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Hossen MM, Ma Y, Yin Z, Xia Y, Du J, Huang JY, Huang JJ, Zou L, Ye Z, Huang Z. Current understanding of CTLA-4: from mechanism to autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1198365. [PMID: 37497212 PMCID: PMC10367421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1198365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are characterized by the production of autoreactive lymphocytes, immune responses to self-antigens, and inflammation in related tissues and organs. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is majorly expressed in activated T cells and works as a critical regulator in the inflammatory response. In this review, we first describe the structure, expression, and how the signaling pathways of CTLA-4 participate in reducing effector T-cell activity and enhancing the immunomodulatory ability of regulatory T (Treg) cells to reduce immune response, maintain immune homeostasis, and maintain autoimmune silence. We then focused on the correlation between CTLA-4 and different ADs and how this molecule regulates the immune activity of the diseases and inhibits the onset, progression, and pathology of various ADs. Finally, we summarized the current progress of CTLA-4 as a therapeutic target for various ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Munnaf Hossen
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Immunology, Biological Therapy Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanmei Ma
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Immunology, Biological Therapy Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihua Yin
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuhao Xia
- Department of Immunology, Biological Therapy Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jim Yi Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Jennifer Jin Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Linghua Zou
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhizhong Ye
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Department of Immunology, Biological Therapy Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Robinette ML, Cella M, Telliez JB, Ulland TK, Barrow AD, Capuder K, Gilfillan S, Lin LL, Notarangelo LD, Colonna M. Jak3 deficiency blocks innate lymphoid cell development. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:50-60. [PMID: 28513593 PMCID: PMC5693788 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the tyrosine kinase JAK3 cause autosomal recessive severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Defects in this form of SCID are restricted to the immune system, which led to the development of immunosuppressive JAK inhibitors. We find that the B6.Cg-Nr1d1tm1Ven/LazJ mouse line purchased from Jackson Laboratories harbors a spontaneous mutation in Jak3, generating a SCID phenotype and an inability to generate antigen-independent professional cytokine-producing innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Mechanistically, Jak3 deficiency blocks ILC differentiation in the bone marrow at the ILC precursor and the pre-NK cell progenitor. We further demonstrate that the pan-JAK inhibitor tofacitinib and the specific JAK3 inhibitor PF-06651600 impair the ability of human intraepithelial ILC1 (iILC1) to produce IFN-γ, without affecting ILC3 production of IL-22. Both inhibitors impaired the proliferation of iILC1 and ILC3 and differentiation of human ILC in vitro. Tofacitinib is currently approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severely active rheumatoid arthritis. Both tofacitinib and PF-06651600 are currently in clinical trials for several other immune-mediated conditions. Our data suggest that therapeutic inhibition of JAK may also impact ILCs and, to some extent, underlie clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Robinette
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Tyler K. Ulland
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexander D. Barrow
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kelly Capuder
- Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lih-Ling Lin
- Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer
| | - Luigi D. Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA,Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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3
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Ohta A. A Metabolic Immune Checkpoint: Adenosine in Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2016; 7:109. [PMID: 27066002 PMCID: PMC4809887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Within tumors, some areas are less oxygenated than others. Since their home ground is under chronic hypoxia, tumor cells adapt to this condition by activating aerobic glycolysis; however, this hypoxic environment is very harsh for incoming immune cells. Deprivation of oxygen limits availability of energy sources and induces accumulation of extracellular adenosine in tumors. Extracellular adenosine, upon binding with adenosine receptors on the surface of various immune cells, suppresses pro-inflammatory activities. In addition, signaling through adenosine receptors upregulates a number of anti-inflammatory molecules and immunoregulatory cells, leading to the establishment of a long-lasting immunosuppressive environment. Thus, due to hypoxia and adenosine, tumors can discourage antitumor immune responses no matter how the response was induced, whether it was spontaneous or artificially introduced with a therapeutic intention. Preclinical studies have shown the significance of adenosine in tumor survival strategy by demonstrating tumor regression after inactivation of adenosine receptors, inhibition of adenosine-producing enzymes, or reversal of tissue hypoxia. These promising results indicate a potential use of the inhibitors of the hypoxia-adenosine pathway for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Ohta
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University , Boston, MA , USA
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4
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Walker LSK. Treg and CTLA-4: two intertwining pathways to immune tolerance. J Autoimmun 2013; 45:49-57. [PMID: 23849743 PMCID: PMC3989116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Both the CTLA-4 pathway and regulatory T cells (Treg) are essential for the control of immune homeostasis. Their therapeutic relevance is highlighted by the increasing use of anti-CTLA-4 antibody in tumor therapy and the development of Treg cell transfer strategies for use in autoimmunity and transplantation settings. The CTLA-4 pathway first came to the attention of the immunological community in 1995 with the discovery that mice deficient in Ctla-4 suffered a fatal lymphoproliferative syndrome. Eight years later, mice lacking the critical Treg transcription factor Foxp3 were shown to exhibit a remarkably similar phenotype. Much of the debate since has centered on the question of whether Treg suppressive function requires CTLA-4. The finding that it does in some settings but not in others has provoked controversy and inevitable polarization of opinion. In this article, I suggest that CTLA-4 and Treg represent complementary and largely overlapping mechanisms of immune tolerance. I argue that Treg commonly use CTLA-4 to effect suppression, however CTLA-4 can also function in the non-Treg compartment while Treg can invoke CTLA-4-independent mechanisms of suppression. The notion that Foxp3 and CTLA-4 direct independent programs of immune regulation, which in practice overlap to a significant extent, will hopefully help move us towards a better appreciation of the underlying biology and therapeutic significance of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy S K Walker
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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5
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Bour-Jordan H, Esensten JH, Martinez-Llordella M, Penaranda C, Stumpf M, Bluestone JA. Intrinsic and extrinsic control of peripheral T-cell tolerance by costimulatory molecules of the CD28/ B7 family. Immunol Rev 2011; 241:180-205. [PMID: 21488898 PMCID: PMC3077803 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Positive and negative costimulation by members of the CD28 family is critical for the development of productive immune responses against foreign pathogens and their proper termination to prevent inflammation-induced tissue damage. In addition, costimulatory signals are critical for the establishment and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. This paradigm has been established in many animal models and has led to the development of immunotherapies targeting costimulation pathways for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disease, and allograft rejection. During the last decade, the complexity of the biology of costimulatory pathways has greatly increased due to the realization that costimulation does not affect only effector T cells but also influences regulatory T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Thus, costimulation controls T-cell tolerance through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. In this review, we discuss the influence of costimulation on intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of peripheral tolerance, with emphasis on members of the CD28 family, CD28, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and programmed death-1 (PD-1), as well as the downstream cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Bour-Jordan
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0400, USA
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6
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CTLA-4 suppresses the pathogenicity of self antigen-specific T cells by cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic mechanisms. Nat Immunol 2009; 11:129-35. [PMID: 20037585 PMCID: PMC3235641 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory immunoregulatory receptor CTLA-4 is critical in maintaining self-tolerance, but the mechanisms of its actions have remained controversial. Here we examined the antigen specificity of tissue-infiltrating CD4(+) T cells in Ctla4(-/-) mice. After adoptive transfer, T cells isolated from tissues of Ctla4(-/-) mice showed T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-dependent accumulation in the tissues from which they were derived, which suggested reactivity to tissue-specific antigens. We identified the pancreas-specific enzyme PDIA2 as an autoantigen in Ctla4(-/-) mice. CTLA-4 expressed either on PDIA2-specific effector cells or on regulatory T cells was sufficient to control tissue destruction mediated by PDIA2-specific T cells. Our results demonstrate that both cell-intrinsic and non-cell-autonomous actions of CTLA-4 operate to maintain T cell tolerance to a self antigen.
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7
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Friedline RH, Brown DS, Nguyen H, Kornfeld H, Lee J, Zhang Y, Appleby M, Der SD, Kang J, Chambers CA. CD4+ regulatory T cells require CTLA-4 for the maintenance of systemic tolerance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:421-34. [PMID: 19188497 PMCID: PMC2646578 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20081811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) plays a critical role in negatively regulating T cell responses and has also been implicated in the development and function of natural FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. CTLA-4–deficient mice develop fatal, early onset lymphoproliferative disease. However, chimeric mice containing both CTLA-4–deficient and –sufficient bone marrow (BM)–derived cells do not develop disease, indicating that CTLA-4 can act in trans to maintain T cell self-tolerance. Using genetically mixed blastocyst and BM chimaeras as well as in vivo T cell transfer systems, we demonstrate that in vivo regulation of Ctla4−/− T cells in trans by CTLA-4–sufficient T cells is a reversible process that requires the persistent presence of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells with a diverse TCR repertoire. Based on gene expression studies, the regulatory T cells do not appear to act directly on T cells, suggesting they may instead modulate the stimulatory activities of antigen-presenting cells. These results demonstrate that CTLA-4 is absolutely required for FOXP3+ regulatory T cell function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall H Friedline
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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8
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Stohl W, Jacob N, Quinn WJ, Cancro MP, Gao H, Putterman C, Gao X, Pricop L, Koss MN. Global T cell dysregulation in non-autoimmune-prone mice promotes rapid development of BAFF-independent, systemic lupus erythematosus-like autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:833-41. [PMID: 18566449 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In otherwise non-autoimmune-prone C57BL/6 (B6) mice rendered genetically deficient in CD152 (CTLA-4), polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia with increased levels of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-associated IgG autoantibodies, glomerular IgG and C3 deposition, and interstitial nephritis all developed by 3-5 wk of age. Remarkably, superimposing genetic deficiency of BAFF (B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family) onto CD152 deficiency did not substantially attenuate humoral autoimmunity and immunopathology in these mice, despite the resulting marked reduction in B-lineage cells. Although superimposing a BAFF transgene (resulting in constitutive BAFF overexpression) onto CD152-deficient mice did lead to increases in B-lineage cells and serum levels of certain SLE-associated IgG autoantibodies, renal immunopathology remained largely unaffected. Taken together, these results demonstrate that global T cell dysregulation, even in an otherwise non-autoimmune-prone host, can promote systemic humoral autoimmunity and immunopathology in a BAFF-independent manner. Moreover, supraphysiologic expression of BAFF in the setting of ongoing autoimmunity does not necessarily lead to greater immunopathology. These findings may help explain the limited clinical efficacy appreciated to date of BAFF antagonists in human SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Stohl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Activation of the T-cell co-receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) has a pivotal role in adjusting the threshold for T-cell activation and in preventing autoimmunity and massive tissue infiltration by T cells. Although many mechanistic models have been postulated, no single model has yet accounted for its overall function. In this Opinion article, I outline the strengths and weaknesses of the current models, and present a new 'reverse stop-signal model' to account for CTLA4 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Rudd
- Cell Signalling Section, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, CB1 4QP Cambridge, UK.
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10
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Robinson RT, Gorham JD. TGF-beta 1 regulates antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses in the periphery. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:71-9. [PMID: 17579023 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell expansion typically is due to cognate interactions with specific Ag, although T cells can be experimentally activated through bystander mechanisms not involving specific Ag. TGF-beta1 knockout mice exhibit a striking expansion of CD4+ T cells in the liver by 11 days of age, accompanied by CD4+T cell-dependent necroinflammatory liver disease. To examine whether hepatic CD4+T cell expansion in TGF-beta1(-/-) mice is due to cognate TCR-peptide interactions, we used spectratype analysis to examine the diversity in TCR Vbeta repertoires in peripheral CD4+T cells. We reasoned that Ag-nonspecific T cell responses would yield spectratype profiles similar to those derived from control polyclonal T cell populations, whereas Ag-specific T cell responses would yield perturbed spectratype profiles. Spleen and liver CD4+T cells from 11-day-old TGF-beta1(-/-) mice characteristically exhibited highly perturbed nonpolyclonal distributions of TCR Vbeta CDR3 lengths, indicative of Ag-driven T cell responses. We quantitatively assessed spectratype perturbation to derive a spectratype complexity score. Spectratype complexity scores were considerably higher for TGF-beta1(-/-) CD4+ T cells than for TGF-beta1(+/-) CD4+T cells. TCR repertoire perturbations were apparent as early as postnatal day 3 and preceded both hepatic T cell expansion and liver damage. By contrast, TGF-beta1(-/-) CD4+ single-positive thymocytes from 11-day-old mice exhibited normal unbiased spectratype profiles. These results indicate that CD4+ T cells in TGF-beta1(-/-) mice are activated by and respond to self-Ags present in the periphery, and define a key role for TGF-beta1 in the peripheral regulation of Ag-specific CD4+ T cell responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/prevention & control
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Homeostasis/genetics
- Homeostasis/immunology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Diseases/genetics
- Liver Diseases/immunology
- Liver Diseases/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Robinson
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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11
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Homann D, Dummer W, Wolfe T, Rodrigo E, Theofilopoulos AN, Oldstone MBA, von Herrath MG. Lack of intrinsic CTLA-4 expression has minimal effect on regulation of antiviral T-cell immunity. J Virol 2007; 80:270-80. [PMID: 16352552 PMCID: PMC1317527 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.1.270-280.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 is considered one of the most potent negative regulators of T-cell activation. To circumvent experimental limitations due to fatal lymphoproliferative disease associated with genetic ablation of CTLA-4, we have used radiation chimeras reconstituted with a mixture of CTLA-4+/+ and CTLA-4-/- bone marrow that retain a normal phenotype and allow the evaluation of long-term T-cell immunity under conditions of intrinsic CTLA-4 deficiency. Following virus infection, we profiled primary, memory, and secondary CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses directed against eight different viral epitopes. Our data demonstrate unaltered antigen-driven proliferation, acquisition of effector functions, distribution of epitope hierarchies, T-cell receptor repertoire selection, functional avidities, and long-term memory maintenance in the absence of CTLA-4. Moreover, regulation of memory T-cell survival and homeostatic proliferation, as well as secondary responses, was equivalent in virus-specific CTLA4+/+ and CTL-A-4-/- T-cell populations. Thus, lack of CTLA-4 expression by antigen-specific T cells can be compensated for by extrinsic factors in the presence of CTLA-4 expression by other cells. These findings have implications for the physiologic, pathological, and therapeutic regulation of costimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Homann
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. Mail stop B140, P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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12
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Jiang Q, Li WQ, Aiello FB, Mazzucchelli R, Asefa B, Khaled AR, Durum SK. Cell biology of IL-7, a key lymphotrophin. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005; 16:513-33. [PMID: 15996891 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IL-7 is essential for the development and survival of T lymphocytes. This review is primarily from the perspective of the cell biology of the responding T cell. Beginning with IL-7 receptor structure and regulation, the major signaling pathways appear to be via PI3K and Stat5, although the requirement for either has yet to be verified by published knockout experiments. The proliferation pathway induced by IL-7 differs from conventional growth factors and is primarily through posttranslational regulation of p27, a Cdk inhibitor, and Cdc25a, a Cdk-activating phosphatase. The survival function of IL-7 is largely through maintaining a favorable balance of bcl-2 family members including Bcl-2 itself and Mcl-1 on the positive side, and Bax, Bad and Bim on the negative side. There are also some remarkable metabolic effects of IL-7 withdrawal. Studies of IL-7 receptor signaling have yet to turn up unique pathways, despite the unique requirement for IL-7 in T cell biology. There remain significant questions regarding IL-7 production and the major producing cells have yet to be fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
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13
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Changelian PS, Flanagan ME, Ball DJ, Kent CR, Magnuson KS, Martin WH, Rizzuti BJ, Sawyer PS, Perry BD, Brissette WH, McCurdy SP, Kudlacz EM, Conklyn MJ, Elliott EA, Koslov ER, Fisher MB, Strelevitz TJ, Yoon K, Whipple DA, Sun J, Munchhof MJ, Doty JL, Casavant JM, Blumenkopf TA, Hines M, Brown MF, Lillie BM, Subramanyam C, Shang-Poa C, Milici AJ, Beckius GE, Moyer JD, Su C, Woodworth TG, Gaweco AS, Beals CR, Littman BH, Fisher DA, Smith JF, Zagouras P, Magna HA, Saltarelli MJ, Johnson KS, Nelms LF, Des Etages SG, Hayes LS, Kawabata TT, Finco-Kent D, Baker DL, Larson M, Si MS, Paniagua R, Higgins J, Holm B, Reitz B, Zhou YJ, Morris RE, O'Shea JJ, Borie DC. Prevention of organ allograft rejection by a specific Janus kinase 3 inhibitor. Science 2003; 302:875-8. [PMID: 14593182 DOI: 10.1126/science.1087061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Because of its requirement for signaling by multiple cytokines, Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) is an excellent target for clinical immunosuppression. We report the development of a specific, orally active inhibitor of JAK3, CP-690,550, that significantly prolonged survival in a murine model of heart transplantation and in cynomolgus monkeys receiving kidney transplants. CP-690,550 treatment was not associated with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or lymphoproliferative disease. On the basis of these preclinical results, we believe JAK3 blockade by CP-690,550 has potential for therapeutically desirable immunosuppression in human organ transplantation and in other clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Changelian
- Immunology Group, Department of Antibacterials and Immunology, Pfizer Global Researchand Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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14
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Seddon B, Tomlinson P, Zamoyska R. Interleukin 7 and T cell receptor signals regulate homeostasis of CD4 memory cells. Nat Immunol 2003; 4:680-6. [PMID: 12808452 DOI: 10.1038/ni946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2003] [Accepted: 05/28/2003] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory depends on the long-term maintenance of memory T cells. Although the factors that maintain CD8 T cell memory are well understood, those responsible for CD4 memory are not well defined. We have shown here that interleukin 7 (IL-7) was an important survival factor for CD4 memory T cells that together with T cell receptor (TCR) signals regulated homeostasis of the CD4 memory population in lymphopenic conditions and in the intact immune system. Thus, IL-7 contributes to the maintenance of all naive and memory T cell subsets, and therefore controls the overall size of the T cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Seddon
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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15
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Abstract
The importance of Jak-Stat pathway signaling in regulating cytokine-dependent gene expression and cellular development/survival is well established. Nevertheless, advances continue to be made in defining Jak-Stat pathway effects on different cellular processes and in different organisms. This review focuses on recent advances in the field and highlights some of the most active areas of Jak-Stat pathway research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
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Frucht DM, Gadina M, Jagadeesh GJ, Aksentijevich I, Takada K, Bleesing JJ, Nelson J, Muul LM, Perham G, Morgan G, Gerritsen EJ, Schumacher RF, Mella P, Veys PA, Fleisher TA, Kaminski ER, Notarangelo LD, O'Shea JJ, Candotti F. Unexpected and variable phenotypes in a family with JAK3 deficiency. Genes Immun 2001; 2:422-32. [PMID: 11781709 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2001] [Revised: 08/09/2001] [Accepted: 08/09/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) have been previously described to cause an autosomal recessive variant of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) usually characterized by the near absence of T and NK cells, but preserved numbers of B lymphocytes (T-B+SCID). We now report a family whose JAK3 mutations are associated with the persistence of circulating T cells, resulting in previously undescribed clinical presentations, ranging from a nearly unaffected 18-year-old subject to an 8-year-old sibling with a severe lymphoproliferative disorder. Both siblings were found to be compound heterozygotes for the same deleterious JAK3 mutations: an A96G initiation start site mutation, resulting in a dysfunctional, truncated protein product and a G2775(+3)C mutation in the splice donor site sequence of intron 18, resulting in a splicing defect and a predicted premature stop. These mutations were compatible with minimal amounts of functional JAK3 expression, leading to defective cytokine-dependent signaling. Activated T cells in these patients failed to express Fas ligand (FasL) in response to IL-2, which may explain the accumulation of T cells with an activated phenotype and a skewed T cell receptor (TcR) Vbeta family distribution. We speculate that residual JAK3 activity accounted for the maturation of thymocytes, but was insufficient to sustain IL-2-mediated homeostasis of peripheral T cells via Fas/FasL interactions. These data demonstrate that the clinical spectrum of JAK3 deficiency is quite broad and includes immunodeficient patients with accumulation of activated T cells, and indicate an essential role for JAK3 in the homeostasis of peripheral T cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Frucht
- Arthritis and Rheumatism Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Gadina M, Hilton D, Johnston JA, Morinobu A, Lighvani A, Zhou YJ, Visconti R, O'Shea JJ. Signaling by type I and II cytokine receptors: ten years after. Curr Opin Immunol 2001; 13:363-73. [PMID: 11406370 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Discovered during the past ten years, Janus kinases and signal transducers and activators of transcription have emerged as critical elements in cytokine signaling and immunoregulation. Recently, knockout mice for all the members of these families have been generated, with remarkably specific outcomes. Equally exciting is the discovery of a new class of inhibitors, the suppressor of cytokine signaling family. The phenotypes of mice deficient in these molecules are also striking, underscoring the importance of negative regulation in cytokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gadina
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Arthritis and Rheumatism Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 20892, Bethesda, MD, USA
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