunocompetent adults. Nevertheless, TLR-mediated responses in CMV-infected patients appeared to be skewed toward a pro-inflammatory profile, which may contribute to the development of inflammatory symptoms during the CMV mononucleotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Frascaroli
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Giada Frascaroli
| | - Giada Rossini
- Unit of Microbiology, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Virginia Maltoni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Bartoletti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Sara Gredmark-Russ
- Center for Infectious Medicine, ANA Futura, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesco Gelsomino
- Unit of Microbiology, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Moroni
- Unit of Microbiology, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Silenzi
- Unit of Microbiology, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gastone Castellani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Galvani Center for Biocomplexity, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vittorio Sambri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Unit of Microbiology, The Romagna Hub Laboratory, Pievesestina, Italy
| | - Antonio Mastroianni
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, St. Annunziata Hospital, Cosenza, Italy
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, G.B. Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Wolfram Brune
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefania Varani
- Unit of Microbiology, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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18
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Clement M, Humphreys IR. Cytokine-Mediated Induction and Regulation of Tissue Damage During Cytomegalovirus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:78. [PMID: 30761144 PMCID: PMC6362858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a β-herpesvirus with high sero-prevalence within the human population. Primary HCMV infection and life-long carriage are typically asymptomatic. However, HCMV is implicated in exacerbation of chronic conditions and associated damage in individuals with intact immune systems. Furthermore, HCMV is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunologically immature and immune-compromised where disease is associated with tissue damage. Infection-induced inflammation, including robust cytokine responses, is a key component of pathologies associated with many viruses. Despite encoding a large number of immune-evasion genes, HCMV also triggers the induction of inflammatory cytokine responses during infection. Thus, understanding how cytokines contribute to CMV-induced pathologies and the mechanisms through which they are regulated may inform clinical management of disease. Herein, we discuss our current understanding based on clinical observation and in vivo modeling of disease of the role that cytokines play in CMV pathogenesis. Specifically, in the context of the different tissues and organs in which CMV replicates, we give a broad overview of the beneficial and adverse effects that cytokines have during infection and describe how cytokine-mediated tissue damage is regulated. We discuss the implications of findings derived from mice and humans for therapeutic intervention strategies and our understanding of how host genetics may influence the outcome of CMV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Cytomegalovirus promotes intestinal macrophage-mediated mucosal inflammation through induction of Smad7. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1694-1704. [PMID: 30076393 PMCID: PMC7405939 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal macrophages in healthy human mucosa are profoundly down-regulated for inflammatory responses (inflammation anergy) due to stromal TGF-β inactivation of NF-κB. Paradoxically, in cytomegalovirus (CMV) intestinal inflammatory disease, one of the most common manifestations of opportunistic CMV infection, intestinal macrophages mediate severe mucosal inflammation. Here we investigated the mechanism whereby CMV infection promotes macrophage-mediated mucosal inflammation. CMV infected primary intestinal macrophages but did not replicate in the cells or reverse established inflammation anergy. However, CMV infection of precursor blood monocytes, the source of human intestinal macrophages in adults, prevented stromal TGF-β-induced differentiation of monocytes into inflammation anergic macrophages. Mechanistically, CMV up-regulated monocyte expression of the TGF-β antagonist Smad7, blocking the ability of stromal TGF-β to inactivate NF-κB, thereby enabling MyD88 and NF-κB-dependent cytokine production. Smad7 expression also was markedly elevated in mucosal tissue from subjects with CMV colitis and declined after antiviral ganciclovir therapy. Confirming these findings, transfection of Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide into CMV-infected monocytes restored monocyte susceptibility to stromal TGF-β-induced inflammation anergy. Thus, CMV-infected monocytes that recruit to the mucosa, not resident macrophages, are the source of inflammatory macrophages in CMV mucosal disease and implicate Smad7 as a key regulator of, and potential therapeutic target for, CMV mucosal disease.
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20
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Sabry HH, Hamed AM, Salem RM, Marei AM, El Sebaey RM. Peripheral blood toll-like receptor 4 correlates response to candida immunotherapy of warts. Dermatol Ther 2018; 31:e12691. [PMID: 30226014 DOI: 10.1111/dth.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Human papilloma virus infection may be self-limiting; however, some cases may spread. There are no factors predicting the prognosis of such infections. The present study aimed to evaluate the significance of TLR4 expression in predicting the response of warts to candida immunotherapy. A total of 60 patients with different types of warts were included in the present study. A total volume of 2 ml venous blood was collected and real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine expression of TLR4. Patients were subjected to intralesional injection of Candida antigen into the largest wart at 2-week intervals until complete clearance or for a maximum of six sessions. Of the total 58 patients available for analysis of study results, 44 patients (75.9%) showed complete resolution with better response in younger ages. The TLR4 expression in patients with complete and partial response was significantly higher than that in patients who had no response (p = .006). Among our patients, 48.3% showed no side effects, 44.8% showed local reactions, and 6.9% showed systemic side effects. Only four patients showed recurrence after 6 months. Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, at cutoff of expression level >12 is accompanied by 100% specificity of TLR4 in predicting treatment response to candida immunotherapy. Candida immunotherapy is an effective warts treatment, especially in young patients. Higher PMBC TLR4 levels can predict response to candida immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan H Sabry
- Faculty of Medicine, Dermatology and Andrology, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Hamed
- Faculty of Medicine, Dermatology and Andrology, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Rehab M Salem
- Faculty of Medicine, Dermatology and Andrology, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Ayman Mohamed Marei
- Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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21
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Lin W, Xu Z, Yan Y, Zhang H, Li H, Chen W, Chen F, Xie Q. Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J Attenuates Type I Interferon Production Through Blocking IκB Phosphorylation. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1089. [PMID: 29887850 PMCID: PMC5980975 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) is an oncogenic retrovirus that causes immunosuppression and enhances susceptibility to secondary infection, resulting in great economic losses. Although ALV-J-induced immunosuppression has been well established, the underlying molecular mechanism for such induction is still unclear. Here, we report that the inhibitory effect of ALV-J infection on type I interferon expression is associated with the down-regulation of transcriptional regulator NF-κB in host cells. We found that ALV-J possess the inhibitory effect on type I interferon production in HD11 cells and that ALV-J causes the up-regulation of IκBα and down-regulation of NF-κB p65, and that ALV-J blocks the phosphorylation of IκBα on Ser32/36 amino acid residues. Collectively, our findings provide insights into the pathogenesis of ALV-J.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhouyi Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanmin Zhang
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, USDA, Agriculture Research Service, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Hongxin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Laudanski K, Zawadka M, Polosak J, Modi J, DiMeglio M, Gutsche J, Szeto WY, Puzianowska-Kuznicka M. Acquired immunological imbalance after surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass due to epigenetic over-activation of PU.1/M-CSF. J Transl Med 2018; 16:143. [PMID: 29801457 PMCID: PMC5970449 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been shown that severe insult to the immune system may trigger prolonged macrophage characteristics associated with excessive release of monocyte colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). However, it is unclear how persistent is the macrophage-like characteristics in circulating monocytes (MO). In this study, 20 patients who underwent non-emergent cardiopulmonary bypass had their monocytes characterized before surgery and 3 months after surgery. Methods We assessed the macrophage characteristics of MO using cytokine production, surface marker expression, an ability to stimulate T cells, and methylation of the promoter region of the gene encoding PU.1, a critical component to M-CSF production. MO function as well as activation and differentiation potential were longitudinally assessed. Results At 3 months after cardiopulmonary bypass, monocytes exhibited increased expression of MRP8, transforming growth factor-β/latency-associated peptide, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 while phagocytic properties were increased. Concomitantly, we observed a decreased expression of CD86, a decreased ability to form regulatory dendritic cells, and a diminished ability to stimulate T cells. These characteristics were accompanied by a persistent increase in the secretion of M-CSF, over-activation of PU.1, and decreased methylation of the PU.1 promoter region. Serum levels of C-reactive protein and anti-cytomegalovirus IgG antibody titers were also elevated in some patients at 3 months after surgery. Conclusions We concluded that at 3 months after cardiopulmonary bypass, monocytes continued to express a new macrophage-like milieu that was associated with the persistent activation of the PU.1/M-CSF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Laudanski
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA.
| | - Mateusz Zawadka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-091, Poland
| | - Jacek Polosak
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Jaymin Modi
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19131, USA
| | - Matthew DiMeglio
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19131, USA
| | - Jacob Gutsche
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - Wilson Y Szeto
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
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23
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Impaired polyfunctionality of CD8 + T cells in severe sepsis patients with human cytomegalovirus reactivation. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e382. [PMID: 28960213 PMCID: PMC5628278 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes a lifelong chronic latent infection and often reactivates in immunocompromised patients. In addition, HCMV reactivates in patients with sepsis or other critical illnesses, particularly in patients with poor prognoses. However, the immunological characteristics of sepsis patients with HCMV reactivation have not been elucidated. In the present study, we examined T-cell responses in severe sepsis patients with and without HCMV reactivation. First, HCMV pp65-specific T-cell functions were assessed by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) for IFN-γ, TNF-α, and MIP-1β and by CD107a staining. We analyzed the ICS data for each function individually and found no difference between the patient groups. However, the relative frequency of polyfunctional CD8+ T cells was significantly decreased in sepsis patients with HCMV reactivation. Next, we examined programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression. It was significantly increased in the CD8+ T-cell population in severe sepsis patients with HCMV reactivation, indicating CD8+ T-cell exhaustion. Interestingly, the frequency of PD-1+ cells in the CD8+ T-cell population was inversely correlated with the relative frequency of polyfunctional CD8+ T cells. Herein, we demonstrate that HCMV reactivation in severe sepsis patients is associated with PD-1 expression and impaired polyfunctionality of CD8+ T cells.
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24
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Dantoft W, Martínez-Vicente P, Jafali J, Pérez-Martínez L, Martin K, Kotzamanis K, Craigon M, Auer M, Young NT, Walsh P, Marchant A, Angulo A, Forster T, Ghazal P. Genomic Programming of Human Neonatal Dendritic Cells in Congenital Systemic and In Vitro Cytomegalovirus Infection Reveal Plastic and Robust Immune Pathway Biology Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1146. [PMID: 28993767 PMCID: PMC5622154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonates and especially premature infants are highly susceptible to infection but still can have a remarkable resilience that is poorly understood. The view that neonates have an incomplete or deficient immune system is changing. Human neonatal studies are challenging, and elucidating host protective responses and underlying cognate pathway biology, in the context of viral infection in early life, remains to be fully explored. In both resource rich and poor settings, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common cause of congenital infection. By using unbiased systems analyses of transcriptomic resources for HCMV neonatal infection, we find the systemic response of a preterm congenital HCMV infection, involves a focused IFN regulatory response associated with dendritic cells. Further analysis of transcriptional-programming of neonatal dendritic cells in response to HCMV infection in culture revealed an early dominant IFN-chemokine regulatory subnetworks, and at later times the plasticity of pathways implicated in cell-cycle control and lipid metabolism. Further, we identify previously unknown suppressed networks associated with infection, including a select group of GPCRs. Functional siRNA viral growth screen targeting 516-GPCRs and subsequent validation identified novel GPCR-dependent antiviral (ADORA1) and proviral (GPR146, RGS16, PTAFR, SCTR, GPR84, GPR85, NMUR2, FZ10, RDS, CCL17, and SORT1) roles. By contrast a gene family cluster of protocadherins is significantly differentially induced in neonatal cells, suggestive of possible immunomodulatory roles. Unexpectedly, programming responses of adult and neonatal dendritic cells, upon HCMV infection, demonstrated comparable quantitative and qualitative responses showing that functionally, neonatal dendritic cell are not overly compromised. However, a delay in responses of neonatal cells for IFN subnetworks in comparison with adult-derived cells are notable, suggestive of subtle plasticity differences. These findings support a set-point control mechanism rather than immaturity for explaining not only neonatal susceptibility but also resilience to infection. In summary, our findings show that neonatal HCMV infection leads to a highly plastic and functional robust programming of dendritic cells in vivo and in vitro. In comparison with adults, a minimal number of subtle quantitative and temporal differences may contribute to variability in host susceptibility and resilience, in a context dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widad Dantoft
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Martínez-Vicente
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - James Jafali
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lara Pérez-Martínez
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Quantitative Proteomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kim Martin
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Synexa Life Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Konstantinos Kotzamanis
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Craigon
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred Auer
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,SynthSys-Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil T Young
- Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Walsh
- NSilico Life Science and Department of Computing, Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thorsten Forster
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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25
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Erkes DA, Wilski NA, Snyder CM. Intratumoral infection by CMV may change the tumor environment by directly interacting with tumor-associated macrophages to promote cancer immunity. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1778-1785. [PMID: 28604162 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1331795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a herpesvirus that induces an extremely robust and sustained immune response. For this reason, CMV has been proposed as a vaccine vector to promote immunity to both pathogens and cancer. However, exploration of CMV as a vaccine vector is at an early stage and there are many questions. Using a mouse melanoma model, we recently found that a CMV-based vaccine induced large populations of melanoma-specific T cells, but was not effective at slowing tumor growth unless it was injected directly into the tumor. These surprising results have led us to hypothesize that CMV may be adept at modulating the tumor micro-environment through its infection of macrophages. Importantly, injection of CMV into the growing tumor synergized with blockade of the PD-1 checkpoint to clear well-established tumors. Here, we discuss our results in the context of CMV-based vaccines for pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A Erkes
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Nicole A Wilski
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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26
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Pasquereau S, Al Moussawi F, Karam W, Diab Assaf M, Kumar A, Herbein G. Cytomegalovirus, Macrophages and Breast Cancer. Open Virol J 2017; 11:15-27. [PMID: 28567162 PMCID: PMC5420183 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901711010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a betaherpesvirus that is highly host specific, infects among others epithelial cells and macrophages, and has been recently mentioned as having oncomodulatory properties. HCMV is detected in the breast tumor tissue where macrophages, especially tumor associated macrophages, are associated with a poor prognosis. In this review, we will discuss the potential implication of HCMV in breast cancer with emphasis on the role played by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pasquereau
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - F Al Moussawi
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - W Karam
- Université Libanaise, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | | | - A Kumar
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - G Herbein
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besançon, Besançon, France
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27
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Ding X, Jin S, Tong Y, Jiang X, Chen Z, Mei S, Zhang L, Billiar TR, Li Q. TLR4 signaling induces TLR3 up-regulation in alveolar macrophages during acute lung injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:34278. [PMID: 28198368 PMCID: PMC5309825 DOI: 10.1038/srep34278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury is a life-threatening inflammatory response caused by severe infection. Toll-like receptors in alveolar macrophages (AMΦ) recognize the molecular constituents of pathogens and activate the host's innate immune responses. Numerous studies have documented the importance of TLR-TLR cross talk, but few studies have specifically addressed the relationship between TLR4 and TLR3. We explored a novel mechanism of TLR3 up-regulation that is induced by LPS-TLR4 signaling in a dose- and time-dependent manner in AMΦ from C57BL/6 mice, while the LPS-induced TLR3 expression was significantly reduced in TLR4-/- and Myd88-/- mice and following pretreatment with a NF-κB inhibitor. The enhanced TLR3 up-regulation in AMΦ augmented the expression of cytokines and chemokines in response to sequential challenges with LPS and Poly I:C, a TLR3 ligand, which was physiologically associated with amplified AMΦ-induced PMN migration into lung alveoli. Our study demonstrates that the synergistic effect between TLR4 and TLR3 in macrophages is an important determinant in acute lung injury and, more importantly, that TLR3 up-regulation is dependent on TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling. These results raise the possibility that bacterial infections can induce sensitivity to viral infections, which may have important implications for the therapeutic manipulation of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xibing Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuqing Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixia Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuya Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Quan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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28
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Deere JD, Chang WLW, Castillo LD, Schmidt KA, Kieu HT, Renzette N, Kowalik T, Barthold SW, Shacklett BL, Barry PA, Sparger EE. Utilizing a TLR5-Adjuvanted Cytomegalovirus as a Lentiviral Vaccine in the Nonhuman Primate Model for AIDS. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155629. [PMID: 27182601 PMCID: PMC4868283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous progress in our understanding of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) natural history and advances in HIV treatment, there is neither an approved vaccine nor a cure for infection. Here, we describe the development and characterization of a novel replicating vaccine vector utilizing Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and a TLR5 adjuvant. After partial truncation of the central, immunodominant hypervariable domain, flagellin (fliC) from Salmonella was cloned downstream of a codon optimized gag gene from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and transiently expressed in telomerized rhesus fibroblast (TeloRF) cells in culture. Lysates generated from these transfected cells induced the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), in a mouse macrophage cell line, in a TLR5-dependent manner. The Gag/FliC expression construct was cloned into a bacterial artificial chromosome encoding the rhesus CMV (RhCMV) genome, and infectious RhCMV was generated following transfection of TeloRF cells. This virus stably expressed an SIV Gag/FliC fusion protein through four serial passages. Lysates generated from infected cells induced TNF-α in a TLR5-dependent manner. Western blot analysis of infected cell lysates verified expression of a Gag/FliC fusion protein using a SIV p27 capsid monoclonal antibody. Lastly, rhesus macaques inoculated with this novel RhCMV virus demonstrated increased inflammatory responses at the site of inoculation seven days post-infection when compared to the parental RhCMV. These results demonstrate that an artificially constructed replicating RhCMV expressing an SIV Gag/FliC fusion protein is capable of activating TLR5 in a macrophage cell line in vitro and induction of an altered inflammatory response in vivo. Ongoing animals studies are aimed at determining vaccine efficacy, including subsequent challenge with pathogenic SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D. Deere
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - W. L. William Chang
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Luis D. Castillo
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kim A. Schmidt
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Hung T. Kieu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Renzette
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy Kowalik
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen W. Barthold
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara L. Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Barry
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PAB); (EES)
| | - Ellen E. Sparger
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PAB); (EES)
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29
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Carbone J. The Immunology of Posttransplant CMV Infection: Potential Effect of CMV Immunoglobulins on Distinct Components of the Immune Response to CMV. Transplantation 2016; 100 Suppl 3:S11-8. [PMID: 26900990 PMCID: PMC4764014 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The immune response to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is highly complex, including humoral, cellular, innate, and adaptive immune responses. Detection of CMV by the innate immune system triggers production of type I IFNs and inflammatory cytokines which initiate cellular and humoral responses that are critical during the early viremic phase of CMV infection. Sustained control of CMV infection is largely accounted for by cellular immunity, involving various T-cell and B-cell subsets. In solid organ transplant patients, global suppression of innate and adaptive immunities by immunosuppressive agents limits immunological defense, including inhibition of natural killer cell activity with ongoing lowering of Ig levels and CMV-specific antibody titers. This is coupled with a short-term suppression of CMV-specific T cells, the extent and duration of which can predict risk of progression to CMV viremia. CMV immunoglobulin (CMVIG) preparations have the potential to exert immunomodulatory effects as well as providing passive immunization. Specific CMVIG antibodies and virus neutralization might be enhanced by modulation of dendritic cell activity and by a decrease in T-cell activation, effects which are of importance during the initial phase of infection. In summary, the role of CMVIG in reconstituting specific anti-CMV antibodies may be enhanced by some degree of modulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses, which could help to control some of the direct and indirect effects of CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carbone
- Clinical Immunology Department, General University Hospital Gregorio Marañon, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Chen L, Bai Y, Zhao M, Jiang Y. TLR4 inhibitor attenuates amyloid-β-induced angiogenic and inflammatory factors in ARPE-19 cells: Implications for age-related macular degeneration. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3249-56. [PMID: 26936827 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Subretinally-deposited amyloid-β (Aβ) is an important factor in age‑related macular degradation (AMD) often leading to irreversible blindness in the elderly population. The molecular mechanism underlying Aβ deposition during AMD remains unclear. The expression of inflammatory and angiogenic factors was examined by treatment of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells with the oligomeric form of Aβ (OAβ1-42). Changes in the mRNA expression levels of various cytokines was detected by the QuantiGenePlex 6.0 Reagent system, and the protein expression level was determined by western blotting. Culture supernatants were detected using a multiplex cytokine assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The in vitro tube formation was evaluated by a Matrigel assay. The present study highlights that OAβ1‑42 activates the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 and phosphorylation nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway in RPE cells. Additionally, it increased the mRNA and protein expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-33, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and angiopoietin 2. Furthermore, the TLR4 inhibitor (COBRA) attenuated the expression of inflammatory and angiogenesis factors, particularly IL-6, IL-8, IL-33, bFGF and VEGF. When human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were co-cultured with the COBRA-treated RPE cell culture supernatant the length of the endothelial cell network (measured by calculating tip cell lengths of endothelial cells) was impaired when compared with the HUVECs that were co‑cultured with the cell supernatant exposed to OAβ1‑42. These results suggest that the TLR4-associated pathway may be a potential target for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Yujing Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Yanrong Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
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Lurain NS, Hanson BA, Hotton AL, Weber KM, Cohen MH, Landay AL. The Association of Human Cytomegalovirus with Biomarkers of Inflammation and Immune Activation in HIV-1-Infected Women. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:134-43. [PMID: 26422187 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Three groups of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seropositive women (total n = 164) were selected from the Chicago Women's Interagency HIV-1 Study to investigate the association between CMV coinfection and immune activation: (1) HIV-1 viremic, (2) HIV-1 aviremic, and (3) HIV-1 uninfected. Quantitative measures of CMV serum IgG, CMV DNA, and serum biomarkers interleukin (IL)-6, soluble CD163 (sCD163), soluble CD14 (sCD14), and interferon gamma-induced protein (IP10) were obtained. Levels of CMV IgG and the serum biomarkers were significantly higher in the HIV-1 viremic group compared to the aviremic and uninfected groups (p < 0.001). No significant associations with CMV IgG levels were found for HIV-uninfected women. When each of the HIV-infected groups was analyzed, sCD14 levels in the viremic women were significantly associated with CMV IgG levels with p < 0.02 when adjusted for age, CD4 count, and HIV viral load. There was also a modest association (p = 0.036) with IL-6 from plasma and cervical vaginal lavage specimens both unadjusted and adjusted for CD4 count and HIV viral load. The association of CMV IgG level with sCD14 implicates the monocyte as a potential site for interaction of the two viruses, which eventually may lead to non-AIDS-defining pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nell S. Lurain
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara A. Hanson
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anna L. Hotton
- The CORE Center, Cook County Health and Hospital System, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathleen M. Weber
- The CORE Center, Cook County Health and Hospital System, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mardge H. Cohen
- The CORE Center, Cook County Health and Hospital System, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Transcriptome Analysis of Long Noncoding RNAs in Toll-Like Receptor 3-Activated Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:6205485. [PMID: 26681952 PMCID: PMC4670881 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6205485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess great immunomodulatory capacity which lays the foundation for their therapeutic effects in a variety of diseases. Recently, toll-like receptors (TLR) have been shown to modulate MSC functions; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Emerging evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are an important class of regulators involved in a wide range of biological processes. To explore the potential involvement of lncRNAs in TLR stimulated MSCs, we performed a comprehensive lncRNA and mRNA profiling through microarray. 10.2% of lncRNAs (1733 out of 16967) and 15.1% of mRNA transcripts (1760 out of 11632) were significantly differentially expressed (absolute fold-change ≥5
, P value ≤0.05) in TLR3 stimulated MSCs. Furthermore, we characterized the differentially expressed lncRNAs through their classes and length distribution and correlated them with differentially expressed mRNA. Here, we are the first to determine genome-wide lncRNAs expression patterns in TLR3 stimulated MSCs by microarray and this work could provide a comprehensive framework of the transcriptome landscapes of TLR3 stimulated MSCs.
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de Pablo-Bernal RS, Cañizares J, Rosado I, Galvá MI, Alvarez-Ríos AI, Carrillo-Vico A, Ferrando-Martínez S, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Rafii-El-Idrissi Benhnia M, Pacheco YM, Ramos R, Leal M, Ruiz-Mateos E. Monocyte Phenotype and Polyfunctionality Are Associated With Elevated Soluble Inflammatory Markers, Cytomegalovirus Infection, and Functional and Cognitive Decline in Elderly Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 71:610-8. [PMID: 26286603 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are mediators of the inflammatory response and include three subsets: classical, intermediate, and nonclassical. Little is known about the phenotypical and functional age-related changes in monocytes and their association with soluble inflammatory biomarkers, cytomegalovirus infection, and functional and mental decline. We assayed the activation ex vivo and the responsiveness to TLR2 and TLR4 agonists in vitro in the three subsets and assessed the intracellular production of IL1-alpha (α), IL1-beta (β), IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-10 of elderly adults (median 83 [67-90] years old;n= 20) compared with young controls (median 35 [27-40] years old;n= 20). Ex vivo, the elderly adults showed a higher percentage of classical monocytes that expressed intracellular IL1-α (p= .001), IL1-β (p= .001), IL-6 (p= .002), and IL-8 (p= .007). Similar results were obtained both for the intermediate and nonclassical subsets and in vitro. Polyfunctionality was higher in the elderly adults. The functionality ex vivo was strongly associated with soluble inflammatory markers. The activation phenotype was independently associated with the anti-cytomegalovirus IgG levels and with functional and cognitive decline. These data demonstrate that monocytes are key cell candidates for the source of the high soluble inflammatory levels. Our findings suggest that cytomegalovirus infection might be a driving force in the activation of monocytes and is associated with the functional and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Sara de Pablo-Bernal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
| | | | - Isaac Rosado
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
| | | | - Ana Isabel Alvarez-Ríos
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital IBiS/CSIC/SAS/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Carrillo-Vico
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Seville School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain. Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Envejecimiento y Fragilidad (RETICEF)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | | | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratory of Molecular Immuno-Biology Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mohammed Rafii-El-Idrissi Benhnia
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Yolanda María Pacheco
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Leal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
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Kumari P, Narayanan S, Kumar H. Herpesviruses: interfering innate immunity by targeting viral sensing and interferon pathways. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:187-201. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puja Kumari
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER); Bhopal India
| | - Sathish Narayanan
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER); Bhopal India
| | - Himanshu Kumar
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER); Bhopal India
- Laboratory of Host Defense; WPI Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University; Osaka Japan
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Mansfield S, Grießl M, Gutknecht M, Cook CH. Sepsis and cytomegalovirus: foes or conspirators? Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 204:431-7. [PMID: 25788396 PMCID: PMC4928686 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation in non-immune-suppressed critically ill patients is an area of increasing interest. CMV has long been appreciated as a pathogen in immunocompromised hosts. CMV reactivates in approximately one-third of latently infected non-immune-suppressed hosts during critical illness; however, its role as a pathogen in these patients remains unclear. CMV reactivation has been linked to bacterial sepsis and likely results from inflammation, transient immune compromise, and viral epigenetic changes. While CMV may improve immune response to some bacterial infections, other data suggest that CMV induces exaggerated responses to severe infections that may be harmful to latently infected hosts. These results also suggest that previous infection history may explain significant differences seen between human septic responses and murine models of sepsis. While critically ill human hosts clearly have worse outcomes associated with CMV reactivation, determining causality remains an area of investigation, with randomized control trials currently being performed. Here we review the current literature and highlight areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mansfield
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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