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Kuter DJ, Piatek C, Röth A, Siddiqui A, Numerof RP, Dummer W. Fostamatinib for warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia: Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, global study (FORWARD). Am J Hematol 2024; 99:79-87. [PMID: 37929318 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia (wAIHA) is characterized by hemolysis and symptomatic anemia with no approved treatment options. Fostamatinib is an oral spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved in the US and Europe for treatment of adults with chronic immune thrombocytopenia. In this phase 3 study, patients with an insufficient response to ≥1 prior wAIHA treatment were randomized to fostamatinib or placebo. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients to achieve a durable hemoglobin (Hgb) response (Hgb ≥10 g/dL and increase from baseline of ≥2 g/dL on 3 consecutive visits) during the 24-week treatment period. Ninety patients were randomized, 45 to each arm. Of the fostamatinib-treated patients, 35.6% achieved a durable Hgb response versus 26.7% on placebo (p = .398). A post hoc analysis revealed a large placebo response in Eastern European patients. Significantly more patients on fostamatinib from North America, Australia and Western Europe exhibited a durable Hgb response compared to placebo (36% vs. 10.7%, p = .030). After censoring for Hgb values impacted by steroid rescue received during screening and excluding 2 placebo patients found to likely not have wAIHA, a reanalysis demonstrated a difference in durable Hgb response between fostamatinib and placebo (15/45 [33.3%] vs. 6/43 [14.0%], p = .0395). At least 1 AE was reported in 42 (93.3%) and 40 (88.9%) patients receiving fostamatinib and placebo, respectively. The most common AEs in the fostamatinib group were diarrhea (26.7%), hypertension (24.4%), and fatigue (15.6%). In this study, fostamatinib demonstrated a clinically meaningful benefit for patients in Western regions, and no new safety signals were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kuter
- Department of Hematology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caroline Piatek
- Division of Hematology, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexander Röth
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Asif Siddiqui
- Department of Development, Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert P Numerof
- Department of Development, Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wolfgang Dummer
- Department of Development, Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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Yan L, Mallat Z, Lobo SM, Malik A, Dummer W. 1141. Phase 3 Trial (in progress) of the SYK Inhibitor Fostamatinib in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: Protocol and Study Implementation Updates. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac492.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Immune dysregulation associated with COVID-19 includes immune cell activation, inflammatory cytokine release, and neutrophil extracellular trap release (NETosis), which are mediated by spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) (Fig 1). Fostamatinib, an oral spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitor, was approved for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in 2018, and the Phase 3 trials showed a lower than expected rate of thrombosis.1 Clinical studies showed a reduction in IL-6 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.2 The active metabolite of fostamatinib (R406) protected against LPS-induced acute lung injury and thrombosis in mice3,4 and reduced MUC1 in a mouse model of ALI.5 Fostamatinib demonstrated abrogation of the hyperimmune response caused by anti-spike IgG,6 including reduction in hyperactivation of platelets7 and NETosis in neutrophils8 in in vitro studies using plasma from patients with severe COVID-19.
A phase 2 study (NCT04579393) evaluated fostamatinib vs. placebo (all received standard of care [SOC]) in 59 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and demonstrated reduction in mortality, ordinal scale scores, and number of days in the intensive care unit (ICU) as well as meeting the primary endpoint of safety.9 A phase 3 clinical study (NCT04629703) of fostamatinib for the treatment of COVID-19 is underway. Figure 1.Mechanism of Disease (COVID-19) and Role of SYK inhibition
Methods
A Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive design, multi-center study (NCT04629703) is underway to evaluate fostamatinib in 308 adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and on oxygen without intubation (Fig 2). Patients will receive fostamatinib 150 mg BID or placebo for 14 days; both arms receive SOC. At baseline, the clinical status score (8-point ordinal scale) had to be 5 or 6. Patients ≥ 65 years had to have ≥ 1 risk factor for severe disease and adults < 65 had to have ≥ 3. The primary outcome is days on oxygen (Day 1 to 29). Other endpoints include change in clinical status score, days in the ICU, time to hospital discharge, all-cause mortality, oxygen-free status and safety. Fostamatinib is investigational for COVID-19.
Results
Blinded data from this trial in progress are as of 2 December 2021. See Fig 3.
Conclusion
Final results of this Phase 3 trial are anticipated in 2022.
Disclosures
Lucy Yan, MD, PhD, Rigel Pharmaceuticals: Employee|Rigel Pharmaceuticals: Stocks/Bonds Ziad Mallat, MD, PhD, Rigel Pharmaceuticals: Advisor/Consultant Suzana Margareth Lobo, MD, PhD, Rigel Pharmaceuticals: Grant/Research Support Anuj Malik, MD, MS, Rigel Pharmaceuticals: Grant/Research Support Wolfgang Dummer, MD, PhD, Rigel Pharmaceuticals: Employee|Rigel Pharmaceuticals: Stocks/Bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Yan
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals , South San Francisco, California
| | - Ziad Mallat
- University of Cambridge , Cambridge, England , United Kingdom
| | | | - Anuj Malik
- Ascension St. John's Medical Center , Tulsa, Oklahoma
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Loos A, Weich N, Woo J, Lalonde G, Yee L, Dummer W, Truong VL. 674. Pre-Clinical and Phase I Safety Data for Anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa Human Monoclonal Antibody AR-105. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019. [PMCID: PMC6811070 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz360.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-bacterial monoclonal antibodies can serve as a new treatment modality for difficult to treat infections. AR-105 is a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) that binds to an extracellular polysaccharide epitope of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and was shown to mediate in vitro complement-dependent opsonophagocytic killing. AR-105 is currently being tested in a global Phase 2 clinical trial as an adjunctive treatment to standard of care antibiotics in ventilator-associated pneumonia patients. Here we present pre-clinical efficacy and clinical safety data for AR-105. Methods Efficacy in nonclinical studies against PA pneumonia was tested in prophylactic and therapeutic mouse models, either as a stand-alone therapy or in combination with antibiotics. Mice were dosed intranasally or by intravenous infusion with AR-105 post or prior to infection with PA and survival or lung bacteriology were monitored. In a clinical Phase 1 open-label study, 16 healthy volunteers received 2, 8, or 20 mg/kg of AR-105. Adverse events, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles were evaluated for up to 84 days following administration. Results In the animal models, AR-105 reduced lung bacterial counts in a dose-dependent manner, and improved survival (80% in the treated group vs. 0% in the control group). Combination of AR-105 with antibiotics was more effective than monotherapy. In the Phase I study, no serious adverse events (AE) were observed in any cohort. Few AE were deemed related to the investigational drug, and all were mild and transient. AR-105 was found to be well tolerated in healthy volunteers with no anti-drug antibodies (ADA) detected. The PK profile was comparable with other human IgG1 mAbs, exhibiting a serum half-life of approximately 20 days. Conclusion AR-105 was confirmed to be effective in PA pneumonia animal models, either as stand-alone therapeutic or in combination with antibiotics. In the Phase 1 clinical study, AR-105 was shown to be safe and well-tolerated, with a PK profile similar to that of other IgG1 mAbs. AR-105 is a promising drug candidate for therapy of PA pneumonia. ![]()
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Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guy Lalonde
- Aridis Pharmaceuticals, San Jose, California
| | - Luisa Yee
- Aridis Pharmaceuticals, San Jose, California
| | | | - Vu L Truong
- Aridis Pharmaceuticals, San Jose, California
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Gottlieb AB, Miller B, Lowe N, Shapiro W, Hudson C, Bright R, Ling M, Magee A, McCall CO, Rist T, Dummer W, Walicke P, Bauer RJ, White M, Garovoy M. Subcutaneously Administered Efalizumab (Anti-CD 11a) Improves Signs and Symptoms of Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis. J Cutan Med Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/120347540300700303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Phase I and Phase II studies in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis demonstrated that intravenous (TV) efalizumab improved clinical signs and symptoms and was well tolerated. Objective: To determine if subcutaneous (SC) delivery of efalizumab improves chronic plaque psoriasis and demonstrates an acceptable safety profile. Methods: This was a Phase I, open-label, single- and multiple-dose, escalating-dose study. Subjects received a single dose of efalizumab (0.3 mg/kg/wk SC) or escalating multiple doses of efalizumab (0.50–2.0 mg/kg/wk SC). Effectiveness was assessed using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), target lesion assessment, and Physician's Global Assessment (PGA). Safety was assessed by evaluating adverse events, clinical laboratory test results, physical examination results, immunologic responses, and vital signs. Results: PASI score, target lesion assessment, and PGA showed improvement of approximately 40%–60% in signs and symptoms of plaque psoriasis by day 56. Mean PASI scores were still declining at the end of the eight-week dosing period, suggesting that longer duration of treatment would be more effective. By day 91, mean PASI scores were 16.2 vs. 14.6 at day 56 in the 0.5–1.0-mg/kg/wk group and 11.7 vs. 10.1 in the 1.0–2.0-mg/kg/wk group. This demonstrates that, on average, patients maintained their treatment benefit during the 42-day followup period. Overall, there were considerably fewer adverse events than in previous IV studies. These consisted principally of mild to moderate headache, pain, and rhinitis. No allergic reactions were observed. Antibodies to efalizumab were observed in only one subject (2%) and did not have any clinical relevance. Conclusion: The SC administration of eight weekly doses of efalizumab improves signs and symptoms of psoriasis. The treatment was safe and very well tolerated. In comparison to previously published results with IV efalizumab, SC administration of efalizumab improves overall safety and tolerability, with the additional advantage of greater convenience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice B. Gottlieb
- Clinical Research Center, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Bruce Miller
- Oregon Medical Research Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Nicholas Lowe
- Clinical Research Specialists, Santa Monica, California
| | | | | | - Ross Bright
- Psoriasis Research Institute, Palo Alto, California
| | | | - Anna Magee
- Charlottesville Medical Research Center, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - Toivo Rist
- Clinical Research Center of Dermatology Associates of Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee
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Schoser B, Byrne B, Eyskens F, Hiwot T, Hughes D, Kissel J, Mengel E, Mozaffar T, Pestronk A, Roberts M, Sivakumar K, Statland J, Young P, Heusner C, Dummer W. An international, phase 3, switchover study of reveglucosidase alfa (BMN 701) in subjects with late-onset Pompe disease. Neuromuscul Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hendriksz CJ, Burton B, Fleming TR, Harmatz P, Hughes D, Jones SA, Lin SP, Mengel E, Scarpa M, Valayannopoulos V, Giugliani R, Slasor P, Lounsbury D, Dummer W. Efficacy and safety of enzyme replacement therapy with BMN 110 (elosulfase alfa) for Morquio A syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis IVA): a phase 3 randomised placebo-controlled study. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:979-90. [PMID: 24810369 PMCID: PMC4206772 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and safety of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with BMN 110 (elosulfase alfa) in patients with Morquio A syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis IVA). METHODS Patients with Morquio A aged ≥5 years (N = 176) were randomised (1:1:1) to receive elosulfase alfa 2.0 mg/kg/every other week (qow), elosulfase alfa 2.0 mg/kg/week (weekly) or placebo for 24 weeks in this phase 3, double-blind, randomised study. The primary efficacy measure was 6-min walk test (6MWT) distance. Secondary efficacy measures were 3-min stair climb test (3MSCT) followed by change in urine keratan sulfate (KS). Various exploratory measures included respiratory function tests. Patient safety was also evaluated. RESULTS At week 24, the estimated mean effect on the 6MWT versus placebo was 22.5 m (95 % CI 4.0, 40.9; P = 0.017) for weekly and 0.5 m (95 % CI -17.8, 18.9; P = 0.954) for qow. The estimated mean effect on 3MSCT was 1.1 stairs/min (95 % CI -2.1, 4.4; P = 0.494) for weekly and -0.5 stairs/min (95 % CI -3.7, 2.8; P = 0.778) for qow. Normalised urine KS was reduced at 24 weeks in both regimens. In the weekly dose group, 22.4 % of patients had adverse events leading to an infusion interruption/discontinuation requiring medical intervention (only 1.3 % of all infusions in this group) over 6 months. No adverse events led to permanent treatment discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS Elosulfase alfa improved endurance as measured by the 6MWT in the weekly but not qow dose group, did not improve endurance on the 3MSCT, reduced urine KS, and had an acceptable safety profile.
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Tak PP, Mease PJ, Genovese MC, Kremer J, Haraoui B, Tanaka Y, Bingham CO, Ashrafzadeh A, Travers H, Safa-Leathers S, Kumar S, Dummer W. Safety and efficacy of ocrelizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to at least one tumor necrosis factor inhibitor: results of a forty-eight–week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase III trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:360-70. [PMID: 22389919 DOI: 10.1002/art.33353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ocrelizumab plus methotrexate (MTX) or leflunomide (LEF) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and an inadequate response to tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors. METHODS This was a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study that continued over 48 weeks. Patients receiving stable doses of MTX or LEF were randomized to receive 2 infusions of placebo (n = 277), ocrelizumab 200 mg (n = 278), or ocrelizumab 500 mg (n = 285) on days 1 and 15 as well as at weeks 24 and 26. Coprimary end points were the proportion of patients with response according to the American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria (ACR20) at weeks 24 and 48. Secondary end points included the change from baseline in the modified Sharp/van der Heijde score (SHS) and the ACR50/70 responses. RESULTS ACR20 responses were 22.0% in the placebo group, 42.2% in the ocrelizumab 200 mg group, and 47.9% in the ocrelizumab 500 mg group at 24 weeks and 19.5%, 48.7%, and 50.7%, respectively, at 48 weeks (P < 0.0001 versus placebo for each comparison at each time point). At 48 weeks, patients receiving both doses of ocrelizumab showed significantly improved ACR50 and ACR70 responses of ~3-fold versus placebo. Only those in the ocrelizumab 500 mg group showed statistically significant (P = 0.0017) inhibition of joint damage progression (mean change in the SHS) relative to placebo (61% inhibition) at 48 weeks. Overall adverse events and infections during the 48 weeks of study were comparable in all treatment groups. Serious infections were observed more frequently in patients taking ocrelizumab (5.1% and 4.3%) than in those taking placebo (2.5%). CONCLUSION Patients in both of the ocrelizumab groups met the clinical primary efficacy end points. Inhibition of change in the SHS was statistically significant at 48 weeks for those in the ocrelizumab 500 mg group. The rate of serious infections in this trial was higher for both ocrelizumab doses as compared with placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Tak
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Centre and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Stohl W, Gomez-Reino J, Olech E, Dudler J, Fleischmann RM, Zerbini CAF, Ashrafzadeh A, Grzeschik S, Bieraugel R, Green J, Francom S, Dummer W. Safety and efficacy of ocrelizumab in combination with methotrexate in MTX-naive subjects with rheumatoid arthritis: the phase III FILM trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71:1289-96. [PMID: 22307942 PMCID: PMC3396459 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine the efficacy and safety of ocrelizumab (OCR) with methotrexate (MTX) in MTX-naive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Methods In a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial, patients received placebo+MTX (MTX; n=210), OCR 200 mg×2+MTX (OCR 200; n=200) or OCR 500 mg×2+MTX (OCR 500; n=203). OCR/placebo (two intravenous infusions) was given on days 1 and 15, with fixed re-treatment scheduled at weeks 24/26, 52/54 and 76/78. Due to early termination of OCR dosing, there was no formal primary end point analysis (change from baseline in modified total Sharp score (ΔmTSS) at week 104). Analyses are reported for week 52 outcomes. Results At week 52, treatment with OCR+MTX compared with MTX alone reduced progression of joint damage (mean (SD) change in ΔmTSS: OCR 200, 0.66 (4.51); OCR 500, 0.27 (2.91); MTX alone, 1.59 (4.82); p=0.001 and p=0.003, respectively vs MTX alone) and improved clinical signs and symptoms (American College of Rheumatology 20 response: OCR 200, 73.0%; OCR 500, 71.0%; MTX alone, 57.5%; p<0.005 for each OCR vs MTX alone). Serious infection rates per 100 patient-years were similar with OCR 200 and MTX alone (2.6 (95% CI 0.9 to 6.1) and 3.0 (1.1 to 6.5), respectively), but higher with OCR 500 (7.1 (3.9 to 11.9)). Conclusions OCR 200 mg and 500 mg with MTX in MTX-naive patients with RA were effective in inhibiting joint damage progression and improving RA signs and symptoms. OCR 500 mg with MTX was associated with an increased rate of serious infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Stohl
- Division of Rheumatology, Los Angeles County & University of Southern California Medical Center and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Rigby W, Tony HP, Oelke K, Combe B, Laster A, von Muhlen CA, Fisheleva E, Martin C, Travers H, Dummer W. Safety and efficacy of ocrelizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate: Results of a forty-eight-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase III trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:350-9. [DOI: 10.1002/art.33317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Huffstutter JE, Taylor J, Schechtman J, Leszczynski P, Brzosko M, Sedarati F, Moawad D, Kapp AV, Sudlow R, Dummer W. Single- versus dual-infusion of B-cell-depleting antibody ocrelizumab in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Phase III FEATURE trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/ijr.11.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Owczarczyk K, Lal P, Abbas AR, Wolslegel K, Holweg CTJ, Dummer W, Kelman A, Brunetta P, Lewin-Koh N, Sorani M, Leong D, Fielder P, Yocum D, Ho C, Ortmann W, Townsend MJ, Behrens TW. A Plasmablast Biomarker for Nonresponse to Antibody Therapy to CD20 in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:101ra92. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Genovese MC, Kaine JL, Lowenstein MB, Del Giudice J, Baldassare A, Schechtman J, Fudman E, Kohen M, Gujrathi S, Trapp RG, Sweiss NJ, Spaniolo G, Dummer W. Ocrelizumab, a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a phase I/II randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 58:2652-61. [PMID: 18759293 DOI: 10.1002/art.23732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ocrelizumab, a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, was studied in a first-in-human trial in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients receiving concomitant methotrexate (MTX). METHODS The ACTION trial was a combined phase I/II study of placebo plus MTX versus ocrelizumab plus MTX in 237 RA patients (intent-to-treat population). During phase I, 45 patients were treated with 1 of 5 escalating doses of study drug (infusions on days 1 and 15, 10-1,000 mg per each infusion). An additional 192 patients were randomized during phase II. Eligible patients had active disease, an inadequate response to treatment with at least MTX, rheumatoid factor positivity, and elevated levels of acute-phase reactants. The total study duration was 72 weeks. B cell pharmacodynamics over time was investigated. RESULTS Baseline demographics were similar among the treatment groups. Based on the entire 72-week data set, the incidence of serious adverse events in the ocrelizumab-treated patients was 17.9%, as compared with 14.6% in placebo-treated patients. The incidence of serious infections was 2.0% in all ocrelizumab-treated patients and 4.9% in placebo-treated patients. Infusion-associated adverse events were mostly grade 1 or grade 2 and were more frequent around the time of the first infusion. No serious infusion-associated adverse events were reported in the ocrelizumab group. Evidence of clinical activity was observed at all doses evaluated. Peripheral B cell depletion after infusion was rapid at all doses, with earlier repletion of B cells at doses of 10 mg and 50 mg. Human anti-human antibodies were detected in 19% and 10%, respectively, of those receiving 10 mg and 50 mg of ocrelizumab, compared with 0-5% of those receiving 200, 500, and 1,000 mg. CONCLUSION Ocrelizumab therapy in combination with MTX was well tolerated. Doses of 200 mg (2 infusions) and higher showed better clinical responses, better reduction of C-reactive protein levels, and very low immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Genovese
- Division of Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, USA.
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Guttman-Yassky E, Vugmeyster Y, Lowes MA, Chamian F, Kikuchi T, Kagen M, Gilleaudeau P, Lee E, Hunte B, Howell K, Dummer W, Bodary SC, Krueger JG. Blockade of CD11a by efalizumab in psoriasis patients induces a unique state of T-cell hyporesponsiveness. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1182-91. [PMID: 18239614 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Efalizumab (anti-CD11a) interferes with LFA-1/ICAM-1 binding and inhibits several key steps in psoriasis pathogenesis. This study characterizes the effects of efalizumab on T-cell activation responses and expression of surface markers on human circulating psoriatic T cells during a therapeutic trial. Our data suggest that efalizumab may induce a unique type of T-cell hyporesponsiveness, directly induced by LFA-1 binding, which is distinct from conventional anergy described in animal models. Direct activation of T cells through different activating receptors (CD2, CD3, CD3/28) is reduced, despite T cells being fully viable. This hyporesponsiveness was spontaneously reversible after withdrawal of the drug, and by IL-2 in vitro. In contrast to the state of anergy, Ca(+2) release is intact during efalizumab binding. Furthermore, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) blockade resulted in an unexpected downregulation of a broad range of surface molecules, including the T-cell receptor complex, co-stimulatory molecules, and integrins unrelated to LFA-1, both in the peripheral circulation and in diseased skin tissue. These observations provide evidence for the mechanism of action of efalizumab. The nature of this T-cell hyporesponsiveness suggests that T-cell responses may be reduced during efalizumab therapy, but are reversible after ceasing efalizumab treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Lowes MA, Chamian F, Abello MV, Leonardi C, Dummer W, Papp K, Krueger JG. Eruptive papules during efalizumab (anti-CD11a) therapy of psoriasis vulgaris: a case series. BMC Dermatol 2007; 7:2. [PMID: 17324275 PMCID: PMC1817648 DOI: 10.1186/1471-5945-7-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Newer biological therapies for moderate-to-severe psoriasis are being used more frequently, but unexpected effects may occur. Case presentations We present a group of 15 patients who developed inflammatory papules while on efalizumab therapy (Raptiva, Genentech Inc, anti-CD11a). Immunohistochemistry showed that there were increased CD11b+, CD11c+ and iNOS+ cells (myeloid leukocytes) in the papules, with relatively few CD3+ T cells. While efalizumab caused a decreased expression of CD11a on T cells, other circulating leukocytes from patients receiving this therapy often showed increased CD11b and CD11c. In the setting of an additional stimulus such as skin trauma, this may predispose to increased trafficking into the skin using these alternative β2 integrins. In addition, there may be impaired immune synapse formation, limiting the development of these lesions to small papules. There is little evidence for these papular lesions being "allergic" in nature as there are few eosinophils on biopsy, and they respond to minimal or no therapy even if efalizumab is continued. Conclusion We hypothesize that these papules may represent a unique type of "mechanistic" inflammatory reaction, seen only in the context of drug-induced CD11a blockade, and not during the natural disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Lowes
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Francesca Chamian
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria V Abello
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Kim Papp
- Probity Medical Research, Waterloo, Canada
| | - James G Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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15
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Homann D, Dummer W, Wolfe T, Rodrigo E, Theofilopoulos AN, Oldstone MBA, von Herrath MG. Lack of intrinsic CTLA-4 expression has minimal effect on regulation of antiviral T-cell immunity. J Virol 2007; 80:270-80. [PMID: 16352552 PMCID: PMC1317527 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.1.270-280.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 is considered one of the most potent negative regulators of T-cell activation. To circumvent experimental limitations due to fatal lymphoproliferative disease associated with genetic ablation of CTLA-4, we have used radiation chimeras reconstituted with a mixture of CTLA-4+/+ and CTLA-4-/- bone marrow that retain a normal phenotype and allow the evaluation of long-term T-cell immunity under conditions of intrinsic CTLA-4 deficiency. Following virus infection, we profiled primary, memory, and secondary CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses directed against eight different viral epitopes. Our data demonstrate unaltered antigen-driven proliferation, acquisition of effector functions, distribution of epitope hierarchies, T-cell receptor repertoire selection, functional avidities, and long-term memory maintenance in the absence of CTLA-4. Moreover, regulation of memory T-cell survival and homeostatic proliferation, as well as secondary responses, was equivalent in virus-specific CTLA4+/+ and CTL-A-4-/- T-cell populations. Thus, lack of CTLA-4 expression by antigen-specific T cells can be compensated for by extrinsic factors in the presence of CTLA-4 expression by other cells. These findings have implications for the physiologic, pathological, and therapeutic regulation of costimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Homann
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. Mail stop B140, P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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16
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Lowes MA, Chamian F, Abello MV, Fuentes-Duculan J, Lin SL, Nussbaum R, Novitskaya I, Carbonaro H, Cardinale I, Kikuchi T, Gilleaudeau P, Sullivan-Whalen M, Wittkowski KM, Papp K, Garovoy M, Dummer W, Steinman RM, Krueger JG. Increase in TNF-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase-expressing dendritic cells in psoriasis and reduction with efalizumab (anti-CD11a). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:19057-62. [PMID: 16380428 PMCID: PMC1323218 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509736102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We find that CD11c(+) cells with many markers of dendritic cells (DCs) are a major cell type in the skin lesions of psoriasis. These CD11c(+) cells, which are evident in both epidermis and dermis, are the sites for the expression of two mediators of inflammation, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and TNF-alpha in diseased skin. These cells express HLA-DR, CD40, and CD86, lack the Langerin and CD14 markers of Langerhans cells and monocytes, respectively, and to a significant extent express the DC maturation markers DC-LAMP and CD83. Treatment of psoriasis with efalizumab (anti-CD11a, Raptiva) strongly reduces infiltration by these DCs in patients responding to this agent. Disease activity after therapy was more related to DC infiltrates and iNOS mRNA levels than T cell infiltrates, and CD11c(+) cells responded more quickly to therapy than epidermal keratinocytes. Our results suggest that a type of DC, which resembles murine "Tip-DCs" that can accumulate during infection, has proinflammatory effects in psoriasis through nitric oxide and TNF-alpha production, and can be an important target for suppressive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Lowes
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology and Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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17
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Vugmeyster Y, Beyer J, Howell K, Combs D, Fielder P, Yang J, Qureshi F, Sandlund B, Kawaguchi L, Dummer W, Lowman H, McKeever K. Depletion of B Cells by a Humanized Anti-CD20 Antibody PRO70769 in Macaca Fascicularis. J Immunother 2005; 28:212-9. [PMID: 15838377 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000155050.03916.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PRO70769 is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody against the CD20 molecule that is present on normal and malignant B cells. PRO70769 is being evaluated for treatment of B-cell-mediated diseases and is in a phase 1 trial for rheumatoid arthritis. As part of the preclinical toxicology evaluation, B-cell depletion profiles and safety of PRO70769 were assessed in cynomolgus monkeys. Animals were administered drug (IV) on days 1 and 15 with 10, 50, or 100 mg/kg PRO70769 and killed 2 weeks after the second dose and after a 3-month recovery period. In a parallel study, animals were not necropsied but instead were retreated with a second cycle of PRO70769 administered under an identical regimen. PRO70769 suppressed B cells in the blood to undetectable levels and significantly reduced B cells in lymphoid tissues. Splenic B cells were depleted to a greater extent compared with lymph node B cells. A second cycle of treatment resulted in a greater extent of depletion in lymphoid tissues compared with the depletion observed after one cycle of treatment; however, residual B cells in lymphoid tissues were still detectable, even at the highest dose. The rate of B-cell recovery in peripheral blood appeared similar between one and two cycles of treatment. Upon depletion there was a change in the profile of lymph node B-cell subsets. After recovery, B-cell subsets were reconstituted to normal levels. Depletion of CD20-expressing cells and lymphoid follicular atrophy were the only treatment-related effects.
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18
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Kieper WC, Troy A, Burghardt JT, Ramsey C, Lee JY, Jiang HQ, Dummer W, Shen H, Cebra JJ, Surh CD. Recent immune status determines the source of antigens that drive homeostatic T cell expansion. J Immunol 2005; 174:3158-63. [PMID: 15749843 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Homeostatic proliferation of naive T cells transferred to T cell-deficient syngeneic mice is driven by low-affinity self-MHC/peptide ligands and the cytokine IL-7. In addition to homeostatic proliferation, a subset of naive T cells undergoes massive proliferation in chronically immunodeficient hosts, but not in irradiated normal hosts. Such rapid T cell proliferation occurs largely independent of homeostatic factors, because it was apparent in the absence of IL-7 and in T cell-sufficient hosts devoid of functional T cell immunity. Strikingly, immunodeficient mice raised under germfree conditions supported only slow homeostatic proliferation, but not the marked T cell proliferation observed in conventionally raised immunodeficient mice. Thus, polyclonal naive T cell expansion in T cell-deficient hosts can be driven predominantly by either self-Ags or foreign Ags depending on the host's previous state of T cell immunocompetency.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Kieper
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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19
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Baccala R, Witherden D, Gonzalez-Quintial R, Dummer W, Surh CD, Havran WL, Theofilopoulos AN. γδ T Cell Homeostasis Is Controlled by IL-7 and IL-15 Together with Subset-Specific Factors. J Immunol 2005; 174:4606-12. [PMID: 15814683 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Among T cell subsets, gamma delta T cells uniquely display an Ag receptor-based tissue distribution, but what defines their preferential homing and homeostasis is unknown. To address this question, we studied the resources that control gamma delta T cell homeostasis in secondary lymphoid organs. We found that gamma delta and alpha beta T cells are controlled by partially overlapping resources, because acute homeostatic proliferation of gamma delta T cells was inhibited by an intact alpha beta T cell compartment, and both populations were dependent on IL-7 and IL-15. Significantly, to undergo acute homeostatic proliferation, gamma delta T cells also required their own depletion. Thus, gamma delta T cell homeostasis is maintained by trophic cytokines commonly used by other types of lymphoid cells, as well as by additional, as yet unidentified, gamma delta-specific factors.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Cell Division
- Homeostasis
- Interleukin-15/deficiency
- Interleukin-15/genetics
- Interleukin-15/metabolism
- Interleukin-7/deficiency
- Interleukin-7/genetics
- Interleukin-7/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Baccala
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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20
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Baccala R, Gonzalez-Quintial R, Dummer W, Theofilopoulos AN. Tumor immunity via homeostatic T cell proliferation: mechanistic aspects and clinical perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 27:75-85. [PMID: 15666151 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-004-0196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to develop effective anti-tumor immunotherapies are hampered by the difficulty of overcoming tolerance against tumor antigens, which in most instances are normal gene products that are over-expressed, preferentially expressed or re-expressed in cancer cells. Considering that lymphopenia-induced homeostatic T cell proliferation is mediated by self-peptide/MHC recognition and that the expanded cells acquire some effector functions, we hypothesized that this process could be used to break tolerance against tumor antigens. Studies by us and others in several mouse models demonstrated that availability of tumor antigens during homeostatic T cell proliferation indeed leads to effective anti-tumor autoimmunity with specificity and memory. This effect appears to be mediated by reduction in the activation threshold of low-affinity tumor-specific T cells, leading to their preferential engagement and expansion. In its simplicity, this approach is likely to have application in humans, since it relies on conventional lymphopenia-inducing cancer therapies, infusion of autologous lymphocytes and, optimally, tumor-specific vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Baccala
- Department of Immunology, IMM-3, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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21
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Vugmeyster Y, Kikuchi T, Lowes MA, Chamian F, Kagen M, Gilleaudeau P, Lee E, Howell K, Bodary S, Dummer W, Krueger JG. Efalizumab (anti-CD11a)-induced increase in peripheral blood leukocytes in psoriasis patients is preferentially mediated by altered trafficking of memory CD8+ T cells into lesional skin*1. Clin Immunol 2004; 113:38-46. [PMID: 15380528 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic administration of efalizumab, a humanized antibody to CD11a, induces a marked but reversible increase of peripheral lymphocytes in psoriasis patients. In this study, 13 patients were treated with 12 weekly subcutaneous doses (2 mg/kg/week) of efalizumab, and all 13 patients had increases in leukocyte counts. This increased white blood cell count was mainly due to a 3- to 4-fold increase in the number of circulating CD3(+) lymphocytes during active treatment. Both naive and memory populations of CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes in the peripheral blood increased, with the largest increase observed in memory CD8(+) T cells. This CD8(+) memory T cell subset is a prominent T cell population found in psoriatic skin. An increase in Type 1 (IFN-gamma producing) T cells was also observed during treatment. Both components of LFA-1, CD11a and CD18, were downregulated during treatment, and surprisingly the integrins CD11b and beta 7 were similarly reduced. We conclude that efalizumab most likely blocks cutaneous entry of memory CD8(+) T cells, a highly disease-relevant cell population. The relatively smaller increase in naive peripheral blood T cells could be attributed to reduced trafficking of naive T cells.
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22
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Jullien D, Prinz JC, Langley RGB, Caro I, Dummer W, Joshi A, Dedrick R, Natta P. T-Cell Modulation for the Treatment of Chronic Plaque Psoriasis with Efalizumab (Raptiva™): Mechanisms of Action. Dermatology 2004; 208:297-306. [PMID: 15178911 DOI: 10.1159/000077660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 02/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic, incurable, auto-immune disorder with cutaneous manifestations. New evidence on the central role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of psoriasis increasingly provides insight into pathogenic steps that can be modulated to provide disease control. Numerous biological therapies are in various stages of clinical development, with expectation of providing enhanced safety and efficacy over currently available psoriasis therapies. Efalizumab, a recombinant humanized monoclonal IgG1 antibody, is a novel targeted T-cell modulator that inhibits multiple steps in the immune cascade that result in the production and maintenance of psoriatic plaques, including initial T-cell activation and T-cell trafficking into sites of inflammation, including psoriatic skin, with subsequent reactivation in these sites. This article reviews the pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and clinical effects observed during phase I, II and III efalizumab trials in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jullien
- Department of Dermatology and INSERM U346, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.
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23
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Gordon KB, Papp KA, Hamilton TK, Walicke PA, Dummer W, Li N, Bresnahan BW, Menter A. Efalizumab for patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290:3073-80. [PMID: 14679270 DOI: 10.1001/jama.290.23.3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Because T-cell interactions are involved in the pathophysiology of psoriasis, therapy with a T-cell modulator may have beneficial effects on psoriasis severity and health-related quality of life (HRQL). OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and safety of efalizumab, a T-cell modulator, in patients with plaque psoriasis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Phase 3 randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial involving 556 adult patients with stable, moderate to severe plaque psoriasis and conducted at 30 study centers in the United States and Canada between January and July 2002. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive 12 weekly doses of subcutaneous efalizumab, 1 mg/kg (n = 369), or placebo equivalent (n = 187). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES At least 75% improvement on the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI-75); improvement on the overall Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), Itching Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Psoriasis Symptom Assessment (PSA) at week 12 vs baseline. RESULTS Efalizumab-treated patients experienced significantly greater improvement on all end points than placebo-treated patients. Twenty-seven percent of efalizumab-treated patients achieved PASI-75 vs 4% of the placebo group ( P<.001). Efalizumab-treated patients exhibited significantly greater mean percentage improvement than placebo-treated patients on the overall DLQI (47% vs 14%; P<.001), Itching VAS (38% vs -0.2%; P<.001), and PSA frequency and severity subscales (48% vs 18% and 47% vs 17%, respectively; P<.001 for both) at the first assessment point. Efalizumab was safe and well tolerated, with primarily mild to moderate adverse events. CONCLUSION In this 12-week study, efalizumab resulted in significant improvements in clinical end points, including physician-assessed and dermatology-specific patient-reported HRQL measures, in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis.
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24
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Lebwohl M, Tyring SK, Hamilton TK, Toth D, Glazer S, Tawfik NH, Walicke P, Dummer W, Wang X, Garovoy MR, Pariser D. A novel targeted T-cell modulator, efalizumab, for plaque psoriasis. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:2004-13. [PMID: 14627785 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa030002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions between leukocyte-function-associated antigen type 1 (LFA-1) and intercellular adhesion molecules are important in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Efalizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody, binds to the alpha subunit (CD11a) of LFA-1 and inhibits the activation of T cells. METHODS In a phase 3, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, we assign 597 subjects with psoriasis to receive subcutaneous efalizumab (1 or 2 mg per kilogram of body weight per week) or placebo for 12 weeks. Depending on the response after 12 weeks, subjects received an additional 12 weeks of treatment with efalizumab or placebo. Study treatments were discontinued at week 24, and subjects were followed for an additional 12 weeks. RESULTS At week 12, there was an improvement of 75 percent or more in the psoriasis area-and-severity index in 22 percent of the subjects who had received 1 mg of efalizumab per kilogram per week and 28 percent of those who had received 2 mg of efalizumab per kilogram per week, as compared with 5 percent of the subjects in the placebo group (P<0.001 for both comparisons). Efalizumab-treated subjects had greater improvement than those in the placebo group as early as week 4 (P<0.001). Among the efalizumab-treated subjects who had an improvement of 75 percent or more at week 12, improvement was maintained through week 24 in 77 percent of those who continued to receive efalizumab, as compared with 20 percent of those who were switched to placebo (P<0.001 for both comparisons). After the discontinuation of efalizumab at week 24, an improvement of 50 percent or more in the psoriasis area-and-severity index was maintained in approximately 30 percent of subjects during the 12 weeks of follow-up. Efalizumab was well tolerated, and adverse events were generally mild to moderate. CONCLUSIONS Efalizumab therapy resulted in significant improvements in plaque psoriasis in subjects with moderate-to-severe disease. Extending treatment from 12 to 24 weeks resulted in both maintenance and improvement of responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lebwohl
- Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029-6574, USA
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25
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Gottlieb AB, Miller B, Lowe N, Shapiro W, Hudson C, Bright R, Ling M, Magee A, McCall CO, Rist T, Dummer W, Walicke P, Bauer RJ, White M, Garovoy M. Subcutaneously administered efalizumab (anti-CD11a) improves signs and symptoms of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. J Cutan Med Surg 2003; 7:198-207. [PMID: 12717587 DOI: 10.1007/s10227-002-0118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phase I and Phase II studies in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis demonstrated that intravenous (IV) efalizumab improved clinical signs and symptoms and was well tolerated. OBJECTIVE To determine if subcutaneous (SC) delivery of efalizumab improves chronic plaque psoriasis and demonstrates an acceptable safety profile. METHODS This was a Phase I, open-label, single- and multiple-dose, escalating-dose study. Subjects received a single dose of efalizumab (0.3 mg/kg/wk SC) or escalating multiple doses of efalizumab (0.50-2.0 mg/kg/wk SC). Effectiveness was assessed using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), target lesion assessment, and Physician's Global Assessment (PGA). Safety was assessed by evaluating adverse events, clinical laboratory test results, physical examination results, immunologic responses, and vital signs. RESULTS PASI score, target lesion assessment, and PGA showed improvement of approximately 40%-60% in signs and symptoms of plaque psoriasis by day 56. Mean PASI scores were still declining at the end of the eight-week dosing period, suggesting that longer duration of treatment would be more effective. By day 91, mean PASI scores were 16.2 vs. 14.6 at day 56 in the 0.5-1.0-mg/kg/wk group and 11.7 vs. 10.1 in the 1.0-2.0-mg/kg/wk group. This demonstrates that, on average, patients maintained their treatment benefit during the 42-day followup period. Overall, there were considerably fewer adverse events than in previous IV studies. These consisted principally of mild to moderate headache, pain, and rhinitis. No allergic reactions were observed. Antibodies to efalizumab were observed in only one subject (2%) and did not have any clinical relevance. CONCLUSION The SC administration of eight weekly doses of efalizumab improves signs and symptoms of psoriasis. The treatment was safe and very well tolerated. In comparison to previously published results with IV efalizumab, SC administration of efalizumab improves overall safety and tolerability, with the additional advantage of greater convenience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice B Gottlieb
- Clinical Research Center, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0019, USA.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- K Otto
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2 D - 97080, Wuerzburg
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27
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Dummer W, Niethammer AG, Baccala R, Lawson BR, Wagner N, Reisfeld RA, Theofilopoulos AN. T cell homeostatic proliferation elicits effective antitumor autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2002. [DOI: 10.1172/jci0215175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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28
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Dummer W, Niethammer AG, Baccala R, Lawson BR, Wagner N, Reisfeld RA, Theofilopoulos AN. T cell homeostatic proliferation elicits effective antitumor autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:185-92. [PMID: 12122110 PMCID: PMC151053 DOI: 10.1172/jci15175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2002] [Accepted: 05/28/2002] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of tumor immunotherapies focuses on inducing autoimmune responses against tumor-associated self-antigens primarily encoded by normal, unmutated genes. We hypothesized that such responses could be elicited by T cell homeostatic proliferation in the periphery, involving expansion of T cells recognizing self-MHC/peptide ligands. Herein, we demonstrate that sublethally irradiated lymphopenic mice transfused with autologous or syngeneic T cells showed tumor growth inhibition when challenged with melanoma or colon carcinoma cells. Importantly, the antitumor response depended on homeostatic expansion of a polyclonal T cell population within lymph nodes. This response was effective even for established tumors, was characterized by CD8(+) T cell-mediated tumor-specific cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma production, and was associated with long-term memory. The results indicate that concomitant induction of the physiologic processes of homeostatic T cell proliferation and tumor antigen presentation in lymph nodes triggers a beneficial antitumor autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Dummer
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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29
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Santiago-Raber ML, Lawson BR, Dummer W, Barnhouse M, Koundouris S, Wilson CB, Kono DH, Theofilopoulos AN. Role of cyclin kinase inhibitor p21 in systemic autoimmunity. J Immunol 2001; 167:4067-74. [PMID: 11564828 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.7.4067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cyclin kinase inhibitor protein p21 affects multiple processes relevant to the immune system, including cell cycle progression, replicative senescence, hemopoietic stem cell quiescence, and apoptosis. Therefore, malfunction of this protein may be a contributor to the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmunity. Here, we report that mixed background p21-deficient 129/Sv x C57BL/6 mice showed increased in vitro and in vivo T cell cycling and activation, moderate hypergammaglobulinemia and, at low penetrance, anti-chromatin autoantibodies. Homeostatic anti-self MHC/peptide ligand-induced proliferation of p21-deficient T cells was also enhanced. However, lymphoid organ enlargement was very mild, presumably due to increased apoptosis of the rapidly dividing cells. Moreover, the older p21-deficient mice had kidney pathology representing a similar, but slightly more advanced, state than that seen in the control mice. The timing and severity of the above serologic, cellular, and histologic manifestations in p21-deficient mice were unaffected by gender. Thus, p21 deficiency significantly enhances T cell activation and homeostatic proliferation, and can induce mild autoimmune manifestations at a low incidence without gender bias, but does not in itself generate the full spectrum of lupus-like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Santiago-Raber
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Lawson BR, Koundouris SI, Barnhouse M, Dummer W, Baccala R, Kono DH, Theofilopoulos AN. The role of alpha beta+ T cells and homeostatic T cell proliferation in Y-chromosome-associated murine lupus. J Immunol 2001; 167:2354-60. [PMID: 11490025 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.2354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Male BXSB mice develop an early life, severe lupus-like disease largely attributed to an undefined Y-chromosome-associated autoimmunity accelerator, termed YAA: Although the exact disease pathogenesis is uncertain, indirect evidence suggests that T cells play an important role in the male BXSB disease. We have developed TCR alpha-chain gene-deleted BXSB mice to directly examine the role of alphabeta+ T cells and the mode by which Yaa promotes disease in this strain. All disease parameters, including hypergammaglobulinemia, autoantibody production, glomerulonephritis, and the unique monocytosis of BXSB males, were severely reduced or absent in the alphabeta+ T cell-deficient mice. Adoptively transferred CD4+ T cells of either male or female BXSB origin showed equal homeostatic proliferation in alphabeta+ T cell-deficient male recipients. Moreover, deficient male mice eventually developed equally severe lupus-like disease after adoptive transfer and homeostatic expansion of T cells from wild-type BXSB males or females. The results directly demonstrate that the Yaa-mediated disease requires alphabeta+ T cells that are not, in themselves, abnormal in either composition or properties, but are engaged by a Yaa-encoded abnormality in a non-T cell component. In addition, homeostatic anti-self proliferation of mature T cells derived from a small number of precursors can induce systemic autoimmunity in an appropriate background.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Female
- Homeostasis/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Kidney/immunology
- Kidney/pathology
- Leukocytosis/genetics
- Leukocytosis/immunology
- Lupus Nephritis/genetics
- Lupus Nephritis/immunology
- Lupus Nephritis/mortality
- Lupus Nephritis/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- Y Chromosome/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Lawson
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Theofilopoulos
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Abstract
Naive T cells undergo spontaneous slow proliferation on adoptive transfer into syngeneic T cell (T)-deficient hosts. Recent work has shown that such "homeostatic" T cell proliferation is driven by MHC molecules loaded with self-peptides rather than foreign peptides. Because naive T cells in normal T-sufficient hosts remain in interphase despite continuous contact with self-MHC/peptide ligands, T cells apparently inhibit homeostatic proliferation of neighboring T cells. To address this, we have investigated the requirements necessary for "bystander" T cells to inhibit homeostatic proliferation of other T cells. Three key findings are reported. First, homeostatic proliferation of T cells only occurs in specific microenvironments, namely the T cell compartment of the secondary lymphoid tissues. Second, direct entry into T cell compartments is also required for bystander inhibition of homeostatic proliferation. Third, bystander inhibition is mediated largely by naive rather than activated/memory T cells and does not require proliferation or TCR ligation. These findings suggest that homeostasis of naive T cells is unlikely to be regulated through competition for systemic soluble factors or for specific stimulatory self-MHC/peptide ligands. Rather, the data favor mechanisms that involve competition for local non-MHC stimulatory factors or direct cell-to-cell interactions between the T cells themselves within the T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dummer
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Surh CD, Ernst B, Lee DS, Dummer W, LeRoy E. Role of self-major histocompatibility complex/peptide ligands in selection and maintenance of a diverse T cell repertoire. Immunol Res 2000; 21:331-9. [PMID: 10852134 DOI: 10.1385/ir:21:2-3:331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Positive selection has long been thought to be a devise for producing a repertoire of T cells that can efficiently recognize foreign peptides in the context of self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. However, in the light of recent evidence that long-term survival of mature T cells requires continuous contact with self-MHC molecules, the possibility for an additional role for positive selection has emerged: to generate a repertoire of T cells that can be maintained in the periphery through contact with self-MHC/peptide ligands. In support of this idea, our recent work suggests that positive selection is highly peptide specific and, more important, that mature T cells require extrathymic contact with the same MHC/peptide ligands that initially induced positive selection in the thymus in order for prolonged survival and to undergo homeostatic proliferation in response to T cell deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Surh
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Pemphigoid gestationis (PG) is a rare pregnancy-associated autoimmune bullous disease characterized by autoantibodies to the 180 kD bullous pemphigoid antigen (BP180). The clinical spectrum of PG is polymorphic and for diagnostic purposes, a skin biopsy is usually taken demonstrating the deposition of autoantibodies. PATIENTS AND METHODS From 2 patients, skin biopsies were obtained for histopathologic and immunofluorescence studies. Circulating autoantibodies were characterized by immunoblotting and ELISA using a recombinant form of the immunodominant BP180 NC16 A domain. RESULTS The 2 PG patients described here did not show blisters but complained about severe itching. In the first case, PG presented in the first trimester of the second pregnancy as an erythema-multiforme-like disease. The second patient developed urticarial plaques a few days after delivery. PG was diagnosed by the detection of autoantibodies against recombinant BP180 NC16 A by immunoblot and ELISA analysis and confirmed by linear deposits of C3 at the cutaneous basement membrane zone on direct immunofluorescence microscopy. Skin lesions healed with oral prednisolone. CONCLUSIONS In our two patients, non-bullous PG could be diagnosed by serological tests. Immunoblotting and ELISA might be sensitive and specific tools when screening sera of patients with pruritic skin lesions in pregnancy for the presence of autoantibodies to BP180. In some cases, these newer techniques may make a skin biopsy unnecessary.
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Conrad CT, Ernst NR, Dummer W, Bröcker EB, Becker JC. Differential expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 and interleukin 10 in progressing and regressing areas of primary melanoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 1999; 18:225-32. [PMID: 10464712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The coexistence of tumor specific immunity with a progressing tumor remains a major paradox of tumor immunology. This enigma is most evident in partially regressing melanomas, where efficient eradication of tumor cells is closely linked to uncontrolled tumor growth. Mechanisms involved in this differential susceptibility of tumor cells to the host immune response may include altered production of immunosuppressive cytokines, i.e., transforming growth factor (TGF) beta or interleukin (IL) 10. Since only limited amounts of tissue samples are available from primary tumors, a semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was established which allowed to estimate the amount of cytokine mRNA expressed in a small number of melanoma cells segregated by indirect immunomagnetic isolation. Thereby, we determined the expression of TGF-beta 1 and IL-10 mRNA in melanoma cells obtained from regressing and progressing areas of 9 primary tumors. TGF-beta 1 mRNA could be detected in all undiluted samples from progressing areas and in 7 samples from regression zones. Titration of the sample revealed that in 6 cases TGF-beta 1 mRNA could be detected at a significant higher titer in progressing than in regressing areas. IL-10 mRNA was present in 8 samples obtained from progressing and in 7 samples from regressing tumor areas. In 6 tumors IL-10 mRNA was detectable at a higher titer in the progression zones. Specificity of the PCR amplification was confirmed with a series of restriction enzyme digestions of the resulting PCR product. Based on these findings the hypothesis that immunosuppressive cytokines, such as TGF-beta 1 or IL-10, represent important factors for the melanoma cells to escape immune surveillance is supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Conrad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, FRG
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Dummer W, Lurz C, Rickert S, Ogilvie P, Kinkelin I, Bröcker EB. [Model of a special consultation for patients with atopic eczema]. Hautarzt 1999; 50:20-6. [PMID: 10068927 DOI: 10.1007/s001050050859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to its high prevalence, atopic dermatitis is an important problem in the dermatologic practice. The chronicity of the disease together with numerous triggering factors of varying individual impact create a complex situation which is difficult to manage under the current circumstances in our health care system. We describe the concept of an outpatient clinic especially for atopic dermatitis as established in our Department of Dermatology. A high degree of standardization is combined with a high measure of individual care. The aims of this clinic are an optimized outpatient management of atopic dermatitis, the gathering of epidemiologic data, the performance of controlled studies, and potentially the reduction of costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dummer
- Dermatologische Klinik, Universität Würzburg
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Abstract
Granulomatous cheilitis and Crohn's disease are disorders of unknown etiology. There are case reports describing their coincidence and pointing out the necessity of ruling out systemic disorders once the diagnosis of granulomatous cheilitis is made. However, such reports are few and the causal association of both diseases is controversial in the literature. We report the youngest patient so far, a 3-year-old boy, who had granulomatous cheilitis and Crohn's disease simultaneously. This coincidence so early in life strongly suggests that both represent manifestations of the same disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg,
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Dummer W, Rose C, Bröcker EB. Expression of CD30 on T helper cells in the inflammatory infiltrate of acute atopic dermatitis but not of allergic contact dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res 1998; 290:598-602. [PMID: 9860279 DOI: 10.1007/s004030050358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The CD30 molecule has been proposed as a marker for a subset of CD4+CD45RO+ (memory) T cells with potent B cell helper activity producing IL-5 and IFN-gamma and as a specific marker for Th2 cells. Recently, an association has been demonstrated between elevated serum levels of soluble CD30, which is shed by CD30+ cells in vitro and in vivo, and atopic dermatitis but not respiratory atopic disorders or allergic contact dermatitis. We studied the expression of CD30 in the inflammatory infiltrate of atopic dermatitis compared with that of allergic contact dermatitis, with special regard to skin disease activity (acute vs subacute/ chronic). Biopsies were obtained from 16 patients suffering from atopic dermatitis (acute n = 6, subacute/ chronic n = 10), from 7 patients with acute allergic contact dermatitis and from 5 positive patch-test reactions. Paraffin-embedded as well as snap-frozen material was stained with anti-CD30 and anti-CD45RO mAbs according to standard procedures. Double-staining procedures for CD30CD3, CD30CD4, CD30CD45RO and CD30CD68 were also performed. Abundant CD45RO+ cells were detected both in atopic dermatitis and in allergic contact dermatitis lesions. We found scattered CD30+ cells in only one of six formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded acute atopic dermatitis biopsies, but in all of the respective snap-frozen specimens, possibly because CD30 expression on atopic dermatitis infiltrating cells is weak and sensitive to formalin fixation and paraffin embedding. CD30CD3 and CD30CD4 double staining identified CD30+ cells to be helper T lymphocytes. No significant CD30 expression (either in paraffin-embedded or in frozen material) could be found in subacute/chronic atopic dermatitis lesions or in any of the specimens of allergic contact dermatitis. The results suggest a specific regulatory function of CD30+ T cells in acute atopic dermatitis. With respect to the view that CD30 is a marker for Th2 cells, our observations confirm previous findings that Th2 cells predominate in the infiltrate particularly of acute atopic dermatitis. CD30 expression in acute atopic dermatitis but not in acute allergic contact dermatitis might be helpful in the histological differentiation of these disorders and in the further characterization of atopy patch testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Keilholz U, Willhauck M, Rimoldi D, Brasseur F, Dummer W, Rass K, de Vries T, Blaheta J, Voit C, Lethé B, Burchill S. Reliability of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based assays for the detection of circulating tumour cells: a quality-assurance initiative of the EORTC Melanoma Cooperative Group. Eur J Cancer 1998; 34:750-3. [PMID: 9713285 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(97)10105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based assays detecting occult neoplastic cells are increasingly being used for the study of tumour dissemination and minimal residual disease. However, different methods are employed by various research groups and the results are heterogenous. We prospectively assessed the results from nine laboratories performing tyrosinase RT-PCR assays for the detection of melanoma cells on a series of blind samples. After complete analysis, the results were compared for sensitivity and specificity. All laboratories reported correct results for cDNA standards. Five laboratories attained acceptable specificity and a sensitivity detecting 10 cells in 10 ml of whole blood. Four laboratories had unacceptable specificity and/or sensitivity. This blind study highlights the difficulty of RT-PCR data interpretation and the need for quality assurance between laboratories. Measures to increase the reliability of RT-PCR assays are proposed, which have to be prospectively evaluated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Keilholz
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin, Germany
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Dummer W, Bröcker EB, Bastian BC. Elevated serum levels of soluble CD30 are associated with atopic dermatitis, but not with respiratory atopic disorders and allergic contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1997; 137:185-7. [PMID: 9292064 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1997.18031887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 helper T-cell immune responses can be demonstrated in the human atopic disorders atopic dermatitis and allergic asthma/rhinoconjunctivitis. The CD30 (Ki-1) antigen, originally described on Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells, has recently been proposed as a marker of T cells with potent B-cell helper activity producing IL-5 and gamma-IFN, as well as on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with a Th2 cytokine profile. As a soluble form of CD30 (sCD30) is released by CD30+ cells in vivo, we studied its clinical significance in atopic disorders compared with allergic contact dermatitis and healthy controls. Elevated sCD 30 levels were associated with atopic dermatitis (P < 0.0001), but not with respiratory atopic disorders or allergic contact dermatitis. sCD30 levels in patients with atopic-dermatitis were independent of serum IgE. The particular occurrence of serum sCD30 in patients with atopic dermatitis indicates a special regulatory function of CD30+ cells in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Dummer W, Bastian BC, Ernst N, Schänzle C, Schwaaf A, Bröcker EB. Interleukin-10 production in malignant melanoma: preferential detection of IL-10-secreting tumor cells in metastatic lesions. Int J Cancer 1996; 66:607-10. [PMID: 8647620 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19960529)66:5<607::aid-ijc4>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
IL-10 mRNA expression and protein production in established melanoma cell lines and freshly cultured primary and metastatic melanoma cells was examined. The in situ distribution of IL-10 in native melanoma tissue was also investigated by immunohistochemistry in primary tumors, metastases, benign melanocytic nevi and normal skin of healthy persons and melanoma patients. IL-10 mRNA, but not IL-10 protein in the culture supernatant, was found in 1 of 4 cultured melanoma cells of primary tumors, while 3 of 6 melanoma-metastasis-derived cultures expressed both IL-10 mRNA and protein. No IL-10 was detected in skin biopsies of healthy volunteers or in the healthy skin of melanoma patients; nor was IL-10 found in congenital melanocytic nevi. In only 1 of the 11 examined primary malignant melanomas was IL-10 immunoreactivity detected within the cytoplasm of cells in the tumor. On the other hand, 4 of 9 metastases clearly displayed scattered IL-1O+ cells. In all sections with IL-10-positive cells, the cells were positive for HMB-45. No co-expression of CD3 and IL-10 was observed. The data suggest that melanoma cells themselves are the main origin of IL-10 in tumor specimens in vivo. The preferential expression of IL-10 in metastatic lesions and in cultured cells from metastases might indicate an increased spreading potential of IL-10-secreting melanoma-cell clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Dummer W, Zillikens D, Schulz A, Bröcker EB, Hamm H. Scalp necrosis in temporal (giant cell) arteritis:implications for the dermatologic surgeon. Clin Exp Dermatol 1996; 21:154-8. [PMID: 8759208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Temporal arteritis, a variant of giant cell arteritis, is a systemic granulomatous vasculitis of large and medium-sized arteries. Usually the clinical features are dominated by ophthalmological and neurological complications. In rare instances, ischaemic necrosis, especially of the scalp, may lead patients to the dermatologist. We report a 76-year-old woman presenting with a unilateral scalp necrosis, accompanied by a dramatic ipsilateral impairment of vision. Immediately after duplex-sonography of the extracranial vessels and after initiation of corticosteroid therapy, the diagnosis of temporal arteritis was confirmed by temporal artery biopsy. One month later, because of insufficient secondary healing of the ulcer, the defect was covered by a mesh graft. The taking of the graft was delayed due to immunosuppressive therapy, but was complete. The patient unfortunately died as a result of complications related to surgical removal of an aspergilloma in the sphenoid cavity secondary to immunosuppressive therapy. We discuss the technique of artery biopsy and the possibility of surgical management of scalp necrosis in temporal arteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Stingl G, Brŏcker EB, Mertelsmann R, Wolff K, Schreiber S, Kămpgen E, Schneeberger A, Dummer W, Brennscheid U, Veelken H, Birnstiel ML, Zatloukal K, Schmidt W, Maass G, Wagner E, Baschle M, Giese M, Kempe ER, Weber HA, Voigt T. Phase I study to the immunotherapy of metastatic malignant melanoma by a cancer vaccine consisting of autologous cancer cells transfected with the human IL-2 gene. Hum Gene Ther 1996; 7:551-63. [PMID: 8800750 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1996.7.4-551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Dummer W, Blaheta HJ, Bastian BC, Schenk T, Bröcker EV, Remy W. Preoperative characterization of pigmented skin lesions by epiluminescence microscopy and high-frequency ultrasound. Arch Dermatol 1995; 131:279-85. [PMID: 7887656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND DESIGN Previous studies have referred to the value of epiluminescence microscopy in the differential diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions and to the possibility of preoperative tumor thickness measurement in malignant melanoma by high-frequency ultrasound. Both noninvasive methods have been combined in this study. The question of improved diagnostic accuracy was discussed. Previously proposed epiluminescence microscopic characteristics of 508 melanocytic lesions and sonographic characteristics of 792 skin tumors were investigated for their sensitivity and specificity. The tumor thickness of 108 malignant melanomas was measured sonographically. RESULTS Black dots, irregular pigment network, and grayish-blue areas have been shown to be the most sensitive characteristics, whereas pseudopods, grayish-blue areas, and a whitish veil have been shown to be the most specific epiluminescence microscopic features for malignant melanoma. Sonography alone cannot reliably distinguish between different skin tumors. Preoperatively, the tumor thickness of 85% of the melanomas was assessed correctly concerning the pT stage. CONCLUSIONS A 20-MHz ultrasound, in addition to epiluminescence microscopy, may improve the diagnostic accuracy by delivering information about depth and topographic location of skin tumors, but cannot give highly specific information about tissue dignity. It is a reliable tool for tumor thickness measurement for surgical planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Dummer W. Preoperative characterization of pigmented skin lesions by epiluminescence microscopy and high-frequency ultrasound. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1001/archderm.131.3.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10), originally described as a product of TH2 cell clones, has been recognized as a potential immunosuppressive cytokine. To investigate the relevance of IL-10 in melanoma patients in vivo, we studied IL-10 serum levels in 104 untreated patients in different stages of the disease; 20 healthy subjects and 22 patients with inflammatory dermatoses served as controls. Serum levels were measured by ELISA. Only one of 31 patients with stage I melanoma (3%) and one of 16 stage II patients (6%) showed detectable IL-10 levels. Interestingly, six of 17 patients with lymph node metastases (stage III, 35%) and 29 of 40 patients with widespread disease (stage IV, 73%) revealed IL-10 levels of 15-480 pg/ml. No healthy person and only one control patient had a detectable IL-10 serum level. The data suggest that IL-10 in melanoma patients may contribute to down-modulation of anti-tumour responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Blaheta HJ, Dummer W, Machetanz G, Drosner M. [Congenital poikiloderma of the verrucous type in Thomson syndrome with associated myopathy]. Hautarzt 1994; 45:499-503. [PMID: 7928348 DOI: 10.1007/s001050050113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This report deals with a 15-year-old girl suffering from the verrucous type of Thomson's syndrome. Initial poikilodermatous skin changes developed on both cheeks at the age of 3 months. Subsequently, rapid generalization of typical skin findings was observed. The clinical heterogenity of this syndrome is discussed with reference to the existing literature and the present case. Up to now, very few comparable cases of associated neurological symptoms have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Blaheta
- Dermatologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Technischen Universität München
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Dummer W, Doehnel KA, Remy W. [Videomicroscopy in differential diagnosis of skin tumors and secondary prevention of malignant melanoma]. Hautarzt 1993; 44:772-6. [PMID: 8113040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
During a 12-month period, 824 pigmented skin lesions were examined, and the clinical, videomicroscopic and histological diagnoses were compared. Patients with skin lesions that were difficult to assess were recruited from the outpatient clinic of the department of dermatology within the Technical University of Munich. The study reveals that videomicroscopy as a variation of epiluminescence microscopy much improves diagnostic accuracy, especially of early malignant melanoma, but also with regard to the differentiation between melanocytic and non-melanocytic lesions, is achieved. Furthermore, patients with a high relative risk of developing malignant melanoma, such as patients with multiple naevi, can be scheduled for thorough microscopical controls. The possibility of uncomplicated photographic documentation of a large number of naevi after excision of the suspicious lesions allows valuable periodic follow-ups with macroscopical and microscopical comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dummer
- Dermatologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Technischen Universität München
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