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Exon skipping of FcεRIβ eliminates expression of the high-affinity IgE receptor in mast cells with therapeutic potential for allergy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14115-14120. [PMID: 27872312 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608520113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are driven by activation of mast cells and release of mediators in response to IgE-directed antigens. However, there are no drugs currently available that can specifically down-regulate mast cell function in vivo when chronically administered. Here, we describe an innovative approach for targeting mast cells in vitro and in vivo using antisense oligonucleotide-mediated exon skipping of the β-subunit of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRIβ) to eliminate surface high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) expression and function, rendering mast cells unresponsive to IgE-mediated activation. As FcεRIβ expression is restricted to mast cells and basophils, this approach would selectively target these cell types. Given the success of exon skipping in clinical trials to treat genetic diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, we propose that exon skipping of FcεRIβ is a potential approach for mast cell-specific treatment of allergic diseases.
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Mast cells in airway diseases and interstitial lung disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:125-38. [PMID: 25959386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are major effector cells of inflammation and there is strong evidence that mast cells play a significant role in asthma pathophysiology. There is also a growing body of evidence that mast cells contribute to other inflammatory and fibrotic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This review discusses the role that mast cells play in airway diseases and highlights how mast cell microlocalisation within specific lung compartments and their cellular interactions are likely to be critical for their effector function in disease.
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3
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The MS4A family: counting past 1, 2 and 3. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:11-23. [PMID: 25835430 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The MS4A (membrane-spanning 4-domain family, subfamily A) family of proteins contains some well-known members including MS4A1 (CD20), MS4A2 (FcɛRIβ) and MS4A3 (HTm4). These three MS4A family members are expressed on the cell surface of specific leukocyte subsets and have been well characterized as having key roles in regulating cell activation, growth and development. However, beyond MS4A1-3 there are a large number of related molecules (18 to date in humans) where our understanding of their biological roles is at a relatively nascent stage. This review examines the larger MS4A family focusing on their structure, expression, regulation and characterized and/or emerging biological roles. Our own work on one family member MS4A8B, and its possible role in epithelial cell regulation, is also highlighted.
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Nishiyama C. Molecular Mechanism of Allergy-Related Gene Regulation and Hematopoietic Cell Development by Transcription Factors. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:1-9. [PMID: 16428815 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation for the genes encoding alpha- and beta-chains of the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRI) have been analyzed in mast cells and regulatory mechanisms are beginning to be elucidated. Transcription factors GATA-1 and PU.1 cooperatively transactivate the alpha-chain gene, and three transcription factors, GATA-1, Oct-1, and MZF-1, are involved in regulation of beta-chain gene expression. No single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are functionally related to the allergic diseases have been identified in coding regions of the alpha- and beta-chain genes in a definitive way. However, recent studies on SNPs in the promoter regions have revealed that these genes are probable candidates for new types of allergy-related genes whose transcription levels are affected by transcription factors which discriminate SNPs in the promoters. Another interesting finding on transcription factors functioning in mast cells is that the expression level of PU.1 determines cell fate between mast cells and monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Nishiyama
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Japan.
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Ryan JJ. Too much of a good thing: beta-chain overexpression blocks FcεRI signalling by capturing Lyn in the cytosol. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:154-6. [PMID: 24447079 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Ryan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Gokhale P, Kerkar S, Tongaonkar H, Salvi V, Mania-Pramanik J. CTLA-4 gene polymorphism at position +49 A>G in exon 1: a risk factor for cervical cancer in Indian women. Cancer Genet 2013; 206:154-61. [PMID: 23830732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CTLA-4 gene exert differential effects on T-cell response to viral infection. We aimed to evaluate the association of two SNPs of the CTLA-4 gene with cervical cancer in Indian women. The two polymorphic loci, one in the promoter region -318 C>T, rs5742909 (100 cervical cancer cases and 101 controls) and the other in exon 1 +49 A>G, rs231775 (104 cervical cancer cases and 162 controls) were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Haplotype block structure was determined using Haploview 4.2. The statistical analyses were performed using a commercially available statistical software package, whereas PyPop was used to calculate the haplotypic frequencies. In this case-control study, the A/A genotype frequency (30.76% vs. 17.6%, P = 0.01) as well as the allelic frequency for A (52.8% vs. 43.5%, P = 0.04) was significantly higher in cases compared to controls. No significant association was seen in the -318 C>T polymorphism. In forward stepwise binary logistic regression analysis considering age and parity as potential confounders, significant association was demonstrated between +49 A/A and cervical cancer. Most likely, this is the first study from India to highlight the significant association between the CTLA-4 gene +49 A/A SNP and cervical cancer, thus adding to the global knowledge of the association of this SNP with cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gokhale
- Department of Infectious Diseases Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
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Cruse G, Beaven MA, Ashmole I, Bradding P, Gilfillan AM, Metcalfe DD. A truncated splice-variant of the FcεRIβ receptor subunit is critical for microtubule formation and degranulation in mast cells. Immunity 2013; 38:906-17. [PMID: 23643722 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human linkage analyses have implicated the MS4A2-containing gene locus (encoding FcεRIβ) as a candidate for allergy susceptibility. We have identified a truncation of FcεRIβ (t-FcεRIβ) in humans that contains a putative calmodulin-binding domain and thus, we sought to identify the role of this variant in mast cell function. We determined that t-FcεRIβ is critical for microtubule formation and degranulation and that it may perform this function by trafficking adaptor molecules and kinases to the pericentrosomal and Golgi region in response to Ca2+ signals. Mutagenesis studies suggest that calmodulin binding to t-FcεRIβ in the presence of Ca2+ could be critical for t-FcεRIβ function. In addition, gene targeting of t-FcεRIβ attenuated microtubule formation, degranulation, and IL-8 production downstream of Ca2+ signals. Therefore, t-FcεRIβ mediates Ca2+ -dependent microtubule formation, which promotes degranulation and cytokine release. Because t-FcεRIβ has this critical function, it represents a therapeutic target for the downregulation of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Cruse
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Ra C, Nunomura S, Okayama Y. Fine-Tuning of Mast Cell Activation by FcεRIβ Chain. Front Immunol 2012; 3:112. [PMID: 22623922 PMCID: PMC3353146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells play a key role in allergic reaction and disorders through the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI) which is primarily activated by IgE and antigen complex. In humans, mast cells express two types of FcεRI on the cell surface, tetrameric αβγ2 and trimeric αγ2, whereas in mice, the tetrameric αβγ2 type is exclusively expressed. In human allergic inflammation lesions, mast cells increase in number and preferentially express the αβγ2 type FcεRI. By contrast, in the lesion of non-allergic inflammation, mast cells mainly express the αγ2type. Since the β chain amplifies the expression and signaling of FcεRI, mast cell effector functions and allergic reaction in vivo are enhanced in the presence of the β chain. In contrast, a truncated β chain-isoform (βT) inhibits FcεRI surface expression. The human FcεRIβ gene contains seven exons and a repressor element located in the forth intron, through which FcεRIβ transcription is repressed in the presence of GM-CSF. Regarding the additional signal regulatory function of the β chain, the β chain ITAM has dual (positive and negative) functions in the regulation of the mast cell activation. Namely, the FcεRIβ chain ITAM enhances the mast cell activation signal triggered by a low-intensity (weak) stimulation whereas it suppresses the signal triggered by high-intensity (strong) stimulation. In an oxazolone-induced mouse CHS model, IgE-mediated mast cell activation is required and the β chain ITAM is crucially involved. Adenosine receptor, one of the GPCRs, triggers a synergistic degranulation response with FcεRI in mast cells, for which the β chain ITAM critically plays positive role, possibly reflecting the in vivo allergic response. These regulatory functions of the FcεRIβ ITAM finely tune FcεRI-induced mast cell activation depending on the stimulation strength, enabling the FcεRIβ chain to become a potential molecular target for the development of new strategies for therapeutic interventions for allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisei Ra
- Division of Molecular Cell Immunology and Allergology, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nihon University Graduate School of Medical Science Tokyo, Japan
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Sun T, Hu Z, Shen H, Lin D. Genetic polymorphisms in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and cancer: the dialectical nature of subtle human immune dysregulation. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6011-4. [PMID: 19638588 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms in the human genome are an important component of genotypic variability including one's immune status. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) gene have been linked to susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Interestingly, we have recently shown that an SNP in the CTLA-4 coding region (49A > G) is also associated with susceptibility to human cancer, but the risk allele for susceptibility to cancer (allele A) is the opposite of that found for susceptibility to autoimmune disease (allele G), which has been confirmed by a meta-analysis of reported studies. These findings indicate an important role of the dialectical nature of T-cell immune dysregulation in human disorders, such as autoimmune disease and cancer. The requisites of CTLA-4 polymorphisms for susceptibility to cancer and response to targeted therapy are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Sun
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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The first transmembrane region of the beta-chain stabilizes the tetrameric Fc epsilon RI complex. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2333-9. [PMID: 19406478 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The family of activating immune receptors stabilizes via the 3-helix assembly principle. A charged basic transmembrane residue interacts with two charged acidic transmembrane residues and forms a 3-helix interface to stabilize receptor complexes in the lipid bilayer. One family member, the high affinity receptor for IgE, Fc epsilon RI, is a key regulator of immediate allergic responses. Tetrameric Fc epsilon RI consists of the IgE-binding alpha-chain, the multimembrane-spanning beta-chain and a dimer of the gamma-subunit (Fc epsilon R gamma). Comparative analysis of these seven transmembrane regions indicates that Fc epsilon RI does not meet the charge requirements for the 3-helix assembly mechanism. We performed alanine mutagenesis to show that the only basic amino acid in the transmembrane regions, beta K97, is not involved in Fc epsilon RI stabilization or surface upregulation, a hallmark function of the beta-chain. Even a beta K97E mutant is functional despite four negatively charged acidic amino acids in the transmembrane regions. Using truncation mutants, we demonstrate that the first uncharged transmembrane domain of the beta-chain contains the interface for receptor stabilization. In vitro translation experiments depict the first transmembrane region as the internal signal peptide of the beta-chain. We also show that this beta-chain domain can function as a cleavable signal peptide when used as a leader peptide for a Type I protein. Our results provide evidence that tetrameric Fc epsilon RI does not assemble according to the 3-helix assembly principle. We conclude that receptors formed with multispanning proteins use different mechanisms of shielding transmembrane charged amino acids.
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Association of three sets of high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonR1) polymorphisms with aspirin-intolerant asthma. Respir Med 2008; 102:1132-9. [PMID: 18595682 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The high-affinity IgE receptor comprises a tetramer of the ligand-binding alpha chain, a signal-augmenting beta chain, and a signal-transducing gamma chain dimer on mast cells. We hypothesized that the three subsets of the FCER1 gene may play a role in the development of the aspirin-intolerant asthma (AIA) phenotype and analyzed these genetic polymorphisms in association with clinical parameters in AIA patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Six polymorphisms of FCER1 (FCERIA-344C>T, FCER1A-95T>C, MS4A2-109T>C, MS4A2 E237G, FCER1G-237A>G, FCER1G-54G>T) were genotyped in 126 AIA patients compared to 177 patients with aspirin-tolerant asthma (ATA) and 222 normal health controls (NC). RESULTS A significant difference in the genotype frequencies of FCER1G-237A>G was detected between AIA and ATA patients (p<0.05) both in co-dominant and recessive analysis models, whereas no significant relationships were identified between the frequencies of the other five single-nucleotide polymorphisms and AIA, ATA, and NC subjects. In addition, AIA patients carrying the homozygous AA genotype of FCER1G-237A>G exhibited significantly higher total serum IgE levels than did those with the GG/AG genotype (p=0.012). AIA patients expressing the CT/TT genotype at FCERIA-344C>T showed a higher prevalence of serum IgE specific to Staphylococcal enterotoxin A than did those with the CC genotype (p=0.008). CONCLUSION The FCER1G-237A>G and FCERIA-344C>T polymorphisms may contribute to the development of AIA in a Korean population.
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Kim YK, Park HW, Yang JS, Oh SY, Chang YS, Shin ES, Lee JE, Kim S, Gho YS, Cho SH, Min KU, Kim YY. Association and functional relevance of E237G, a polymorphism of the high-affinity immunoglobulin E-receptor beta chain gene, to airway hyper-responsiveness. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:592-8. [PMID: 17430357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hyper-sensitivity reaction of IgE, with its high-affinity receptors (FcepsilonRI), is central to the phenomenon of atopic diseases. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the genetic effects of non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of FcepsilonRI on intermediate phenotypes of asthma, i.e. atopy and airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), in the Korean general population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Atopy and AHR were evaluated in a cohort of 2055 subjects, aged 10-18 years, using skin prick tests (SPTs) for common aeroallergens and total serum IgE and methacholine bronchial provocation tests. All FcepsilonRI-alpha, FcepsilonRI-beta, and FcepsilonRI-gamma gene exons of 24 healthy subjects were sequenced to locate informative non-synonymous SNPs (minor allele frequency>2%). Informative SNPs were then scored, using the high-throughput single base extension method. Relative risk (RR) was determined by multiple logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for confounding factors. The functional relevance of non-synonymous SNPs was analysed using the sorting intolerant from tolerant (SIFT) program. RESULTS The SNP search found only one informative non-synonymous SNP in FcepsilonRI-beta: E237G (minor allele frequency=0.21). The positive rate of AHR was lower among subjects with the 237*E allele than among those with 237*G [RR (95% confidence interval)=0.41 (0.19-0.89); P=0.01]. However, the E237G substitution was not associated with either a positive SPT response or total serum IgE levels. Sequence evolution analysis predicted that the E237G variation is an intolerant amino acid substitution, with functional importance. CONCLUSION In the Korean general population, AHR is significantly associated with the E237G polymorphism of FcepsilonRI-beta, which results in an intolerant amino acid substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-K Kim
- Department of Life Science, Postech Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
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Hanashiro K, Sunagawa M, Nakasone T, Nakamura M, Kosugi T. Inhibition of IgE-mediated phosphorylation of FcεRIγ protein by antiallergic drugs in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells: A novel action of antiallergic drugs. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:994-1002. [PMID: 17499203 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of antiallergic drugs, azelastine and epinastine, on the expression of FcepsilonRIalpha, beta, and gamma chains and phosphorylation of the gamma chains in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells. The cells were cultured for 24 h with IgE treatment in the presence of azelastine or epinastine at the concentration of 10(-5) M. The FcepsilonRIalpha mRNA expression was determined by northern blot analysis. The protein level of FcepsilonRI expressed on the plasma membrane was examined following IgE treatment by immunoprecipitation with anti-IgE light chain, followed by western blot analysis with anti-gamma chain of FcR. Azelastine and epinastine had no effect on the FcepsilonRIalpha, beta and gamma mRNA levels. Although the amount of gamma chain assembled into IgE-bound FcepsilonRI was not changed by treatment with azelastine nor epinastine, phosphorylation levels of gamma chains of IgE-bound FcepsilonRI were inhibited by azelastine. The inhibitory effect of azelastine on the IgE-mediated expression of FcepsilonRIgamma protein is not due to their inhibition of mRNA and protein expression, but due to abrogating phosphorylation of the gamma chains, which is important for initiation of FcepsilonRI signaling cascade elicited by IgE interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Hanashiro
- 1st Department of Physiology, Unit of Physiological Science, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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Honda ZI. Fcε- and Fcγ-receptor signaling in diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 28:365-75. [PMID: 17106671 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that receptors for the immunoglobulin Fc region play pivotal roles in immune homeostasis and disease. This review describes the fine regulation of the high-affinity IgE-receptor (FcepsilonRI) signaling, especially focusing on the early events that are coordinately regulated by Src family protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), FcepsilonRI beta-subunit, and membrane lipid rafts. Because allergen-mediated FcepsilonRI cross-linking leads to the synthesis and release of a variety of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines, the duration and amplitude of the signal need to be strictly controlled, and the counterbalancing signaling is provided by specialized inhibitory receptors and molecules. However, recent work have revealed that Src family PTKs and FcepsilonRI beta-subunit transduce both positive and negative signaling with unexpectedly complex mechanisms. FcgammaRIIB exerts a unique inhibitory function on cell activation processes after the engagement of Fcgamma, FcepsilonRI and B cell receptors. Recent work has shown that FcgammaRIIB polymorphisms are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, and that a transmembrane polymorphism in FcgammaRIIB results in an impaired distribution to lipid rafts and a reduced inhibitory function. Studies addressing the functions of disease-associated polymorphisms in the FcepsilonRI beta-subunit and low-affinity FcgammaRs are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zen-Ichiro Honda
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan,
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Abstract
The high-affinity immunoglobulin (Ig)E receptor, FcepsilonRI, regulates the action of mast cells and basophils and therefore, regulates the expression of atopic disease. There have been several recent observations that demonstrate new behaviors for this receptor. The control of FcepsilonRI expression, control of cell function by FcepsilonRI, and expression of FcepsilonRI on other cell types are important new areas of understanding currently being explored.
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Bruhns P, Frémont S, Daëron M. Regulation of allergy by Fc receptors. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 17:662-9. [PMID: 16214316 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of high-affinity IgE receptors (FcepsilonRI) on mast cells and basophils has long been known as the critical event that initiates allergic reactions. Monomeric IgE was recently found to induce a variety of effects when binding to FcepsilonRI. Upregulation of FcepsilonRI only requires binding, whereas other responses require FcepsilonRI aggregation. Interestingly, FcepsilonRI aggregation has recently been understood to generate a mixture of positive and negative intracellular signals. Mast cells and basophils also express low-affinity and, under specific conditions, high-affinity IgG receptors. When co-engaging these receptors with FcepsilonRI, IgG antibodies can amplify or dampen IgE-induced mast cell activation. On the basis of these findings, it has been proposed that FcRs can be used as targets and/or tools for new therapeutic approaches to allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bruhns
- Unité d'Allergologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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Xu H, Williams MS, Spain LM. Patterns of expression, membrane localization, and effects of ectopic expression suggest a function for MS4a4B, a CD20 homolog in Th1 T cells. Blood 2005; 107:2400-8. [PMID: 16293604 PMCID: PMC1895730 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-spanning 4A (MS4A) family of proteins includes CD20, Fc epsilonRIbeta, and HTm4, whose genes are grouped in a chromosomal location that is associated with increased susceptibility to allergy and atopic asthma. One family member, Chandra/MS4a4B, was reported to be expressed in T helper 1 (Th1) T cells but not Th2 T cells. In the present study, Ms4a4b was isolated in a screen of genes differentially expressed during thymocyte development. MS4a4B was detected in immature CD4- CD8- CD44+ CD25- thymocytes, turned off during further stages of thymocyte development and reexpressed in mature single-positive thymocytes. MS4a4B expression was found in naive CD8+ and CD4+ peripheral T cells and natural killer (NK) cells but not in B cells. MS4a4B is expressed at the cell surface with its C-terminus located in the cytoplasm. When expressed in a T-cell hybridoma by retroviral vector, MS4a4B protein constitutively associated with lipid raft microdomains, whereas in primary T cells endogenous MS4a4B protein became enriched in rafts after T-cell activation. Overexpression of MS4a4B in primary CD4+ T-cell blasts enhanced T-cell receptor (TCR)-induced Th1 cytokine production. These results suggest that MS4a4B expression is tightly regulated during T-cell development and that MS4a4B expression promotes Th1 function and/or differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 W Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Abstract
A central feature of allergic reactions is the aggregation of the high-affinity IgE receptor, FcepsilonRI, to initiate a change in the behavior of the cell expressing the receptor. It is now clear that a number of cell types can express this receptor, which broadens the biology that revolves around IgE antibody. It is also quite clear that the presence of monomeric IgE antibody alters the expression of FcepsilonRI. There remains considerable uncertainty about the importance of independent regulation of the FcepsilonRIbeta subunit or its splice variant beta(T), in terms of regulating both expression and function of FcepsilonRI. There is also only primitive understanding of the role of various polymorphisms in the subunit genes on the atopic phenotype. There are, however, many efforts being made to resolve these issues and to discover other factors that regulate expression of this receptor. Of particular interest for understanding the variation in expression in atopy among patients, the role of this receptor on non-mast cell/basophils will be important to elucidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Macglashan
- The Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Küster H, von Manstein S, Ruocchio-Wiglinghaus S, von Brunn A, Reinhardt D. Mutations in the high-affinity IgE receptor beta-chain are not associated with nonresponder status. Allergy 2005; 60:1040-5. [PMID: 15969685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basophils of some individuals do not release histamine upon activation of their high-affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor (Fc(epsilon)RI), but do so if this receptor is circumvented for cell activation. This so-called nonresponder phenomenon is clinically relevant, because in various studies atopy was less frequent or absent in nonresponder individuals. So far, it is unknown if this phenomenon is acquired during adulthood or exists from birth on. METHODS Histamine release was determined from isolated leucocytes stimulated with anti-IgE or calciumionophor. Also, random primed cDNA was synthesized and the open reading frame (ORF) of the Fc(epsilon)RI beta-subunit amplified and sequenced. RESULTS In the first part of our study, we examined the role of atopic status, type of atopy, and age in a random population of 95 children of whom we found 22% to be nonresponder. None of these parameters correlated with the nonresponder status. Except for food allergy, no specific type of atopy correlated with histamine release. The mechanism underlying the nonresponder phenomenon is assumed to occur early in the signalling cascade. We hypothesized that mutations in the Fc(epsilon)RI beta-chain may be associated with the nonresponder status, and in the second part of our study sequenced the beta-subunit in 20 responders and 20 nonresponders. Two conservative and two nonconservative heterozygous one base mutations (Thr179Thr, Asp216Asp, Ile147Leu and Glu237Gly) were found in two nonresponders and one responder. Three of these mutations have not been described so far. CONCLUSION The nonresponder phenomenon is present from birth on and genetically determined. In our population, it was not associated with age or the presence of atopy, and appeared not to be caused by mutations in the Fc(epsilon)RI beta-chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Küster
- Department for Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Children's Hospital, Greifswald, Germany
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20
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Bischoff S, Crowe SE. Gastrointestinal food allergy: new insights into pathophysiology and clinical perspectives. Gastroenterology 2005; 128:1089-113. [PMID: 15825090 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adverse reactions to food that result in gastrointestinal symptoms are common in the general population; while only a minority of such individuals will have symptoms due to immunologic reactions to foods, gastrointestinal food allergies do exist in both children and adults. These immune reactions are mediated by immunoglobulin E-dependent and -independent mechanisms involving mast cells, eosinophils, and other immune cells, but the complexity of the underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis have yet to be fully defined. Knowledge of the spectrum of adverse reactions to foods that affect the digestive system, including gastrointestinal food allergy, is essential to correctly diagnose and manage the subset of patients with immunologically mediated adverse reactions to foods. Potentially fatal reactions to food necessitate careful instruction and monitoring on the part of health care workers involved in the care of individuals at risk of anaphylaxis. New methods of diagnosis and novel strategies for treatment, including immunologic modulation and the development of hypoallergenic foods, are exciting developments in the field of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Bischoff
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical School of Hannover, Germany
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21
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22
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Zhang X, Zhang W, Qiu D, Sandford A, Tan WC. The E237G polymorphism of the high-affinity IgE receptor beta chain and asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 93:499-503. [PMID: 15562891 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The beta chain of high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI beta) has been proposed as a candidate gene for asthma and atopic diseases. OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of the E237G polymorphism of the FcepsilonRI beta gene and to investigate its association with asthma and total IgE levels in 3 Asian populations. METHODS A total of 291 asthmatic patients (141 Chinese, 68 Malay, and 82 Indian) and 355 asymptomatic blood donors (157 Chinese, 100 Malay, and 98 Indian) were recruited. The E237G genotype was determined by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. Total serum IgE level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The G allele was more common in Chinese controls (17.9%) than in Malay (11.5%) (P = .05) and Indian (9.2%) (P = .01) controls. Genotypes with the G allele were more prevalent in asthmatic patients in the Chinese population (odds ratio, 1.97; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-3.77; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS There were interethnic differences in the frequencies of the G variant among Chinese, Malay, and Indian populations. The E237G polymorphism of FcsRI beta may be a risk factor for asthma in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhu Zhang
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia
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23
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Qiao HL, Yang J, Zhang YW. Specific serum IgE levels and FcepsilonRIbeta genetic polymorphism in patients with penicillins allergy. Allergy 2004; 59:1326-32. [PMID: 15507102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have suggested that both genetic and environmental influences are involved in the pathogenesis of allergic disease and atopy. The objective of this investigation is to elucidate the underlying mechanism of penicillins allergy and improve the diagnostic methods. METHODS Radioallergosorbent test was used to examine eight kinds of specific IgE antibodies, which included four kinds of major and minor antigenic determinants, respectively, in the sera of 448 patients with penicillins allergy and 101 healthy subjects. A restriction endonuclease fragment length polymorphism of a polymerase chain reaction product was used for analysis of the FcepsilonRIbeta polymorphism. RESULTS The positive rate of specific IgE in 448 patients was 58.26% (261), in which 37.28% (167) patients had positive IgE to major antigenic determinants and 47.09% (211) patients had positive IgE to minor antigenic determinants. Of the 179 patients with allergic history, 70.83% (17/24) patients had positive antibodies within 30 days, while 45.28% (24/53) had positive antibodies after 5 years. The positive reaction degree of skin test was absolutely correlated with specific IgE (P=0.047). Among patients with positive specific IgE, significant differences of E237G genotype were observed between patients with positive benzylpenicillanyl (BPA)-, phenoxomethylpenicilloyl (PVO)- or ampicilloyl (APO)-IgE and control group (P=0.015, 0.015, and 0.008, respectively). There were significant differences in E237G genotype between positive and negative BPA-, PVO- as well as APO-IgE patients (P = 0.014, 0.02, and 0.011, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The patients with penicillins allergy have positive specific IgE not only to major antigenic determinants but also to minor antigenic determinants. The E237G variant of the FcepsilonRIbeta gene is involved in the development of penicillins allergy through the process for the production of specific IgE antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-L Qiao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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24
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Nishiyama C, Akizawa Y, Nishiyama M, Tokura T, Kawada H, Mitsuishi K, Hasegawa M, Ito T, Nakano N, Okamoto A, Takagi A, Yagita H, Okumura K, Ogawa H. Polymorphisms in the FcεRIβ Promoter Region Affecting Transcription Activity: A Possible Promoter-Dependent Mechanism for Association between FcεRIβ and Atopy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:6458-64. [PMID: 15528387 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.6458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The beta subunit of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI) plays an important role in IgE-mediated allergic reactions as an amplifier for cell surface expression and signal transduction of FcepsilonRI. FcepsilonRIbeta is presumed to be one of the genes linked with atopic diseases. However, the validity of the associations previously found between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FcepsilonRIbeta and atopic diseases is questionable. In the present study, we found correlation between the SNP of FcepsilonRIbeta at +6960A/G, resulting in a Glu237Gly amino acid substitution, and the cell surface expression level of FcepsilonRI on blood basophils, although it has been shown that the Glu237Gly mutation itself does not affect the surface expression or function of FcepsilonRI. We additionally found four SNPs in the promoter region of FcepsilonRIbeta, among which -426T/C and -654C/T were tightly linked with +6960A/G. Reporter plasmids carrying the -426C and -654T promoter displayed higher transcriptional activity than those carrying the -426T and -654C promoter. We found that transcription factor YY1 preferentially bound and transactivated the -654T promoter. Furthermore, expression of FcepsilonRI beta-chain mRNA in basophils from individuals who have the minor heterozygous genotype was significantly higher than that of the major homozygous genotype. These results suggest that the SNPs in the FcepsilonRIbeta promoter are causally linked with atopy via regulation of FcepsilonRI expression.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Flanking Region/genetics
- Alleles
- Base Sequence
- Basophils/immunology
- Basophils/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cytosine
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Erythroid-Specific DNA-Binding Factors
- Genetic Linkage
- Glutamic Acid/genetics
- Glycine/genetics
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Subunits/biosynthesis
- Protein Subunits/blood
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/metabolism
- Receptors, IgE/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgE/blood
- Receptors, IgE/genetics
- Receptors, IgE/metabolism
- Thymine
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transcriptional Activation
- YY1 Transcription Factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Nishiyama
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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25
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Furumoto Y, Nunomura S, Terada T, Rivera J, Ra C. The FcepsilonRIbeta immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif exerts inhibitory control on MAPK and IkappaB kinase phosphorylation and mast cell cytokine production. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:49177-87. [PMID: 15355979 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404730200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The high affinity IgE Fc receptor (FcepsilonRI) beta chain functions as a signal amplifier and has been linked to atopy, asthma, and allergy. Herein, we report on a previously unrecognized negative regulatory role for the nonconventional beta chain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif that contains three tyrosine residues (YX5YX3Y). Degranulation and leukotriene production was found to be impaired in cells expressing the mutated FcepsilonRIbeta immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs FYY, YYF, FYF, and FFF. In contrast, cytokine synthesis and secretion were enhanced in the YFY and FFF mutants. FcepsilonRI phosphorylation and Lyn kinase co-immunoprecipitation was intact in the YFY mutant but was lost in the FYF and FFF mutants. The phosphorylation of Syk, LAT, phospholipase gamma1/2, and Srchomology 2 domain-containing protein phosphatase 2 was intact, whereas the phosphorylation of SHIP-1 was significantly reduced in the YFY mutant cells. The FYF and FFF mutants were defective in phosphorylating all of these molecules. In contrast, the phosphorylation of ERK, p38 MAPK, IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta), and nuclear NFkappaB activity was enhanced in the YFY and FFF mutants. These findings show that the FcepsilonRIbeta functions to both selectively amplify (degranulation and leukotriene secretion) and dampen (lymphokine) mast cell effector responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Furumoto
- Molecular Inflammation Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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26
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On M, Billingsley JM, Jouvin MH, Kinet JP. Molecular dissection of the FcRbeta signaling amplifier. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:45782-90. [PMID: 15339926 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404890200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human high affinity IgE receptors are expressed as two different isoforms: the tetrameric isoform, alphabetagamma(2), or the trimeric isoform, alphagamma(2). The alpha chain is the IgE binding subunit, whereas the FcRbeta and FcRgamma chains are the signaling modules. Both FcRbeta and FcRgamma contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM), but the beta ITAM differs from canonical ITAMs in two ways; the spacing between the two canonical tyrosines harbors a third tyrosine, and it is one amino acid shorter than in canonical ITAMs, making it unfit to bind the tandem SH2 of Syk. We have shown that FcRbeta functions as an amplifier of the FcRgamma signaling function. However, the molecular mechanism of this amplification remains unclear. Here we show that mutation of the three tyrosines (Tyr-219, Tyr-225, and Tyr-229) in the beta ITAM essentially converts alphabetagamma(2)into an alphagamma(2) complex in terms of Lyn recruitment, FcRgamma phosphorylation, Syk activation, and calcium mobilization. Tyr-219 is the most critical residue in this regard. In addition, a detailed analysis of the dynamics of calcium mobilization suggests a possible inhibitory role for Tyr-225, which becomes apparent when Tyr-219 is mutated. Thus, the signaling amplification function of FcRbeta is mainly encoded in Tyr-219 and in its capacity to recruit Lyn. In turn, this Tyr-219-mediated Lyn recruitment enhances gamma chain phosphorylation, Syk activation, and calcium mobilization. The two other tyrosines appear to have a modulating function that remains to be fully assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina On
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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27
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Kraft S, Rana S, Jouvin MH, Kinet JP. The role of the FcepsilonRI beta-chain in allergic diseases. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004; 135:62-72. [PMID: 15316148 DOI: 10.1159/000080231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The high affinity receptor for IgE, FcepsilonRI, is a multimeric surface receptor that is expressed exclusively as a tetramer on rodent cells, but exists as a tetramer or trimer on human cells. The tetrameric form is expressed on effector cells of allergic responses such as mast cells and basophils and is composed of an IgE-binding alpha-subunit, a beta-subunit and a gamma-subunit dimer. Complexes lacking the beta-subunit are found on human antigen-presenting cells. On mast cells and basophils, FcepsilonRI is essential for IgE-mediated acute allergic reactions. Crosslinking of FcepsilonRI by IgE and multivalent antigen induces a signaling cascade that culminates in the release of preformed mediators and the synthesis of lipid mediators and cytokines. The beta-subunit functions as an amplifier of FcepsilonRI expression and signaling. As a consequence, strongly enhanced mast cell effector functions and in vivo allergic reactions can be observed in the presence of FcepsilonRIbeta. In contrast, a truncated beta-isoform (betaT) that is produced by alternative splicing acts as an inhibitor of FcepsilonRI surface expression. Thus, by producing two proteins with antagonistic functions, the FcepsilonRIbeta gene could serve as a potent regulator of allergic responses. In addition, the genomic region encompassing the beta-chain has been linked to atopy and a number of polymorphisms within the FcepsilonRIbeta gene are associated with various atopic diseases. It remains to be elucidated how these polymorphisms might affect the allergic phenotype. These functions of the beta-chain together with the described genetic linkages to atopy make it a candidate for a role in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kraft
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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28
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Hoffjan S, Nicolae D, Ober C. Association studies for asthma and atopic diseases: a comprehensive review of the literature. Respir Res 2003; 4:14. [PMID: 14748924 PMCID: PMC314398 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-4-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2003] [Accepted: 12/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of genetic association studies on asthma-related phenotypes have been conducted in different populations. To date, variants in 64 genes have been reported to be associated with asthma or related traits in at least one study. Of these, 33 associations were replicated in a second study, 9 associations were not replicated either in a second study or a second sample in the same study, and 22 associations were reported in just a single published study. These results suggest the potential for a great amount of heterogeneity underlying asthma. However, many of these studies are methodologically limited and their interpretation hampered by small sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hoffjan
- Departments of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dan Nicolae
- Departments of Statistics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Carole Ober
- Departments of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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29
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Traherne JA, Hill MR, Hysi P, D'Amato M, Broxholme J, Mott R, Moffatt MF, Cookson WOCM. LD mapping of maternally and non-maternally derived alleles and atopy in FcepsilonRI-beta. Hum Mol Genet 2003; 12:2577-85. [PMID: 12944417 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddg290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the beta chain of the high affinity receptor for IgE (Fc epsilon RI-beta, MS4A2) are consistently associated with traits underlying asthma and atopy (immunoglobulin E-mediated allergy). However, the causal variants and haplotypes underlying disease have not yet been identified. Maternal effects, with association confined to maternally derived alleles, have been shown in some studies but not in others. We have therefore extended the known sequence and systematically detected polymorphisms across an 18.1 Kb genomic region that includes Fc epsilon RI-beta. Association testing in two panels of subjects showed the presence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) affecting prick skin tests and specific IgE responses in several clusters. Stepwise analyses indicated that the clusters represent independent effects. Interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF-2) sites were altered by significantly associated SNPs in two regions. Strong association to maternally derived alleles was seen in one panel of subjects and not in the other. Maternal and non-maternally derived associations tended to share the same SNP clusters, but associations were stronger in the presence of maternal effects. Two regions of increased CpG concentration were identified in Fc epsilon RI-beta. One of these approximated a SNP cluster that showed strong association and maternal effects, providing a potential substrate for epigenetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Traherne
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, UK
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30
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Labno CM, Lewis CM, You D, Leung DW, Takesono A, Kamberos N, Seth A, Finkelstein LD, Rosen MK, Schwartzberg PL, Burkhardt JK. Itk Functions to Control Actin Polymerization at the Immune Synapse through Localized Activation of Cdc42 and WASP. Curr Biol 2003; 13:1619-24. [PMID: 13678593 PMCID: PMC3417328 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2003.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Actin polymerization at the immune synapse is required for T cell activation and effector function; however, the relevant regulatory pathways remain poorly understood. We showed previously that binding to antigen presenting cells (APCs) induces localized activation of Cdc42 and Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASP) at the immune synapse. Several lines of evidence suggest that Tec kinases could interact with WASP-dependent actin regulatory processes. Since T cells from Rlk-/-, Itk-/-, and Rlk-/- x Itk-/- mice have defects in signaling and development, we asked whether Itk or Rlk function in actin polymerization at the immune synapse. We find that Itk-/- and Rlk-/- x Itk-/- T cells are defective in actin polymerization and conjugate formation in response to antigen-pulsed APCs. Itk functions downstream of the TCR, since similar defects were observed upon TCR engagement alone. Using conformation-specific probes, we show that although the recruitment of WASP and Arp2/3 complex to the immune synapse proceeds normally, the localized activation of Cdc42 and WASP is defective. Finally, we find that the defect in Cdc42 activation likely stems from a requirement for Itk in the recruitment of Vav to the immune synapse. Our results identify Itk as a key element of the pathway leading to localized actin polymerization at the immune synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol M. Lewis
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Daoqi You
- Cellular Biochemistry and Biophysics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021
| | - Daisy W. Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Ana Takesono
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Natalie Kamberos
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Abhinav Seth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Lisa D. Finkelstein
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Michael K. Rosen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Pamela L. Schwartzberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Correspondence:
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31
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Hasegawa M, Nishiyama C, Nishiyama M, Akizawa Y, Mitsuishi K, Ito T, Kawada H, Furukawa S, Ra C, Okumura K, Ogawa H. A novel -66T/C polymorphism in Fc epsilon RI alpha-chain promoter affecting the transcription activity: possible relationship to allergic diseases. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:1927-33. [PMID: 12902495 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.4.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We found a novel polymorphism, -66T/C, in the promoter region of human FcepsilonRIalpha, the specific component of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRI), which is essential for the cell surface expression of FcepsilonRI and the binding of IgE Ab. When the effect of the single nucleotide replacement on the promoter function was analyzed, the transcription activity of the T allele promoter was found to be higher than that of the C allele promoter, and was markedly up-regulated by the overexpression of GATA-1 when compared with the C allele promoter. This is probably because the promoter with T at -66 has an additional GATA-1-binding motif in the region, which may assure higher affinity of the transcription factor to the promoter. In accordance with this, EMSA actually indicated that GATA-1 bound to the T allele probe (-80/-59) with the affinity higher than that to the C allele probe. Statistical analysis suggested that a significant portion of nonallergic individuals has heterozygous -66T/C genotype, while most of allergic individuals have homozygous -66T/T genotype in Japanese population. Our findings for the first time demonstrate the presence of FcepsilonRIalpha polymorphism related to the allergic diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Basophils/immunology
- Basophils/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/genetics
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cytosine
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Erythroid-Specific DNA-Binding Factors
- GATA1 Transcription Factor
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Genotype
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/blood
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/immunology
- Mice
- Polymorphism, Genetic/immunology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/immunology
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Subunits/biosynthesis
- Protein Subunits/blood
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, IgE/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgE/blood
- Receptors, IgE/genetics
- Receptors, IgE/metabolism
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/immunology
- Thymine
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Hasegawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Donnadieu E, Jouvin MH, Rana S, Moffatt MF, Mockford EH, Cookson WO, Kinet JP. Competing functions encoded in the allergy-associated F(c)epsilonRIbeta gene. Immunity 2003; 18:665-74. [PMID: 12753743 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Allergic reactions are triggered via crosslinking of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E, F(c)epsilonRI. In humans, F(c)epsilonRI is expressed as a tetramer (alphabetagamma(2)) and a trimer (alphagamma(2)). The beta subunit is an amplifier of F(c)epsilonRI surface expression and signaling. Here, we show that as a consequence of alternative splicing, the F(c)epsilonRIbeta gene encodes two proteins with opposing and competing functions. One isoform is the full-length classical beta, the other a novel truncated form, beta(T). In contrast to beta, beta(T) prevents F(c)epsilonRI surface expression by inhibiting alpha chain maturation. Moreover, beta(T) competes with beta to control F(c)epsilonRI surface expression in vitro. We propose that the relative abundance of the products of the beta gene may control the level of F(c)epsilonRI surface expression and thereby influence susceptibility to allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Donnadieu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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33
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Abstract
The primary immune response to allergens is the prototypic T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) response. This occurs prenatally, favoured by the normal Th2-skewed immune response of pregnancy. The immune system matures during the early years of life. The immune responses, primarily determined by genetic susceptibility, are also influenced by exposure to allergens and infections, which may reverse their direction. Although wheezing is observed before 2 years of age, this is usually not attributable to allergy, and the majority of the wheezers do not develop asthma. The development of allergic asthma can be considered to be a two-stage process. The first stage involves the development of allergen-specific immunological memory against inhaled allergens. This happens in childhood and polarises the immune response towards a Th2 phenotype. These individuals are therefore more prone to developing allergic inflammation. Stage two involves the consolidation and maintenance of this polarised Th2 response, leading to a state of chronic airway inflammation. This second phase is influenced by various factors, for example respiratory viral infections, repeated indoor and outdoor allergen exposure, environmental tobacco smoke and air pollutants. The persistent airway inflammation leads to tissue remodelling and airway hyperresponsiveness, the clinical sine qua non of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suresh Babu
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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34
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Abstract
For several decades it has been known that IgE is central to the allergic response. In recent years, however, IgE has been described as having several actions in addition to passively arming the mast cell or basophil by binding to their high affinity IgE receptors. Recent studies have revealed roles for IgE in the regulation of its own receptor expression and in contributing to cell survival. Furthermore, the presence of trimeric high-affinity IgE receptors on leukocytes other than mast cells and basophils, together with the discovery of previously unknown functions of the beta subunit of the complex, has added to the complexity of IgE modulation of the allergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbjit S Saini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21224, USA
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35
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Abstract
Atopic diseases such as asthma, rhinitis, eczema and food allergies have increased in most industrialised countries of the world during the last 20 years. The reasons for this increase are not known and different hypotheses have been assessed including increased exposure to sensitising allergens or decreased stimulation of the immune system during critical periods of development. In allergic diseases there is a polarisation of the Th2 response and an increase in the production of type 2 cytokines which are involved in the production of immunoglobulin E and the development of mast cells, basophils and eosinophils leading to inflammation and disease. The effector phase of atopy is initiated by interaction with Fc epsilon RI expressed on effector cells such as mast cells and basophils but also found on an ever increasing list of cells. Binding of a polyvalent allergen to the variable part of IgE leads to a cross-link of the receptor that triggers the cell to release histamine and pharmacological mediators of the symptomatic allergic response. Cross-linking of Fc epsilon RI by autoantibodies against the alpha-chain of the Fc epsilon RI, causing subsequent histamine release is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of other diseases such as chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU). To date, most therapeutic strategies are aimed at inhibiting and controlling components of the inflammatory response. Recently, new treatment strategies have emerged that focus on the development of preventive and even curative treatments. The most promising therapeutic approaches are aimed at inhibiting the IgE-Fc epsilon RI interaction with the use of non-anaphylactogenic anti-IgE or anti-Fc epsilon RIalpha autoantibodies. Clinical trials in humans using an humanised anti-IgE antibody showed that this antibody was well tolerated and reduced both symptoms and use of medication in asthma and allergic rhinitis. Thus interruption of the atopic cascade at the level of the IgE-Fc epsilon RI interaction with the use of non-anaphylactogenic antibodies is effective and represents an attractive therapy for the treatment of atopic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia M Miescher
- Institute of Immunology, Sahlihaus 1, Inselspital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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36
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Abstract
Asthma and eczema (atopic dermatitis) are characterized by a number of unexplained phenomena: the familial aggregation of disease, the initiation of disease by apparently trivial exposure to allergens, the preferential transmission of disease from affected mothers and the large increase in prevalence of disease in Westernized societies in the last century. A number of genes and chromosomal regions have been identified that consistently show linkage to asthma and its related phenotypes. Known loci modify the strength of the atopic response, nonspecific inflammation, the ability to respond to particular allergens and nonspecific airway reactivity. Eczema has been shown to be due to a different set of genetic loci that are shared with other skin diseases such as psoriasis and leprosy. Genetic and genomic studies both provide evidence that epithelial surfaces are active in the induction of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Cookson
- University of Oxford, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, England.
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37
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Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in developed nations and is a complex disease that has high social and economic costs. Asthma and its associated intermediate phenotypes are under a substantial degree of genetic control. Identifying the genes underlying asthma offers a means of better understanding its pathogenesis, with the promise of improving preventive strategies, diagnostic tools, and therapies. A number of chromosomal regions containing genes influencing asthma and atopy have been identified consistently by different groups, and a role for several candidate genes has been established.
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38
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Abstract
IgE receptors are implicated as important components of the immunological pathway in allergic and inflammatory diseases. Recent investigations have begun to unravel the structure, signal transduction and function of IgE receptors from different cell types in rodent and human systems. Studies of the mechanisms involved might provide opportunities for therapeutic intervention strategies in the treatment of allergic and hypersensitivity reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Novak
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, D-53105, Bonn, Germany
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40
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Abstract
The complex interaction of the innate and adaptive immune system requires flexibility and cooperation among various cell types. In this regard, antigen-presenting-cells (APCs) play a pivotal role in transferring information from the periphery of the organism to lymphoid organs, where they initiate the activation of naive T cells. Dendritic cells, Langerhans' cells (LCs), and macrophages are also critical in the induction of allergic inflammation by presenting allergens to T lymphocytes and by contributing to the local recruitment of effector cells. Because of a complex genetic background, atopic individuals exhibit a dysregulation of T cell-mediated immune mechanisms. Attempts to understand the role APCs play in these pathophysiologic conditions are in progress and may allow development of new treatment strategies. In this review we will focus on the biology of APCs and their unique role in the induction and control of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D von Bubnoff
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tkaczyk
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Inflammatory Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 11C213, MSC 1881, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1881, USA
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