1
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Knop L, Spanier J, Larsen PK, Witte A, Bank U, Dunay IR, Kalinke U, Schüler T. IFNAR signaling in fibroblastic reticular cells can modulate CD8 + memory fate decision. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:895-906. [PMID: 35365883 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ memory T cells (TM ) are crucial for the long-term protection from infections and cancer. Multiple cell types and cytokines are involved in the regulation of CD8+ T cell responses and subsequent TM formation. Besides their direct antiviral effects, type I interferons (IFN-α/β) modulate CD8+ T cell immunity via their action on several immune cell subsets. However, it is largely unclear how non-immune cells are involved in this multicellular network modulating CD8+ TM formation. Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs), form the three-dimensional scaffold of secondary lymphoid organs, express the IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR) and modulate adaptive immune responses. However, it is unclear whether and how early IFNAR signals in lymph node (LN) FRCs affect CD8+ TM differentiation. Using peptide vaccination and viral infection, we studied CD8+ TM differentiation in mice with a FRC-specific IFNAR deletion (FRCΔIFNAR ). We show here that the differentiation of CD8+ TCR-transgenic T cells into central memory cells (TCM ) is enhanced in peptide-vaccinated FRCΔIFNAR mice. Conversely, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection of FRCΔIFNAR mice is associated with impaired TCM formation and the accumulation of VSV-specific double-positive (dp) CD127lo KLRG-1hi effector memory T cells. In summary, we provide evidence for a context-dependent contribution of FRC-specific IFNAR signaling to CD8+ TM differentiation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Knop
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Pia-Katharina Larsen
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Amelie Witte
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Ute Bank
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Ildiko R Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
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2
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Ghita L, Breitkopf V, Mulenge F, Pavlou A, Gern OL, Durán V, Prajeeth CK, Kohls M, Jung K, Stangel M, Steffen I, Kalinke U. Sequential MAVS and MyD88/TRIF signaling triggers anti-viral responses of tick-borne encephalitis virus-infected murine astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2478-2492. [PMID: 34296786 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is typically transmitted upon tick bite and can cause meningitis and encephalitis in humans. In TBEV-infected mice, mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), the downstream adaptor of retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) signaling, is needed to induce early type I interferon (IFN) responses and to confer protection. To characterize the brain-resident cell subset that produces protective IFN-β in TBEV-infected mice, we isolated neurons, astrocytes, and microglia from mice and exposed these cell types to TBEV in vitro. Under such conditions, neurons showed the highest percentage of infected cells, whereas astrocytes and microglia were infected to a lesser extent. In the supernatant (SN) of infected neurons, IFN-β was not detectable, while infected astrocytes showed high and microglia low IFN-β expression. Transcriptome analyses of astrocytes implied that MAVS signaling was needed early after TBEV infection. Accordingly, MAVS-deficient astrocytes showed enhanced TBEV infection and significantly reduced early IFN-β responses. Nevertheless, at later time points, moderate amounts of IFN-β were detected in the SN of infected MAVS-deficient astrocytes. Transcriptome analyses indicated that MAVS deficiency negatively affected the induction of early anti-viral responses, which resulted in significantly increased TBEV replication. Treatment with MyD88 and TRIF inhibiting peptides reduced only late IFN-β responses of TBEV-infected WT astrocytes and blocked entirely IFN-β responses of infected MAVS-deficient astrocytes. Thus, upon TBEV exposure of brain-resident cells, astrocytes are important IFN-β producers showing biphasic IFN-β induction that initially depends on MAVS and later on MyD88/TRIF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ghita
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Veronika Breitkopf
- Institute for Biochemistry and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Mulenge
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Pavlou
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olivia Luise Gern
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verónica Durán
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chittappen Kandiyil Prajeeth
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Kohls
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST, EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Imke Steffen
- Institute for Biochemistry and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST, EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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3
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Ghita L, Spanier J, Chhatbar C, Mulenge F, Pavlou A, Larsen PK, Waltl I, Lueder Y, Kohls M, Jung K, Best SM, Förster R, Stangel M, Schreiner D, Kalinke U. MyD88 signaling by neurons induces chemokines that recruit protective leukocytes to the virus-infected CNS. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/60/eabc9165. [PMID: 34172587 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abc9165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viral encephalitis initiates a series of immunological events in the brain that can lead to brain damage and death. Astrocytes express IFN-β in response to neurotropic infection, whereas activated microglia produce proinflammatory cytokines and accumulate at sites of infection. Here, we observed that neurotropic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection causes recruitment of leukocytes into the central nervous system (CNS), which requires MyD88, an adaptor of Toll-like receptor and interleukin-1 receptor signaling. Infiltrating leukocytes, and in particular CD8+ T cells, protected against lethal VSV infection of the CNS. Reconstitution of MyD88, specifically in neurons, restored chemokine production in the olfactory bulb as well as leukocyte recruitment into the infected CNS and enhanced survival. Comparative analysis of the translatome of neurons and astrocytes verified neurons as the critical source of chemokines, which regulated leukocyte infiltration of the infected brain and affected survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ghita
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Chintan Chhatbar
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Mulenge
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Pavlou
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,Center of Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Pia-Katharina Larsen
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Inken Waltl
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Yvonne Lueder
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Kohls
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sonja M Best
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, NIAID/NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST, EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,Center of Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST, EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST, EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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4
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Iampietro M, Dumont C, Mathieu C, Spanier J, Robert J, Charpenay A, Dupichaud S, Dhondt KP, Aurine N, Pelissier R, Ferren M, Mély S, Gerlier D, Kalinke U, Horvat B. Activation of cGAS/STING pathway upon paramyxovirus infection. iScience 2021; 24:102519. [PMID: 34142033 PMCID: PMC8188492 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During inflammatory diseases, cancer, and infection, the cGAS/STING pathway is known to recognize foreign or self-DNA in the cytosol and activate an innate immune response. Here, we report that negative-strand RNA paramyxoviruses, Nipah virus (NiV), and measles virus (MeV), can also trigger the cGAS/STING axis. Although mice deficient for MyD88, TRIF, and MAVS still moderately control NiV infection when compared with wild-type mice, additional STING deficiency resulted in 100% lethality, suggesting synergistic roles of these pathways in host protection. Moreover, deletion of cGAS or STING resulted in decreased type I interferon production with enhanced paramyxoviral infection in both human and murine cells. Finally, the phosphorylation and ubiquitination of STING, observed during viral infections, confirmed the activation of cGAS/STING pathway by NiV and MeV. Our data suggest that cGAS/STING activation is critical in controlling paramyxovirus infection and possibly represents attractive targets to develop countermeasures against severe disease induced by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Iampietro
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Claire Dumont
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection research, a joint venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Jonathan Robert
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Aude Charpenay
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Dupichaud
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Kévin P. Dhondt
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Noémie Aurine
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Rodolphe Pelissier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Marion Ferren
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Mély
- INSERM- Laboratoire P4 Jean Mérieux-21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon, France
| | - Denis Gerlier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection research, a joint venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hanover, Germany
| | - Branka Horvat
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
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5
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Duhan V, Khairnar V, Kitanovski S, Hamdan TA, Klein AD, Lang J, Ali M, Adomati T, Bhat H, Friedrich SK, Li F, Krebs P, Futerman AH, Addo MM, Hardt C, Hoffmann D, Lang PA, Lang KS. Integrin Alpha E (CD103) Limits Virus-Induced IFN-I Production in Conventional Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 11:607889. [PMID: 33584680 PMCID: PMC7873973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early and strong production of IFN-I by dendritic cells is important to control vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), however mechanisms which explain this cell-type specific innate immune activation remain to be defined. Here, using a genome wide association study (GWAS), we identified Integrin alpha-E (Itgae, CD103) as a new regulator of antiviral IFN-I production in a mouse model of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection. CD103 was specifically expressed by splenic conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and limited IFN-I production in these cells during VSV infection. Mechanistically, CD103 suppressed AKT phosphorylation and mTOR activation in DCs. Deficiency in CD103 accelerated early IFN-I in cDCs and prevented death in VSV infected animals. In conclusion, CD103 participates in regulation of cDC specific IFN-I induction and thereby influences immune activation after VSV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Immunity, Innate
- Integrin alpha Chains/genetics
- Integrin alpha Chains/metabolism
- Interferon Type I/metabolism
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred AKR
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Vesicular Stomatitis/genetics
- Vesicular Stomatitis/immunology
- Vesicular Stomatitis/metabolism
- Vesicular Stomatitis/virology
- Vesiculovirus/growth & development
- Vesiculovirus/pathogenicity
- Virus Replication
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Duhan
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Vishal Khairnar
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Simo Kitanovski
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thamer A. Hamdan
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Medical Laboratories, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Madaba, Amman, Jordan
| | - Andrés D. Klein
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Universidad Del Desarrollo Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
| | - Judith Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Murtaza Ali
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tom Adomati
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hilal Bhat
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah-Kim Friedrich
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Fanghui Li
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philippe Krebs
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anthony H. Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Marylyn M. Addo
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Division of Infectious Diseases, 1st Department of Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riemse, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Hardt
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philipp A. Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S. Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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6
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Schaupp L, Muth S, Rogell L, Kofoed-Branzk M, Melchior F, Lienenklaus S, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Klein M, Guendel F, Hain T, Schütze K, Grundmann U, Schmitt V, Dorsch M, Spanier J, Larsen PK, Schwanz T, Jäckel S, Reinhardt C, Bopp T, Danckwardt S, Mahnke K, Heinz GA, Mashreghi MF, Durek P, Kalinke U, Kretz O, Huber TB, Weiss S, Wilhelm C, Macpherson AJ, Schild H, Diefenbach A, Probst HC. Microbiota-Induced Type I Interferons Instruct a Poised Basal State of Dendritic Cells. Cell 2020; 181:1080-1096.e19. [PMID: 32380006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental signals shape host physiology and fitness. Microbiota-derived cues are required to program conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) during the steady state so that they can promptly respond and initiate adaptive immune responses when encountering pathogens. However, the molecular underpinnings of microbiota-guided instructive programs are not well understood. Here, we report that the indigenous microbiota controls constitutive production of type I interferons (IFN-I) by plasmacytoid DCs. Using genome-wide analysis of transcriptional and epigenetic regulomes of cDCs from germ-free and IFN-I receptor (IFNAR)-deficient mice, we found that tonic IFNAR signaling instructs a specific epigenomic and metabolic basal state that poises cDCs for future pathogen combat. However, such beneficial biological function comes with a trade-off. Instructed cDCs can prime T cell responses against harmless peripheral antigens when removing roadblocks of peripheral tolerance. Our data provide fresh insights into the evolutionary trade-offs that come with successful adaptation of vertebrates to their microbial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schaupp
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Strasse 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Muth
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Leif Rogell
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Strasse 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kofoed-Branzk
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Strasse 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix Melchior
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Ganal-Vonarburg
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Guendel
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Strasse 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Hain
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristian Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrike Grundmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Schmitt
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Martina Dorsch
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Pia-Katharina Larsen
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwanz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Jäckel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; University Cancer Center Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)
| | - Sven Danckwardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Posttranscriptional Gene Regulation, Cancer Research and Experimental Hemostasis, University Medical Centre Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Karsten Mahnke
- Department of Dermatology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gitta Anne Heinz
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Kretz
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Neuroanatomy, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Wilhelm
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrew J Macpherson
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Helmholtz Institute Translational Oncology, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 63, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Strasse 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hans Christian Probst
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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7
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Control of Nipah Virus Infection in Mice by the Host Adaptors Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein (MAVS) and Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response 88 (MyD88). J Infect Dis 2019; 221:S401-S406. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) type I plays a critical role in the protection of mice from lethal Nipah virus (NiV) infection, but mechanisms responsible for IFN-I induction remain unknown. In the current study, we demonstrated the critical role of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein signaling pathway in IFN-I production and NiV replication in murine embryonic fibroblasts in vitro, and the redundant but essential roles of both mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 adaptors, but not toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance [TIR] domain–containing adaptor–inducing IFN-β (TRIF), in the control of NiV infection in mice. These results reveal potential novel targets for antiviral intervention and help in understanding NiV immunopathogenesis.
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8
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STING induces early IFN-β in the liver and constrains myeloid cell-mediated dissemination of murine cytomegalovirus. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2830. [PMID: 31249303 PMCID: PMC6597531 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus is a DNA-encoded β-herpesvirus that induces STING-dependent type 1 interferon responses in macrophages and uses myeloid cells as a vehicle for dissemination. Here we report that STING knockout mice are as resistant to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection as wild-type controls, whereas mice with a combined Toll-like receptor/RIG-I-like receptor/STING signaling deficiency do not mount type 1 interferon responses and succumb to the infection. Although STING alone is dispensable for survival, early IFN-β induction in Kupffer cells is STING-dependent and controls early hepatic virus propagation. Infection experiments with an inducible reporter MCMV show that STING constrains MCMV replication in myeloid cells and limits viral dissemination via these cells. By contrast, restriction of viral dissemination from hepatocytes to other organs is independent of STING. Thus, during MCMV infection STING is involved in early IFN-β induction in Kupffer cells and the restriction of viral dissemination via myeloid cells, whereas it is dispensable for survival.
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9
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Solmaz G, Puttur F, Francozo M, Lindenberg M, Guderian M, Swallow M, Duhan V, Khairnar V, Kalinke U, Ludewig B, Clausen BE, Wagner H, Lang KS, Sparwasser TD. TLR7 Controls VSV Replication in CD169 + SCS Macrophages and Associated Viral Neuroinvasion. Front Immunol 2019; 10:466. [PMID: 30930901 PMCID: PMC6428728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an insect-transmitted rhabdovirus that is neurovirulent in mice. Upon peripheral VSV infection, CD169+ subcapsular sinus (SCS) macrophages capture VSV in the lymph, support viral replication, and prevent CNS neuroinvasion. To date, the precise mechanisms controlling VSV infection in SCS macrophages remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that Toll-like receptor-7 (TLR7), the main sensing receptor for VSV, is central in controlling lymph-borne VSV infection. Following VSV skin infection, TLR7−/− mice display significantly less VSV titers in the draining lymph nodes (dLN) and viral replication is attenuated in SCS macrophages. In contrast to effects of TLR7 in impeding VSV replication in the dLN, TLR7−/− mice present elevated viral load in the brain and spinal cord highlighting their susceptibility to VSV neuroinvasion. By generating novel TLR7 floxed mice, we interrogate the impact of cell-specific TLR7 function in anti-viral immunity after VSV skin infection. Our data suggests that TLR7 signaling in SCS macrophages supports VSV replication in these cells, increasing LN infection and may account for the delayed onset of VSV-induced neurovirulence observed in TLR7−/− mice. Overall, we identify TLR7 as a novel and essential host factor that critically controls anti-viral immunity to VSV. Furthermore, the novel mouse model generated in our study will be of valuable importance to shed light on cell-intrinsic TLR7 biology in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülhas Solmaz
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Franz Puttur
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcela Francozo
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Lindenberg
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Guderian
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Maxine Swallow
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Vikas Duhan
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vishal Khairnar
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute of Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hermann Wagner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tim D Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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10
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Müller E, Speth M, Christopoulos PF, Lunde A, Avdagic A, Øynebråten I, Corthay A. Both Type I and Type II Interferons Can Activate Antitumor M1 Macrophages When Combined With TLR Stimulation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2520. [PMID: 30450098 PMCID: PMC6224375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering or enhancing antitumor activity of tumor-associated macrophages is an attractive strategy for cancer treatment. We have previously shown that the cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a type II IFN, could synergize with toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists for induction of antitumor M1 macrophages. However, the toxicity of IFN-γ limits its clinical use. Here, we investigated whether the less toxic type I IFNs, IFN-α, and IFN-β, could potentially replace IFN-γ for induction of antitumor M1 macrophages. We measured in vitro the ability of type I and II IFNs to synergize with TLR agonists for transcription of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and secretion of nitric oxide (NO) by mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). An in vitro growth inhibition assay was used to measure both cytotoxic and cytostatic activity of activated macrophages against Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cancer cells. We found that both type I and II IFNs could synergize with TLR agonists in inducing macrophage-mediated inhibition of cancer cell growth, which was dependent on NO. The ability of high dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce tumoricidal activity in macrophages in the absence of IFN-γ was shown to depend on induction of autocrine type I IFNs. Antitumor M1 macrophages could also be generated in the absence of IFN-γ by a combination of two TLR ligands when using the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) which induces autocrine type I IFNs. Finally, we show that encapsulation of poly(I:C) into nanoparticles improved its potency to induce M1 macrophages up to 100-fold. This study reveals the potential of type I IFNs for activation of antitumor macrophages and indicates new avenues for cancer immunotherapy based on type I IFN signaling, including combination of TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Müller
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Speth
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Panagiotis F Christopoulos
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Lunde
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ajna Avdagic
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Øynebråten
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandre Corthay
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Mzinza DT, Fleige H, Laarmann K, Willenzon S, Ristenpart J, Spanier J, Sutter G, Kalinke U, Valentin-Weigand P, Förster R. Application of light sheet microscopy for qualitative and quantitative analysis of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue in mice. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:875-887. [PMID: 29429996 PMCID: PMC6207560 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) develops at unpredictable locations around lung bronchi following pulmonary inflammation. The formation and composition of BALT have primarily been investigated by immunohistology that, due to the size of the invested organ, is usually restricted to a limited number of histological sections. To assess the entire BALT of the lung, other approaches are urgently needed. Here, we introduce a novel light sheet microscopy-based approach for assessing lymphoid tissue in the lung. Using antibody staining of whole lung lobes and optical clearing by organic solvents, we present a method that allows in-depth visualization of the entire bronchial tree, the lymphatic vasculature and the immune cell composition of the induced BALT. Furthermore, three-dimensional analysis of the entire lung allows the qualitative and quantitative enumeration of the induced BALT. Using this approach, we show that a single intranasal application of the replication-deficient poxvirus MVA induces BALT that constitutes up to 8% of the entire lung volume in mice deficient in CCR7, in contrast to wild type mice (WT). Furthermore, BALT induced by heat-inactivated E. coli is dominated by a pronounced T cell infiltration in Cxcr5-deficient mice, in contrast to WT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrike Fleige
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristin Laarmann
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, University of Munich LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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12
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Kaye PM. Stromal Cell Responses in Infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1060:23-36. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78127-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Balathasan L, Tang VA, Yadollahi B, Brun J, Labelle M, Lefebvre C, Swift SL, Stojdl DF. Activating Peripheral Innate Immunity Enables Safe and Effective Oncolytic Virotherapy in the Brain. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2017; 7:45-56. [PMID: 29062886 PMCID: PMC5645178 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The oncolytic mutant vesicular stomatitis virus VSVΔ51 achieves robust efficacy in multiple extracranial tumor models. Yet for malignancies of the brain, direct intratumoral infusion of VSVΔ51 causes lethal virus-induced neuropathology. Here, we have developed a novel therapeutic regime that uses peripheral immunization with a single sub-lethal dose of VSVΔ51 to establish an acute anti-viral state that enables the safe intracranial (IC) infusion of an otherwise lethal dose of VSVΔ51 within just 6 hr. Although type I interferons alone appeared insufficient to explain this protective phenotype, serum isolated at early time points from primed animals conferred protection against an IC dose of virus. Adaptive immune populations had minimal contributions. Finally, the therapeutic utility of this novel strategy was demonstrated by peripherally priming and intracranially treating mice bearing aggressive CT2A syngeneic astrocytomas with VSVΔ51. Approximately 25% of animals achieved complete regression of established tumors, with no signs of virus-induced neurological impairment. This approach may harness an early warning system in the brain that has evolved to protect the host against otherwise lethal neurotropic viral infections. We have exploited this protective mechanism to safely and efficaciously treat brain tumors with an otherwise neurotoxic virus, potentially widening the available treatment options for oncolytic virotherapy in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukxmi Balathasan
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Vera A Tang
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Beta Yadollahi
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.,Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jan Brun
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Melanie Labelle
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Charles Lefebvre
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Stephanie L Swift
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - David F Stojdl
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.,Department of Biology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, 75 Laurier Ave. E., Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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14
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Ruangkiattikul N, Nerlich A, Abdissa K, Lienenklaus S, Suwandi A, Janze N, Laarmann K, Spanier J, Kalinke U, Weiss S, Goethe R. cGAS-STING-TBK1-IRF3/7 induced interferon-β contributes to the clearing of non tuberculous mycobacterial infection in mice. Virulence 2017; 8:1303-1315. [PMID: 28422568 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1321191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I), such as IFN-α and IFN-β are important messengers in the host response against bacterial infections. Knowledge about the role of IFN-I in infections by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is limited. Here we show that macrophages infected with pathogens of the Mycobacterium avium complex produced significantly lower amounts of IFN-β than macrophages infected with the opportunistic pathogen M. smegmatis. To dissect the molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon, we focused on the obligate pathogen Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis (MAP) and the opportunistic M. smegmatis. Viability of both bacteria was required for induction of IFN-β in macrophages. Both bacteria induced IFN-β via the cGAS-STING-TBK1-IRF3/7-pathway of IFN-β activation. Stronger phosphorylation of TBK1 and higher amounts of extracellular bacterial DNA in the macrophage cytosol were found in M. smegmatis infected macrophages than in MAP infected macrophages. After intraperitoneal infection of mice, a strong Ifnb induction by M. smegmatis correlated with clearance of the bacteria. In contrast, MAP only induced weak Ifnb expression which correlated with bacterial persistence and increased number of granulomas in the liver. In mice lacking the type I interferon receptor we observed improved survival of M. smegmatis while survival of MAP was similar to that in wildtype mice. On the other hand, treatment of MAP infected wildtype mice with the IFN-I inducer poly(I:C) or recombinant IFN-β impaired the survival of MAP. This indicates an essential role of IFN-I in clearing infections by MAP and M. smegmatis. The expression level of IFN-I is decisive for transient versus persistent NTM infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Nerlich
- a Institute for Microbiology , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Ketema Abdissa
- a Institute for Microbiology , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany.,b Department of Molecular Immunology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- b Department of Molecular Immunology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Abdulhadi Suwandi
- b Department of Molecular Immunology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Nina Janze
- a Institute for Microbiology , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Kristin Laarmann
- a Institute for Microbiology , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Julia Spanier
- c Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research , a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- c Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research , a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- b Department of Molecular Immunology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany.,d Institute of Immunology , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Ralph Goethe
- a Institute for Microbiology , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
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15
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Andzinski L, Spanier J, Kasnitz N, Kröger A, Jin L, Brinkmann MM, Kalinke U, Weiss S, Jablonska J, Lienenklaus S. Growing tumors induce a local STING dependent Type I IFN response in dendritic cells. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:1350-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Andzinski
- Molecular Immunology; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School; Germany Hannover
| | - Nadine Kasnitz
- Molecular Immunology; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Andrea Kröger
- Innate Immunity and Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Otto-von-Guericke-University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Lei Jin
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College; Albany NY
| | - Melanie M. Brinkmann
- Viral Immune Modulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School; Germany Hannover
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Molecular Immunology; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Jadwiga Jablonska
- Molecular Immunology; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
- Translational Oncology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Molecular Immunology; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School; Germany Hannover
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
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16
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Paijo J, Döring M, Spanier J, Grabski E, Nooruzzaman M, Schmidt T, Witte G, Messerle M, Hornung V, Kaever V, Kalinke U. cGAS Senses Human Cytomegalovirus and Induces Type I Interferon Responses in Human Monocyte-Derived Cells. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005546. [PMID: 27058035 PMCID: PMC4825940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections of healthy individuals are mostly unnoticed and result in viral latency. However, HCMV can also cause devastating disease, e.g., upon reactivation in immunocompromised patients. Yet, little is known about human immune cell sensing of DNA-encoded HCMV. Recent studies indicated that during viral infection the cyclic GMP/AMP synthase (cGAS) senses cytosolic DNA and catalyzes formation of the cyclic di-nucleotide cGAMP, which triggers stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and thus induces antiviral type I interferon (IFN-I) responses. We found that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) as well as monocyte-derived DC and macrophages constitutively expressed cGAS and STING. HCMV infection further induced cGAS, whereas STING expression was only moderately affected. Although pDC expressed particularly high levels of cGAS, and the cGAS/STING axis was functional down-stream of STING, as indicated by IFN-I induction upon synthetic cGAMP treatment, pDC were not susceptible to HCMV infection and mounted IFN-I responses in a TLR9-dependent manner. Conversely, HCMV infected monocyte-derived cells synthesized abundant cGAMP levels that preceded IFN-I production and that correlated with the extent of infection. CRISPR/Cas9- or siRNA-mediated cGAS ablation in monocytic THP-1 cells and primary monocyte-derived cells, respectively, impeded induction of IFN-I responses following HCMV infection. Thus, cGAS is a key sensor of HCMV for IFN-I induction in primary human monocyte-derived DC and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Paijo
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marius Döring
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elena Grabski
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmidt
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Witte
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Volkhard Kaever
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Xu Y, Wu D, Fan Y, Li P, Du H, Shi J, Wang D, Zhou X. Novel Recombinant Protein FlaA N/C Protects against Radiation Injury via NF-κB Signaling. Radiat Res 2015; 185:77-86. [PMID: 26789847 DOI: 10.1667/rr14174.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongming Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanchun Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Peigeng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongfei Du
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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Abortively Infected Astrocytes Appear To Represent the Main Source of Interferon Beta in the Virus-Infected Brain. J Virol 2015; 90:2031-8. [PMID: 26656686 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02979-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Interferon beta (IFN-β) is a key component of cellular innate immunity in mammals, and it constitutes the first line of defense during viral infection. Studies with cultured cells previously showed that almost all nucleated cells are able to produce IFN-β to various extents, but information about the in vivo sources of IFN-β remains incomplete. By applying immunohistochemistry and employing conditional-reporter mice that express firefly luciferase under the control of the IFN-β promoter in either all or only distinct cell types, we found that astrocytes are the main producers of IFN-β after infection of the brain with diverse neurotropic viruses, including rabies virus, Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus. Analysis of a panel of knockout mouse strains revealed that sensing of viral components via both RIG-I-like helicases and Toll-like receptors contributes to IFN induction in the infected brain. A genetic approach to permanently mark rabies virus-infected cells in the brain showed that a substantial number of astrocytes became labeled and, therefore, must have been infected by the virus at least transiently. Thus, our results strongly indicate that abortive viral infection of astrocytes can trigger pattern recognition receptor signaling events which result in secretion of IFN-β that confers antiviral protection. IMPORTANCE Previous work indicated that astrocytes are the main producers of IFN after viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS), but it remained unclear how astrocytes might sense those viruses which preferentially replicate in neurons. We have now shown that virus sensing by both RIG-I-like helicases and Toll-like receptors is involved. Our results further demonstrate that astrocytes get infected in a nonproductive manner under these conditions, indicating that abortive infection of astrocytes plays a previously unappreciated role in the innate antiviral defenses of the CNS.
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Next-generation sequencing reveals a controlled immune response to Zaire Ebola virus challenge in cynomolgus macaques immunized with vesicular stomatitis virus expressing Zaire Ebola virus glycoprotein (VSVΔG/EBOVgp). CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:354-6. [PMID: 25589554 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00733-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus expressing Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein (VSVΔG/EBOVgp) could be used as a vaccine to meet the 2014 Ebola virus outbreak. To characterize the host response to this vaccine, we used mRNA sequencing to analyze peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from cynomolgus macaques after VSVΔG/EBOVgp immunization and subsequent EBOV challenge. We found a controlled transcriptional response that transitioned to immune regulation as the EBOV was cleared. This observation supports the safety of the vaccine.
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M27 expressed by cytomegalovirus counteracts effective type I interferon induction of myeloid cells but not of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Virol 2014; 88:13638-50. [PMID: 25231302 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00216-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In healthy individuals, the functional immune system effectively confines human cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication, while viral immune evasion and persistence preclude sterile immunity. Mouse CMV (MCMV) is a well-established model to study the delicate CMV-host balance. Effective control of MCMV infection depends on the induction of protective type I interferon (IFN-I) responses. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether in professional antigen-presenting cell subsets MCMV-encoded evasins inhibit the induction of IFN-I responses. Upon MCMV treatment, enhanced expression of MCMV immediate-early and early proteins was detected in bone marrow cultures of macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells compared with plasmacytoid dendritic cell cultures, whereas plasmacytoid dendritic cells mounted more vigorous IFN-I responses. Experiments with Toll-like receptor (TLR)- and/or RIG-I like helicase (RLH)-deficient cell subsets revealed that upon MCMV treatment of myeloid cells, IFN-I responses were triggered independently of TLR and RLH signaling, whereas in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, IFN-I induction was strictly TLR dependent. Macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells treated with either UV-inactivated MCMV or live MCMV that lacked the STAT2 antagonist M27 mounted significantly higher IFN-I responses than cells treated with live wild-type MCMV. In contrast, plasmacytoid dendritic cells responded similarly to UV-inactivated and live MCMV. These experiments illustrated that M27 not only inhibited IFN-I-mediated receptor signaling, but also evaded the induction of IFN responses in myeloid dendritic cells. Furthermore, we found that additional MCMV-encoded evasins were needed to efficiently shut off IFN-I responses of macrophages, but not of myeloid dendritic cells, thus further elucidating the subtle adjustment of the host-pathogen balance. IMPORTANCE MCMV may induce IFN-I responses in fibroblasts and epithelial cells, as well as in antigen-presenting cell subsets. We focused on the analysis of IFN-I responses of antigen-presenting cell subsets, including plasmacytoid dendritic cells, myeloid dendritic cells, and macrophages, which are all triggered by MCMV to mount IFN-I responses. Interestingly, myeloid dendritic cells and macrophages, but not plasmacytoid dendritic cells, are readily MCMV infected and support viral gene expression. As expected from previous studies, plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense MCMV Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) dependently, whereas in myeloid cells, IFN-I induction is entirely TLR and RLH independent. MCMV-encoded M27 does not impair the IFN-I induction of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, while in myeloid dendritic cells, it reduces IFN-I responses. In macrophages, M27 plus other, not yet identified evasins profoundly inhibit the induction of IFN-I responses. Collectively, these results illustrate that MCMV has evolved diverse mechanisms to differentially modulate IFN-I responses in single immune cell subsets.
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