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Affiliation(s)
- L. Ziegler-Heitbrock
- Department Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK GSF-Institute for Inhalationbiology, Gauting, Germany,
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2
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Mayo L, Levy A, Jacob-Hirsch J, Amariglio N, Rechavi G, Stein R. Bid regulates the immunological profile of murine microglia and macrophages. Glia 2010; 59:397-412. [PMID: 21264947 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a controlled cell-death process mediated inter alia by proteins of the Bcl-2 family. Some proteins previously shown to promote the apoptotic process were found to have nonapoptotic functions as well. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, respond to brain derangements by becoming activated to contend with the brain damage. Activated microglia can also undergo activation-induced cell death. Previous studies have addressed the role of core apoptotic proteins in the death process, but whether these proteins also play a role or not in the activation process is not been reported. Here we explore the effect of the BH3-only protein Bid on the immunological features of microglia and macrophages. Our results showed that Bid regulates both the phagocytotic activities and the inflammatory profiles of these cells. Deficiency of Bid attenuated the phagocytotic activity of primary microglia and peritoneal macrophages. It also changed the expression profile of distinct inflammation-related genes in lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia and peritoneal macrophages in vitro and in an in vivo sepsis-like paradigm. Notably, similar changes followed downregulation of Bid in the N9 microglial cell line. Cell death could not be detected in any of the systems examined. Our findings demonstrate that Bid can regulate the immunological profiles of activated microglial and macrophages, via a novel nonapoptotic activity. In view of the critical role of these cells in various pathologies, including acute and chronic brain insults, our findings suggest that impairments in Bid expression may contribute to these pathologies also via a nonapoptotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Mayo
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Morphological and biochemical changes during formocresol induced cell death in murine peritoneal macrophages: apoptotic and necrotic features. Cell Biol Toxicol 2010; 26:445-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-010-9155-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Pierstorff E, Krucoff M, Ho D. Apoptosis induction and attenuation of inflammatory gene expression in murine macrophages via multitherapeutic nanomembranes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:265103. [PMID: 21828672 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/26/265103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The realization of optimized therapeutic delivery is impaired by the challenge of localized drug activity and by the dangers of systemic cytotoxicity which often contribute to patient treatment complications. Here we demonstrate the block copolymer-mediated deposition and release of multiple therapeutics which include an LXRα/β agonist 3-((4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-4-phenyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (LXRa) and doxorubicin hydrochloride (Dox) at the air-water interface via Langmuir-Blodgett deposition, as well as copolymer-mediated potent drug elution toward the Raw 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. The resultant copolymer-therapeutic hybrid serves as a localized platform that can be functionalized with virtually any drug due to the integrated hydrophilic and hydrophobic components of the polymer structure. In addition, the sequestering function of the copolymer to anchor the drugs to implant surfaces can enhance delivery specificity when compared to systemic drug administration. Confirmation of drug functionality was confirmed via suppression of the interleukin 6 (Il-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) inflammatory cytokines (LXRa), as well as DNA fragmentation analysis (Dox). Furthermore, the fragmentation assays and gene expression analysis demonstrated the innate biocompatibility of the copolymeric material at the gene expression level via the confirmed absence of material-induced apoptosis and a lack of inflammatory gene expression. This modality enables layer-by-layer control of agonist and chemotherapeutic functionalization at the nanoscale for the localization of drug dosage, while simultaneously utilizing the copolymer platform as an anchoring mechanism for drug sequestering, all with an innate material thickness of 4 nm per layer, which is orders of magnitude thinner than existing commercial technologies. Furthermore, these studies comprehensively confirmed the potential translational applicability of copolymeric nanomaterials as localized multitherapeutic thin film platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Pierstorff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Robert R McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Robert R McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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5
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Giorgini S, Trisciuoglio D, Gabellini C, Desideri M, Castellini L, Colarossi C, Zangemeister-Wittke U, Zupi G, Del Bufalo D. Modulation of bcl-xL in tumor cells regulates angiogenesis through CXCL8 expression. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 5:761-71. [PMID: 17699103 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigated whether bcl-xL can be involved in the modulation of the angiogenic phenotype of human tumor cells. Using the ADF human glioblastoma and the M14 melanoma lines, and their derivative bcl-xL-overexpressing clones, we showed that the conditioned medium of bcl-xL transfectants increased in vitro endothelial cell functions, such as proliferation and morphogenesis, and in vivo vessel formation in Matrigel plugs, compared with the conditioned medium of control cells. Moreover, the overexpression of bcl-xL induced an increased expression of the proangiogenic interleukin-8 (CXCL8), both at the protein and mRNA levels, and an enhanced CXCL8 promoter activity. The role of CXCL8 on bcl-xL-induced angiogenesis was validated using CXCL8-neutralizing antibodies, whereas down-regulation of bcl-xL through antisense oligonucleotide or RNA interference strategies confirmed the involvement of bcl-xL on CXCL8 expression. Transient overexpression of bcl-xL led to extend this observation to other tumor cell lines with different origin, such as colon and prostate carcinoma. In conclusion, our results showed that CXCL8 modulation by bcl-xL regulates tumor angiogenesis, and they point to elucidate an additional function of bcl-xL protein.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen
- Drug Combinations
- Endothelium, Vascular
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glioblastoma/blood supply
- Glioblastoma/drug therapy
- Glioblastoma/pathology
- Humans
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Laminin
- Melanoma, Experimental/blood supply
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Array Analysis
- Proteoglycans
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Umbilical Veins
- bcl-X Protein/genetics
- bcl-X Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Giorgini
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Via delle Messi d'Oro 156, 00158 Rome, Italy
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Stegmaier J, Kirchhoff C, Kanz KG, Mayer V, Landes J, Euler E, Mutschler W, Biberthaler P. Analysis of NF-kappaB nuclear translocation in PMN-neutrophils of major trauma patients in the early post-traumatic period: a pilot study. World J Surg 2007; 30:2142-51. [PMID: 17102914 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-006-0200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic inflammation is connected to polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)-dysfunction characterized by reduced nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB during the post-traumatic period. However, the dynamic of NF-kappaB translocation in PMN of major trauma patients remains unclear. Hence, the aim of this pilot study was to analyze NF-kappaB in PMN from multiply injured patients immediately after trauma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Blood samples of major trauma patients (ISS > 16) were drawn on admission within 90 minutes after trauma and at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after trauma. Neutrophilic NF-kappaB-translocation was analyzed by EMSA and quantified by densitometry as (arbitrary units). In addition, PMN of healthy volunteers were analyzed either in their native state (-control) or after LPS stimulation (+control). RESULTS Twelve patients (NISS: 34 +/- 10 [mean +/- SEM]) were enrolled. NF-kappaB translocation was significantly increased in trauma patients on admission and after 6 hours. Interestingly, a second activity peak was present after 24 hours. In patients who later died, NF-kappaB activity was significantly elevated initially, to be rapidly diminished after 6 hours, while it increased in the survivors group. After 24 hours NF-kappaB activity increased significantly in the survivors group, to become reduced in both groups at a later time. CONCLUSIONS Within this pilot study, the dynamic of NF-kappaB translocation in PMN of multiply injured patients immediately after trauma was analyzed for the first time. Enabled by closely matched sequential blood sampling strictly standardized to the traumatic event, an essential biphasic increase of neutrophilic signal transduction could be investigated in the very early post-traumatic period, which preceded the downregulation of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stegmaier
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedic Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nussbaumstrasse 20, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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7
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Scatizzi JC, Bickel E, Hutcheson J, Haines GK, Perlman H. Bim deficiency leads to exacerbation and prolongation of joint inflammation in experimental arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:3182-93. [PMID: 17009248 DOI: 10.1002/art.22133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE : Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by hyperplasia of the synovial lining, inflammation, and destruction of cartilage and bone. Since there are only a few detectable cells undergoing apoptosis in the joint, it is possible that a defect in apoptosis may contribute to synovial hyperplasia. This study sought to identify and characterize the direct role of apoptotic regulators in a mouse model of inflammatory arthritis. METHODS Using a serum transfer model, experimental arthritis was induced in mice lacking the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family genes Bak (Bak-/-), Bax (Bax-/-), or Bim (Bim-/-), as compared with wild-type (WT) control mice. Physical examination for edema of the ankles and histopathologic analysis of ankle sections were used to determine the severity of arthritis. The serum and ankles were examined for production of chemokines and cytokines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent or Luminex-based assays. RESULTS Bim-/- mice displayed increased severity and prolongation of arthritis. In contrast, Bak-/- and Bax-/- mice showed no difference in the severity of arthritis as compared with WT mice. In addition, Bim-/- mice had elevated levels of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, decreased joint and serum production of antiinflammatory cytokines, fewer TUNEL-positive cells, and reduced levels of active caspase 3 as compared with WT mice. CONCLUSION These studies are the first to demonstrate a role for the proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein Bim in the effector phase of RA. The findings indicate that Bim potentially functions to repress the effector phase of arthritis by regulating the milieu of the joint and serum, and by inducing apoptosis.
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Jun CD, Kim Y, Choi EY, Kim M, Park B, Youn B, Yu K, Choi KS, Yoon KH, Choi SC, Lee MS, Park KI, Choi M, Chung Y, Oh J. Gliotoxin reduces the severity of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice: evidence of the connection between heme oxygenase-1 and the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway in vitro and in vivo. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12:619-29. [PMID: 16804400 DOI: 10.1097/01.ibd.0000225340.99108.8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gliotoxin, a fungal metabolite, has been known to show strong immunosuppressive properties, although its mechanisms are not completely understood. In this report, the authors investigated the mechanism whereby gliotoxin has anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Body weight, histological scores, and myeloperoxidase activity were evaluated in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-12, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were detected by immunohistochemical staining. IL-8 secretion was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and I-kappaB degradation were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS Pretreatment of human epithelial HT-29 cells with gliotoxin significantly blocked the I-kappaB degradation and NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha or IL-1beta; these were parallel with the inhibition of IL-8 secretion and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in the same cells. Interestingly, gliotoxin induced HO-1 in HT-29 cells and, in turn, inhibition of HO-1 activity by a zinc protoporphyrin IX reversed the effects of gliotoxin in terms of I-kappaB degradation, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression, and IL-8 production. In trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis, gliotoxin administration significantly improved the clinical and histopathological symptoms. Notably, gliotoxin also induced HO-1 in the colonic mucosa and zinc protoporphyrin IX reversed the protective effects of gliotoxin in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate for the first time that the anti-inflammatory actions mediated by gliotoxin include HO-1 induction and the subsequent blockade of NF-kappaB-dependent signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo. The current results also demonstrate that gliotoxin may be an effective agent for the treatment of diseases characterized by mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Duk Jun
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Busteed S, Bennett MW, Molloy C, Houston A, Stone MA, Shanahan F, Molloy MG, O'Connell J. Bcl-xL expression in vivo in rheumatoid synovium. Clin Rheumatol 2006; 25:789-93. [PMID: 16572289 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-005-0191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To examine the expression of the apoptosis regulatory protein, Bcl-x(L), in the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). Immunohistochemistry for Bcl-x(L) was carried out on synovial samples from patients with RA and OA. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis were performed to qualitatively examine the expression of Bcl-x(L). Bcl-x(L) expression was detected in the lining, endothelium and inflammatory cells of both RA (n=20) and OA (n=10) samples. However, there was significantly more expression in the lining of RA synovium compared to OA (77 vs 61%, p<0.05). Many of the positive cells in the RA subsynovium were noted to be plasma cells. There was a significant correlation between Bcl-x(L) expression and the number of inflammatory cells in the subsynovium of RA and OA patients (r (s)=0.376, p<0.05, n=30). Age and disease duration did not correlate with Bcl-x(L) expression in rheumatoid patients. Bcl-x(L) may play a role in the extended survival of synoviocytes and inflammatory cells in rheumatoid synovium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Busteed
- Department of Medicine, Cork University Hospital, National University of Ireland, Wilton, Cork, Ireland.
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Niu J, Azfer A, Kolattukudy PE. Monocyte-specific Bcl-2 expression attenuates inflammation and heart failure in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)-induced cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res 2006; 71:139-48. [PMID: 16643875 PMCID: PMC1523424 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infiltrating inflammatory cells within the myocardium have been shown to be apoptotic, but the significance of apoptotic inflammatory cells to the development of cardiomyopathy remains undefined. Transgenic mice with cardiac-specific expression of MCP-1 exhibit extensive apoptosis of infiltrating mononuclear cells and develop heart failure. Here, we tested the hypothesis that in vivo selective inhibition of apoptosis of infiltrating mononuclear cells would preserve cardiac structure and function and improve survival in this murine model. METHODS Mice with cardiac-specific expression of MCP-1 and monocyte-specific expression of Bcl-2 were generated by cross-breeding MCP-1 transgenic mice with hMRP8-Bcl-2 mice that over-express Bcl-2 in the monocytes. Structural and functional parameters and the inflammatory response of the heart were evaluated and compared between the wild-type and transgenic mice. RESULTS Expression of Bcl-2 in monocytes results in superior preservation of myocardial structure, cardiac function and a significant prolongation of survival of MCP-1 transgenic mice. The beneficial effects of monocyte-specific Bcl-2 expression are associated with inhibition of apoptosis of infiltrating mononuclear cells, normalization of circulating C-reactive protein levels, attenuation of cellular infiltrates, macrophage activation and production of proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-6 in the hearts. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that apoptosis of infiltrating mononuclear cells plays a detrimental role in the development of heart failure in this murine model, suggesting that modulation of apoptosis of infiltrating mononuclear cells may be of clinical benefit in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Niu
- Biomolecular Science Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Burnett College of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, FL 32816, USA.
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Qiu Z, Kwon AH, Tsuji K, Kamiyama Y, Okumura T, Hirao Y. FIBRONECTIN PREVENTS D-galactosamine/Lipopolysaccharide-induced lethal hepatic failure in mice. Shock 2006; 25:80-7. [PMID: 16369191 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000185797.04589.5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasma fibronectin (FN) has a broad range of biological functions involved in cellular adhesion, motility, differentiation, apoptosis, hemostasis, wound healing, reticuloendothelial system function, and ischemic injury. In this study, we examined the effects of FN on D-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fulminant liver failure in mice. Female Balb/c mice received intraperitoneal injection of 50 mug/kg of LPS and 400 mg/kg of GalN simultaneously. Thirty minutes before GalN/LPS administration, human plasma FN (FN group) or the same dose of human serum albumin (control group) was given intravenously. GalN/LPS induced a marked decrease in plasma FN, which was reversed by FN pretreatment. The survival rate of the FN group was markedly improved in a dose-dependent manner compared with that of the control group (survival rate 0%). FN prevented increases in the concentrations of serum enzymes and total bilirubin related to liver injury. FN pretreatment significantly suppressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and interleukin (IL)-6 levels, and enhanced IL-10 levels in serum and liver tissue compared with the control group. Moreover, TUNEL staining, caspase 3 and 8 activities, and necrosis in the remnant liver were significantly decreased in the FN-treated rats compared with the controls. Furthermore, FN pretreatment inhibited the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and increased the expression of Bcl-xL protein in liver tissue. These results suggest that FN protected against GalN/LPS-induced liver failure by a mechanism involving inhibition of NF-kappaB activation, which caused down-regulation of TNF-alpha and involved up-regulation of IL-10, and elevation of Bcl-xL induced a blockage of apoptotic signals, by which apoptosis of hepatocytes caused by GalN/LPS was suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Qiu
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8507, Japan
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Sukumaran SK, Selvaraj SK, Prasadarao NV. Inhibition of apoptosis by Escherichia coli K1 is accompanied by increased expression of BclXL and blockade of mitochondrial cytochrome c release in macrophages. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6012-22. [PMID: 15385505 PMCID: PMC517578 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.6012-6022.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli K1 survival in the blood is a critical step for the onset of meningitis in neonates. Therefore, the circulating bacteria are impelled to avoid host defense mechanisms by finding a niche to survive and multiply. Our recent studies have shown that E. coli K1 enters and survives in both monocytes and macrophages in the newborn rat model of meningitis as well as in macrophage cell lines. Here we demonstrate that E. coli K1 not only extends the survival of human and murine infected macrophage cell lines but also renders them resistant to apoptosis induced by staurosporine. Macrophages infected with wild-type E. coli expressing outer membrane protein A (OmpA), but not with OmpA- E. coli, are resistant to DNA fragmentation and phosphatidylserine exposure induced by staurosporine. Infection with OmpA+ E. coli induces the expression of Bcl(XL), an antiapoptotic protein, both at the mRNA level as assessed by gene array analysis and at the protein level as evaluated by immunoblotting. OmpA- E. coli infection of macrophages induced the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol and the activation of caspases 3, 6, and 9, events that were significantly blocked in OmpA+ E. coli-infected macrophages. In addition, OmpA+ E. coli-infected cells were resistant to a decrease in the transmembrane potential of mitochondria induced by staurosporine as measured by the MitoCapture fluorescence technique. Complementation of OmpA- E. coli with a plasmid containing the ompA gene restored the ability of OmpA- E. coli to inhibit the apoptosis of infected macrophages, further demonstrating that E. coli OmpA expression is critical for inducing macrophage survival and thereby finding a safe haven for its growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Sukumaran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
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Truman LA, Ogden CA, Howie SEM, Gregory CD. Macrophage chemotaxis to apoptotic Burkitt's lymphoma cells in vitro: role of CD14 and CD36. Immunobiology 2004; 209:21-30. [PMID: 15481137 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), apoptosis occurs at high frequency alongside uncontrolled proliferation. Macrophages infiltrate these tumours in large numbers and engage in the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells in situ. Here we tested the hypothesis that apoptosis of BL cells may provide a mechanism for recruitment of macrophages to these tumours. We show that monocytes and macrophages, but not neutrophils, preferentially migrated to apoptotic BL cells in vitro. Transfection of BL cells with the anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2 both prevented apoptosis and abolished macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage migration to BL populations correlated well with the number of apoptotic BL cells present (the Pearson correlation r = 0.81, p<0.0001). Chemoattraction of murine macrophages to apoptotic human BL cells demonstrated that the mechanism was conserved across these species. In an attempt to identify the macrophage receptors involved in this process, we investigated whether CD14 and CD36, two receptors important in the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells, were also involved in the chemotactic macrophage response. We found that bone marrow-derived macrophages from CD14-/- and CD36-/- mice moved as well as wild-type macrophages in chemotaxis assays towards apoptotic BL cells. Migrating macrophages were found to be up-regulated in their expression of CD14, however, suggesting that, although this receptor does not appear to be required for 'sensing' apoptotic cells, it may be up-regulated on the surface of the migrating macrophage in readiness for apoptotic corpse clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Truman
- lnnate Immunity Group, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 2nd floor, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
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Assaf H, Azouri H, Pallardy M. Ochratoxin A Induces Apoptosis in Human Lymphocytes through Down Regulation of Bcl-xL. Toxicol Sci 2004; 79:335-44. [PMID: 15056805 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfh123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread mycotoxin contaminating feed and food. Besides its potent nephrotoxicity, OTA also affects the immune system. We demonstrate here a role for Bcl-x(L) in OTA-induced apoptosis in human lymphocytes. In particular, human peripheral blood lymphocytes and the human lymphoid T cell line, Kit 225 cells, underwent apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This apoptosis was inhibited by z-VAD.fmk, suggesting that caspases were responsible for the induction of apoptosis. Moreover, OTA triggered mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Deltachim) loss and caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation. Interestingly, Bcl-x(L) protein expression was decreased by OTA treatment, whereas Bcl-2 protein level was not affected. Down-regulation of bcl-x(L) mRNA was not observed in cells treated with OTA. Overexpression of Bcl-x(L) in Kit 225 cells protected them against mitochondrial perturbation and retarded the appearance of apoptotic cells. Taken together, our data indicate that mitochondria are a central component in OTA-induced apoptosis and that the loss of Bcl-x(L) may participate in OTA-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind Assaf
- INSERM UMR-S 461, Faculté de Pharmacie Paris XI, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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Iwata A, Stevenson VM, Minard A, Tasch M, Tupper J, Lagasse E, Weissman I, Harlan JM, Winn RK. Over-expression of Bcl-2 provides protection in septic mice by a trans effect. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:3136-41. [PMID: 12960340 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mice that over-express B cell leukemia/lymphomas (Bcl)-2 in myeloid cells under control of the human MRP8 promoter (hMRP8-Bcl-2) or in T lymphocytes under the E micro promoter (E micro -Bcl-2) were compared with C57BL/6 control mice following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). There was a significant difference in outcome between the hMRP8-Bcl-2 and control mice with 100% survival in the hMRP8-Bcl-2 mice vs 25% survival in the control mice. In separate experiments there was a significant difference between E micro -Bcl-2 and control mice with 87.5 and 22.2% survival, respectively. Adoptive transfer of CD11b-positive bone marrow cells from hMRP8-Bcl-2 or C57BL/6 mice to C57BL/6 mice subjected to CLP resulted in 100 and 0% survival, respectively. Adoptive transfer of CD11b-positive cells from either hMRP8-Bcl-2 or C57BL/6 mice to Rag-1(-/-) mice (no mature T or B cells) subjected to CLP resulted in survival of 87.5 and 12.5%, respectively. The hMRP8-Bcl-2 mice had significantly more neutrophils and fewer bacteria in the peritoneum compared with C57BL/6 mice 24 h after CLP. These experiments show that Bcl-2 over-expression is protective in CLP and that protection is independent of lymphocytes. We propose that over-expression of Bcl-2 in T cells or myeloid cells induce release of a molecule(s) that protects against death following CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Iwata
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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Park JS, Arcaroli J, Yum HK, Yang H, Wang H, Yang KY, Choe KH, Strassheim D, Pitts TM, Tracey KJ, Abraham E. Activation of gene expression in human neutrophils by high mobility group box 1 protein. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 284:C870-9. [PMID: 12620891 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00322.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, a DNA binding protein that stabilizes nucleosomes and facilitates transcription, was recently identified as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality. High serum HMGB1 levels in patients with sepsis are associated with increased mortality, and administration of HMGB1 produces acute inflammation in animal models of lung injury and endotoxemia. Neutrophils occupy a critical role in mediating the development of endotoxemia-associated acute lung injury, but previously it was not known whether HMGB1 could influence neutrophil activation. In the present experiments, we demonstrate that HMGB1 increases the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB and enhances the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in human neutrophils. These proinflammatory effects of HMGB1 in neutrophils appear to involve the p38 MAPK, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, and ERK1/2 pathways. The mechanisms of HMGB1-induced neutrophil activation are distinct from endotoxin-induced signals, because HMGB1 leads to a different profile of gene expression, pattern of cytokine expression, and kinetics of p38 activation compared with LPS. These findings indicate that HMGB1 is an effective stimulus of neutrophil activation that can contribute to development of a proinflammatory phenotype in diseases characterized by excessively high levels of HMGB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Sung Park
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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Jarvis BW, Harris TH, Qureshi N, Splitter GA. Rough lipopolysaccharide from Brucella abortus and Escherichia coli differentially activates the same mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways for tumor necrosis factor alpha in RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells. Infect Immun 2002; 70:7165-8. [PMID: 12438403 PMCID: PMC132973 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.12.7165-7168.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular, gram-negative pathogen Brucella abortus establishes chronic infections in host macrophages while downregulating cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). When producing TNF-alpha, Brucella abortus rough lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates the same mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways (ERK and JNK) as Escherichia coli LPS, but Brucella LPS is a much less potent agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce W Jarvis
- Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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López-Franco O, Suzuki Y, Sanjuán G, Blanco J, Hernández-Vargas P, Yo Y, Kopp J, Egido J, Gómez-Guerrero C. Nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitors as potential novel anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of immune glomerulonephritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 161:1497-505. [PMID: 12368222 PMCID: PMC1867308 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64425-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B regulates several genes implicated in the inflammatory response and represents an interesting therapeutic target. We examined the effects of gliotoxin (a fungal metabolite) and parthenolide (a plant extract), which possess anti-inflammatory activities in vitro, on the progression of experimental glomerulonephritis. In the anti-Thy 1.1 rat model, gliotoxin (75 micro g/rat/day, 10 days, n = 18 rats) markedly reduced proteinuria, glomerular lesions, and monocyte infiltration. In anti-mesangial cell nephritis in mice, parthenolide (70 micro g/mouse/day, 7 days, n = 17 mice) significantly decreased proteinuria, hematuria, and glomerular proliferation. NF-kappa B activity, localized in glomerular and tubular cells, was attenuated by either gliotoxin or parthenolide, in association with diminished renal expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. In cultured mesangial cells and monocytes, gliotoxin and parthenolide inhibited NF-kappa B activation and expression of inflammatory genes induced by lipopolysaccharide and cytokines, by blocking the phosphorylation/degradation of the I kappa B(alpha) subunit. In summary, gliotoxin and parthenolide prevent proteinuria and renal lesions by inhibiting NF-kappa B activation and expression of regulated genes. This may represent a novel approach for the treatment of immune and inflammatory renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar López-Franco
- Renal and Vascular Research Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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Chen Y, Rosloniec E, Price J, Boothby M, Chen J. Constitutive expression of BCL-X(L) in the T lineage attenuates collagen-induced arthritis in Bcl-X(L) transgenic mice. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:514-21. [PMID: 11840455 DOI: 10.1002/art.10128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if inhibition of T cell apoptosis through constitutive expression of Bcl-X(L) in the T lineage influences inflammatory arthritis in the mouse collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. METHODS The incidence and severity of arthritis were quantified in Bcl-X(L) transgenic mice and nontransgenic littermates after immunization with type II collagen (CII). To correlate T cell responses with disease phenotype, antigen-specific T cell proliferation was measured by (3)H-thymidine incorporation. Apoptosis and cell cycle progression were analyzed by flow cytometry using propidium iodide. Production of CII-specific interferon-gamma (IFNgamma), interleukin-5 (IL-5), and IL-10 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Disease severity in CIA was significantly attenuated in Bcl-X(L) transgenic mice compared with their nontransgenic littermates. Inhibition of CIA was associated with decreased T cell apoptosis, delayed cell cycle progression, and reduced IFNgamma production. CONCLUSION Rather than promoting inflammation, inhibition of apoptosis by expression of the Bcl-X(L) protein in the T lineage attenuates disease progression in CIA, probably through inhibition of IFNgamma production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee USA
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Lee J, Hur J, Lee P, Kim JY, Cho N, Kim SY, Kim H, Lee MS, Suk K. Dual role of inflammatory stimuli in activation-induced cell death of mouse microglial cells. Initiation of two separate apoptotic pathways via induction of interferon regulatory factor-1 and caspase-11. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:32956-65. [PMID: 11402054 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104700200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that mouse microglial cells undergo apoptosis upon inflammatory activation and that nitric oxide (NO) is the major autocrine mediator in this process (Lee, P., Lee, J., Kim, S., Yagita, H., Lee, M. S., Kim, S. Y., Kim, H., and Suk, K. (2001) Brain Res. 892, 380-385). Here, we present evidence that interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) and caspase-11 are the essential molecules in activation-induced cell death of microglial cells. The apoptogenic action of inflammatory stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) was mediated through the induction of IRF-1 and caspase-11 expression in two separate events. Although IRF-1 was required for NO synthesis, caspase-11 induction was necessary for NO-independent apoptotic pathway. Microglial cells from IRF-1-deficient mice showed markedly decreased NO production, and they were partially resistant to apoptosis in response to LPS/IFNgamma but were sensitive to NO donor exposure. LPS/IFNgamma treatment resulted in the induction of caspase-11 followed by activation of caspase-11, -1, and -3. Inactivation of caspase-11 by the transfection of dominant-negative mutant or treatment with the caspase inhibitors rendered microglial cells partially resistant to LPS/IFNgamma-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of both NO synthesis and caspase-11 completely blocked LPS/IFNgamma-induced cytotoxicity. These results indicated that LPS/IFNgamma not only induced the production of cytotoxic NO through IRF-1 but also initiated the NO-independent apoptotic pathway through the induction of caspase-11 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyunghee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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