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Compromised central tolerance of ICA69 induces multiple organ autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2014; 53:10-25. [PMID: 25088457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For reasons not fully understood, patients with an organ-specific autoimmune disease have increased risks of developing autoimmune responses against other organs/tissues. We identified ICA69, a known β-cell autoantigen in Type 1 diabetes, as a potential common target in multi-organ autoimmunity. NOD mice immunized with ICA69 polypeptides exhibited exacerbated inflammation not only in the islets, but also in the salivary glands. To further investigate ICA69 autoimmunity, two genetically modified mouse lines were generated to modulate thymic ICA69 expression: the heterozygous ICA69(del/wt) line and the thymic medullary epithelial cell-specific deletion Aire-ΔICA69 line. Suboptimal central negative selection of ICA69-reactive T-cells was observed in both lines. Aire-ΔICA69 mice spontaneously developed coincident autoimmune responses to the pancreas, the salivary glands, the thyroid, and the stomach. Our findings establish a direct link between compromised thymic ICA69 expression and autoimmunity against multiple ICA69-expressing organs, and identify a potential novel mechanism for the development of multi-organ autoimmune diseases.
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Arvan P, Pietropaolo M, Ostrov D, Rhodes CJ. Islet autoantigens: structure, function, localization, and regulation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2:cshperspect.a007658. [PMID: 22908193 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a007658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Islet autoantigens associated with autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) are expressed in pancreatic β cells, although many show wider patterns of expression in the neuroendocrine system. Within pancreatic β cells, every T1D autoantigen is in one way or another linked to the secretory pathway. Together, these autoantigens play diverse roles in glucose regulation, metabolism of biogenic amines, as well as the regulation, formation, and packaging of secretory granules. The mechanism(s) by which immune tolerance to islet-cell antigens is lost during the development of T1D, remains unclear. Antigenic peptide creation for immune presentation may potentially link to the secretory biology of β cells in a number of ways, including proteasomal digestion of misfolded products, exocytosis and endocytosis of cell-surface products, or antigen release from dying β cells during normal or pathological turnover. In this context, we evaluate the biochemical nature and immunogenicity of the major autoantigens in T1D including (pro)insulin, GAD65, ZnT8, IA2, and ICA69.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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3
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Bonner SM, Pietropaolo SL, Fan Y, Chang Y, Sethupathy P, Morran MP, Beems M, Giannoukakis N, Trucco G, Palumbo MO, Solimena M, Pugliese A, Polychronakos C, Trucco M, Pietropaolo M. Sequence variation in promoter of Ica1 gene, which encodes protein implicated in type 1 diabetes, causes transcription factor autoimmune regulator (AIRE) to increase its binding and down-regulate expression. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17882-17893. [PMID: 22447927 PMCID: PMC3366781 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.319020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ICA69 (islet cell autoantigen 69 kDa) is a protein implicated in type 1 diabetes mellitus in both the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model and humans. ICA69 is encoded by the Ica1 gene on mouse chromosome 6 A1-A2. We previously reported reduced ICA69 expression in the thymus of NOD mice compared with thymus of several non-diabetic mouse strains. We propose that reduced thymic ICA69 expression could result from variations in transcriptional regulation of the gene and that polymorphisms within the Ica1 core promoter may partially determine this transcriptional variability. We characterized the functional promoter of Ica1 in NOD mice and compared it with the corresponding portions of Ica1 in non-diabetic C57BL/6 mice. Luciferase reporter constructs demonstrated that the NOD Ica1 promoter region exhibited markedly reduced luciferase expression in transiently transfected medullary thymus epithelial (mTEC(+)) and B-cell (M12)-derived cell lines. However, in a non-diabetic strain, C57BL/6, the Ica1 promoter region was transcriptionally active when transiently transfected into the same cell lines. We concomitantly identified five single nucleotide polymorphisms within the NOD Ica1 promoter. One of these single nucleotide polymorphisms increases the binding affinity for the transcription factor AIRE (autoimmune regulator), which is highly expressed in thymic epithelial cells, where it is known to play a key role regulating self-antigen expression. We conclude that polymorphisms within the NOD Ica1 core promoter may determine AIRE-mediated down-regulation of ICA69 expression in medullary thymic epithelial cells, thus providing a novel mechanistic explanation for the loss of immunologic tolerance to this self-antigen in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Bonner
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Susan L Pietropaolo
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Yong Fan
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Yigang Chang
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Michael P Morran
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Megan Beems
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Giuliana Trucco
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Michael O Palumbo
- Endocrine Genetics Laboratory, Montreal Children Hospital-Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec H3H 1P3, Canada
| | - Michele Solimena
- Department of Molecular Diabetology, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus School of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Immunogenetics Program, Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Constantin Polychronakos
- Endocrine Genetics Laboratory, Montreal Children Hospital-Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec H3H 1P3, Canada
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Massimo Pietropaolo
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105.
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Tsui H, Chan Y, Tang L, Winer S, Cheung RK, Paltser G, Selvanantham T, Elford AR, Ellis JR, Becker DJ, Ohashi PS, Dosch HM. Targeting of pancreatic glia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2008; 57:918-28. [PMID: 18198358 DOI: 10.2337/db07-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 1 diabetes reflects autoimmune destruction of beta-cells and peri-islet Schwann cells (pSCs), but the mechanisms of pSC death and the T-cell epitopes involved remain unclear. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Primary pSC cultures were generated and used as targets in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) assays in NOD mice. Cognate interaction between pSC and CD8(+) T-cells was assessed by transgenic restoration of beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) to pSC in NOD.beta2m(-/-) congenics. I-A(g7) and K(d) epitopes in the pSC antigen glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were identified by peptide mapping or algorithms, respectively, and the latter tested by immunotherapy. RESULTS pSC cultures did not express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and were lysed by ex vivo CTLs from diabetic NOD mice. In vivo, restoration of MHC class I in GFAP-beta2m transgenics significantly accelerated adoptively transferred diabetes. Target epitopes in the pSC autoantigen GFAP were mapped to residues 79-87 and 253-261 for K(d) and 96-110, 116-130, and 216-230 for I-A(g7). These peptides were recognized spontaneously in NOD spleens as early as 2.5 weeks of age, with proliferative responses peaking around weaning and detectable lifelong. Several were also recognized by T-cells from new-onset type 1 diabetic patients. NOD mouse immunotherapy at 8 weeks with the CD8(+) T-cell epitope, GFAP 79-87 but not 253-261, significantly inhibited type 1 diabetes and was associated with reduced gamma-interferon production to whole protein GFAP. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings elucidate a role for pSC-specific CD8(+) T-cells in islet inflammation and type 1 diabetes pathogenesis, further supporting neuronal involvement in beta-cell demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Tsui
- The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., 10th Floor Elm Wing, Rm. 10126, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
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Stoll ML, Price KD, Silvin CJ, Jiang F, Gavalchin J. Immunization with peptides derived from the idiotypic region of lupus-associated autoantibodies delays the development of lupus nephritis in the (SWR×NZB)F1 murine model. J Autoimmun 2007; 29:30-7. [PMID: 17459659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multiorgan autoimmune disease affecting 40-50/100,000 Americans. Although most of the research on pathogenic antibodies focuses on antigenic specificity, there is increasing evidence that specific immunoglobulin idiotypes may mediate lupus nephritis independent of autoantigen specificity. In previous work, our laboratory characterized a set of nephritogenic monoclonal antibodies with substantial idiotypic cross-reactivity, produced by the spontaneous SLE model (SWR x NZB)F(1) (SNF(1)), termed Id(LN)F(1). Peptides derived from one of these antibodies, Id540, was previously shown to stimulate pathogenic T-cells from prenephritic SNF(1) mice, similar to what has been seen for pathogenic A6.1 antibody produced by the (NZB x NZW)F(1) model. In this study, we immunized pre-nephritic SNF(1) mice with p62-73, a peptide derived from the variable region of Id540 and, in separate experiments, with p58-69, a peptide derived from the variable region of A6.1. In both cases, immunization resulted in increased survival and delayed nephritis; however, while both peptides affected levels of anti-DNA antibodies, immunization with p62-73 only affected levels of Id(LN)F(1) antibodies. These findings confirm the roles of pathogenic idiotypes in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis and suggest that therapies that target specific idiotypes might be a potential tool in the management of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Stoll
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY HSC, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Kadri N, Potiron N, Ouary M, Jegou D, Gouin E, Bach JM, Lieubeau B. Fetal calf serum-primed dendritic cells induce a strong anti-fetal calf serum immune response and diabetes protection in the non-obese diabetic mouse. Immunol Lett 2006; 108:129-36. [PMID: 17196260 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several investigators have shown that transfer of dendritic cells (DC) prevents diabetes development in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Accumulating evidences showing that DC cultured in medium containing fetal calf serum (FCS) can induce a dominant unspecific immune response in tumor models after i.v. injection prompted us to investigate if the protecting effect of DC on diabetes development in NOD mice might be supported by the induction of an anti-FCS immune response in recipient mice. Five-week-old NOD mice were injected i.v. with FCS-cultured bone marrow-derived DC or PBS as control. Levels of anti-FCS and anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) antibodies were measured in the serum of recipient mice. Anti-FCS cellular immune responses were also analysed after a single DC injection using in vitro proliferation of splenocytes either in RPMI supplemented with FCS, AIMV-BSA or RPMI containing autologous mouse serum or BSA as a read out. DC injection prevented diabetes development in NOD mice and high titers of anti-FCS and anti-BSA antibodies were detected in serum of all DC-injected mice. Besides, splenocytes isolated from DC-injected mice proliferated vigorously in the presence of bovine proteins in contrast to splenocytes isolated from control mice but removing bovine proteins abrogated the high level of proliferation of those splenocytes suggesting that lymphocytes have been primed against bovine proteins in vivo after DC injection. All together, our data show that DC transfer induced cellular and humoral anti-FCS immune responses in recipient NOD mice suggesting that the protective effect of DC relies on their unspecific immunostimulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kadri
- Immuno-endocrinology Unit, INRA U707, F-44307 Nantes, France
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Ola TO, Williams NA. Protection of non-obese diabetic mice from autoimmune diabetes by Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit. Immunology 2006; 117:262-70. [PMID: 16423062 PMCID: PMC1782208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is associated with development of inflammation around the islets at around 4-5 weeks of age, which may be prolonged until frank diabetes begins to occur around 12 weeks of age. Although many interventions can halt disease progression if administration coincides with the beginning of the anti-beta cell response, very few are able to prevent diabetes development once insulitis is established. Here we describe a strategy which blocks cellular infiltration of islets and prevents diabetes. Intranasal treatment with the B-subunit of Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin (EtxB), a protein that binds GM1 ganglioside (as well as GD1b, asialo-GM1 and lactosylceramide with lower affinities), protected NOD mice from developing diabetes in a receptor-binding dependent manner. Protection was associated with a significant reduction in the number of macrophages, CD4(+) T cells, B cells, major histocompatibility complex class II(+) cells infiltrating the islets. Despite this, treated mice showed increased number of interleukin-10(+) cells in the pancreas, and a decrease in both T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokine production in the pancreatic lymph node. Disease protection was also transferred with CD4(+) splenocytes from treated mice. Taken together, these results demonstrated that EtxB is a potent immune modulator capable of blocking diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Ola
- University of Bristol, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, UK.
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus results from immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta-cells, leading to loss of insulin production. Strategies to prevent or reverse diabetes development include beta-cell protection, regeneration, or replacement. Recent advances in our understanding of the autoimmune process leading to diabetes has generated interest in the potential use of immunomodulatory agents that may collectively be termed vaccines, to prevent type 1 diabetes. Vaccines may work in various ways, including changing the immune response from a destructive (e.g. Th1) to a more benign (e.g. Th2) response, inducing antigen-specific regulatory T cells, deleting autoreactive T cells, or preventing immune cell interaction. To date, most diabetes vaccine development has been in animal models, with relatively few human trials having been completed. A major finding of animal models such as the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is that they are extremely sensitive to diabetes protection, such that many interventions that protect mice are not successful in humans. This is particularly evident for human insulin tolerance studies, including the Diabetes Prevention Trial-1, where no human protection was seen from insulin despite positive NOD results. Further challenges are posed by the need to translate protective vaccine doses in mice to effective human doses. Despite such problems, some promising human vaccine data are beginning to emerge. Recent pilot studies have suggested a beneficial effect in recent-onset human type 1 diabetes from administration of nondepleting anti-CD3 antibodies or a peptide from heat shock protein 60. Given past experience, however, large multicenter, double-blind, controlled confirmatory studies are clearly required and longer term toxicity issues of drugs such as anti-CD3 need to be addressed.Diabetes vaccine development would benefit greatly from the development of reliable surrogate markers of immunoregulation. These would allow faster and more efficient screening of vaccine candidates, and would also assist in the translation of vaccine doses from animal to human studies. Unfortunately, research funding bodies desperate to find a cure are embarking on expensive clinical trials without first addressing important underlying issues such as animal-human dose translation and possible mechanisms of action. No doubt this is due to pressure from their constituency to rapidly find a cure, but unfortunately this approach may slow rather than speed the development of an effective vaccine cure. However, despite the significant hurdles that remain, vaccines remain one of the most promising strategies to prevent type 1 diabetes, with major advantages including convenience, safety, and long-lasting protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Petrovsky
- Autoimmunity Research Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia and John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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Abstract
Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus results from selective immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells. Strategies to prevent or reverse the development of diabetes can be divided into three groups, depending on whether they focus on beta-cell protection, regeneration or replacement. Prevention of immune beta-cell destruction involves either halting the immune attack directed against beta cells or making beta cells better able to withstand immune attack, for example, by making them resistant to free radical damage. The recent identification of beta-cell growth factors and development of stem cell technologies provides an alternative route to the reversal of diabetes, namely beta-cell regeneration. Interestingly, stem cell-derived islets appear to be less sensitive to recurrent immune destruction that is normally seen in response to islet transplantation. The last alternative is beta-cell replacement or substitution. This covers a wide range of interventions including human whole pancreas transplantation, xenotransplantation, genetically modified beta cells, mechanical insulin sensing and delivery devices, and the artificial pancreas. This review describes recent advances in each of these research areas and aims to provide clinicians with an idea of where and when an effective strategy to prevent or reverse diabetes development will become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Petrovsky
- Autoimmunity Research Unit, Canberra Hospital and Medical Informatics Centre, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Winer S, Tsui H, Lau A, Song A, Li X, Cheung RK, Sampson A, Afifiyan F, Elford A, Jackowski G, Becker DJ, Santamaria P, Ohashi P, Dosch HM. Autoimmune islet destruction in spontaneous type 1 diabetes is not beta-cell exclusive. Nat Med 2003; 9:198-205. [PMID: 12539039 DOI: 10.1038/nm818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2002] [Accepted: 12/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic islets of Langerhans are enveloped by peri-islet Schwann cells (pSC), which express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100beta. pSC-autoreactive T- and B-cell responses arise in 3- to 4-week-old diabetes-prone non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, followed by progressive pSC destruction before detectable beta-cell death. Humans with probable prediabetes generate similar autoreactivities, and autoantibodies in islet-cell autoantibody (lCA) -positive sera co-localize to pSC. Moreover, GFAP-specific NOD T-cell lines transferred pathogenic peri-insulitis to NOD/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice, and immunotherapy with GFAP or S100beta prevented diabetes. pSC survived in rat insulin promoter Iymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (rip-LCMV) glycoprotein/CD8+ T-cell receptor(gp) double-transgenic mice with virus-induced diabetes, suggesting that pSC death is not an obligate consequence of local inflammation and beta-cell destruction. However, pSC were deleted in spontaneously diabetic NOD mice carrying the CD8+/8.3 T-cell receptor transgene, a T cell receptor commonly expressed in earliest islet infiltrates. Autoimmune targeting of pancreatic nervous system tissue elements seems to be an integral, early part of natural type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Winer
- Hospital For Sick Children, Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Friday RP, Pietropaolo SL, Profozich J, Trucco M, Pietropaolo M. Alternative core promoters regulate tissue-specific transcription from the autoimmune diabetes-related ICA1 (ICA69) gene locus. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:853-63. [PMID: 12409289 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210175200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet cell autoantigen 69-kDa (ICA69), protein product of the human ICA1 gene, is one target of the immune processes defining the pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes. We have characterized the genomic structure and functional promoters within the 5'-regulatory region of ICA1. 5'-RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends evaluation of ICA1 transcripts expressed in human islets, testis, heart, and cultured neuroblastoma cells reveals that three 5'-untranslated region exons are variably expressed from the ICA1 gene in a tissue-specific manner. Surrounding the transcription initiation sites are motifs characteristic of non-TATA, non-CAAT, GC-rich promoters, including consensus Sp1/GC boxes, an initiator element, cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) sites, and clusters of other putative transcription factor sites within a genomic CpG island. Luciferase reporter constructs demonstrate that the first two ICA1 exon promoters reciprocally stimulate luciferase expression within islet- (RIN 1046-38 cells) and brain-derived (NMB7) cells in culture; the exon A promoter exhibits greater activity in islet cells, whereas the exon B promoter more efficiently activates transcription in neuronal cells. Mutation of a CREB site within the ICA1 exon B promoter significantly enhances transcriptional activity in both cell lines. Our basic understanding of expression from the functional core promoter elements of ICA1 is an important advance that will not only add to our knowledge of the ICA69 autoantigen but will also facilitate a rational approach to discover the function of ICA69 and to identify relevant ICA1 promoter polymorphisms and their potential associations with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Friday
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Diabetes Institute, Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Winer S, Astsaturov I, Cheung R, Tsui H, Song A, Gaedigk R, Winer D, Sampson A, McKerlie C, Bookman A, Dosch HM. Primary Sjögren's syndrome and deficiency of ICA69. Lancet 2002; 360:1063-9. [PMID: 12383988 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sjögren's syndrome is a common (about 1% of the population) autoimmune disease of salivary and lacrimal glands. Its cause and pathogenesis are poorly understood, and treatments are mostly for symptoms of the disease. ICA69 is a self-antigen expressed in brain, pancreas, salivary, and lacrimal glands. NOD-strain mice are an animal model of spontaneous Sjögren's syndrome. We aimed to assess the role of ICA69 in autoimmunity against Sjögren's syndrome. METHODS We inactivated the genomic ICA69 locus, generated NOD congenic mice that were deficient in ICA69, and assessed development of Sjögren's syndrome. ICA69 autoimmunity was investigated in controls and in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus, and in various NOD mice, some of which were given an ICA69-directed prototype peptide vaccine. FINDINGS Disruption of the ICA69 locus prevented lacrimal gland disease and greatly reduced salivary gland disease in NOD mice. In healthy NOD mice, ICA69-specific T cells accumulated in lymph nodes that drain salivary tissue. T-cell and B-cell autoreactivity against ICA69 was much the same in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome, but not in those with systemic lupus erythematosus or in healthy controls. Immunotherapy with a high-affinity mimicry peptide targeting ICA69-specific T-cells reduced established Sjögren's syndrome in wild-type NOD mice in the long term. INTERPRETATION ICA69 is a new autoantigen in primary Sjögren's syndrome that has an important role in progression of disease and could be of diagnostic value. Immunotherapy of primary Sjögren's syndrome is promising, since autoimmunity in NOD mice with Sjögren's syndrome seems to be uniquely susceptible to such treatment even late in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Winer
- Hospital for Sick Children, Research Institute, ON, Toronto, Canada
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Winer S, Astsaturov I, Gaedigk R, Hammond-McKibben D, Pilon M, Song A, Kubiak V, Karges W, Arpaia E, McKerlie C, Zucker P, Singh B, Dosch HM. ICA69(null) nonobese diabetic mice develop diabetes, but resist disease acceleration by cyclophosphamide. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:475-82. [PMID: 11751995 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.1.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ICA69 (islet cell Ag 69 kDa) is a diabetes-associated autoantigen with high expression levels in beta cells and brain. Its function is unknown, but knockout of its Caenorhabditis elegans homologue, ric-19, compromised neurotransmission. We disrupted the murine gene, ica-1, in 129-strain mice. These animals aged normally, but speed-congenic ICA69(null) nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice developed mid-life lethality, reminiscent of NOD-specific, late lethal seizures in glutamic acid decarboxylase 65-deficient mice. In contrast to wild-type and heterozygous animals, ICA69(null) NOD congenics fail to generate, even after immunization, cross-reactive T cells that recognize the dominant Tep69 epitope in ICA69, and its environmental mimicry Ag, the ABBOS epitope in BSA. This antigenic mimicry is thus driven by the endogenous self Ag, and not initiated by the environmental mimic. Insulitis, spontaneous, and adoptively transferred diabetes develop normally in ICA69(null) NOD congenics. Like glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, ICA69 is not an obligate autoantigen in diabetes. Unexpectedly, ICA69(null) NOD mice were resistant to cyclophosphamide (CY)-accelerated diabetes. Transplantation experiments with hemopoietic and islet tissue linked CY resistance to ICA69 deficiency in islets. CY-accelerated diabetes involves not only ablation of lymphoid cells, but ICA69-dependent drug toxicity in beta cells that boosts autoreactivity in the regenerating lymphoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Winer
- The Hospital For Sick Children, Research Institute, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8
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14
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Abstract
The immune system is naturally unresponsive to 'self' antigens. Improved knowledge of mechanisms underlying self tolerance is giving rise to a new generation of immunosuppressive agents, that can exploit these mechanisms and so reduce the nature and level of medication that needs to be given long-term to control diseases where the immune system does harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, UK.
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15
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Winer S, Astsaturov I, Cheung RK, Schrade K, Gunaratnam L, Wood DD, Moscarello MA, O'Connor P, McKerlie C, Becker DJ, Dosch HM. T cells of multiple sclerosis patients target a common environmental peptide that causes encephalitis in mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:4751-6. [PMID: 11254737 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.7.4751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease triggered by unknown environmental factors in genetically susceptible hosts. MS risk was linked to high rates of cow milk protein (CMP) consumption, reminiscent of a similar association in autoimmune diabetes. A recent rodent study showed that immune responses to the CMP, butyrophilin, can lead to encephalitis through antigenic mimicry with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. In this study, we show abnormal T cell immunity to several other CMPs in MS patients comparable to that in diabetics. Limited epitope mapping with the milk protein BSA identified one specific epitope, BSA(193), which was targeted by most MS but not diabetes patients. BSA(193) was encephalitogenic in SJL/J mice subjected to a standard protocol for the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalitis. These data extend the possible, immunological basis for the association of MS risk, CMP, and CNS autoimmunity. To pinpoint the same peptide, BSA(193), in encephalitis-prone humans and rodents may imply a common endogenous ligand, targeted through antigenic mimicry.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Butyrophilins
- Caseins/immunology
- Cattle
- Cross Reactions
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Humans
- Lactoglobulins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/toxicity
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Milk Proteins/immunology
- Milk Proteins/toxicity
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Mapping
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/administration & dosage
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Winer
- The Hospital For Sick Children, Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Winer S, Astsaturov I, Cheung R, Gunaratnam L, Kubiak V, Cortez MA, Moscarello M, O'Connor PW, McKerlie C, Becker DJ, Dosch HM. Type I diabetes and multiple sclerosis patients target islet plus central nervous system autoantigens; nonimmunized nonobese diabetic mice can develop autoimmune encephalitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:2831-41. [PMID: 11160351 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Type I diabetes and multiple sclerosis (MS) are distinct autoimmune diseases where T cells target either islet or CNS self-proteins. Unexpectedly, we found that autoreactive T cells in diabetic patients, relatives with high diabetes risk, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, and MS patients routinely target classical islet as well as CNS autoantigens. The pathogenic potential of CNS autoreactivity was testable in NOD mice. Pertussis holotoxin, without additional Ags or adjuvants, allowed development of an NOD mouse-specific, autoimmune encephalitis with variable primary-progressive, monophasic, and relapsing-remitting courses. T cells from diabetic donors transferred CNS disease to pertussis toxin-pretreated NOD.scid mice, with accumulation of CD3/IFN-gamma transcripts in the brain. Diabetes and MS appear more closely related than previously perceived. NOD mouse-specific, autoimmune encephalitis provides a new MS model to identify factors that determine alternative disease outcomes in hosts with similar autoreactive T cell repertoires.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adoptive Transfer
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Organ Specificity/immunology
- Prospective Studies
- Recurrence
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- S Winer
- The Hospital For Sick Children, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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