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Went M, Duran-Lozano L, Halldorsson GH, Gunnell A, Ugidos-Damboriena N, Law P, Ekdahl L, Sud A, Thorleifsson G, Thodberg M, Olafsdottir T, Lamarca-Arrizabalaga A, Cafaro C, Niroula A, Ajore R, Lopez de Lapuente Portilla A, Ali Z, Pertesi M, Goldschmidt H, Stefansdottir L, Kristinsson SY, Stacey SN, Love TJ, Rognvaldsson S, Hajek R, Vodicka P, Pettersson-Kymmer U, Späth F, Schinke C, Van Rhee F, Sulem P, Ferkingstad E, Hjorleifsson Eldjarn G, Mellqvist UH, Jonsdottir I, Morgan G, Sonneveld P, Waage A, Weinhold N, Thomsen H, Försti A, Hansson M, Juul-Vangsted A, Thorsteinsdottir U, Hemminki K, Kaiser M, Rafnar T, Stefansson K, Houlston R, Nilsson B. Deciphering the genetics and mechanisms of predisposition to multiple myeloma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6644. [PMID: 39103364 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy of plasma cells. Epidemiological studies indicate a substantial heritable component, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, in a genome-wide association study totaling 10,906 cases and 366,221 controls, we identify 35 MM risk loci, 12 of which are novel. Through functional fine-mapping and Mendelian randomization, we uncover two causal mechanisms for inherited MM risk: longer telomeres; and elevated levels of B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) and interleukin-5 receptor alpha (IL5RA) in plasma. The largest increase in BCMA and IL5RA levels is mediated by the risk variant rs34562254-A at TNFRSF13B. While individuals with loss-of-function variants in TNFRSF13B develop B-cell immunodeficiency, rs34562254-A exerts a gain-of-function effect, increasing MM risk through amplified B-cell responses. Our results represent an analysis of genetic MM predisposition, highlighting causal mechanisms contributing to MM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Went
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Laura Duran-Lozano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Andrea Gunnell
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Nerea Ugidos-Damboriena
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Philip Law
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Ludvig Ekdahl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Amit Sud
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | | | - Malte Thodberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Antton Lamarca-Arrizabalaga
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Caterina Cafaro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Abhishek Niroula
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ram Ajore
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aitzkoa Lopez de Lapuente Portilla
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zain Ali
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maroulio Pertesi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Sigurdur Y Kristinsson
- Landspitali, National University Hospital of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Simon N Stacey
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorvardur J Love
- Landspitali, National University Hospital of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Saemundur Rognvaldsson
- Landspitali, National University Hospital of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Roman Hajek
- University Hospital Ostrava and University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Florentin Späth
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carolina Schinke
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Frits Van Rhee
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Patrick Sulem
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | - Gareth Morgan
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pieter Sonneveld
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3075 EA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anders Waage
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Box 8905, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Niels Weinhold
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Asta Försti
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Section of Hematology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, SE-413 45, Sweden
- Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annette Juul-Vangsted
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital of Copenhagen at Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Hemminki
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30605, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kaiser
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Thorunn Rafnar
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Richard Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK.
| | - Björn Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.
- Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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Turi M, Anilkumar Sithara A, Hofmanová L, Žihala D, Radhakrishnan D, Vdovin A, Knápková S, Ševčíková T, Chyra Z, Jelínek T, Šimíček M, Gullà A, Anderson KC, Hájek R, Hrdinka M. Transcriptome Analysis of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Cells Inducibly Expressing MyD88 L265P Mutation Identifies Upregulated CD44, LGALS3, NFKBIZ, and BATF as Downstream Targets of Oncogenic NF-κB Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065623. [PMID: 36982699 PMCID: PMC10057398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
During innate immune responses, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) functions as a critical signaling adaptor protein integrating stimuli from toll-like receptors (TLR) and the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) family and translates them into specific cellular outcomes. In B cells, somatic mutations in MyD88 trigger oncogenic NF-κB signaling independent of receptor stimulation, which leads to the development of B-cell malignancies. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and downstream signaling targets remain unresolved. We established an inducible system to introduce MyD88 to lymphoma cell lines and performed transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) to identify genes differentially expressed by MyD88 bearing the L265P oncogenic mutation. We show that MyD88L265P activates NF-κB signaling and upregulates genes that might contribute to lymphomagenesis, including CD44, LGALS3 (coding Galectin-3), NFKBIZ (coding IkBƺ), and BATF. Moreover, we demonstrate that CD44 can serve as a marker of the activated B-cell (ABC) subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and that CD44 expression is correlated with overall survival in DLBCL patients. Our results shed new light on the downstream outcomes of MyD88L265P oncogenic signaling that might be involved in cellular transformation and provide novel therapeutical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Turi
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 70100 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Anjana Anilkumar Sithara
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 70100 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Hofmanová
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - David Žihala
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 70100 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Dhwani Radhakrishnan
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 70100 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Vdovin
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 70100 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Sofija Knápková
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 70100 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Ševčíková
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 70100 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Chyra
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Jelínek
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šimíček
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Annamaria Gullà
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kenneth Carl Anderson
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Roman Hájek
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Matouš Hrdinka
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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3
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van Buijtenen E, Janssen W, Vink P, Habraken MJM, Wingens LJA, van Elsas A, Huck WTS, van Buggenum JAGL, van Eenennaam H. Integrated Single-Cell (Phospho-)Protein and RNA Detection Uncovers Phenotypic Characteristics and Active Signal Transduction of Human Antibody-Secreting Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100492. [PMID: 36623694 PMCID: PMC9943876 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell technologies are currently widely applied to obtain a deeper understanding of the phenotype of single-cells in heterogenous mixtures. However, integrated multilayer approaches including simultaneous detection of mRNA, protein expression, and intracellular phospho-proteins are still challenging. Here, we combined an adapted method to in vitro-differentiate peripheral B-cells into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) (i.e., plasmablasts and plasma cells) with integrated multi-omic single-cell sequencing technologies to detect and quantify immunoglobulin subclass-specific surface markers, transcriptional profiles, and signaling transduction pathway components. Using a common set of surface proteins, we integrated two multimodal datasets to combine mRNA, protein expression, and phospho-protein detection in one integrated dataset. Next, we tested whether ASCs that only seem to differ in its ability to secrete different IgM, IgA, or IgG antibodies exhibit other differences that characterize these different ASCs. Our approach detected differential expression of plasmablast and plasma cell markers, homing receptors, and TNF receptors. In addition, differential sensitivity was observed for the different cytokine stimulations that were applied during in vitro differentiation. For example, IgM ASCs were more sensitive to IL-15, while IgG ASC responded more to IL-6 and IFN addition. Furthermore, tonic BCR activity was detected in IgA and IgM ASCs, while IgG ASC exhibited active BCR-independent SYK activity and NF-κB and mTOR signaling. We confirmed these findings using flow cytometry and small molecules inhibitors, demonstrating the importance of SYK, NF-κB, and mTOR activity for plasmablast/plasma cell differentiation/survival and/or IgG secretion. Taken together, our integrated multi-omics approach allowed high-resolution phenotypic characterization of single cells in a heterogenous sample of in vitro-differentiated human ASCs. Our strategy is expected to further our understanding of human ASCs in healthy and diseased samples and provide a valuable tool to identify novel biomarkers and potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik van Buijtenen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Aduro Biotech, Oss, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Laura J A Wingens
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Wilhelm T S Huck
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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4
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The cellular biology of plasma cells: Unmet challenges and opportunities. Immunol Lett 2023; 254:6-12. [PMID: 36646289 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cells and the antibodies they secrete are paramount for protection against infection but can also be implicated in diseases including autoantibody-mediated disease and multiple myeloma. Plasma cell terminal differentiation relies on a transcriptional switch and on important morphological changes. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are partly understood and how plasma cells manage to survive for long periods of time while secreting large quantities of antibodies remains unclear. In this review we aim to put in perspective what is known about plasma cell cellular biology to highlight the challenges faced by this field of research but also to illustrate how new opportunities may arise from the study of the fundamental mechanisms sustaining plasma cell survival and function.
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Shrestha K, Al-Alem L, Garcia P, Wynn MAA, Hannon PR, Jo M, Drnevich J, Duffy DM, Curry Jr TE. Neurotensin expression, regulation, and function during the ovulatory period in the mouse ovary†. Biol Reprod 2023; 108:107-120. [PMID: 36345168 PMCID: PMC9843676 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The luteinizing hormone (LH) surge induces paracrine mediators within the ovarian follicle that promote ovulation. The present study explores neurotensin (NTS), a neuropeptide, as a potential ovulatory mediator in the mouse ovary. Ovaries and granulosa cells (GCs) were collected from immature 23-day-old pregnant mare serum gonadotropin primed mice before (0 h) and after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG; an LH analog) across the periovulatory period (4, 8, 12, and 24 h). In response to hCG, Nts expression rapidly increased 250-fold at 4 h, remained elevated until 8 h, and decreased until 24 h. Expression of Nts receptors for Ntsr1 remained unchanged across the periovulatory period, Ntsr2 was undetectable, whereas Sort1 expression (also called Ntsr3) gradually decreased in both the ovary and GCs after hCG administration. To better understand Nts regulation, inhibitors of the LH/CG signaling pathways were utilized. Our data revealed that hCG regulated Nts expression through the protein kinase A (PKA) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) signaling pathways. Additionally, epidermal-like-growth factor (EGF) receptor signaling also mediated Nts induction in GCs. To elucidate the role of NTS in the ovulatory process, we used a Nts silencing approach (si-Nts) followed by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). RNA-seq analysis of GCs collected after hCG with or without si-Nts identified and qPCR confirmed Ell2, Rsad2, Vps37a, and Smtnl2 as genes downstream of Nts. In summary, these findings demonstrate that hCG induces Nts and that Nts expression is mediated by PKA, p38MAPK, and EGF receptor signaling pathways. Additionally, NTS regulates several novel genes that could potentially impact the ovulatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan Shrestha
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Linah Al-Alem
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Priscilla Garcia
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Michelle A A Wynn
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Patrick R Hannon
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Misung Jo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jenny Drnevich
- Roy J Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Diane M Duffy
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas E Curry Jr
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Lin L, Lin G, Lin H, Chen L, Chen X, Lin Q, Xu Y, Zeng Y. Integrated profiling of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related DERL3 in the prognostic and immune features of lung adenocarcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:906420. [PMID: 36275646 PMCID: PMC9585215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.906420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DERL3 has been implicated as an essential element in the degradation of misfolded lumenal glycoproteins induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, the correlation of DERL3 expression with the malignant phenotype of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells is unclear and remains to be elucidated. Herein, we investigated the interaction between the DERL3 and LUAD pathological process. Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was utilized to determine the genetic alteration of DERL3 in stage I LUAD. Clinical LUAD samples including carcinoma and adjacent tissues were obtained and were further extracted to detect DERL3 mRNA expression via RT-qPCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the protein expression of DERL3 in LUAD tissues. The GEPIA and TIMER website were used to evaluate the correlation between DERL3 and immune cell infiltration. We further used the t-SNE map to visualize the distribution of DERL3 in various clusters at the single-cell level via TISCH database. The potential mechanisms of the biological process mediated by DERL3 in LUAD were conducted via KEGG and GSEA. Results It was indicated that DERL3 was predominantly elevated in carcinoma compared with adjacent tissues in multiple kinds of tumors from the TCGA database, especially in LUAD. Immunohistochemistry validated that DERL3 was also upregulated in LUAD tissues compared with adjacent tissues from individuals. DERL3 was preliminarily found to be associated with immune infiltration via the TIMER database. Further, the t-SNE map revealed that DERL3 was predominantly enriched in plasma cells of the B cell population. It was demonstrated that DERL3 high-expressed patients presented significantly worse response to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. GSEA and KEGG results indicated that DERL3 was positively correlated with B cell activation and unfolded protein response (UPR). Conclusion Our findings indicated that DERL3 might play an essential role in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) process in LUAD. Moreover, DERL3 may act as a promising immune biomarker, which could predict the efficacy of immunotherapy in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Guofu Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Luyang Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Qinhui Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
- Clinical Research Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yiming Zeng, ; Yuan Xu,
| | - Yiming Zeng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Respiratory Medicine Center of Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
- Clinical Research Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yiming Zeng, ; Yuan Xu,
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7
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Boothby MR, Brookens SK, Raybuck AL, Cho SH. Supplying the trip to antibody production-nutrients, signaling, and the programming of cellular metabolism in the mature B lineage. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:352-369. [PMID: 34782762 PMCID: PMC8591438 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00782-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID pandemic has refreshed and expanded recognition of the vital role that sustained antibody (Ab) secretion plays in our immune defenses against microbes and of the importance of vaccines that elicit Ab protection against infection. With this backdrop, it is especially timely to review aspects of the molecular programming that govern how the cells that secrete Abs arise, persist, and meet the challenge of secreting vast amounts of these glycoproteins. Whereas plasmablasts and plasma cells (PCs) are the primary sources of secreted Abs, the process leading to the existence of these cell types starts with naive B lymphocytes that proliferate and differentiate toward several potential fates. At each step, cells reside in specific microenvironments in which they not only receive signals from cytokines and other cell surface receptors but also draw on the interstitium for nutrients. Nutrients in turn influence flux through intermediary metabolism and sensor enzymes that regulate gene transcription, translation, and metabolism. This review will focus on nutrient supply and how sensor mechanisms influence distinct cellular stages that lead to PCs and their adaptations as factories dedicated to Ab secretion. Salient findings of this group and others, sometimes exhibiting differences, will be summarized with regard to the journey to a distinctive metabolic program in PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Boothby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology & Immunology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Shawna K Brookens
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ariel L Raybuck
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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8
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Ajore R, Niroula A, Pertesi M, Cafaro C, Thodberg M, Went M, Bao EL, Duran-Lozano L, Lopez de Lapuente Portilla A, Olafsdottir T, Ugidos-Damboriena N, Magnusson O, Samur M, Lareau CA, Halldorsson GH, Thorleifsson G, Norddahl GL, Gunnarsdottir K, Försti A, Goldschmidt H, Hemminki K, van Rhee F, Kimber S, Sperling AS, Kaiser M, Anderson K, Jonsdottir I, Munshi N, Rafnar T, Waage A, Weinhold N, Thorsteinsdottir U, Sankaran VG, Stefansson K, Houlston R, Nilsson B. Functional dissection of inherited non-coding variation influencing multiple myeloma risk. Nat Commun 2022; 13:151. [PMID: 35013207 PMCID: PMC8748989 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thousands of non-coding variants have been associated with increased risk of human diseases, yet the causal variants and their mechanisms-of-action remain obscure. In an integrative study combining massively parallel reporter assays (MPRA), expression analyses (eQTL, meQTL, PCHiC) and chromatin accessibility analyses in primary cells (caQTL), we investigate 1,039 variants associated with multiple myeloma (MM). We demonstrate that MM susceptibility is mediated by gene-regulatory changes in plasma cells and B-cells, and identify putative causal variants at six risk loci (SMARCD3, WAC, ELL2, CDCA7L, CEP120, and PREX1). Notably, three of these variants co-localize with significant plasma cell caQTLs, signaling the presence of causal activity at these precise genomic positions in an endogenous chromosomal context in vivo. Our results provide a systematic functional dissection of risk loci for a hematologic malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Ajore
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, BMC B13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Abhishek Niroula
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, BMC B13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 415 Main Street, Boston, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Maroulio Pertesi
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, BMC B13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Caterina Cafaro
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, BMC B13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malte Thodberg
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, BMC B13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Molly Went
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Erik L Bao
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 415 Main Street, Boston, MA, 02142, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Duran-Lozano
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, BMC B13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Nerea Ugidos-Damboriena
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, BMC B13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olafur Magnusson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Mehmet Samur
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caleb A Lareau
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 415 Main Street, Boston, MA, 02142, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Asta Försti
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kari Hemminki
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Prague, 30605, Czech Republic
| | | | - Scott Kimber
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Adam S Sperling
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin Kaiser
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Anderson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Nikhil Munshi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thorunn Rafnar
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Anders Waage
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Box 8905, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Niels Weinhold
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Vijay G Sankaran
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 415 Main Street, Boston, MA, 02142, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Richard Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Björn Nilsson
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, BMC B13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 415 Main Street, Boston, MA, 02142, USA.
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9
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Hemminki K, Försti A, Houlston R, Sud A. Epidemiology, genetics and treatment of multiple myeloma and precursor diseases. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1980-1996. [PMID: 34398972 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy caused by the clonal expansion of plasma cells. The incidence of MM worldwide is increasing with greater than 140 000 people being diagnosed with MM per year. Whereas 5-year survival after a diagnosis of MM has improved from 28% in 1975 to 56% in 2012, the disease remains essentially incurable. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of MM including its epidemiology, genetics and biology. We will also provide an overview of MM management that has led to improvements in survival, including recent changes to diagnosis and therapies. Areas of unmet need include the management of patients with high-risk MM, those with reduced performance status and those refractory to standard therapies. Ongoing research into the biology and early detection of MM as well as the development of novel therapies, such as immunotherapies, has the potential to influence MM practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Hemminki
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asta Försti
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Amit Sud
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,The Department of Haemato-Oncology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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10
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Trezise S, Nutt SL. The gene regulatory network controlling plasma cell function. Immunol Rev 2021; 303:23-34. [PMID: 34109653 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are an essential element of the immune response to infection, and in long-term protection upon re-exposure to the same micro-organism. Antibodies are produced by plasmablasts and plasma cells, the terminally differentiated cells of the B lymphocyte lineage. These relatively rare populations, collectively termed antibody secreting cells (ASCs), have developed highly specialized transcriptional and metabolic pathways to facilitate their extraordinarily high rates of antibody synthesis and secretion. In this review, we discuss the gene regulatory network that controls ASC identity and function, with a particular focus on the processes that influence the transcription, translation, folding, modification and secretion of antibodies. We will address how ASCs have adapted their transcriptional, metabolic and protein homeostasis pathways to sustain such high rates of antibody production, and the roles that the major ASC regulators, the transcription factors, Irf4, Blimp-1 and Xbp1, play in co-ordinating these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Trezise
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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11
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Ripperger TJ, Bhattacharya D. Transcriptional and Metabolic Control of Memory B Cells and Plasma Cells. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 39:345-368. [PMID: 33556247 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-125603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For many infections and almost all vaccines, neutralizing-antibody-mediated immunity is the primary basis and best functional correlate of immunological protection. Durable long-term humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies secreted by plasma cells that preexist subsequent exposures and by memory B cells that rapidly respond to infections once they have occurred. In the midst of the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019, it is important to define our current understanding of the unique roles of memory B cells and plasma cells in immunity and the factors that control the formation and persistence of these cell types. This fundamental knowledge is the basis to interpret findings from natural infections and vaccines. Here, we review transcriptional and metabolic programs that promote and support B cell fates and functions, suggesting points at which these pathways do and do not intersect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Ripperger
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA; ,
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA; ,
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12
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Pertesi M, Went M, Hansson M, Hemminki K, Houlston RS, Nilsson B. Genetic predisposition for multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2020; 34:697-708. [PMID: 31913320 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0703-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common blood malignancy. Epidemiological family studies going back to the 1920s have provided evidence for familial aggregation, suggesting a subset of cases have an inherited genetic background. Recently, studies aimed at explaining this phenomenon have begun to provide direct evidence for genetic predisposition to MM. Genome-wide association studies have identified common risk alleles at 24 independent loci. Sequencing studies of familial cases and kindreds have begun to identify promising candidate genes where variants with strong effects on MM risk might reside. Finally, functional studies are starting to give insight into how identified risk alleles promote the development of MM. Here, we review recent findings in MM predisposition field, and highlight open questions and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroulio Pertesi
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, BMC B13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Molly Went
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Markus Hansson
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, BMC B13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center, Charles University in Prague, 30605, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Björn Nilsson
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, BMC B13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden. .,Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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13
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Wang Z, Zhong M, Song Q, Pascal LE, Yang Z, Wu Z, Wang K, Wang Z. Anti-apoptotic factor Birc3 is up-regulated by ELL2 knockdown and stimulates proliferation in LNCaP cells. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2019; 7:223-231. [PMID: 31511829 PMCID: PMC6734035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ELL2 is a potential tumor suppressor in prostate cancer. ELL2 knockout in mice induced mPIN, the putative precursor of prostate cancer and ELL2 knockdown enhanced proliferation in cultured prostate cancer cells. To explore the mechanism of ELL2 action in prostate cancer, we investigated the role of Birc3, an apoptosis inhibitor, in prostate cancer cells and the regulation of its expression by ELL2. ELL2 knockdown enhanced Birc3 expression in LNCaP and C4-2 cell line models. BrdU assay showed that Birc3 knockdown inhibited proliferation, ELL2 knockdown enhanced proliferation, and Birc3 knockdown counteracted ELL2 knockdown-induced proliferation in LNCaP cells. Trypan blue assay suggested that Birc3 knockout did not induce cell death in LNCaP cells. These findings suggested that Birc3 is a downstream gene of ELL2 and may play a role in driving prostate cancer proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha, China
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mingming Zhong
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qiong Song
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Laura E Pascal
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha, China
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zeyu Wu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha, China
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, and University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
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14
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Krueger CC, Thoms F, Keller E, Vogel M, Bachmann MF. Virus-Specific Secondary Plasma Cells Produce Elevated Levels of High-Avidity Antibodies but Are Functionally Short Lived. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1831. [PMID: 31447844 PMCID: PMC6691049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most vaccines aim at inducing durable antibody responses and are designed to elicit strong B cell activation and plasma cell (PC) formation. Here we report characteristics of a recently described secondary PC population that rapidly originates from memory B cells (MBCs) upon challenge with virus-like particles (VLPs). Upon secondary antigen challenge, all VLP-specific MBCs proliferated and terminally differentiated to secondary PCs or died, as they could not undergo multiple rounds of re-stimulation. Secondary PCs lived in bone marrow and secondary lymphoid organs and exhibited increased production of antibodies with much higher avidity compared to primary PCs, supplying a swift wave of high avidity antibodies early after antigen recall. Unexpectedly, however, secondary PCs were functionally short-lived and most of them could not be retrieved in lymphoid organs and ceased to produce antibodies. Nevertheless, secondary PCs are an early source of high avidity antibodies and induction of long-lived MBCs with the capacity to rapidly differentiate to secondary PCs may therefore be an underestimated possibility to induce durable protection by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Krueger
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Thoms
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Elsbeth Keller
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monique Vogel
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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ELL2 Is Downregulated and Associated with Galactose-Deficient IgA1 in IgA Nephropathy. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:2407067. [PMID: 31275443 PMCID: PMC6589307 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2407067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is an important causal factor in IgA nephropathy; however, the underlying mechanism for the production of Gd-IgA1 is unknown. The elongation factor for RNA polymerase II (ELL2), which encoded a key component of the superelongation complex (SEC), drives secretory-specific Ig mRNA production. Methods We enrolled 21 patients with IgAN, 18 healthy controls, and 20 patients with non-IgAN glomerulonephritis. The differential expression of ELL2 was compared using publically available data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. The relationship between ELL2 expressions and galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) levels in serum were also studied. At last, the results were validated by shELL2 treatment experiment. Results We found that the number of CD19+ B cells was increased in IgAN patients compared to healthy controls. The expression level of ELL2 in patients with IgAN was significantly lower than that of healthy control and disease control. Consistent with present results, the lower ELL2 expression in IgAN patients was observed in microarray expression profiles from GEO datasets. Pearson correlation analysis showed that ELL2 expression negatively correlated with Gd-IgA1 levels. Furthermore, in an in vitro experiment, we found that loss of ELL2 function in human B lymphoma DAKIKI cells, an IgA1-producing cell line, increased the levels of Gd-IgA1, which confirmed that ELL2 modulated the levels of Gd-IgA1. Conclusion Our findings implied that decreased ELL2 expression was negatively correlated with the numbers of B cells and aberrant glycosylation of IgA1 in IgAN.
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16
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Ghobrial A, Flick N, Daly R, Hoffman M, Milcarek C. ELL2 Influences Transcription Elongation, Splicing, Ig Secretion and Growth. JOURNAL OF MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2019; 3:112. [PMID: 31930204 PMCID: PMC6953911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
ELL2 was previously discovered as a member of the Super Elongation Complex. It is involved in driving the maturation of B cells to plasma cells through shifting patterns of RNA processing, favoring generation of the secretory form of heavy chain immunoglobulin (IgH) associated with plasma cells. ELL2 influences the expression and splicing patterns of more than 4,000 genes in antibody secreting cells. The ELL2 gene has been implicated in cancers such as multiple myeloma and salivary gland carcinoma. A member of the ELL family (ELL1) was recently proven to act as an E3 ubiquitin ligase to known proto-oncogene, c-Myc, through a highly conserved cysteine residue in the C-terminal CEYLH region. Comparison of sequence homology shows this region is conserved between the three members of the ELL family, leading us to hypothesize that the other two ELLs (2 and 3) could serve the same role. In this review, we summarize what is known about ELL2 with respect to its role in driving B cell to plasma cell differentiation as well as its potential role in tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christine Milcarek
- Corresponding author: Dr. Christine Milcarek, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Tel: 02-3937-6828;
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17
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Zhong M, Pascal LE, Cheng E, Masoodi KZ, Chen W, Green A, Cross BW, Parrinello E, Rigatti LH, Wang Z. Concurrent EAF2 and ELL2 loss phenocopies individual EAF2 or ELL2 loss in prostate cancer cells and murine prostate. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2018; 6:234-244. [PMID: 30697579 PMCID: PMC6334201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Elongation factor for RNA polymerase II 2 (ELL2) and ELL-associated factor 2 (EAF2) are two functionally related androgen responsive gene-encoded proteins with prostate tumor suppressor characteristics. EAF2 and ELL2 have both been shown to be down-regulated in advanced prostate cancer, and mice with either Eaf2 or Ell2 deficiency developed murine prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN), increased cellular proliferation and increased vascularity. Functional studies have revealed that EAF2 and ELL2 can bind to each other and have similar roles in regulating cell proliferation, angiogenesis and prostate homeostasis. Here, cell line experiments showed that knockdown of EAF2 or ELL2 induced an increase in proliferation and migration in C4-2 and 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells. Concurrent knockdown of EAF2 and ELL2 increased proliferation and migration similarly to the loss of EAF2 or ELL2 alone. Mice with homozygous deletion of Ell2 or heterozygous deletion of Eaf2 developed mPIN lesions characterized by increased epithelial proliferation, intraductal microvessel density, and infiltrating intraductal CD3-positive T-cells compared to wild-type controls. Mice with combined heterozygous deletion of Eaf2 and Ell2 developed mPIN lesions that were similar to those observed in mice with deficiency in Eaf2 or Ell2 alone. These results suggest that EAF2 and ELL2 have similar functions and are likely to require each other in their regulation of prostate epithelial cell proliferation and migration in prostate cancer cells as well as their tumor suppressive properties in the murine prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhong
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Laura E Pascal
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Erdong Cheng
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Khalid Z Masoodi
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
- Transcriptomics Lab, Division of Plant BiotechnologySKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anthony Green
- Department of Pathology, Pitt Biospecimen Core, School of Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brian W Cross
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Erica Parrinello
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lora H Rigatti
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhou Wang
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
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18
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Carew NT, Nelson AM, Liang Z, Smith SM, Milcarek C. Linking Endoplasmic Reticular Stress and Alternative Splicing. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123919. [PMID: 30544499 PMCID: PMC6321306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA splicing patterns in antibody-secreting cells are shaped by endoplasmic reticulum stress, ELL2 (eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia gene 2) induction, and changes in the levels of snRNAs. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces the unfolded protein response comprising a highly conserved set of genes crucial for cell survival; among these is Ire1, whose auto-phosphorylation drives it to acquire a regulated mRNA decay activity. The mRNA-modifying function of phosphorylated Ire1 non-canonically splices Xbp1 mRNA and yet degrades other cellular mRNAs with related motifs. Naïve splenic B cells will activate Ire1 phosphorylation early on after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, within 18 h; large-scale changes in mRNA content and splicing patterns result. Inhibition of the mRNA-degradation function of Ire1 is correlated with further differences in the splicing patterns and a reduction in the mRNA factors for snRNA transcription. Some of the >4000 splicing changes seen at 18 h after LPS stimulation persist into the late stages of antibody secretion, up to 72 h. Meanwhile some early splicing changes are supplanted by new splicing changes introduced by the up-regulation of ELL2, a transcription elongation factor. ELL2 is necessary for immunoglobulin secretion and does this by changing mRNA processing patterns of immunoglobulin heavy chain and >5000 other genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan T Carew
- School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, E1059 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Ashley M Nelson
- School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, E1059 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Zhitao Liang
- School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, E1059 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Sage M Smith
- School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, E1059 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Christine Milcarek
- School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, E1059 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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19
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Nelson AM, Carew NT, Smith SM, Milcarek C. RNA Splicing in the Transition from B Cells to Antibody-Secreting Cells: The Influences of ELL2, Small Nuclear RNA, and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:3073-3083. [PMID: 30297340 PMCID: PMC6219926 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the transition from B cells to Ab-secreting cells (ASCs) many genes are induced, such as ELL2, Irf4, Prdm1, Xbp1, whereas other mRNAs do not change in abundance. Nonetheless, using splicing array technology and mouse splenic B cells plus or minus LPS, we found that induced and "uninduced" genes can show large differences in splicing patterns between the cell stages, which could influence ASC development. We found that ∼55% of these splicing changes depend on ELL2, a transcription elongation factor that influences expression levels and splicing patterns of ASC signature genes, genes in the cell-cycle and N-glycan biosynthesis and processing pathways, and the secretory versus membrane forms of the IgH mRNA. Some of these changes occur when ELL2 binds directly to the genes encoding those mRNAs, whereas some of the changes are indirect. To attempt to account for the changes that occur in RNA splicing before or without ELL2 induction, we examined the amount of the small nuclear RNA molecules and found that they were significantly decreased within 18 h of LPS stimulation and stayed low until 72 h. Correlating with this, at 18 h after LPS, endoplasmic reticulum stress and Ire1 phosphorylation are induced. Inhibiting the regulated Ire1-dependent mRNA decay with 4u8C correlates with the reduction in small nuclear RNA and changes in the normal splicing patterns at 18 h. Thus, we conclude that the RNA splicing patterns in ASCs are shaped early by endoplasmic reticulum stress and Ire1 phosphorylation and later by ELL2 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Nelson
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Nolan T Carew
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Sage M Smith
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Christine Milcarek
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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20
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Takeuchi N, Nonen S, Kato M, Wakeno M, Takekita Y, Kinoshita T, Kugawa F. Therapeutic Response to Paroxetine in Major Depressive Disorder Predicted by DNA Methylation. Neuropsychobiology 2018; 75:81-88. [PMID: 29131015 DOI: 10.1159/000480512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antidepressants have variable therapeutic effects, depending on genetic and environmental factors. Approximately 30% of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients do not respond significantly to antidepressants such as paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). However, the biological mechanisms behind this phenomenon are mostly unknown. Here, we examined the role of patients' epigenetic background in SSRI efficacy. METHODS Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of the peripheral blood of Japanese MDD patients was performed by using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. RESULTS We compared the results of the 10 patients who best responded to paroxetine (BR) with the 10 worst responders (WR), and found 623 CpG sites with a >10% difference in DNA methylation level. Among them, 218 sites were nominally significant between BR and WR (p < 0.05), and 2 sites (cg00594917 and cg07260927) were significantly different after false discovery rate (FDR) correction (q < 0.05). The methylation difference was greatest at cg00594917, located in the first exon of the PPFIA4 gene, which codes for liprin-α (p = 0.00012). Hierarchical cluster analysis of 23 CpG sites in the PPFIA4 gene distinguished BR and WR, except for 1 WR patient. The cg07260927 site was located in the 5'UTR of the heparin sulfate-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1 (HS3ST1) gene (p = 0.00013). Hierarchical cluster analysis of 28 CpG sites in HS3ST1 distinguished BR and WR, except for 1 WR and 2 BR patients. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that patients' DNA methylation profile at specific genes such as PPFIA4 and HS3ST1 is associated with individual variations in therapeutic responses to paroxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Takeuchi
- School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Hyogo, Japan
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21
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Genetic Predisposition to Multiple Myeloma at 5q15 Is Mediated by an ELL2 Enhancer Polymorphism. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2556-2564. [PMID: 28903037 PMCID: PMC5608969 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells. Genome-wide association studies have shown that variation at 5q15 influences MM risk. Here, we have sought to decipher the causal variant at 5q15 and the mechanism by which it influences tumorigenesis. We show that rs6877329 G > C resides in a predicted enhancer element that physically interacts with the transcription start site of ELL2. The rs6877329-C risk allele is associated with reduced enhancer activity and lowered ELL2 expression. Since ELL2 is critical to the B cell differentiation process, reduced ELL2 expression is consistent with inherited genetic variation contributing to arrest of plasma cell development, facilitating MM clonal expansion. These data provide evidence for a biological mechanism underlying a hereditary risk of MM at 5q15.
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22
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Ali M, Ajore R, Wihlborg AK, Niroula A, Swaminathan B, Johnsson E, Stephens OW, Morgan G, Meissner T, Turesson I, Goldschmidt H, Mellqvist UH, Gullberg U, Hansson M, Hemminki K, Nahi H, Waage A, Weinhold N, Nilsson B. The multiple myeloma risk allele at 5q15 lowers ELL2 expression and increases ribosomal gene expression. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1649. [PMID: 29695719 PMCID: PMC5917026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we identified ELL2 as a susceptibility gene for multiple myeloma (MM). To understand its mechanism of action, we performed expression quantitative trait locus analysis in CD138+ plasma cells from 1630 MM patients from four populations. We show that the MM risk allele lowers ELL2 expression in these cells (Pcombined = 2.5 × 10−27; βcombined = −0.24 SD), but not in peripheral blood or other tissues. Consistent with this, several variants representing the MM risk allele map to regulatory genomic regions, and three yield reduced transcriptional activity in plasmocytoma cell lines. One of these (rs3777189-C) co-locates with the best-supported lead variants for ELL2 expression and MM risk, and reduces binding of MAFF/G/K family transcription factors. Moreover, further analysis reveals that the MM risk allele associates with upregulation of gene sets related to ribosome biogenesis, and knockout/knockdown and rescue experiments in plasmocytoma cell lines support a cause–effect relationship. Our results provide mechanistic insight into MM predisposition. ELL2 was recently discovered as a susceptibility gene for multiple myeloma (MM). Here, they show that the MM risk allele lowers ELL2 expression in plasma cells, that it also upregulates gene sets related to ribosome biogenesis, and that one of the linked variants reduces binding of MAFF/G/K family transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ali
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, SE 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ram Ajore
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, SE 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Wihlborg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, SE 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Abhishek Niroula
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, SE 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bhairavi Swaminathan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, SE 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ellinor Johnsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, SE 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Owen W Stephens
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Gareth Morgan
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Tobias Meissner
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Avera Cancer Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, 57105, USA
| | - Ingemar Turesson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, SE 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases, Ulm, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Urban Gullberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, SE 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Markus Hansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, SE 221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Hematology Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, SE 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kari Hemminki
- German Cancer Research Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, SE 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Hareth Nahi
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Waage
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Niels Weinhold
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Björn Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, SE 221 84, Lund, Sweden. .,Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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23
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Budzyńska PM, Kyläniemi MK, Lassila O, Nera KP, Alinikula J. BLIMP-1 is insufficient to induce antibody secretion in the absence of IRF4 in DT40 cells. Scand J Immunol 2018; 87. [PMID: 29430664 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), plasmablasts and plasma cells is regulated by a network of transcription factors. Within this network, factors including PAX5 and BCL6 prevent ASC differentiation and maintain the B cell phenotype. In contrast, BLIMP-1 and high IRF4 expression promote plasma cell differentiation. BLIMP-1 is thought to induce immunoglobulin secretion, whereas IRF4 is needed for the survival of ASCs. The role of IRF4 in the regulation of antibody secretion has remained controversial. To study the role of IRF4 in the regulation of antibody secretion, we have created a double knockout (DKO) DT40 B cell line deficient in both IRF4 and BCL6. Although BCL6-deficient DT40 B cell line had upregulated BLIMP-1 expression and secreted antibodies, the DKO cell line did not. Even enforced BLIMP-1 expression in DKO cells or IRF4-deficient cells could not induce IgM secretion while in WT DT40 cells, it could. However, enforced IRF4 expression in DKO cells induced strong IgM secretion. Our findings support a model where IRF4 expression in addition to BLIMP-1 expression is required to induce robust antibody secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Budzyńska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Doctoral Programme of Biomedical Sciences and Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - M K Kyläniemi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - O Lassila
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - K-P Nera
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - J Alinikula
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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24
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Pascal LE, Masoodi KZ, Liu J, Qiu X, Song Q, Wang Y, Zang Y, Yang T, Wang Y, Rigatti LH, Chandran U, Colli LM, Vencio RZN, Lu Y, Zhang J, Wang Z. Conditional deletion of ELL2 induces murine prostate intraepithelial neoplasia. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:123-136. [PMID: 28870994 PMCID: PMC5679084 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Elongation factor, RNA polymerase II, 2 (ELL2) is an RNA Pol II elongation factor with functional properties similar to ELL that can interact with the prostate tumor suppressor EAF2. In the prostate, ELL2 is an androgen response gene that is upregulated in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We recently showed that ELL2 loss could enhance prostate cancer cell proliferation and migration, and that ELL2 gene expression was downregulated in high Gleason score prostate cancer specimens. Here, prostate-specific deletion of ELL2 in a mouse model revealed a potential role for ELL2 as a prostate tumor suppressor in vivoEll2-knockout mice exhibited prostatic defects including increased epithelial proliferation, vascularity and PIN lesions similar to the previously determined prostate phenotype in Eaf2-knockout mice. Microarray analysis of prostates from Ell2-knockout and wild-type mice on a C57BL/6J background at age 3 months and qPCR validation at 17 months of age revealed a number of differentially expressed genes associated with proliferation, cellular motility and epithelial and neural differentiation. OncoPrint analysis identified combined downregulation or deletion in prostate adenocarcinoma cases from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data portal. These results suggest that ELL2 and its pathway genes likely play an important role in the development and progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Pascal
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Khalid Z Masoodi
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Transcriptomics LabDivision of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - June Liu
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaonan Qiu
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- School of MedicineTsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Song
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Translational MedicineGuangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yachen Zang
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of UrologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tiejun Yang
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of UrologyHenan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of UrologyChina-Japan Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lora H Rigatti
- Division of Laboratory Animal ResourcesUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Uma Chandran
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsUniversity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leandro M Colli
- Ribeirao Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Z N Vencio
- Department of Computing and Mathematics FFCLRP-USPUniversity of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related DiseasesMinistry of Education, China and Center for Translational Medicine Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Department of BiologySouthern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related DiseasesMinistry of Education, China and Center for Translational Medicine Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Department of BiologySouthern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical BiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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25
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IgH isotype-specific B cell receptor expression influences B cell fate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E8411-E8420. [PMID: 28923960 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704962114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ig heavy chain (IgH) isotypes (e.g., IgM, IgG, and IgE) are generated as secreted/soluble antibodies (sIg) or as membrane-bound (mIg) B cell receptors (BCRs) through alternative RNA splicing. IgH isotype dictates soluble antibody function, but how mIg isotype influences B cell behavior is not well defined. We examined IgH isotype-specific BCR function by analyzing naturally switched B cells from wild-type mice, as well as by engineering polyclonal Ighγ1/γ1 and Ighε/ε mice, which initially produce IgG1 or IgE from their respective native genomic configurations. We found that B cells from wild-type mice, as well as Ighγ1/γ1 and Ighε/ε mice, produce transcripts that generate IgM, IgG1, and IgE in an alternative splice form bias hierarchy, regardless of cell stage. In this regard, we found that mIgμ > mIgγ1 > mIgε, and that these BCR expression differences influence respective developmental fitness. Restrained B cell development from Ighγ1/γ1 and Ighε/ε mice was proportional to sIg/mIg ratios and was rescued by enforced expression of the respective mIgs. In addition, artificially enhancing BCR signal strength permitted IgE+ memory B cells-which essentially do not exist under normal conditions-to provide long-lived memory function, suggesting that quantitative BCR signal weakness contributes to restraint of IgE B cell responses. Our results indicate that IgH isotype-specific mIg/BCR dosage may play a larger role in B cell fate than previously anticipated.
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26
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Kassambara A, Jourdan M, Bruyer A, Robert N, Pantesco V, Elemento O, Klein B, Moreaux J. Global miRNA expression analysis identifies novel key regulators of plasma cell differentiation and malignant plasma cell. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:5639-5652. [PMID: 28459970 PMCID: PMC5449613 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that attenuate expression of their mRNA targets. Here, we developed a new method and an R package, to easily infer candidate miRNA–mRNA target interactions that could be functional during a given biological process. Using this method, we described, for the first time, a comprehensive integrated analysis of miRNAs and mRNAs during human normal plasma cell differentiation (PCD). Our results reveal 63 miRNAs with significant temporal changes in their expression during normal PCD. We derived a high-confidence network of 295 target relationships comprising 47 miRNAs and 141 targets. These relationships include new examples of miRNAs that appear to coordinately regulate multiple members of critical pathways associated with PCD. Consistent with this, we have experimentally validated a role for the miRNA-30b/c/d-mediated regulation of key PCD factors (IRF4, PRDM1, ELL2 and ARID3A). Furthermore, we found that 24 PCD stage-specific miRNAs are aberrantly overexpressed in multiple myeloma (MM) tumor plasma cells compared to their normal counterpart, suggesting that MM cells frequently acquired expression changes in miRNAs already undergoing dynamic expression modulation during normal PCD. Altogether, our analysis identifies candidate novel key miRNAs regulating networks of significance for normal PCD and malignant plasma cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alboukadel Kassambara
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHRU Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France.,Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-UPR1142, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Jourdan
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-UPR1142, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Angélique Bruyer
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHRU Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France.,Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-UPR1142, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Robert
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHRU Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Olivier Elemento
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Bernard Klein
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHRU Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France.,Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-UPR1142, 34000 Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier 1, UFR de Médecine, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Moreaux
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHRU Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France.,Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-UPR1142, 34000 Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier 1, UFR de Médecine, 34000 Montpellier, France
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27
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Lam WY, Bhattacharya D. Metabolic Links between Plasma Cell Survival, Secretion, and Stress. Trends Immunol 2017; 39:19-27. [PMID: 28919256 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Humoral immunity is generated and maintained by antigen-specific antibodies that counter infectious pathogens. Plasma cells are the major producers of antibodies during and after infections, and each plasma cell produces some thousands of antibody molecules per second. This magnitude of secretion requires enormous quantities of amino acids and glycosylation sugars to properly build and fold antibodies, biosynthetic substrates to fuel endoplasmic reticulum (ER) biogenesis, and additional carbon sources to generate energy. Many of these processes are likely to be linked, thereby affording possibilities to improve vaccine design and to develop new therapies for autoimmunity. We review here aspects of plasma cell biology with an emphasis on recent studies and the relationships between intermediary metabolism, antibody production, and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Y Lam
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Current address: Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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28
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Alexander LEMM, Watters J, Reusch JA, Maurin M, Nepon-Sixt BS, Vrzalikova K, Alexandrow MG, Murray PG, Wright KL. Selective expression of the transcription elongation factor ELL3 in B cells prior to ELL2 drives proliferation and survival. Mol Immunol 2017; 91:8-16. [PMID: 28858629 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
B cell activation is dependent on a large increase in transcriptional output followed by focused expression on secreted immunoglobulin as the cell transitions to an antibody producing plasma cell. The rapid transcriptional induction is facilitated by the release of poised RNA pol II into productive elongation through assembly of the super elongation complex (SEC). We report that a SEC component, the Eleven -nineteen Lysine-rich leukemia (ELL) family member 3 (ELL3) is dynamically up-regulated in mature and activated human B cells followed by suppression as B cells transition to plasma cells in part mediated by the transcription repressor PRDM1. Burkitt's lymphoma and a sub-set of Diffuse Large B cell lymphoma cell lines abundantly express ELL3. Depletion of ELL3 in the germinal center derived lymphomas results in severe disruption of DNA replication and cell division along with increased DNA damage and cell death. This restricted utilization and survival dependence reveal a key step in B cell activation and indicate a potential therapeutic target against B cell lymphoma's with a germinal center origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou-Ella M M Alexander
- Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States; Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - January Watters
- Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States; Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Jessica A Reusch
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Michelle Maurin
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Brook S Nepon-Sixt
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Katerina Vrzalikova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark G Alexandrow
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Paul G Murray
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth L Wright
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
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29
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Sharma N. Regulation of RNA polymerase II-mediated transcriptional elongation: Implications in human disease. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:709-16. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Sharma
- University School of Biotechnology, G.G.S. Indraprastha University; Dwarka New Delhi 110078 India
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30
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Regulation of normal B-cell differentiation and malignant B-cell survival by OCT2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2039-46. [PMID: 26993806 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600557113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The requirement for the B-cell transcription factor OCT2 (octamer-binding protein 2, encoded by Pou2f2) in germinal center B cells has proved controversial. Here, we report that germinal center B cells are formed normally after depletion of OCT2 in a conditional knockout mouse, but their proliferation is reduced and in vivo differentiation to antibody-secreting plasma cells is blocked. This finding led us to examine the role of OCT2 in germinal center-derived lymphomas. shRNA knockdown showed that almost all diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell lines are addicted to the expression of OCT2 and its coactivator OCA-B. Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis and gene-expression profiling revealed the broad transcriptional program regulated by OCT2 that includes the expression of STAT3, IL-10, ELL2, XBP1, MYC, TERT, and ADA. Importantly, genetic alteration of OCT2 is not a requirement for cellular addiction in DLBCL. However, we detected amplifications of the POU2F2 locus in DLBCL tumor biopsies and a recurrent mutation of threonine 223 in the DNA-binding domain of OCT2. This neomorphic mutation subtly alters the DNA-binding preference of OCT2, leading to the transactivation of noncanonical target genes including HIF1a and FCRL3 Finally, by introducing mutations designed to disrupt the OCT2-OCA-B interface, we reveal a requirement for this protein-protein interface that ultimately might be exploited therapeutically. Our findings, combined with the predominantly B-cell-restricted expression of OCT2 and the absence of a systemic phenotype in our knockout mice, suggest that an OCT2-targeted therapeutic strategy would be efficacious in both major subtypes of DLBCL while avoiding systemic toxicity.
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Minnich M, Tagoh H, Bönelt P, Axelsson E, Fischer M, Cebolla B, Tarakhovsky A, Nutt SL, Jaritz M, Busslinger M. Multifunctional role of the transcription factor Blimp-1 in coordinating plasma cell differentiation. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:331-43. [PMID: 26779602 PMCID: PMC5790184 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Blimp-1 is necessary for the generation of plasma cells. Here we studied its functions in plasmablast differentiation by identifying regulated Blimp-1 target genes. Blimp-1 promoted the migration and adhesion of plasmablasts. It directly repressed genes encoding several transcription factors and Aicda (which encodes the cytidine deaminase AID) and thus silenced B cell-specific gene expression, antigen presentation and class-switch recombination in plasmablasts. It directly activated genes, which led to increased expression of the plasma cell regulator IRF4 and proteins involved in immunoglobulin secretion. Blimp-1 induced the transcription of immunoglobulin genes by controlling the 3' enhancers of the loci encoding the immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) and κ-light chain (Igk) and, furthermore, regulated the post-transcriptional expression switch from the membrane-bound form of the immunoglobulin heavy chain to its secreted form by activating Ell2 (which encodes the transcription-elongation factor ELL2). Notably, Blimp-1 recruited chromatin-remodeling and histone-modifying complexes to regulate its target genes. Hence, many essential functions of plasma cells are under the control of Blimp-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Minnich
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bönelt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elin Axelsson
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatriz Cebolla
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stephen L. Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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Blimp-1 controls plasma cell function through the regulation of immunoglobulin secretion and the unfolded protein response. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:323-30. [PMID: 26779600 PMCID: PMC4757736 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasma cell differentiation requires silencing of B cell transcription, while establishing antibody-secretory function and long-term survival. The transcription factors Blimp-1 and IRF4 are essential for plasma cell generation, however their function in mature plasma cells has remained elusive. We have found that while IRF4 was essential for plasma cell survival, Blimp-1 was dispensable. Blimp-1-deficient plasma cells retained their transcriptional identity, but lost the ability to secrete antibody. Blimp-1 regulated many components of the unfolded protein response (UPR), including XBP-1 and ATF6. The overlap of Blimp-1 and XBP-1 function was restricted to the UPR, with Blimp-1 uniquely regulating mTOR activity and plasma cell size. Thus, Blimp-1 is required for the unique physiological capacity of plasma cells that enables the secretion of protective antibody.
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The Role of Alternative Splicing in the Control of Immune Homeostasis and Cellular Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:ijms17010003. [PMID: 26703587 PMCID: PMC4730250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA helps to enhance the genetic diversity within mammalian cells by increasing the number of protein isoforms that can be generated from one gene product. This provides a great deal of flexibility to the host cell to alter protein function, but when dysregulation in splicing occurs this can have important impact on health and disease. Alternative splicing is widely used in the mammalian immune system to control the development and function of antigen specific lymphocytes. In this review we will examine the splicing of pre-mRNAs yielding key proteins in the immune system that regulate apoptosis, lymphocyte differentiation, activation and homeostasis, and discuss how defects in splicing can contribute to diseases. We will describe how disruption to trans-acting factors, such as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), can impact on cell survival and differentiation in the immune system.
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Smith SM, Carew NT, Milcarek C. RNA polymerases in plasma cells trav-ELL2 the beat of a different drum. World J Immunol 2015; 5:99-112. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v5.i3.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a major transformation in gene expression between mature B cells (including follicular, marginal zone, and germinal center cells) and antibody secreting cells (ASCs), i.e., ASCs, (including plasma blasts, splenic plasma cells, and long-lived bone marrow plasma cells). This significant change-over occurs to accommodate the massive amount of secretory-specific immunoglobulin that ASCs make and the export processes itself. It is well known that there is an up-regulation of a small number of ASC-specific transcription factors Prdm1 (B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1), interferon regulatory factor 4, and Xbp1, and the reciprocal down-regulation of Pax5, Bcl6 and Bach2, which maintain the B cell program. Less well appreciated are the major alterations in transcription elongation and RNA processing occurring between B cells and ASCs. The three ELL family members ELL1, 2 and 3 have different protein sequences and potentially distinct cellular roles in transcription elongation. ELL1 is involved in DNA repair and small RNAs while ELL3 was previously described as either testis or stem-cell specific. After B cell stimulation to ASCs, ELL3 levels fall precipitously while ELL1 falls off slightly. ELL2 is induced at least 10-fold in ASCs relative to B cells. All of these changes cause the RNA Polymerase II in ASCs to acquire different properties, leading to differences in RNA processing and histone modifications.
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Swaminathan B, Thorleifsson G, Jöud M, Ali M, Johnsson E, Ajore R, Sulem P, Halvarsson BM, Eyjolfsson G, Haraldsdottir V, Hultman C, Ingelsson E, Kristinsson SY, Kähler AK, Lenhoff S, Masson G, Mellqvist UH, Månsson R, Nelander S, Olafsson I, Sigurðardottir O, Steingrimsdóttir H, Vangsted A, Vogel U, Waage A, Nahi H, Gudbjartsson DF, Rafnar T, Turesson I, Gullberg U, Stefánsson K, Hansson M, Thorsteinsdóttir U, Nilsson B. Variants in ELL2 influencing immunoglobulin levels associate with multiple myeloma. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7213. [PMID: 26007630 PMCID: PMC4455110 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by an uninhibited, clonal growth of plasma cells. While first-degree relatives of patients with MM show an increased risk of MM, the genetic basis of inherited MM susceptibility is incompletely understood. Here we report a genome-wide association study in the Nordic region identifying a novel MM risk locus at ELL2 (rs56219066T; odds ratio (OR)=1.25; P=9.6 × 10(-10)). This gene encodes a stoichiometrically limiting component of the super-elongation complex that drives secretory-specific immunoglobulin mRNA production and transcriptional regulation in plasma cells. We find that the MM risk allele harbours a Thr298Ala missense variant in an ELL2 domain required for transcription elongation. Consistent with a hypomorphic effect, we find that the MM risk allele also associates with reduced levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and G (IgG) in healthy subjects (P=8.6 × 10(-9) and P=6.4 × 10(-3), respectively) and, potentially, with an increased risk of bacterial meningitis (OR=1.30; P=0.0024).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhairavi Swaminathan
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, BMC B13, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Magnus Jöud
- 1] Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, BMC B13, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden [2] Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Office of Medical Services, Akutgatan 8, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mina Ali
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, BMC B13, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ellinor Johnsson
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, BMC B13, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ram Ajore
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, BMC B13, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrick Sulem
- deCODE genetics, Sturlugata 8, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Britt-Marie Halvarsson
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, BMC B13, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Vilhelmina Haraldsdottir
- Department of Hematology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Christina Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Anna K Kähler
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stig Lenhoff
- Hematology Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gisli Masson
- deCODE genetics, Sturlugata 8, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ulf-Henrik Mellqvist
- Section of Hematology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Månsson
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Nelander
- Department of Immunology, Pathology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Isleifur Olafsson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Olof Sigurðardottir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Akureyri Hospital, IS-600 Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Hlif Steingrimsdóttir
- Department of Hematology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Annette Vangsted
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital of Copenhagen at Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Waage
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Box 8905, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hareth Nahi
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Thorunn Rafnar
- deCODE genetics, Sturlugata 8, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ingemar Turesson
- Hematology Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Urban Gullberg
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, BMC B13, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Markus Hansson
- 1] Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, BMC B13, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden [2] Hematology Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Björn Nilsson
- 1] Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, BMC B13, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden [2] Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Office of Medical Services, Akutgatan 8, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden [3] Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Abstract
The regulation of antibody production is linked to the generation and maintenance of plasmablasts and plasma cells from their B cell precursors. Plasmablasts are the rapidly produced and short-lived effector cells of the early antibody response, whereas plasma cells are the long-lived mediators of lasting humoral immunity. An extraordinary number of control mechanisms, at both the cellular and molecular levels, underlie the regulation of this essential arm of the immune response. Despite this complexity, the terminal differentiation of B cells can be described as a simple probabilistic process that is governed by a central gene-regulatory network and modified by environmental stimuli.
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Abstract
B cells can be activated by cognate antigen, anti-B-cell receptor antibody, complement receptors, or polyclonal stimulators like lipopolysaccharide; the overall result is a large shift in RNA processing to the secretory-specific form of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain mRNA and an upregulation of Igh mRNA amounts. Associated with this shift is the large-scale induction of Ig protein synthesis and the unfolded protein response to accommodate the massive quantity of secretory Ig that results. Stimulation to secretion also produces major structural accommodations and stress, with extensive generation of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi as part of the cellular architecture. Reactive oxygen species can lead to either activation or apoptosis based on context and the high or low oxygen tension surrounding the cells. Transcription elongation factor ELL2 plays an important role in the induction of Ig secretory mRNA production, the unfolded protein response, and gene expression during hypoxia. After antigen stimulation, activated B cells from either the marginal zones or follicles can produce short-lived antibody secreting cells; it is not clear whether cells from both locations can become long-lived plasma cells. Autophagy is necessary for plasma cell long-term survival through the elimination of some of the accumulated damage to the ER from producing so much protein. Survival signals from the bone marrow stromal cells also contribute to plasma cell longevity, with BCMA serving a potentially unique survival role. Integrating the various information pathways converging on the plasma cell is crucial to the development of their long-lived, productive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Bayles
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Christine Milcarek
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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