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Podojil JR, Genardi S, Chiang MY, Kakade S, Neef T, Murthy T, Boyne MT, Elhofy A, Miller SD. Tolerogenic Immune-Modifying Nanoparticles Encapsulating Multiple Recombinant Pancreatic β Cell Proteins Prevent Onset and Progression of Type 1 Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:465-475. [PMID: 35725270 PMCID: PMC9339508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by T and B cell responses to proteins expressed by insulin-producing pancreatic β cells, inflammatory lesions within islets (insulitis), and β cell loss. We previously showed that Ag-specific tolerance targeting single β cell protein epitopes is effective in preventing T1D induced by transfer of monospecific diabetogenic CD4 and CD8 transgenic T cells to NOD.scid mice. However, tolerance induction to individual diabetogenic proteins, for example, GAD65 (glutamic acid decarboxylase 65) or insulin, has failed to ameliorate T1D both in wild-type NOD mice and in the clinic. Initiation and progression of T1D is likely due to activation of T cells specific for multiple diabetogenic epitopes. To test this hypothesis, recombinant insulin, GAD65, and chromogranin A proteins were encapsulated within poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (COUR CNPs) to assess regulatory T cell induction, inhibition of Ag-specific T cell responses, and blockade of T1D induction/progression in NOD mice. Whereas treatment of NOD mice with CNPs containing a single protein inhibited the corresponding Ag-specific T cell response, inhibition of overt T1D development only occurred when all three diabetogenic proteins were included within the CNPs (CNP-T1D). Blockade of T1D following CNP-T1D tolerization was characterized by regulatory T cell induction and a significant decrease in both peri-insulitis and immune cell infiltration into pancreatic islets. As we have recently published that CNP treatment is both safe and induced Ag-specific tolerance in a phase 1/2a celiac disease clinical trial, Ag-specific tolerance induced by nanoparticles encapsulating multiple diabetogenic proteins is a promising approach to T1D treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Podojil
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- COUR Pharmaceutical Development Company, Inc., Northbrook, IL; and
| | - Samantha Genardi
- COUR Pharmaceutical Development Company, Inc., Northbrook, IL; and
| | - Ming-Yi Chiang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Sandeep Kakade
- COUR Pharmaceutical Development Company, Inc., Northbrook, IL; and
| | - Tobias Neef
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Tushar Murthy
- COUR Pharmaceutical Development Company, Inc., Northbrook, IL; and
| | - Michael T Boyne
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- COUR Pharmaceutical Development Company, Inc., Northbrook, IL; and
| | - Adam Elhofy
- COUR Pharmaceutical Development Company, Inc., Northbrook, IL; and
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL;
- Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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Krishnamurthy B, Selck C, Chee J, Jhala G, Kay TWH. Analysis of antigen specific T cells in diabetes - Lessons from pre-clinical studies and early clinical trials. J Autoimmun 2016; 71:35-43. [PMID: 27083395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific immune tolerance promises to provide safe and effective therapies to prevent type 1 diabetes (T1D). Antigen-specific therapy requires two components: well-defined, clinically relevant autoantigens; and safe approaches to inducing tolerance in T cells specific for these antigens. Proinsulin is a critical autoantigen in both NOD mice, based on knockout mouse studies and induction of immune tolerance to proinsulin preventing disease whereas most antigens cannot, and also in human T1D based on proinsulin-specific T cells being found in the islets of affected individuals and the early appearance of insulin autoantibodies. Effective antigen-specific therapies that prevent T1D in humans have not yet been developed although doubt remains about the best molecular form of the antigen, the dose and the route of administration. Preclinical studies suggest that antigen specific therapy is most useful when administered before onset of autoimmunity but this time-window has not been tested in humans until the recent "pre-point" study. There may be a 'window of opportunity' during the neonatal period when 'vaccine' like administration of proinsulin for a short period may be sufficient to prevent diabetes. After the onset of autoimmunity, naive antigen-specific T cells have differentiated into antigen-experienced memory cells and the immune responses have spread to multiple antigens. Induction of tolerance at this stage becomes more difficult although recent studies have suggested generation of antigen-specific TR1 cells can inhibit memory T cells. Preclinical studies are required to identify additional 'help' that is required to induce tolerance to memory T cells and develop protocols for effective therapy in individuals with established autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Krishnamurthy
- St. Vincent's Institute, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, 3065, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, 3065, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claudia Selck
- St. Vincent's Institute, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, 3065, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, 3065, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Chee
- St. Vincent's Institute, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, 3065, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, 3065, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guarang Jhala
- St. Vincent's Institute, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, 3065, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, 3065, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas W H Kay
- St. Vincent's Institute, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, 3065, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, 3065, Victoria, Australia.
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Flores RR, Kim E, Zhou L, Yang C, Zhao J, Gambotto A, Robbins PD. IL-Y, a synthetic member of the IL-12 cytokine family, suppresses the development of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3114-25. [PMID: 26260044 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The IL-12 family of heterodimeric cytokines, consisting of IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, and IL-35, has important roles in regulating the immune response. IL-12 family members are comprised of a heterodimer consisting of α and β chains: IL-12 (p40 and p35), IL-23 (p40 and p19), IL-27 (Ebi3 and p28), and IL-35 (Ebi3 and p35). Given the combinatorial nature of the IL-12 family, we generated adenoviral vectors expressing two putative IL-12 family members not yet found naturally, termed IL-X (Ebi3 and p19) and IL-Y (p40 and p28), as single-chain molecules. Single chain IL-Y (scIL-Y), but not scIL-X, was able to stimulate significantly a unique cytokine/chemokine expression profile as well as activate STAT3 in mice, in part, through a pathway involving IL-27Rα in splenocytes. Adenoviral-mediated, intratumoral delivery of scIL-Y increased tumor growth in contrast to the anti-tumor effects of scIL-12 and scIL-23. Similarly, treatment of prediabetic NOD mice by intravenous injection of Ad.scIL-Y prevented the onset of hyperglycemia. Analysis of cells from Ad.scIL-Y-treated NOD mice demonstrated that scIL-Y reduced expression of inflammatory mediators such as IFN-γ. Our data demonstrate that a novel, synthetic member of the IL-12 family, termed IL-Y, confers unique immunosuppressive effects in two different disease models and thus could have therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R Flores
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Eun Kim
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Liqiao Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Chenjie Yang
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Andrea Gambotto
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paul D Robbins
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Vaitaitis GM, Carter JR, Waid DM, Olmstead MH, Wagner DH. An alternative role for Foxp3 as an effector T cell regulator controlled through CD40. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:717-25. [PMID: 23776180 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The BDC2.5 T cell clone is highly diabetogenic, but the transgenic mouse generated from that clone is surprisingly slow in diabetes development. Although defining pathogenic effector T cells in autoimmunity has been inconsistent, CD4(+) cells expressing the CD40 receptor (Th40 cells) are highly diabetogenic in NOD mice, and NOD.BDC2.5.TCR.Tg mice possess large numbers of these cells. Given the importance of CD40 for pathogenic T cell development, BDC2.5.CD40(-/-) mice were created. Regulatory T cells, CD4(+)CD25(hi)Foxp3(+), develop normally, but pathogenic effector cells are severely reduced in number. Th40 cells from diabetic BDC2.5 mice rapidly induce diabetes in NOD.scid recipients, but Th40 cells from prediabetic mice transfer diabetes very slowly. Demonstrating an important paradigm shift, effector Th40 cells from prediabetic mice are Foxp3(+). As mice age, moving to type 1 diabetes development, Th40 cells lose Foxp3. When Th40 cells that are Foxp3(+) are transferred to NOD.scid recipients, disease is delayed. Th40 cells that are Foxp3(-) rapidly transfer disease. Th40 cells from BDC2.5.CD40(-/-) mice do not transfer disease nor do they lose Foxp3 expression. Mechanistically, Foxp3(+) cells produce IL-17 but do not produce IFN-γ, whereas Foxp3(-) Th40 cells produce IFN-γ and IL-2. This poses a new consideration for the function of Foxp3, as directly impacting effector T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela M Vaitaitis
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Chaparro RJ, Dilorenzo TP. An update on the use of NOD mice to study autoimmune (Type 1) diabetes. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2011; 6:939-55. [PMID: 20979558 DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The widely used nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of autoimmune (Type 1) diabetes mellitus shares multiple characteristics with the human disease, and studies employing this model continue to yield clinically relevant and important information. Here, we review some of the recent key findings obtained from NOD mouse investigations that have both advanced our understanding of disease pathogenesis and suggested new therapeutic targets and approaches. Areas discussed include antigen discovery, identification of genes and pathways contributing to disease susceptibility, development of strategies to image islet inflammation and the testing of therapeutics. We also review recent technical advances that, combined with an improved understanding of the NOD mouse model's limitations, should work to ensure its popularity, utility and relevance in the years ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo José Chaparro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Babad J, Geliebter A, DiLorenzo TP. T-cell autoantigens in the non-obese diabetic mouse model of autoimmune diabetes. Immunology 2010; 131:459-65. [PMID: 21039471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of autoimmune (type 1) diabetes has contributed greatly to our understanding of disease pathogenesis and has facilitated the development and testing of therapeutic strategies to combat the disease. Although the model is a valuable immunological tool in its own right, it reaches its fullest potential in areas where its findings translate to the human disease. Perhaps the foremost example of this is the field of T-cell antigen discovery, from which diverse benefits can be derived, including the development of antigen-specific disease interventions. The majority of NOD T-cell antigens are also targets of T-cell autoimmunity in patients with type 1 diabetes, and several of these are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Here we review the journeys of these antigens from bench to bedside. We also discuss several recently identified NOD T-cell autoantigens whose translational potential warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Babad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Trembleau S, Hoffmann M, Meyer B, Nell V, Radner H, Zauner W, Hammer J, Aichinger G, Fischer G, Smolen J, Steiner G. Immunodominant T-cell epitopes of hnRNP-A2 associated with disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1795-808. [PMID: 20232340 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2 (hnRNP-A2) has been described as an important autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) since it is targeted by autoantibodies, autoreactive T cells, and is aberrantly expressed in synovial cells in patients. To identify hnRNP-A2-specific T-cell epitopes possibly associated with pathogenicity, we used an innovative approach. We first scanned 280 overlapping hnRNP-A2 peptides for binding to the RA-associated class II molecules HLA-DR4 and HLA-DR1, leading to a comprehensive selection of binders. The selected peptides were tested in IFN-gamma-specific ELISPOT assay: PBMC from 18% of RA patients showed a significant IFN-gamma response to hnRNP-A2 peptides, 15% to the overlapping sequences 117-133 and/or 120-133, whereas PBMC from healthy individuals tested negative. We measured proliferative responses to these two peptides in another cohort of patients with RA or osteoarthritis: positive responses were found in 28% of RA, but also in 11% of osteoarthritis patients and these responses could be blocked by anti-MHC class II Ab. Remarkably, the presence of 117/120-133-specific T cells was significantly associated with active disease in RA patients, and bone erosion appeared to be more common in T-cell positive patients. These data suggest involvement of hnRNP-A2 specific cellular autoimmune responses in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Trembleau
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Takeyama N, Ano Y, Wu G, Kubota N, Saeki K, Sakudo A, Momotani E, Sugiura K, Yukawa M, Onodera T. Localization of insulinoma associated protein 2, IA-2 in mouse neuroendocrine tissues using two novel monoclonal antibodies. Life Sci 2009; 84:678-87. [PMID: 19233214 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2) is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family that is localized on the insulin granule membrane. IA-2 is also well known as one of the major autoantigens in Type 1 diabetes mellitus. IA-2 gene deficient mice were recently established and showed abnormalities in insulin secretion. Thus, detailed localization of IA-2 was studied using wild-type and IA-2 gene deficient mice. MAIN METHODS To localize IA-2 expression in mouse neuroendocrine tissues, monoclonal antibodies were generated against IA-2 and western blot and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out in IA-2(+/+) mice. IA-2(-/-) mice served as a negative control. KEY FINDINGS Western blot analysis revealed that the 65 kDa form of IA-2 was observed in the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pancreas, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, muscular layers of the stomach, small intestine, and colon. By immunohistochemical analysis, IA-2 was produced in endocrine cells in pancreatic islets, adrenal medullary cells, thyroid C-cells, Kulchitsky cells, and anterior, intermediate, and posterior pituitary cells. In addition, IA-2 was found in somatostatin-producing D-cells and other small populations of cells were scattered in the gastric corpus. IA-2 expression in neurites was confirmed by the immunostaining of IA-2 using primary cultured neurons from the small intestine and nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC12 cells. SIGNIFICANCE The IA-2 distribution in peripheral neurons appeared more intensely in neurites rather than in the cell bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Takeyama
- Department of Molecular Immunology, School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Penna G, Amuchastegui S, Cossetti C, Aquilano F, Mariani R, Giarratana N, De Carli E, Fibbi B, Adorini L. Spontaneous and Prostatic Steroid Binding Protein Peptide-Induced Autoimmune Prostatitis in the Nonobese Diabetic Mouse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:1559-67. [PMID: 17641022 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis is a poorly defined syndrome of putative autoimmune origin. To further understand its pathogenesis, we have analyzed autoimmune prostatitis in the NOD mouse, a strain genetically prone to develop different organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Spontaneous development of autoimmune prostatitis in the NOD male, defined by lymphomonuclear cell infiltration in the prostate gland, is well-established by approximately 20 wk of age and is stably maintained afterward. Disease development is indistinguishable in NOD and NOR mice, but is markedly delayed in IFN-gamma-deficient NOD mice. A T cell response to the prostate-specific autoantigen prostatic steroid-binding protein (PSBP) can be detected in NOD males before development of prostate infiltration, indicating lack of tolerance to this self Ag. The intraprostatic inflammatory infiltrate is characterized by Th1-type CD4(+) T cells, which are able to transfer autoimmune prostatitis into NOD.SCID recipients. We characterize here experimental autoimmune prostatitis, detected by intraprostatic infiltrate and PSBP-specific T cell responses, induced in 6- to 8-wk-old NOD males by immunization with synthetic peptides corresponding to the C1 subunit of PSBP. Three PSBP peptides induce in NOD mice vigorous T and B cell responses, paralleled by a marked lymphomononuclear cell infiltration in the prostate. Two of these peptides, PSBP(21-40) and PSBP(61-80), correspond to immunodominant self epitopes naturally processed in NOD mice after immunization with PSBP, whereas peptide PSBP(91-111) represents a cryptic epitope. These model systems address pathogenetic mechanisms in autoimmune prostatitis and will facilitate testing and mechanistic analysis of therapeutic approaches in this condition.
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Penna G, Amuchastegui S, Cossetti C, Aquilano F, Mariani R, Sanvito F, Doglioni C, Adorini L. Treatment of experimental autoimmune prostatitis in nonobese diabetic mice by the vitamin D receptor agonist elocalcitol. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:8504-11. [PMID: 17142748 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of on the marked inhibitory activity of the vitamin D receptor agonist Elocalcitol on basal and growth factor-induced proliferation of human prostate cells and on its potent anti-inflammatory properties, we have tested its capacity to treat experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) induced by injection of prostate homogenate-CFA in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Administration of Elocalcitol, at normocalcemic doses, for 2 wk in already established EAP significantly inhibits the intraprostatic cell infiltrate, leading to a profound reduction in the number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and I-A(g7)-positive cells. Immunohistological analysis demonstrates reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis of resident and infiltrating cells. Significantly decreased production of the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-17 is observed in prostate-draining lymph node T cells from Elocalcitol-treated NOD mice stimulated by TCR ligation. In addition, Elocalcitol treatment reduces IFN-gamma production by prostate-infiltrating CD4(+) T cells and draining lymph node T cells specific for an immunodominant peptide naturally processed from prostate steroid-binding protein, a prostate-specific autoantigen. Finally, CD4(+) splenic T cells from Elocalcitol-treated NOD mice show decreased ability, upon adoptive transfer into NOD.SCID recipients, to induce autoimmune prostatitis, paralleled by a reduced capacity to produce IFN-gamma in response to prostate steroid-binding protein. The results indicate that Elocalcitol is able to interfere with key pathogenic events in already established EAP in the NOD mouse. These data show a novel indication for vitamin D receptor agonists and indicate that treatment with Elocalcitol may inhibit the intraprostatic inflammatory response in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome patients.
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Giarratana N, Penna G, Adorini L. Animal models of spontaneous autoimmune disease: type 1 diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 380:285-311. [PMID: 17876100 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-395-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse represents probably the best spontaneous model for a human autoimmune disease. It has provided not only essential information on type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis, but also valuable insights into mechanisms of immunoregulation and tolerance. Importantly, it allows testing of immunointervention strategies potentially applicable to man. The fact that T1D incidence in the NOD mouse is sensitive to environmental conditions, and responds, sometimes dramatically, to immunomanipulation, does not represent a limit of the model, but is likely to render it even more similar to its human counterpart. In both cases, macrophages, dendritic cells, CD4+, CD8+, and B cells are present in the diseased islets. T1D is a polygenic disease, but, both in human and in NOD mouse T1D, the primary susceptibility gene is located within the MHC. On the other hand, T1D incidence is significantly higher in NOD females, although insulitis is similar in both sexes, whereas in humans, T1D occurs with about equal frequency in males and females. In addition, NOD mice have a more widespread autoimmune disorder, which is not the case in the majority of human T1D cases. Despite these differences, the NOD mouse remains the most representative model of human T1D, with similarities also in the putative target autoantigens, including glutamic acid decarboxylase IA-2, and insulin.
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Shoda LKM, Young DL, Ramanujan S, Whiting CC, Atkinson MA, Bluestone JA, Eisenbarth GS, Mathis D, Rossini AA, Campbell SE, Kahn R, Kreuwel HTC. A comprehensive review of interventions in the NOD mouse and implications for translation. Immunity 2005; 23:115-26. [PMID: 16111631 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) animal models such as the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse have improved our understanding of disease pathophysiology, but many candidate therapeutics identified therein have failed to prevent/cure human disease. We have performed a comprehensive evaluation of disease-modifying agents tested in the NOD mouse based on treatment timing, duration, study length, and efficacy. Interestingly, some popular tenets regarding NOD interventions were not confirmed: all treatments do not prevent disease, treatment dose and timing strongly influence efficacy, and several therapies have successfully treated overtly diabetic mice. The analysis provides a unique perspective on NOD interventions and suggests that the response of this model to therapeutic interventions can be a useful predictor of the human response as long as careful consideration is given to treatment dose, timing, and protocols; more thorough investigation of these parameters should improve clinical translation.
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Chang YH, Shiau MY, Tsai ST, Lan MS. Autoantibodies against IA-2, GAD, and topoisomerase II in type 1 diabetic patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320:802-9. [PMID: 15240119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of autoantibodies against IA-2 (IA-2A), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), and type II DNA topoisomerase (TopIIA) of Taiwanese type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients was investigated. Correlations of these autoantibodies with patients' clinical manifestations were also analyzed. Prevalence of IA-2A, GADA, and TopIIA in our patients was 23.6%, 47.1%, and 55.2%, respectively. Eighty percent of the IA-2A recognized the carboxyl terminus of the IA-2 protein tyrosine phosphatase-like domain. Average disease duration of IA-2A+ patients was significantly shorter than that of IA-2A- patients [3.76+/-0.42 vs. 4.98+/-0.34 years, p = 0.028]. Presence of GADA was correlated with the mean age of onset [10.82+/-0.76 vs. 8.38+/-0.77 years for GADA+ and GADA- patients, p = 0.026]. Patients with adolescent onset have higher GADA prevalence and better residual beta-cell functions. TopIIA and GADA are suggested to be better markers for Taiwanese T1DM patients because of their higher prevalence and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Hsin Chang
- School of Medical Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Durai M, Kim HR, Moudgil KD. The regulatory C-terminal determinants within mycobacterial heat shock protein 65 are cryptic and cross-reactive with the dominant self homologs: implications for the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:181-8. [PMID: 15210773 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 65-kDa mycobacterial heat shock protein (Bhsp65) has been invoked in the pathogenesis of both adjuvant arthritis (AA) in the Lewis rat (RT.1(l)) and human rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritic Lewis rats in the late phase of AA show diversification of the T cell response to Bhsp65 C-terminal determinants (BCTD), and pretreatment of naive Lewis rats with a mixture of peptides representing these neoepitopes affords protection against AA. However, the fine specificity and physiologic significance of the BCTD-directed T cell repertoire, and the role of homologous self (rat) hsp65 (Rhsp65), if any, in spreading of the T cell response to Bhsp65 have not yet been examined. We observed that T cells primed by peptides comprising BCTD can adoptively transfer protection against AA to the recipient Lewis rats. However, these T cells can be activated by preprocessed (peptide) form of BCTD, but not native Bhsp65, showing that BCTD are cryptic epitopes. The BCTD-reactive T cells can be activated by the naturally generated (dominant) C-terminal epitopes of both exogenous and endogenous Rhsp65 and vice versa. Furthermore, certain individual peptides constituting BCTD and their self homologs can also induce protection against AA. These results support a model for the diversification of T cell response to Bhsp65 during the course of AA involving up-regulation of the display of cryptic BCTD coupled with spontaneous induction of T cell response to the cross-reactive dominant C-terminal epitopes of Rhsp65. The identification of disease-regulating cryptic determinants in Ags implicated in arthritis provides a novel approach for immunotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malarvizhi Durai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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15
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Lieberman SM, DiLorenzo TP. A comprehensive guide to antibody and T-cell responses in type 1 diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 62:359-77. [PMID: 14617043 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets are selectively eliminated. T cells specific for beta-cell antigens are the mediators of this precise cellular destruction. However, antibodies to beta-cell proteins are also generated and may be used for predicting disease in at-risk populations. Over the past two decades, numerous beta-cell proteins and lipids have been implicated as autoantigens in patients or in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a well-studied animal model of T1D. Here, we present a review of these antigens, accompanied by their T-cell epitopes, where known, and a discussion of our current understanding of why particular self-proteins become disease-inciting antigens. Although two dozen beta-cell antigens have been identified to date, few of these have been confirmed to be recognized by pathogenic T cells early in the disease process. Further identification and characterization of initiating beta-cell antigens targeted by pathogenic T cells should be a priority for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lieberman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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16
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (TID) results from T-cell-mediated destruction of pancreatic b cells in genetically predisposed individuals. Autoreactive CD4(+) T helper cells and CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) recognize b-cell-derived peptides in the context of major histocompatibility complex class II and I molecules, respectively, in a process that terminates in b-cell death. Many peptide epitopes derived from b-cell proteins have been described for both humans and the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, but their relative importance in disease pathogenesis is unclear. The significance of identifying key b-cell epitopes is underscored by a study showing that in the NOD mouse monitoring of a single population of b-cell-specific CTLs in the peripheral blood using a high-avidity analogue of the endogenous peptide may be used to accurately predict diabetes occurrence. Future studies focused on the discovery of immunodominant b-cell epitopes and their high-avidity analogues should have considerable implications for prediction and immunotherapy of TID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constadina Panagiotopoulos
- British Columbia's Children's Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 4480 Oak Street, Room 2G11, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V4, Canada
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17
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Kubosaki A, Miura J, Notkins AL. IA-2 is not required for the development of diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetologia 2004; 47:149-50. [PMID: 14614561 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-003-1252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2003] [Revised: 09/26/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Trembleau S, Penna G, Gregori S, Giarratana N, Adorini L. IL-12 administration accelerates autoimmune diabetes in both wild-type and IFN-gamma-deficient nonobese diabetic mice, revealing pathogenic and protective effects of IL-12-induced IFN-gamma. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:5491-501. [PMID: 12759426 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 administration to nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice induces IFN-gamma-secreting type 1 T cells and high circulating IFN-gamma levels and accelerates insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Here we show that IL-12-induced IFN-gamma production is dispensable for diabetes acceleration, because exogenous IL-12 could enhance IDDM development in IFN-gamma-deficient as well as in IFN-gamma-sufficient NOD mice. Both in IFN-gamma(+/-) and IFN-gamma(-/-) NOD mice, IL-12 administration generates a massive and destructive insulitis characterized by T cells, macrophages, and CD11c(+) dendritic cells, and increases the number of pancreatic CD4(+) cells secreting IL-2 and TNF-alpha. Surprisingly, IL-12-induced IFN-gamma hinders pancreatic B cell infiltration and inhibits the capacity of APCs to activate T cells. Although pancreatic CD4(+) T cells from IL-12-treated IFN-gamma(-/-) mice fail to up-regulate the P-selectin ligand, suggesting that their entry into the pancreas may be impaired, T cell expansion is favored in these mice compared with IL-12-treated IFN-gamma(+/-) mice because IL-12 administration in the absence of IFN-gamma leads to enhanced cell proliferation and reduced T cell apoptosis. NO, an effector molecule in beta cell destruction, is produced ex vivo in high quantity by pancreas-infiltrating cells through a mechanism involving IL-12-induced IFN-gamma. Conversely, in IL-12-treated IFN-gamma-deficient mice, other pathways of beta cell death appear to be increased, as indicated by the up-regulated expression of Fas ligand on Th1 cells in the absence of IFN-gamma. These data demonstrate that IFN-gamma has a dual role, pathogenic and protective, in IDDM development, and its deletion allows IL-12 to establish alternative pathways leading to diabetes acceleration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Female
- Growth Inhibitors/biosynthesis
- Growth Inhibitors/deficiency
- Growth Inhibitors/genetics
- Growth Inhibitors/physiology
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Interleukin-12/administration & dosage
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Myeloid Cells/pathology
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- P-Selectin/metabolism
- Pancreas/immunology
- Pancreas/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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19
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Davydova B, Härkönen T, Kaialainen S, Hovi T, Vaarala O, Roivainen M. Coxsackievirus immunization delays onset of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. J Med Virol 2003; 69:510-20. [PMID: 12601759 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses may be involved in the pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes through different mechanisms including triggering of autoimmunity. The effect of immunization with coxsackievirus B4-E2 on diabetes incidence was studied in the non-obese diabetic mice, an animal model for human autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The immunization delayed the onset of diabetes in the mice, and the effect was mediated at least partially by virus immunization-activated splenocytes as demonstrated by adoptive transfer experiments. Immunization resulted in a strong humoral immune response against the immunizing virus, formalin-inactivated coxsackievirus B4-E2. Cell-mediated immune response to virus antigen was characterised by interferon gamma and interleukin 10 secretion. The immunization also resulted in increased antibody levels against several beta-cell autoantigens. By using epitope mapping we were able to show that in addition to reactivity with the known epitopes of viral proteins and tyrosine phosphatase IA-2 or heat shock protein 60, responses to some other regions of autoantigens were enhanced. In preproinsulin, the response was restricted against an antigenic region earlier identified as DR4-dependent epitope. This reactivity can not be explained by homologous amino acid sequences and it is possible that enterovirus immunization might change the autoantigen specific TH1/TH2 balance in non-obese diabetic mice. In conclusion, our results suggest that coxsackievirus immunization increased humoral immune response to beta cell autoantigens and this was associated with a less destructive pathology for spontaneous diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Coxsackievirus Infections/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enterovirus B, Human/immunology
- Epitope Mapping
- Female
- Humans
- Immunization
- Incidence
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Molecular Sequence Data
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Affiliation(s)
- B Davydova
- Enterovirus Laboratory, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Koczwara K, Schenker M, Schmid S, Kredel K, Ziegler AG, Bonifacio E. Characterization of antibody responses to endogenous and exogenous antigen in the nonobese diabetic mouse. Clin Immunol 2003; 106:155-62. [PMID: 12672406 DOI: 10.1016/s1521-6616(02)00040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
It is suggested that a T-helper cell 2 (Th2) shift and Th2 spreading of autoimmunity following immunization with beta-cell antigen causes diabetes protection. To address this, antibody titer and subclass to insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65, IA-2, and IA-2beta proteins were measured by radiobinding assays in untreated or immunized female nonobese diabetic mice. Untreated nonobese diabetic mice developed autoantibodies to insulin (IAA), but not GAD or IA-2/IA-2beta, and IAA-positive mice had increased diabetes risk (P < 0.001). IAA were IgG1 and IgG2b. In immunized mice, IgG1 and lesser IgG2b insulin antibodies were promoted by subcutaneous injection of insulin plus incomplete Freund's adjuvant, insulin plus Montanide ISA 720, and glucagon plus incomplete Freund's adjuvant, but not by incomplete Freund's adjuvant plus GAD65, IA-2beta, or phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, or adjuvant alone. Diabetes incidence was significantly reduced in immunized groups with elevated insulin antibody (IA) responses. Spreading of antibody responses to GAD or IA-2/IA-2beta following immunization was rare, and antibody epitope spreading was only detected in IA-2beta immunized mice. Humoral autoimmunity in nonobese diabetic mice is, therefore, limited to IAA with Th2 subclass phenotype and is associated with increased diabetes risk. This contrasts the diabetes protection provided by immunization protocols that promote this response and suggests that Th2 immunity may not be the principal regulator of beta-cell destruction in autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Koczwara
- Diabetes Research Institute and 3rd Medical Department, Krankenhaus München-Schwabing, Germany
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21
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Tian J, Olcott AP, Kaufman DL. Antigen-based immunotherapy drives the precocious development of autoimmunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:6564-9. [PMID: 12444168 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.11.6564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
During the development of type I diabetes mellitus in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, T cell autoimmunity gradually spreads among beta cell Ags. Little is known about how autoantigen-based immunotherapies affect this spreading hierarchy. We treated newborn NOD mice with different autoantigenic beta cell peptides (in adjuvant) and characterized their T cell responses at 4 wk of age, when autoimmunity is usually just beginning to arise to a few beta cell Ag determinants. Surprisingly, we found that regardless of whether an early, or late target determinant was administered, autoimmunity had already arisen to all tested beta cell autoantigen determinants, far in advance of when autoimmunity would have naturally arisen to these determinants. Thus, rather than limiting the loss of self-tolerance, immunotherapy caused the natural spreading hierarchy to be bypassed and autoreactivities to develop precociously. Evidently, young NOD mice have a broad array of beta cell-reactive T cells whose activation/expansion can occur rapidly after treatment with a single beta cell autoantigen. Notably, the precocious autoreactivities were Th2 type, with the exception that a burst of precocious Th1 responses was also induced to the injected autoantigen and there were always some Th1 responses to glutamic acid decarboxylase. Similarly treated type 1 diabetes mellitus-resistant mouse strains developed Th2 responses only to the injected Ag. Thus, autoantigen administration can induce a cascade of autoimmune responses in healthy (preautoimmune) mice that are merely genetically susceptible to spontaneous autoimmune disease. Such phenomena have not been observed in experimental autoimmune disease models and may have important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jide Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
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22
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Achenbach P, Kelemen K, Wegmann DR, Hutton JC. Spontaneous peripheral T-cell responses to the IA-2beta (phogrin) autoantigen in young nonobese diabetic mice. J Autoimmun 2002; 19:111-6. [PMID: 12419281 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2002.0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phogrin (IA-2beta), a major autoantigen in type 1 diabetes in man is recognized by peripheral T cells in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. CD4(+) T-cell clones derived from immunized NOD animals elicit islet destruction in a disease transfer model. Spontaneous proliferative responses to the protein and derived peptide epitopes were detected in peripheral lymph node cells (LNC) of unprimed NOD mice but not BALB/c controls as early as 4 weeks of age at a time point when insulitis in NOD animals is minimal. Responses to irradiated NOD islet cells but not irradiated NOD spleen cells were observed for both male and female NOD animals. Insulin, phogrin and phogrin-peptide 7 (aa 755-777) but not phogrin-peptide 2 (aa 640-659) or tetanus toxin peptide were recognized as antigens. Islet cell-reactive and phogrin peptide 7-specific CD4(+) T-cell lines were generated from splenocytes of unprimed 4-week-old NOD females and shown to secrete Th1-type cytokines. The results show that the phogrin molecule is targeted early in the course of disease in NOD animals at a time when circulating autoantibodies are absent and insulitis is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Achenbach
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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23
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Halbout P, Briand JP, Bécourt C, Muller S, Boitard C. T cell response to preproinsulin I and II in the nonobese diabetic mouse. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:2436-43. [PMID: 12193712 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.5.2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunization against insulin, insulin B chain, or B chain peptide B(9-23) (preproinsulin peptide II(33-47)) prevents diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Whether or not peptide II(33-47) is the only proinsulin determinant recognized by CD4 T cells remains unclear. Using two peptide libraries spanning the entire sequence of preproinsulin I and preproinsulin II, respectively, we identified T cells specific for four proinsulin epitopes within the islet cell infiltrate of prediabetic female NOD mice. These epitopes were among immunogenic epitopes to which a T cell response was detected after immunization of NOD mice with individual peptides in CFA. Immunogenic epitopes were found on both isoforms of insulin, especially proinsulin II, which is the isoform expressed in the thymus. The autoimmune response to proinsulin represented only part of the immune response to islet cells within the islet cell infiltrate in 15-wk-old NOD mice. This is the first systematic study of preproinsulin T cell epitopes in the NOD mouse model.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Female
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Hybridomas/metabolism
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Insulin
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Prediabetic State/immunology
- Proinsulin/administration & dosage
- Proinsulin/immunology
- Protein Precursors/administration & dosage
- Protein Precursors/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Halbout
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 561, Hôpital Cochin-Saint Vincent de Paul, Paris, France
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24
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Ymer SI, Huang D, Penna G, Gregori S, Branson K, Adorini L, Morahan G. Polymorphisms in the Il12b gene affect structure and expression of IL-12 in NOD and other autoimmune-prone mouse strains. Genes Immun 2002; 3:151-7. [PMID: 12070779 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2001] [Accepted: 12/02/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (Il)-12 is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of 35 and 40 kD chains that plays a key role in the induction of Th1 cells, a T cell subset involved in many autoimmune diseases. We report here the cDNA sequence encoding the IL-12 p40 subunit from the autoimmune-prone non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, which spontaneously develops type 1 diabetes. Compared with the C57BL/6 sequence, there are two base changes that lead to amino acid replacements. Other autoimmune-prone strains, but not the diabetes-resistant NOR strain, share the same allele as NOD. We found both trans- and cis- allele-dependent effects on levels of basal and induced IL-12p40 expression. Furthermore, we show that one of these changes results in a structural change in the p40 molecule, as evidenced by the failure of a monoclonal antibody to bind NOD IL-12. These findings have implications for the predisposition to autoimmune responses in NOD and other autoimmune-prone mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Ymer
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia
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25
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Gregori S, Giarratana N, Smiroldo S, Uskokovic M, Adorini L. A 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analog enhances regulatory T-cells and arrests autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes 2002; 51:1367-74. [PMID: 11978632 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.51.5.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic progressive autoimmune disease characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration, dominated by interleukin-12 (IL-12)-dependent Th1 cells, of the pancreatic islets, with subsequent destruction of insulin-producing beta-cells. Here, we demonstrate that treatment of adult nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice with an analog of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), an immunomodulatory agent preventing dendritic cell maturation, decreases lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-12 and gamma-interferon production, arrests Th1 cell infiltration and progression of insulitis, and inhibits diabetes development at nonhypercalcemic doses. Arrest of disease progression is accompanied by an enhanced frequency in the pancreatic lymph nodes of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T-cells that are able to inhibit the T-cell response to the pancreatic autoantigen insulinoma-associated protein 2 and to significantly delay disease transfer by pathogenic CD4(+)CD25(-) cells. Thus, a short treatment of adult NOD mice with an analog of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) inhibits IL-12 production, blocks pancreatic infiltration of Th1 cells, enhances CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory cells, and arrests the progression of type 1 diabetes, suggesting its possible application in the treatment of human autoimmune diabetes.
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26
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Abstract
Type 1 or insulin-dependent diabetes is an autoimmune disease that causes the selective destruction of insulin-secreting beta cells in the pancreatic islets. Although this is a polygenic disease, with at least 20 genes implicated, the dominant susceptibility locus maps to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), both in humans and in rodent models. However, in spite of progress on several fronts, the molecular pathology of autoimmune diabetes remains incompletely defined. Major areas of research include environmental trigger factors, the identification and role of beta-cell antigens in inducing and maintaining the autoimmune response, and the nature of the pathogenic and protective lymphocytes involved. In this review, we will focus on these areas to highlight recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes, drawing extensively on insights gained by studying the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Adorini
- Roche Milano Ricerche, Via Olgettina 58, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
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27
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Winer S, Astsaturov I, Gaedigk R, Hammond-McKibben D, Pilon M, Song A, Kubiak V, Karges W, Arpaia E, McKerlie C, Zucker P, Singh B, Dosch HM. ICA69(null) nonobese diabetic mice develop diabetes, but resist disease acceleration by cyclophosphamide. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:475-82. [PMID: 11751995 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.1.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ICA69 (islet cell Ag 69 kDa) is a diabetes-associated autoantigen with high expression levels in beta cells and brain. Its function is unknown, but knockout of its Caenorhabditis elegans homologue, ric-19, compromised neurotransmission. We disrupted the murine gene, ica-1, in 129-strain mice. These animals aged normally, but speed-congenic ICA69(null) nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice developed mid-life lethality, reminiscent of NOD-specific, late lethal seizures in glutamic acid decarboxylase 65-deficient mice. In contrast to wild-type and heterozygous animals, ICA69(null) NOD congenics fail to generate, even after immunization, cross-reactive T cells that recognize the dominant Tep69 epitope in ICA69, and its environmental mimicry Ag, the ABBOS epitope in BSA. This antigenic mimicry is thus driven by the endogenous self Ag, and not initiated by the environmental mimic. Insulitis, spontaneous, and adoptively transferred diabetes develop normally in ICA69(null) NOD congenics. Like glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, ICA69 is not an obligate autoantigen in diabetes. Unexpectedly, ICA69(null) NOD mice were resistant to cyclophosphamide (CY)-accelerated diabetes. Transplantation experiments with hemopoietic and islet tissue linked CY resistance to ICA69 deficiency in islets. CY-accelerated diabetes involves not only ablation of lymphoid cells, but ICA69-dependent drug toxicity in beta cells that boosts autoreactivity in the regenerating lymphoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Winer
- The Hospital For Sick Children, Research Institute, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8
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28
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Kudva YC, Deng YJ, Govindarajan R, Abraham RS, Marietta EV, Notkins AL, David CS. HLA-DQ8 transgenic and NOD mice recognize different epitopes within the cytoplasmic region of the tyrosine phosphatase-like molecule, IA-2. Hum Immunol 2001; 62:1099-105. [PMID: 11600216 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is strongly associated with HLA-DQ8 in humans and I-A(g7) in the NOD mouse. The disease is characterized by loss of tolerance to auto-antigens such as GAD, insulin, and the protein tyrosine phosphatase-like molecule, IA-2. We identified T cell epitopes on the intracytoplasmic region of IA-2 by immunizing DQ8/NOD, DQ8/B10, and NOD mice with overlapping 18 mer peptides in CFA. We identified four peptides presented both by DQ8 and NOD, five DQ8 specific peptides, and six NOD specific peptides. Both mouse lines failed to respond to ten peptides. We demonstrated MHC class II and CD4 restriction of proliferative responses using appropriate blocking antibodies. To understand the role of non-MHC genes in the generation of immune response to the islet auto-antigen, we evaluated cytokine secretion following immunization of DQ8 transgenic mice with strongly immunogenic peptides. The NOD background resulted in increased secretion of cytokines. In conclusion, we have identified IA-2 peptides that induce lymphoproliferative responses in DQ8 transgenic and NOD mice and shown that these peptides stimulate production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Kudva
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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29
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Trembleau S, Gregori S, Penna G, Gorny I, Adorini L. IL-12 administration reveals diabetogenic T cells in genetically resistant I-Ealpha-transgenic nonobese diabetic mice: resistance to autoimmune diabetes is associated with binding of Ealpha-derived peptides to the I-A(g7) molecule. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:4104-14. [PMID: 11564833 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.7.4104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonobese diabetic (NOD) and NOD-DRalpha transgenic (tg) mice, expressing Aalpha(d):Abeta(g7) and Aalpha(d):Abeta(g7) plus DRalpha:Ebeta(g7) class II molecules, respectively, both develop insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), whereas NOD-Ealpha tg mice expressing Aalpha(d):Abeta(g7) plus Ealpha:Ebeta(g7) are protected. We show that IL-12 administration induces rapid IDDM onset in NOD-DRalpha but fails to provoke insulitis and diabetes in NOD-Ealpha tg mice. Nevertheless, T cells from IL-12-treated NOD-Ealpha tg mice secrete IFN-gamma and transfer IDDM to NOD-SCID and NOD-Ealpha-SCID recipients, demonstrating the presence of peripheral diabetogenic Th1 cells in the protected mice. Surprisingly, regulatory cells were undetectable. Moreover, Ealpha:Ebeta(g7) could substitute for DRalpha:Ebeta(g7) in Ag presentation, arguing against mechanisms of protection involving capture of diabetogenic I-A(g7)-restricted epitopes by Ealpha:Ebeta(g7)molecules. Interestingly, the expression of naturally processed epitopes derived from DRalpha- and Ealpha-chains bound to I-A(g7) is different in the two strains of tg mice, and the difference is enhanced by IL-12 administration. I-A(g7) molecules from both NOD-DRalpha and NOD-Ealpha tg mice present the conserved DRalpha/Ealpha 52-68 sequence, at high and low levels, respectively. In addition, only IDDM-resistant NOD-Ealpha tg mice possess APCs bearing Ealpha65-77/I-A(g7) complexes, which tolerize the specific T cells. This is associated with the selective inhibition of the response to insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2), an autoantigen in IDDM. Our results support protective mechanisms based on I-A(g7) blockade by peptides unique to the Ealpha-chain, such as Ealpha65-77 and/or tolerance of diabetogenic T cells cross-reactive with Ealpha-peptide/I-A(g7) complexes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Autoantigens
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- HLA-DR Antigens/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Pancreas/immunology
- Peptide Fragments
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/immunology
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Th1 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trembleau
- Roche Milan Ricerche, Via Olgettina 58, I-20132 Milan, Italy
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30
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Gregori S, Casorati M, Amuchastegui S, Smiroldo S, Davalli AM, Adorini L. Regulatory T cells induced by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and mycophenolate mofetil treatment mediate transplantation tolerance. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:1945-53. [PMID: 11489974 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the active form of vitamin D3, and mycophenolate mofetil, a selective inhibitor of T and B cell proliferation, modulate APC function and induce dendritic cells (DCs) with a tolerogenic phenotype. Here we show that a short treatment with these agents induces tolerance to fully mismatched mouse islet allografts that is stable to challenge with donor-type spleen cells and allows acceptance of donor-type vascularized heart grafts. Peritransplant macrophages and DCs from tolerant mice express down-regulated CD40, CD80, and CD86 costimulatory molecules. In addition, DCs from the graft area of tolerant mice secrete, upon stimulation with CD4+ cells, 10-fold lower levels of IL-12 compared with DCs from acutely rejecting mice, and induce a CD4+ T cell response characterized by selective abrogation of IFN-gamma production. CD4+ but not CD8+ or class II+ cells from tolerant mice, transferred into naive syngeneic recipients, prevent rejection of donor-type islet grafts. Graft acceptance is associated with impaired development of IFN-gamma-producing type 1 CD4+ and CD8+ cells and an increased percentage of CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells expressing CD152 in the spleen and in the transplant-draining lymph node. Transfer of CD4+CD25+ cells from tolerant but not naive mice protects 100% of the syngeneic recipients from islet allograft rejection. These results demonstrate that a short treatment with immunosuppressive agents, such as 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3/mycophenolate mofetil, induces tolerance to islet allografts associated with an increased frequency of CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells that can adoptively transfer transplantation tolerance.
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31
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Tian J, Gregori S, Adorini L, Kaufman DL. The frequency of high avidity T cells determines the hierarchy of determinant spreading. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:7144-50. [PMID: 11390460 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.12.7144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity often spreads in a predefined pattern during the progression of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. This progression has been well described in animal models and in man, but the basis for this phenomenon is little understood. To gain insight into the factors that determine this spreading hierarchy, we characterized the binding affinity of a panel of beta cell-autoantigenic peptides to I-Ag7, as well as the precursor frequency, functional avidity, and phenotype of the T cells that recognize these peptides in type 1 diabetes-prone nonobese diabetic mice. We observed that autoimmunity gradually spreads from a beta cell determinant, which had the largest precursor pool of high avidity T cells, to beta cell determinants with progressively smaller and lower avidity T cell precursor pools. This correlation between the sequential development of spontaneous T cell autoimmunity and the frequency and avidity of autoantigen-reactive T cells suggests that the extent to which T cells were negatively selected by the self-determinants is the key factor determining the spreading hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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32
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Abstract
Interleukin 12 (IL-12) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Following this lead, a new locus associated with human type 1 diabetes, IDDM18, has been identified near the gene encoding the p40 subunit of interleukin 12 (IL12B). This finding has potential implications for the prediction of at-risk individuals and, perhaps, for the implementation of prevention strategies relevant to several autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Adorini
- Roche Milano Ricerche, 20132 Milano, Italy.
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