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Kariyawasam HH, Gane SB. Allergen-induced asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis and transforming growth factor-β superfamily signaling: mechanisms and functional consequences. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:1155-1170. [PMID: 31549888 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1672538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Often co-associated, asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are complex heterogeneous disease syndromes. Severity in both is related to tissue inflammation and abnormal repair (termed remodeling). Understanding signaling factors that can modulate, integrate the activation, and regulation of such key processes together is increasingly important. The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily of ligands comprise a versatile system of immunomodulatory molecules that are gaining recognition as having an essential function in the immunopathogenesis of asthma. Early data suggest an important role in CRS as well. Abnormal or dysregulated signaling may contribute to disease pathogenesis and severity.Areas covered: The essential biology of this complex family of growth factors in relation to the excess inflammation and remodeling that occurs in allergic asthma and CRS is reviewed. The need to understand the integration of signaling pathways together is highlighted. Studies in human airway tissue are evaluated and only selected key animal models relevant to human disease discussed given the highly context-dependent signaling and function of these ligands.Expert opinion: Abnormal or dysregulated TGF-β superfamily signaling may be central to the excess inflammation and tissue remodeling in asthma, and possibly CRS. Therefore, the TGF-β superfamily signaling pathways represent an emerging and attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha H Kariyawasam
- Department of Adult Specialist Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Royal National ENT Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Rhinology, Royal National ENT Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon B Gane
- Department of Rhinology, Royal National ENT Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,University College London, London, UK
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Benichou G, Tonsho M, Tocco G, Nadazdin O, Madsen JC. Innate immunity and resistance to tolerogenesis in allotransplantation. Front Immunol 2012; 3:73. [PMID: 22566954 PMCID: PMC3342343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of immunosuppressive drugs to control adaptive immune responses has led to the success of transplantation as a therapy for end-stage organ failure. However, these agents are largely ineffective in suppressing components of the innate immune system. This distinction has gained in clinical significance as mounting evidence now indicates that innate immune responses play important roles in the acute and chronic rejection of whole organ allografts. For instance, whereas clinical interest in natural killer (NK) cells was once largely confined to the field of bone marrow transplantation, recent findings suggest that these cells can also participate in the acute rejection of cardiac allografts and prevent tolerance induction. Stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), another important component of innate immunity, by endogenous ligands released in response to ischemia/reperfusion is now known to cause an inflammatory milieu favorable to graft rejection and abrogation of tolerance. Emerging data suggest that activation of complement is linked to acute rejection and interferes with tolerance. In summary, the conventional wisdom that the innate immune system is of little importance in whole organ transplantation is no longer tenable. The addition of strategies that target TLRs, NK cells, complement, and other components of the innate immune system will be necessary to eventually achieve long-term tolerance to human allograft recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Benichou
- Transplant Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Lélu K, Laffont S, Delpy L, Paulet PE, Périnat T, Tschanz SA, Pelletier L, Engelhardt B, Guéry JC. Estrogen receptor α signaling in T lymphocytes is required for estradiol-mediated inhibition of Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation and protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2386-93. [PMID: 21810607 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen treatment exerts a protective effect on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and is under clinical trial for multiple sclerosis therapy. Estrogens have been suspected to protect from CNS autoimmunity through their capacity to exert anti-inflammatory as well as neuroprotective effects. Despite the obvious impacts of estrogens on the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis and EAE, the dominant cellular target that orchestrates the anti-inflammatory effect of 17β-estradiol (E2) in EAE is still ill defined. Using conditional estrogen receptor (ER) α-deficient mice and bone marrow chimera experiments, we show that expression of ERα is critical in hematopoietic cells but not in endothelial ones to mediate the E2 inhibitory effect on Th1 and Th17 cell priming, resulting in EAE protection. Furthermore, using newly created cell type-specific ERα-deficient mice, we demonstrate that ERα is required in T lymphocytes, but neither in macrophages nor dendritic cells, for E2-mediated inhibition of Th1/Th17 cell differentiation and protection from EAE. Lastly, in absence of ERα in host nonhematopoietic tissues, we further show that ERα signaling in T cells is necessary and sufficient to mediate the inhibitory effect of E2 on EAE development. These data uncover T lymphocytes as a major and nonredundant cellular target responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of E2 in Th17 cell-driven CNS autoimmunity.
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Weir MR, Bartlett ST, Drachenberg CB. Eosinophilia as an early indicator of pancreatic allograft rejection. Clin Transplant 2011; 26:238-41. [PMID: 21477098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring pancreas transplant recipients for rejection is an inexact science. Serial monitoring of urinary amylase has been used for patients with a bladder-drained pancreas. An increase in serum amylase and lipase has been utilized as an in vivo measure of pancreas rejection in patients with enteric pancreatic exocrine drainage. Decreases in urinary amylase or increases in serum amylase or lipase, respectively, in these two different types of surgical drainage would prompt a pancreas biopsy for histologic confirmation of rejection. Herein, we describe the case of an enteric-drained pancreatic transplant recipient who presented with peripheral eosinophilia at least one month before she developed increases in serum amylase and lipase. A pancreas allograft biopsy indicated eosinophilic acute cellular rejection. Peripheral eosinophilia may be a useful early indicator of pancreas graft rejection preceding changes in serum pancreatic enzymes by approximately one month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Weir
- Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Adams B, Dubois A, Delbauve S, Debock I, Lhommé F, Goldman M, Flamand V. Expansion of regulatory CD8+ CD25+ T cells after neonatal alloimmunization. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 163:354-61. [PMID: 21175595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation tolerance induced by neonatal injection of semi-allogeneic spleen cells is associated with a pathological syndrome caused by T helper type 2 (Th2) differentiation of donor-specific CD4(+) T lymphocytes. We have shown previously that this Th2-biased response is inhibited by host CD8(+) T cells. Herein, we demonstrate that upon neonatal immunization with (A/J × BALB/c)F(1) spleen cells, BALB/c mice expand a population of CD8(+) T cells expressing both CD25 and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) markers. In this setting, CD8(+) CD25(+) T cells predominantly produce interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 and are efficient in controlling IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 production by donor-specific CD4(+) T cells in vitro. CD8(+) FoxP3(-) T cells are single producers of IFN-γ or IL-10, whereas CD8(+) FoxP3(+) T cells are double producers of IFN-γ and IL-10. We further demonstrate that IFN-γ and IL-10 are two major cytokines produced by CD8(+) T cells involved in the in vivo regulation of Th2-type pathology. In this setting, we conclude that neonatal alloimmunization induces the expansion of several regulatory CD8(+) T cells which may control Th2 activities via IFN-γ and IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Adams
- Institut d'Immunologie Médicale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
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6
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Natural killer cells recruited into lymph nodes inhibit alloreactive T-cell activation through perforin-mediated killing of donor allogeneic dendritic cells. Blood 2008; 112:661-71. [PMID: 18505782 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-10-120089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK)-cell alloreactivity is exploited in bone marrow transplantation to improve clinical outcome. Likewise, in solid organ transplantation, it has been recently shown that recipient NK cells may limit alloreactive T-cell responses through their capacity to prevent the persistence of graft-derived allogeneic dendritic cells (DCs). In a model of CD4(+) T cell-mediated allogeneic skin graft rejection, we show that the absence of host NK-cell alloreactivity was characterized by enhanced expansion of alloreactive effector T lymphocytes, including Th2 cells, and massive eosinophilic infiltrates in the rejected tissues. In CD8(+) T cell-deficient C57BL/6 (H-2(b)) recipients injected with allogeneic BALB/c (H-2(d)) DCs, we demonstrated that NK cells expressing the H-2D(d)-specific Ly49D activating receptor were implicated in the regulation of alloreactive CD4(+) T-cell responses. Moreover, we showed that Ly49D(+) CD127(-) NK cells were recruited within DC draining lymph nodes and rapidly eliminated allogeneic H-2(d) DCs through the perforin pathway. In normal mice, we further demonstrated that NK cells by quickly eliminating allogeneic DCs strongly inhibited alloreactive CD8(+) T-cell responses. Thus, NK cells act as early regulators of alloreactive T-cell priming in allotransplantation through their capacity to kill allogeneic DCs in draining lymph nodes.
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Reis EAG, Azevedo TM, McBride AJA, Harn DA, Reis MG. Naïve Donor Responses to Schistosoma mansoni Soluble Egg Antigens. Scand J Immunol 2007; 66:662-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.02024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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LaRosa DF, Rahman AH, Turka LA. The innate immune system in allograft rejection and tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:7503-9. [PMID: 17548582 PMCID: PMC2840045 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As T cells alone are both necessary and sufficient for the rejection of virtually all allogeneic tissues, much of transplantation immunology has focused on cells of the adaptive immune system. During the past decade, advances in our understanding of innate responses to pathogen-associated molecules have spurred a "rediscovery" of innate immunity. Fueled by this, an increasing body of literature has emerged in which the role of the innate immune system in allograft rejection and tolerance has been examined more closely. This review will give an overview of recent studies and emerging concepts of how the cellular components of the innate immune system participate in the immune response to solid organ transplantation. These important studies highlight the complex interplay between diverse cells of the immune response and provide the basis for optimal strategies of tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F LaRosa
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Sailaja G, Skountzou I, Quan FS, Compans RW, Kang SM. Human immunodeficiency virus-like particles activate multiple types of immune cells. Virology 2007; 362:331-41. [PMID: 17276476 PMCID: PMC1974898 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The rapid spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide makes it a high priority to develop an effective vaccine. Since live attenuated or inactivated HIV is not likely to be approved as a vaccine due to safety concerns, HIV virus like particles (VLPs) offer an attractive alternative because they are safe due to the lack of a viral genome. Although HIV VLPs have been shown to induce humoral and cellular immune responses, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which they induce such responses and to improve their immunogenicity. We generated HIV VLPs, and VLPs containing Flt3 ligand (FL), a dendritic cell growth factor, to target VLPs to dendritic cells, and investigated the roles of these VLPs in the initiation of adaptive immune responses in vitro and in vivo. We found that HIV-1 VLPs induced maturation of dendritic cells and monocyte/macrophage populations in vitro and in vivo, with enhanced expression of maturation markers and cytokines. Dendritic cells pulsed with VLPs induced activation of splenocytes resulting in increased production of cytokines. VLPs containing FL were found to increase dendritic cells and monocyte/macrophage populations in the spleen when administered to mice. Administration of VLPs induced acute activation of multiple types of cells including T and B cells as indicated by enhanced expression of the early activation marker CD69 and down-regulation of the homing receptor CD62L. VLPs containing FL were an effective form of antigen in activating immune cells via dendritic cells, and immunization with HIV VLPs containing FL resulted in enhanced T helper type 2-like immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Genes, env
- HIV Antibodies/blood
- HIV Antigens/genetics
- HIV Antigens/immunology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- L-Selectin/biosynthesis
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Animal
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spodoptera/cytology
- Vaccines, Virosome/immunology
- Virosomes/immunology
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard W. Compans
- *co-corresponding authors, Richard W. Compans: , Sang-Moo Kang: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rollins Research Center 3086, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA T:1-404-727-3228, F:1-404-727-8250
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- *co-corresponding authors, Richard W. Compans: , Sang-Moo Kang: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rollins Research Center 3086, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA T:1-404-727-3228, F:1-404-727-8250
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10
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Marrero I, Huffman D, Kalil J, Sercarz EE, Coelho V. TAP1-/- mice present oligoclonal BV-BJ expansions following the rejection of grafts bearing self antigens. Immunology 2006; 118:461-71. [PMID: 16895555 PMCID: PMC1782321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work showed that transporter associated with antigen processing 1 (TAP1)-/- (H-2b) mice rejected grafts from H-2b mice which display a normal density of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the cell surface. Our results indicated that H-2b molecules themselves may be a target in this kind of rejection and that CD4+ T cells play a major role in this autoreactive process. Our data also suggested that TAP1-/- mice, in addition to the well-recognized phenotype of class I and CD8+ T-cell deficiency, present a functional alteration in their autoreactive CD4+ T-cell repertoires. In this model of inflammatory autoreactivity to modified self, we have analysed T-cell receptor (TCR) V-beta-J-beta (BV-BJ) usage by complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) length spectratyping in splenocytes from naïve TAP1-/- mice and transplanted TAP1-/- mice that rejected B6 heart grafts or responded to synthetic self H-2Kb peptides. Importantly, oligoclonal T-cell expansions shared by different animals were detected in the peripheral T-cell repertoire of transplanted TAP1-/- mice. Such public expansions were also induced in vitro by H-2Kb peptides, suggesting that dominant class I peptides can induce preferential expansions of restricted T-cell populations during rejection. Some of these public T-cell expansions were also detected in transplanted mice even before in vitro stimulation with peptides, indicating that post-transplantation expansion of these populations had occurred in vivo. The functional activity of these T-cell populations awaits elucidation, as do the underlying mechanisms involved in the inflammatory autoreactive process, in TAP1-/- mice.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Autoantigens
- Autoimmunity
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Complementarity Determining Regions/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Heart Transplantation
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Animal
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Idania Marrero
- Immunology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), São Paulo University School of MedicineSão Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), Millennium InstituteSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Donald Huffman
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and ImmunologySan Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Immunology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), São Paulo University School of MedicineSão Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), Millennium InstituteSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eli E Sercarz
- Department of Immune Regulation, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular StudiesSan Diego, CA, USA
| | - Verônica Coelho
- Immunology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), São Paulo University School of MedicineSão Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), Millennium InstituteSão Paulo, Brazil
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Laffont S, Coudert JD, Garidou L, Delpy L, Wiedemann A, Demur C, Coureau C, Guéry JC. CD8+ T-cell-mediated killing of donor dendritic cells prevents alloreactive T helper type-2 responses in vivo. Blood 2006; 108:2257-64. [PMID: 16449531 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-10-4059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that, in absence of CD8+ T-cell activation, CD4+ T-cell-mediated allograft rejection is associated with a dominant Th2-cell response and eosinophil infiltrates. In this study, we analyzed the mechanisms by which CD8+ T cells regulate alloreactive CD4+ T-cell priming and differentiation into interleukin 4 (IL-4)-producing cells. We showed that interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) production by CD8+ T cells was dispensable for the inhibition of Th2-cell development, as well as tissue eosinophilia and type 2 cytokine production in the rejected grafts. Since we noticed that CD8+ T cells not only suppressed Th2 differentiation, but also down-modulated the overall priming of alloreactive CD4+ T cells, we evaluated whether CD8+ T cells act by limiting the accumulation of donor-derived dendritic cells (DCs) in lymph nodes. We found that indeed, alloreactive CD8+ T cells rapidly eliminated allogeneic DCs from T-cell areas of draining lymph nodes, through a perforin-dependent mechanism. Thus, our data demonstrate that cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated clearance of allogeneic DCs is a negative feedback mechanism that limits the duration of alloantigen presentation in draining lymph nodes, thereby modulating the amplitude and polarization of the primary alloreactive CD4+ T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Laffont
- INSERM U563, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac, 31 300 Toulouse, France
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12
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Delpy L, Douin-Echinard V, Garidou L, Bruand C, Saoudi A, Guéry JC. Estrogen enhances susceptibility to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by promoting type 1-polarized immune responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5050-7. [PMID: 16210608 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease caused in most cases by autoantibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR). It is now well documented that many autoimmune diseases, including MG, are more prevalent in women than in men, and that fluctuations in disease severity occur during pregnancy. These observations raise the question of the potential role of sex hormones, such as estrogens, as mediators of sex differences in autoimmunity. In the present study, we have analyzed the effect of 17beta-estradiol (E2) on the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), an animal model of MG. We show that treatment with E2 before Ag priming is necessary and sufficient to promote AChR-specific Th1 cell expansion in vivo. This time-limited exposure to E2 enhances the production of anti-AChR IgG2a(b) (specific for b allotype; e.g., B6) and IgG2b, but not IgG1, and significantly increases the severity of EAMG in mice. Interestingly, the E2-mediated augmentation in AChR-specific Th1 response correlates with an enhanced production of IL-12 by splenic APCs through the recruitment of CD8alpha(+) dendritic cells. These data provide the first evidence that estrogen enhances EAMG, and sheds some light on the role of sex hormones in immune responses and susceptibility to autoimmune disease in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Delpy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut Claude de Préval, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
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13
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Horne PH, Lunsford KE, Eiring AM, Wang Y, Gao D, Bumgardner GL. CD4+ T-cell-dependent immune damage of liver parenchymal cells is mediated by alloantibody. Transplantation 2005; 80:514-21. [PMID: 16123727 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000168342.57948.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allogeneic hepatocytes initiate both CD4- and CD8-dependent rejection responses. The current studies address the hypothesis that acute damage of allogeneic liver parenchymal cells by the CD4-dependent pathway is alloantibody-mediated and examines immune conditions which promote activation of this pathway. METHODS The role of alloantibody in CD4-dependent hepatocyte rejection was evaluated by assessing hepatocyte (FVB/N, H-2q) survival in CD8-depleted B-cell knockout (KO) (H-2b) recipients and by monitoring hepatocyte survival in C57BL/6.SCID (H-2b) recipients transfused with donor-reactive alloantibody. The development of donor-reactive alloantibody in C57BL/6 (H-2b), CD8-depleted C57BL/6, CD8 KO (H-2b), IFN-gamma KO (H-2b), perforin KO (H-2b), and FasL mutant gld/gld (H-2b) hepatocyte recipients was assessed. RESULTS Hepatocyte rejection in B-cell KO mice was significantly delayed by CD8+ T-cell depletion (median survival time [MST], 35 days) when compared to untreated (MST, 8 days) and CD4-depleted (MST, 10 days) recipient mice. Transfusion of donor-reactive alloantibody into SCID recipients with functional hepatocellular allografts was sufficient to precipitate rejection in a dose-dependent fashion. Donor-reactive alloantibody was minimal in the serum of C57BL/6 hepatocyte recipients, but was produced in significant quantities in hepatocyte recipients genetically deficient in or depleted of CD8+ T cells and in recipients with impaired cytotoxic effector mechanisms. In addition, recipients with defects in Th1 immunity, such as IFN-gamma KO recipients, also produced readily detectable alloantibody. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that acute immune damage of allogeneic hepatocytes by the CD4-dependent pathway is mediated by alloantibody and that this pathway is favored when Th1- or cell-mediated cytotoxic effector immune mechanisms are impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip H Horne
- Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1250, USA
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14
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de Lavareille A, Prigogine C, Paulart F, Nagy N, Habran C, Haddou NO, Le Moine A, Salmon I, Goldman M, Flamand V. Regulatory Role of Host CD8+ T Lymphocytes in Experimental Graft-versus-Host Disease across a Single Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Incompatibility. Transplantation 2005; 80:1293-9. [PMID: 16314798 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000178380.85521.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD8+ T cells are known to regulate type 2 helper T cell (Th2) alloreactive immune responses but their mode of activation is unclear. We investigated the role of host CD8+ T cells in experimental Th2-type graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) where donor/recipient disparity is restricted to a single major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen. METHODS Immunoglobulin (Ig) E serum levels, eosinophilia and lymphoid tissue hyperplasia were compared after injection of bm12 CD4+ T cells in either wild-type or CD8+ T cell-deficient (CD8-/-) C57BL/6 mice. In vitro, we explored effects of the addition of CD8+ T cells from wild-type or IFN-gamma-/- mice in mixed leukocyte cultures prepared with beta2 microglobulin-deficient (beta2m-/-) CD4+ T cells as responders or beta2m dendritic cells as stimulators. RESULTS HyperIgE resolved after 3 weeks in wild-type hosts whereas it persisted for 6 weeks in CD8-/- hosts. Eosinophil infiltrates in lymph nodes were significantly enhanced in CD8-/- hosts. Increased serum levels of IL-5 and IL-13 in CD8-/- hosts confirmed the enhancement of Th2-type responses in the context of recipient CD8+ T cell deficiency. Hyperplasia of lymph nodes and spleen were similar in both groups, as well as in vivo proliferation of donor CD4+ T cells. In vitro, CD8+ T cell regulation of the alloreactive Th2 response depended on their production of IFN-gamma and did not require expression of beta2m on CD4+ T cells or antigen-presenting cells. CONCLUSIONS Host CD8+ T cells regulate alloreactive Th2 responses during graft-versus-host disease through an IFN-gamma dependent pathway, independently of the recognition of beta2m-associated MHC class I molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore de Lavareille
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, and Department of Pathology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Marrero I, Benvenutti LA, Kalil J, Coelho V. Autoreactivity to self H-2Kb peptides in TAP1 mice. Intravenous administration of H-2Kb class I-derived peptides induces long-term survival of grafts from C57BL/6 donors. Immunology 2005; 115:484-94. [PMID: 16011517 PMCID: PMC1782177 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We and others have previously shown that TAP1-/- mice (H-2b) reject grafts from donors without major histocompatibility complex (MHC) disparity that express wild-type levels of H-2b class I molecules (C57BL/6, TAP1+/+ mice). In this same model, we also showed that subcutaneous priming of TAP1-/- mice with synthetic peptides derived from the H-2Kb molecule accelerated graft rejection and that in vivo depletion of CD4+ T cells induced a significant prolongation of graft survival, suggesting an important role for CD4 T cells. We hypothesize that, in this model, rejection is triggered by the recognition of class I molecules or derived peptides, in an inflammatory microenvironment, by a functionally altered autoreactive T-cell repertoire that escapes the control of peripheral regulatory mechanisms. In the present study, we analysed the cellular autoreactivity induced by synthetic peptides derived from the H-2Kb sequence in naive and TAP1-/- mice transplanted with C57BL/6 grafts, and investigated whether intravenous modulation of autoreactivity to these peptides induced transplantation tolerance. We showed that TAP1-/- mice have peripheral autoreactive T cells that recognize H-2Kb peptides. A significant amplification of proliferation against these peptides was detected in TAP1-/- mice that rejected grafts, indicating that the inflammatory context of transplantation induced peripheral expansion of these autoreactive T cells. Furthermore, intravenous injection of H-2Kb-derived peptides significantly prolonged graft survival in some animals. In these mice (> 100 days graft survival), we observed intragraft inhibition of interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 expression, suggesting that these cytokines have an active role during the rejection. In conclusion, our present data indicate that inflammatory autoreactive T cells directed against H-2Kb peptides can be inhibited in the periphery to prolong graft survival in TAP1-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idania Marrero
- Immunology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), São Paulo University School of MedicineSão Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), Millennium InstituteSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Benvenutti
- Department of Pathology, Heart Institute (InCor), São Paulo University School of MedicineSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Immunology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), São Paulo University School of MedicineSão Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), Millennium InstituteSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verônica Coelho
- Immunology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), São Paulo University School of MedicineSão Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), Millennium InstituteSão Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Csencsits K, Wood SC, Lu G, Magee JC, Eichwald EJ, Chang CH, Bishop DK. Graft rejection mediated by CD4+ T cells via indirect recognition of alloantigen is associated with a dominant Th2 response. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:843-51. [PMID: 15714582 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells that respond to indirectly presented alloantigen have been shown to mediate chronic rejection, however, the role of the indirect pathway in acute rejection has yet to be completely elucidated. To this end, BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice were depleted of CD8(+) T cells and transplanted with class II transactivator (CIITA)-deficient cardiac allografts, which cannot directly present class II alloantigens to CD4(+) T cells. In this manner, the rejection response by CD4(+) cells was forced to rely upon the indirect recognition pathway. When not depleted of CD8(+) cells, both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice rejected CIITA-/- allografts and a polarized Th1 response was observed. In contrast, when BALB/c recipients of CIITA-/- allografts were depleted of CD8(+) T cells, the grafts were acutely rejected and a strong Th2 response characterized by eosinophil influx into the graft was observed. Interestingly, CD8-depleted C57BL/6 recipients of CIITA-/- allografts did not acutely reject their transplants and a Th2 response was not mounted. These findings indicate that CD4(+) T cells responding to indirectly presented alloantigens mediate graft rejection in a Th2-dominant manner, and provide further evidence for the role of Th2 responses in acute graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri Csencsits
- Department of Surgery, Section of General Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, USA
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17
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Garidou L, Laffont S, Douin-Echinard V, Coureau C, Krust A, Chambon P, Guéry JC. Estrogen receptor alpha signaling in inflammatory leukocytes is dispensable for 17beta-estradiol-mediated inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2435-42. [PMID: 15294957 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen treatment has been shown to exert a protective effect on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and is under clinical trial for multiple sclerosis. Although it is commonly assumed that estrogens exert their effect by modulating immune functions, we show in this study that 17beta-estradiol (E2) treatment can inhibit mouse EAE without affecting autoantigen-specific T cell responsiveness and type 1 cytokine production. Using mutant mice in which estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) has been unambiguously inactivated, we found that ERalpha was responsible for the E2-mediated inhibition of EAE. We next generated irradiation bone marrow chimeras in which ERalpha expression was selectively impaired in inflammatory T lymphocytes or was limited to the radiosensitive hemopoietic compartment. Our data show that the protective effect of E2 on clinical EAE and CNS inflammation was not dependent on ERalpha signaling in inflammatory T cells. Likewise, EAE development was not prevented by E2 treatment in chimeric mice that selectively expressed ERalpha in the systemic immune compartment. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that the beneficial effect of E2 on this autoimmune disease does not involve ERalpha signaling in blood-derived inflammatory cells, and indicate that ERalpha expressed in other tissues, such as CNS-resident microglia or endothelial cells, mediates this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Garidou
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut Claude de Préval, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
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18
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Gao D, Lunsford KE, Eiring AM, Bumgardner GL. Critical role for CD8 T cells in allograft acceptance induced by DST and CD40/CD154 costimulatory blockade. Am J Transplant 2004; 4:1061-70. [PMID: 15196062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Donor-specific transfusion (DST) and CD40/CD154 costimulation blockade is a powerful immunosuppressive strategy which prolongs survival of many allografts. The efficacy of DST and anti-CD154 mAb for prolongation of hepatocellular allograft survival was only realized in C57BL/6 mice that have both CD4- and CD8-dependent pathways available (median survival time, MST, 82 days). Hepatocyte rejection in CD8 KO mice which is CD4-dependent was not suppressed by DST and anti-CD154 mAb treatment (MST, 7 days); unexpectedly DST abrogated the beneficial effects of anti-CD154 mAb for suppression of hepatocyte rejection (MST, 42 days) and on donor-reactive alloantibody production. Hepatocyte rejection in CD4 KO mice which is CD8-dependent was suppressed by treatment with DST and anti-CD154 mAb therapy (MST, 35 days) but did not differ significantly from immunotherapy with anti-CD154 mAb alone (MST, 32 days). Induction of hepatocellular allograft acceptance by DST and anti-CD154 mAb immunotherapy was dependent on host CD8(+) T cells, as demonstrated by CD8 depletion studies in C57BL/6 mice (MST, 14 days) and CD8 reconstitution of CD8 KO mice (MST, 56 days). These studies demonstrate that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets contribute to induction of hepatocellular allograft acceptance by this immunotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Gao
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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19
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Adams B, Nagy N, Paulart F, Vanderhaeghen ML, Goldman M, Flamand V. CD8+ T Lymphocytes Regulating Th2 Pathology Escape Neonatal Tolerization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 171:5071-6. [PMID: 14607904 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation tolerance induced by neonatal injection of semiallogeneic spleen cells is associated in several strain combinations with a pathological syndrome caused by Th2 differentiation of donor-specific CD4(+) T lymphocytes. We investigated the role of host CD8(+) T cells in the regulation of this Th2 pathology. IgE serum levels and eosinophilia significantly increased in BALB/c mice neonatally injected with (A/J x BALB/c)F(1) spleen cells when CD8(+) T cells were depleted by administration of anti-CD8 mAb or when beta(2)-microglobulin-deficient mice were used as recipients. In parallel, increased serum levels of IL-5 and IL-13 were measured in blood of tolerant CD8(+) T cell-deficient mice. Whereas neonatally injected mice were unable to generate anti-donor cytotoxic effectors, their CD8(+) T cells were as efficient as control CD8(+) T cells in reducing the severity of Th2 pathology and in restoring donor-specific cytotoxicity in vitro after in vivo transfer in beta(2)-microglobulin-deficient mice. Likewise, CD8(+) T cells from control and tolerant mice equally down-regulated the production of Th2 cytokines by donor-specific CD4(+) T cells in vitro. The regulatory activity of CD8(+) T cells depended on their secretion of IFN-gamma for the control of IL-5 production but not for IL-4 or IL-13. Finally, we found that CD8(+) T cells from 3-day-old mice were already able to down-regulate IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 production by CD4(+) T cells. We conclude that regulatory CD8(+) T cells controlling Th2 responses are functional in early life and escape neonatal tolerization.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/genetics
- Aging/immunology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/genetics
- Animals, Newborn/growth & development
- Animals, Newborn/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Intravenous
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Lymphopenia/genetics
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Lymphopenia/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/transplantation
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/pathology
- Transplantation Tolerance/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Adams
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Herath S, Kropf P, Müller I. Cross-talk between CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis: CD8+ T cells are required for optimal IFN-gamma production by CD4+ T cells. Parasite Immunol 2003; 25:559-67. [PMID: 15053777 DOI: 10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the importance of CD8(+) T cells for vaccination and immunity to reinfection with Leishmania parasites is well established, their role in primary infections is disputed. In the present study we further characterized the role of CD8(+) T cells in primary L. major infections. We used two groups of L. major infected BALB/c mice: both groups were immunomanipulated to heal and in one group CD8(+) T cells were depleted throughout the course of infection. Our results show that the reversal of healing caused by the absence of CD8(+) T cells did not alter the proliferation of CD4(+) T cells, however, the frequency of CD4(+) T cells expressing IFN-gamma as well as the levels of this cytokine were clearly reduced. These lower levels of IFN-gamma correlated with a higher parasite load. Our results show that transient depletion of CD4(+) T cells allows the establishment of an equilibrium between CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and allows CD8(+) T cell activation and effector functions to develop. In addition, our results suggest that cross-talk between CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells is crucial for the host defence against L. major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Herath
- Imperial College of London, Faculty of Medicine, London, UK
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21
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Buonocore S, Flamand V, Goldman M, Braun MY. Bone marrow-derived immature dendritic cells prime in vivo alloreactive T cells for interleukin-4-dependent rejection of major histocompatibility complex class II antigen-disparate cardiac allograft. Transplantation 2003; 75:407-13. [PMID: 12589166 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000044172.19087.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DC) at the immature state express low levels of major histocompatibility complex and costimulatory molecules and are poor stimulators of primary T-cell response in vitro. Injection of immature bone marrow-derived DC, however, was shown to prime in vivo alloreactive CD4 T lymphocytes toward type 2 cytokine-producing cells in the absence of CD8 T-cell activation. METHODS We undertook the present study to determine whether Th2-immunization by immature DC could lead to allograft rejection. We first analyzed, in the major histocompatibility complex class II antigen-disparate B6-anti-bm12 combination, the capacity of immature DC to regulate the activity of alloreactive CD4 T cells. We then determined, in this model of weak antigenicity, whether injection of bm12 DC in B6 recipients before transplantation could modify the survival of vascularized bm12 cardiac allografts. RESULTS We confirmed that in vitro immature DC are poor stimulators of T-cell alloresponse. However, when given in vivo, immature bm12 DC primed anti-bm12 T cells for the production of interleukin (IL)-4. Moreover, they induced the acute rejection of bm12 cardiac allograft. The process of rejection was dependent on IL-4 because immunization of IL-4-deficient mice did not trigger rejection. CONCLUSIONS Allogeneic immature DC generated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor are potent stimulators of primary alloreactive response in vivo and prime for transplant rejection. Our results indicate that strategies based on immature DC for the induction of transplantation tolerance should be considered with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Buonocore
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Buonocore S, Paulart F, Le Moine A, Braun M, Salmon I, Van Meirvenne S, Thielemans K, Goldman M, Flamand V. Dendritic cells overexpressing CD95 (Fas) ligand elicit vigorous allospecific T-cell responses in vivo. Blood 2003; 101:1469-76. [PMID: 12393481 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-07-2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) genetically engineered to overexpress CD95 (Fas) ligand (CD95L-DC) were proposed as tools to induce peripheral tolerance to alloantigens. Herein, we observed that CD95L-DC obtained after retroviral gene transfer in bone marrow (BM) precursors derived from CD95-deficient (lpr/lpr) mice elicit much stronger allospecific type 1 helper T-cell and cytotoxic T-cell activities than control DCs upon injection in vivo, although they induce lower T-cell responses in vitro. Indeed, a single injection of CD95L-DC prepared from C57BL/6 mice was sufficient to prime bm13 recipients for acute rejection of C57BL/6 skin allografts that were otherwise tolerated in the context of this single weak major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I incompatibility. Massive neutrophil infiltrates depending on interleukin (IL)-1 signaling were observed at sites of CD95L-DC injection. Experiments in IL-1 receptor-deficient mice or in animals injected with depleting anti-Gr1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) established that neutrophil recruitment is required for the development of vigorous T-cell responses after injection of CD95L-DC in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Buonocore
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
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23
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Le Moine A, Goldman M. Non-classical pathways of cell-mediated allograft rejection: new challenges for tolerance induction? Am J Transplant 2003; 3:101-6. [PMID: 12603204 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2002.00026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Allograft rejection results from separate pathways primarily controlled by CD4+ T cells. Refinement of transplantation models together with investigations on rejection occurring despite co-stimulation blockade revealed unexpected pathways involving CD8+ T cells, NK cells and Th2 cytokines. In this minireview, we discuss these non-classical pathways of allograft rejection and their relevance for the induction of tolerance in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Le Moine
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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24
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Hoffman RA, Mahidhara RS, Wolf-Johnston AS, Lu L, Thomson AW, Simmons RL. Differential modulation of CD4 and CD8 T-cell proliferation by induction of nitric oxide synthesis in antigen presenting cells. Transplantation 2002; 74:836-45. [PMID: 12364865 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200209270-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On antigenic stimulation, CD4 T cells generally proliferate more readily than CD8 T cells. The purpose of the present experiments was to determine whether nitric oxide (NO) might differentially modulate CD4 vs. CD8 T-cell proliferation. METHODS Various concentrations of C57BL/6 iNOS +/+ and -/- bone marrow (BM)-derived antigen presenting cells (APC) (obtained by culture in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF] and interleukin [IL]-4) were cultured with purified BALB/c CD4 or CD8 T cells. RESULTS Proliferation of CD4 T cells was similar in the presence of both NO synthase (iNOS) +/+ and -/- APC, whereas CD8 T cell proliferation was inhibited at the higher concentrations of iNOS +/+ dendritic cells (DC), coincident with increased levels of NO in the culture supernatant. Analysis of cytokine levels revealed that more interferon (IFN)-gamma, a potent inducer of NO synthesis in many cell types, was present in CD8 T cell than in CD4 T-cell-APC cultures. Addition of IFN-gamma to CD4 T-cell-APC cultures resulted in induction of NO synthesis and inhibition of proliferation at higher levels of NO than that required to inhibit CD8 T cell proliferation. However, CD4 T-cell proliferation was moderately inhibited in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated CD11c DC, coincident with production of IFN-gamma and induction of NO synthesis. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that CD8 T-cell proliferation can be inhibited by lesser amounts of APC-derived NO than is necessary to inhibit CD4 T cell proliferation. NO synthesis was not initiated in CD4 T cell-DC cultures unless costimulatory molecules were up-regulated and IFN-gamma was produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary A Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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25
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Coudert JD, Coureau C, Guéry JC. Preventing NK cell activation by donor dendritic cells enhances allospecific CD4 T cell priming and promotes Th type 2 responses to transplantation antigens. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:2979-87. [PMID: 12218112 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.2979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although much progress has been made in understanding the role of NK cells in bone marrow transplantation, little is known about their function in CD4 T cell-mediated allograft rejection. We have previously shown that in the absence of CD8 T lymphocyte priming, the in vivo default development pathway of alloreactive CD4 T cells was strongly biased toward Th2 phenotype acquisition. In this study, we investigate the impact of NK cells on the activation and differentiation of alloreactive CD4 T cells in various donor/recipient combinations. Our data demonstrate that defective inhibition of host NK cells by donor APCs including dendritic cells (DCs) results in diminished allospecific Th cell responses associated with the development of effector Th cells producing IFN-gamma rather than type 2 cytokines. Turning host NK cells off was sufficient to restore strong alloreactive CD4 T cell priming and Th2 cell development. Similar results were obtained by analyzing the effect of NK cell activation on CD4 T cell responses to skin allografts. However, despite the dramatic effect of NK cells on alloreactive Th1/Th2 cell development, the kinetics of skin graft rejection were not affected. Thus, Th2 differentiation is a major pathway of alloreactive CD4 T cell development during solid organ transplant rejection, as long as host NK and CD8 T cells are not activated. We propose the hypothesis that MHC class I-driven interactions between donor DCs and host NK cells or CD8 T cells might result in DC-carried signals controlling the dynamics of alloreactive CD4 T cell priming and polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme D Coudert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut Claude de Préval, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
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26
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Tanaka Y, Koido S, Chen D, Gendler SJ, Kufe D, Gong J. Vaccination with allogeneic dendritic cells fused to carcinoma cells induces antitumor immunity in MUC1 transgenic mice. Clin Immunol 2001; 101:192-200. [PMID: 11683578 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2001.5112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fusions of autologous tumor cells with allogeneic dendritic cells (DC) represent an approach for the induction of antitumor immunity. In the present studies, we investigated the antitumor effects of vaccinating MUC1-transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice with MC38/MUC1 carcinoma cells fused to allogeneic DC from BALB/c mice (allo-DC, H-2(d)) or syngeneic DC from C57BL/6 mice (syn-DC, H-2(b)). Both allo and syn fusion cells (FC/MUC1) expressed MHC class II, costimulatory molecules, and the MUC1 antigen. Allo-FC/MUC1 exhibited dual expression of MHC class I haplotypes (H-2(d)/H-2(b))and MUC1 antigen. By contrast, only H-2(b) and MUC1 antigen were expressed by syn-FC/MUC1. CTLs from MUC1.Tg mice immunized with allo- or syn-FC/MUC1 fusion cells lysed MC38/MUC1 targets. Moreover, immunization with allo- or syn-FC/MUC1 was effective in eliminating established MUC1-positive pulmonary metastases in MUC1.Tg mice. These results indicate that immunization of MUC1.Tg mice with syn- or allo-FC/MUC1 is effective in reversing immunologic unresponsiveness to MUC1 antigen and inducing immunity against MUC1-positive tumors. The findings in the present study have broader clinical implications for fusion cell vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanaka
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Beth Israel/Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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27
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Goldman M, Le Moine A, Braun M, Flamand V, Abramowicz D. A role for eosinophils in transplant rejection. Trends Immunol 2001; 22:247-51. [PMID: 11323281 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(01)01893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils release inflammatory mediators and cationic proteins that are instrumental in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma. Here, we review experimental observations indicating that eosinophils are also involved in the rejection of allografts. We propose that their role as effectors of transplant damage becomes crucial when classical pathways of rejection are inhibited and T helper 2 (Th2) cells dominate the alloimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goldman
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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