1
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Kocyła AM, Czogalla A, Wessels I, Rink L, Krężel A. A combined biochemical and cellular approach reveals Zn 2+-dependent hetero- and homodimeric CD4 and Lck assemblies in T cells. Structure 2024; 32:292-303.e7. [PMID: 38157858 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The CD4 or CD8 co-receptors' interaction with the protein-tyrosine kinase Lck initiates the tyrosine phosphorylation cascade leading to T cell activation. A critical question is: to what extent are co-receptors and Lck coupled? Our contribution concerns Zn2+, indispensable for CD4- and CD8-Lck formation. We combined biochemical and cellular approaches to show that dynamic fluctuations of free Zn2+ in physiological ranges influence Zn(CD4)2 and Zn(CD4)(Lck) species formation and their ratio, although the same Zn(Cys)2(Cys)2 cores. Moreover, we demonstrated that the affinity of Zn2+ to CD4 and CD4-Lck species differs significantly. Increased intracellular free Zn2+ concentration in T cells causes higher CD4 partitioning in the plasma membrane. We additionally found that CD4 palmitoylation decreases the specificity of CD4-Lck formation in the reconstituted membrane model. Our findings help elucidate co-receptor-Lck coupling stoichiometry and demonstrate that intracellular free Zn2+ has a major role in the interplay between CD4 dimers and CD4-Lck assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Kocyła
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksander Czogalla
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Inga Wessels
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Artur Krężel
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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2
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Kanno T, Miyako K, Endo T, Yokoyama S, Asou HK, Yamada K, Ohara O, Nakayama T, Kimura MY, Endo Y. ACC1-mediated fatty acid biosynthesis intrinsically controls thymic iNKT cell development. Int Immunol 2024; 36:129-139. [PMID: 38041796 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxad049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To meet the energetic requirements associated with activation, proliferation, and survival, T cells switch their metabolic signatures from energetically quiescent to activated. However, little is known about the role of metabolic pathway controlling the development of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. In the present study, we found that acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), a rate-limiting enzyme for the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, plays an essential role in the development of iNKT cells in the thymus. Mice lacking T-cell specific ACC1 showed a reduced number of iNKT cells with an increased proportion of iNKT cells at immature stages 0 and 1. Furthermore, mixed bone marrow (BM) chimera experiments revealed that T-cell intrinsic ACC1 expression was selectively important for the development of thymic iNKT cells, especially for the differentiation of the NKT1 cell subset. Our single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data and functional analysis demonstrated that ACC1 is responsible for survival of developing iNKT cells. Thus, these findings highlighted a novel role of ACC1 in controlling thymic iNKT cell development mediated by the control of cell survival.
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Grants
- 18H04665 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- TERUMO Life Science Foundation, Kato Memorial Bioscience Foundation, Takeda Science Foundation, Mochida memorial foundation for medical and pharmaceutical research, Uehara memorial foundation
- Cell science research foundation, The Astellas Foundation
- MSD Life Science Foundation, Public Interest Incorporated Foundation
- The Canon Foundation, ONO Medical Research Foundation, the Research Grant of the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund, The Yasuda Medical Foundation, The Mitsubishi Foundation
- The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute
- Toray Science Foundation
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Kanno
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyako
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Takeru Endo
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Satoru Yokoyama
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Hikari K Asou
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yamada
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana. Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Motoko Y Kimura
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana. Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yusuke Endo
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
- Department of Omics Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana. Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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3
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Lui VG, Hoenig M, Cabrera-Martinez B, Baxter RM, Garcia-Perez JE, Bailey O, Acharya A, Lundquist K, Capera J, Matusewicz P, Hartl FA, D’Abramo M, Alba J, Jacobsen EM, Niewolik D, Lorenz M, Pannicke U, Schulz AS, Debatin KM, Schamel WW, Minguet S, Gumbart JC, Dustin ML, Cambier JC, Schwarz K, Hsieh EW. A partial human LCK defect causes a T cell immunodeficiency with intestinal inflammation. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230927. [PMID: 37962568 PMCID: PMC10644909 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) is essential for T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-mediated signal transduction. Here, we report two siblings homozygous for a novel LCK variant (c.1318C>T; P440S) characterized by T cell lymphopenia with skewed memory phenotype, infant-onset recurrent infections, failure to thrive, and protracted diarrhea. The patients' T cells show residual TCR signal transduction and proliferation following anti-CD3/CD28 and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. We demonstrate in mouse models that complete (Lck-/-) versus partial (LckP440S/P440S) loss-of-function LCK causes disease with differing phenotypes. While both Lck-/- and LckP440S/P440S mice exhibit arrested thymic T cell development and profound T cell lymphopenia, only LckP440S/P440S mice show residual T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and intestinal inflammation. Furthermore, the intestinal disease in the LckP440S/P440S mice is prevented by CD4+ T cell depletion or regulatory T cell transfer. These findings demonstrate that P440S LCK spares sufficient T cell function to allow the maturation of some conventional T cells but not regulatory T cells-leading to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G. Lui
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Manfred Hoenig
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Berenice Cabrera-Martinez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ryan M. Baxter
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Josselyn E. Garcia-Perez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Olivia Bailey
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Atanu Acharya
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- BioInspired Syracuse and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Karl Lundquist
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jesusa Capera
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Matusewicz
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frederike A. Hartl
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco D’Abramo
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Josephine Alba
- Department of Biology, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Doris Niewolik
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Myriam Lorenz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pannicke
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ansgar S. Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang W. Schamel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - James C. Gumbart
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John C. Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Klaus Schwarz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Wuerttemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elena W.Y. Hsieh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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4
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Damen H, Tebid C, Viens M, Roy DC, Dave VP. Negative Regulation of Zap70 by Lck Forms the Mechanistic Basis of Differential Expression in CD4 and CD8 T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:935367. [PMID: 35860252 PMCID: PMC9289233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.935367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lck and Zap70, two non-receptor tyrosine kinases, play a crucial role in the regulation of membrane proximal TCR signaling critical for thymic selection, CD4/CD8 lineage choice and mature T cell function. Signal initiation upon TCR/CD3 and peptide/MHC interaction induces Lck-mediated phosphorylation of CD3 ITAMs. This is necessary for Zap70 recruitment and its phosphorylation by Lck leading to full Zap70 activation. In its native state Zap70 maintains a closed conformation creating an auto-inhibitory loop, which is relieved by Lck-mediated phosphorylation of Y315/Y319. Zap70 is differentially expressed in thymic subsets and mature T cells with CD8 T cells expressing the highest amount compared to CD4 T cells. However, the mechanistic basis of differential Zap70 expression in thymic subsets and mature T cells is not well understood. Here, we show that Zap70 is degraded relatively faster in DP and mature CD4 T cells compared to CD8 T cells, and inversely correlated with relative level of activated Zap70. Importantly, we found that Zap70 expression is negatively regulated by Lck activity: augmented Lck activity resulting in severe diminution in total Zap70. Moreover, Lck-mediated phosphorylation of Y315/Y319 was essential for Zap70 degradation. Together, these data shed light on the underlying mechanism of Lck-mediated differential modulation of Zap70 expression in thymic subsets and mature T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Damen
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Tebid
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Melissa Viens
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Denis-Claude Roy
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Denis-Claude Roy, ; Vibhuti P. Dave,
| | - Vibhuti P. Dave
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Denis-Claude Roy, ; Vibhuti P. Dave,
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5
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Al-Harbi NO, Ahmad SF, Almutairi M, Alanazi AZ, Ibrahim KE, Alqarni SA, Alqahtani F, Alhazzani K, Alharbi M, Alasmari F, Nadeem A. Lck signaling inhibition causes improvement in clinical features of psoriatic inflammation through reduction in inflammatory cytokines in CD4+ T cells in imiquimod mouse model. Cell Immunol 2022; 376:104531. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Padjasek M, Kocyła A, Kluska K, Kerber O, Tran JB, Krężel A. Structural zinc binding sites shaped for greater works: Structure-function relations in classical zinc finger, hook and clasp domains. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 204:110955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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Stressed: The Unfolded Protein Response in T Cell Development, Activation, and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071792. [PMID: 30978945 PMCID: PMC6479341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a highly conserved pathway that allows cells to respond to stress in the endoplasmic reticulum caused by an accumulation of misfolded and unfolded protein. This is of great importance to secretory cells because, in order for proteins to traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), they need to be folded appropriately. While a wealth of literature has implicated UPR in immune responses, less attention has been given to the role of UPR in T cell development and function. This review discusses the importance of UPR in T cell development, homeostasis, activation, and effector functions. We also speculate about how UPR may be manipulated in T cells to ameliorate pathologies.
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8
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Carow B, Gao Y, Coquet J, Reilly M, Rottenberg ME. lck-Driven Cre Expression Alters T Cell Development in the Thymus and the Frequencies and Functions of Peripheral T Cell Subsets. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2261-8. [PMID: 27503210 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Conditional gene targeting using the bacteriophage-derived Cre recombinase is widely applied for functional gene studies in mice. Mice transgenic for Cre under the control of the lck gene promoter are used to study the role of loxP-targeted genes in T cell development and function. In this article, we show a striking 65% reduction in cellularity, preferential development of γδ versus αβ T cells, and increased expression of IL-7R in the thymus of mice expressing Cre under the proximal lck promoter (lck-cre(+) mice). The transition from CD4/CD8 double-negative to double-positive cells was blocked, and lck-cre(+) double-positive cells were more prone to apoptosis and showed higher levels of Cre expression. Importantly, numbers of naive T cells were reduced in spleens and lymph nodes of lck-cre(+) mice. In contrast, frequencies of γδ T cells, CD44(+)CD62L(-) effector T cells, and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells were elevated, as was the frequency of IFN-γ-secreting CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. A literature survey of 332 articles that used lck-cre(+) mice for deletion of floxed genes indicated that results are statistically influenced by the control used (lck-cre(+) or lck-cre(-)), more frequently resembling the lck-cre(+) phenotype described in this article if lck-cre(-) controls were used. Altogether, care should be taken when interpreting published results and to properly control targeted gene deletions using the lck-cre(+) strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Carow
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Jonathan Coquet
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Marie Reilly
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, S 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin E Rottenberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
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9
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Owen GR, Channell JA, Forsyth VT, Haertlein M, Mitchell EP, Capovilla A, Papathanasopoulos M, Cerutti NM. Human CD4 Metastability Is a Function of the Allosteric Disulfide Bond in Domain 2. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2227-37. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R. Owen
- HIV
Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology,
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7
York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jennifer A. Channell
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
- Life
Sciences Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - V. Trevor Forsyth
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
- Life
Sciences Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Michael Haertlein
- Life
Sciences Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Edward P. Mitchell
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexio Capovilla
- HIV
Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology,
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7
York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Papathanasopoulos
- HIV
Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology,
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7
York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nichole M. Cerutti
- HIV
Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology,
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7
York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
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10
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N-glycosylation bidirectionally extends the boundaries of thymocyte positive selection by decoupling Lck from Ca²⁺ signaling. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:1038-45. [PMID: 25263124 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Positive selection of diverse yet self-tolerant thymocytes is vital to immunity and requires a limited degree of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling in response to self peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (self peptide-MHCs). Affinity of newly generated TCR for peptide-MHC primarily sets the boundaries for positive selection. We report that N-glycan branching of TCR and the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors separately altered the upper and lower affinity boundaries from which interactions between peptide-MHC and TCR positively select T cells. During thymocyte development, N-glycan branching varied approximately 15-fold. N-glycan branching was required for positive selection and decoupled Lck signaling from TCR-driven Ca(2+) flux to simultaneously promote low-affinity peptide-MHC responses while inhibiting high-affinity ones. Therefore, N-glycan branching imposes a sliding scale on interactions between peptide-MHC and TCR that bidirectionally expands the affinity range for positive selection.
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11
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Raposo RAS, Trudgian DC, Thomas B, van Wilgenburg B, Cowley SA, James W. Protein kinase C and NF-κB-dependent CD4 downregulation in macrophages induced by T cell-derived soluble factors: consequences for HIV-1 infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:748-59. [PMID: 21666058 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Upon activation, CD4(+) T cells release cytokines, chemokines, and other soluble factors that influence the kinetics of HIV-1 replication in macrophages (M). In this article, we show that activation of human primary T cells suppresses the early stages of HIV-1 replication in human primary Mφ by downregulating the main cellular receptor for the virus CD4. The secreted factors responsible for this effect have a molecular mass greater than conventional cytokines, are independent of Th1 or Th2 polarization, and are not IFN-γ, IL-16, RANTES, or macrophage inhibitory factor, as revealed by cytokine array analysis and neutralization assays. CD4 downregulation is entirely posttranslational and involves serine phosphorylation of CD4 and its targeting to an intracellular compartment destined for acidification and degradation. CD4 downregulation is dependent on the activities of both protein kinase C and NF-κB as well as the proteasomes. Using high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis in conjugation with label-free protein quantitation software, we found that proteins that promote Mφ adherence and spreading, such as attractin, fibronectin, and galectin-3-binding protein, were significantly overrepresented in the activated T cell supernatant fractions. These results reveal the existence of previously unreported anti-HIV-1 proteins, released by activated T cells that downregulate CD4 expression, and are of fundamental importance to understand the kinetics of HIV infection in vivo.
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12
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Øvergård AC, Fiksdal IU, Nerland AH, Patel S. Expression of T-cell markers during Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) ontogenesis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:203-213. [PMID: 20883716 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The immune system of Atlantic halibut is relatively undeveloped at the time of hatching, and thus larvae are vulnerable to bacterial and viral diseases that can result in high mortalities. To enable establishment of effective prophylactic measures, it is important to know when the adaptive immune system is developed. This depends on both B- and T-cell functions. In the present study the expression of RAG1, TCRα, TCRβ, CD3γδ, CD3ɛ, CD3ζ, CD4, CD4-2, CD8α, CD8β, Lck, and ZAP-70 was analyzed in larval and juvenile stages during halibut development. Using real time RT-PCR, low basal mRNA levels of all 12 genes could be detected at early stages. An increase in mRNA transcripts for the genes was seen at different time points, from 38 days post hatching (dph) about the time when the first anlage of thymus is found, and onwards. The transcription patterns of the 12 mRNAs were found to be similar throughout the developmental stages tested. In situ hybridization on larval cross-sections showed that RAG1 and Lck could be detected in lymphocyte like cells within the thymus at 42 dph. CD4 expression could not be detected within the thymus before 66 dph, however, positive cells were restricted to the cortical region. At 87 dph, the zonation of the thymus in a cortical, cortico-medullary, and a medullary region seemed to be more evident with CD8α expressing cells found in all regions, indicating the presence of mature T-cells. This correlates with previous results describing thymus development and the appearance of IgM(+) cells during halibut ontogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Flounder/genetics
- Flounder/growth & development
- Flounder/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, RAG-1
- Immunocompetence/genetics
- Immunocompetence/immunology
- Immunoglobulin M/genetics
- Immunoglobulin M/immunology
- In Situ Hybridization
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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13
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Kemp KL, Levin SD, Bryce PJ, Stein PL. Lck mediates Th2 differentiation through effects on T-bet and GATA-3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4178-84. [PMID: 20237292 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Src family kinase Lck has been shown to be crucial in T cell signaling and development. However, its role in Th effector functions is not well understood. Lck has previously been shown to play a role in the cytokine expression of Th2 cells, but the mechanism by which Lck influences Th2 effector functions is unknown. Using a mouse model, we report that Lck is important in regulating the expression of IL-4 in Th2 skewed cells but is not as necessary for the expression of Th2 cytokines IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13. Furthermore, in the absence of Lck, T-bet and GATA-3 expression is aberrant. Moreover, this atypical expression pattern of T-bet and GATA-3 correlates with increased histone 3 acetylation at the Ifng locus and production of the Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma. We find overexpression of GATA-3 restores IL-4 expression in lck(-/-) Th2 cells; this indicates that the decreased IL-4 expression is due in part to reduced amounts of GATA-3. Taken together, these data imply that Lck mediates Th2 differentiation through effects on T-bet and GATA-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeorda L Kemp
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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14
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Mallaun M, Naeher D, Daniels MA, Yachi PP, Hausmann B, Luescher IF, Gascoigne NRJ, Palmer E. The T cell receptor's alpha-chain connecting peptide motif promotes close approximation of the CD8 coreceptor allowing efficient signal initiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:8211-21. [PMID: 18523287 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.8211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The CD8 coreceptor contributes to the recognition of peptide-MHC (pMHC) ligands by stabilizing the TCR-pMHC interaction and enabling efficient signaling initiation. It is unclear though, which structural elements of the TCR ensure a productive association of the coreceptor. The alpha-chain connecting peptide motif (alpha-CPM) is a highly conserved sequence of eight amino acids in the membrane proximal region of the TCR alpha-chain. TCRs lacking the alpha-CPM respond poorly to low-affinity pMHC ligands and are unable to induce positive thymic selection. In this study we show that CD8 participation in ligand binding is compromised in T lineage cells expressing mutant alpha-CPM TCRs, leading to a slight reduction in apparent affinity; however, this by itself does not explain the thymic selection defect. By fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy, we found that TCR-CD8 association was compromised for TCRs lacking the alpha-CPM. Although high-affinity (negative-selecting) pMHC ligands showed reduced TCR-CD8 interaction, low-affinity (positive-selecting) ligands completely failed to induce molecular approximation of the TCR and its coreceptor. Therefore, the alpha-CPM of a TCR is an important element in mediating CD8 approximation and signal initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Mallaun
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Wrenshall LE, Stevens ET, Smith DR, Miller JD. Maternal microchimerism leads to the presence of interleukin-2 in interleukin-2 knock out mice: implications for the role of interleukin-2 in thymic function. Cell Immunol 2007; 245:80-90. [PMID: 17524378 PMCID: PMC1950576 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in thymic development is uncertain. Not surprisingly, IL-2 knockout (KO) mice have been used to address this question. However, as we report here, such mice are chimeric, containing both IL-2 KO cells and IL-2-expressing cells transferred in utero from their heterozygous mothers. These cells produce IL-2 in amounts detectable by conventional means, and their presence in lymphoid tissues confounds efforts to define the true IL-2 KO phenotype. To minimize the amount of IL-2 available to the thymus, we subjected recombinase activating gene-1 KO mice to bone marrow transplantation using IL-2 KO donors, and then followed the reconstitution of the thymus. The thymuses of these mice became increasingly aberrant over time, including abnormalities in both stromal cells and thymocytes. These results demonstrate that IL-2 is critical to several aspects of thymic function, a finding previously obscured by the presence of IL-2 in IL-2 KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile E Wrenshall
- Division of Transplantation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983285 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3285, USA.
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16
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Fragoso RC, Pyarajan S, Irie HY, Burakoff SJ. A CD8/Lck transgene is able to drive thymocyte differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6007-17. [PMID: 17056525 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Efficient development of thymocytes requires participation of a CD8 or CD4 coreceptor in the TCR:MHC interaction. Both CD8 and CD4 coreceptor cytoplasmic domains associate with Lck. In this study, we attempted to delineate the role of CD8alpha-associated Lck in driving CD8 single positive (SP) thymocyte development. We used a chimeric molecule encoding the extracellular and transmembrane domains of CD8alpha fused to full-length Lck. In mice deficient for CD8alpha and transgenic for 2C, a MHC class I-restricted TCR, robust reconstitution of CD8 SP thymocytes occurred both centrally and peripherally. The reconstituted CD8 SP population was phenotypically and functionally comparable to 2C wild-type counterparts expressing endogenous CD8alpha. A CD8alpha/Lck kinase-dead chimera also resulted in reconstitution of CD8 SP thymocytes. Our results suggest that CD8alpha-associated Lck is sufficient to drive CD8 SP thymocyte development. Furthermore, this CD8 SP development may not necessarily depend on Lck kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben C Fragoso
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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17
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Lynch GW, Turville S, Carter B, Sloane AJ, Chan A, Muljadi N, Li S, Low L, Armati P, Raison R, Zoellner H, Williamson P, Cunningham A, Church WB. Marked differences in the structures and protein associations of lymphocyte and monocyte CD4: resolution of a novel CD4 isoform. Immunol Cell Biol 2006; 84:154-65. [PMID: 16519733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structures, molecular interactions and functions of CD4 in a subset of T lymphocytes have been well characterized. The CD4 receptors of other cell types have, however, been poorly documented. We have previously shown that lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages differ in their expression of CD4 monomers and dimers. In the present study, we have shown further significant differences. Variability in the blocking of CD4 mAb binding by sulfated polyanions indicated differences in exofacial CD4 structures. In contrast to the well-documented 55 kDa monomers in lymphocytic cells, monocytic cells were found to coexpress two monomer isoforms: the 55 kDa form and a novel 59 kDa species. Experimental uncoupling of CD4 disulfides indicated that the oxidized 55 kDa monomer could be converted to the 59 kDa form. This was achieved by chemical reduction of purified native or recombinant CD4, or in cell transfection experiments by mutation of cysteine to alanine in domain 1 (D1) (Cys16 or Cys84) and in domain 4 (D4) (Cys303 or Cys345). All of these modifications promote CD4 distension on SDS-PAGE analysis and indicate that, when CD4 inter-beta-sheet disulfides in the D1 and D4 Ig folds are disrupted, there is an unravelling of the oxidized form to an extended 59 kDa unfolded state. We hypothesize that this may be a transition-state, structural-intermediate in the formation of disulfide-linked homodimers. Also identified were CD4-tyrosine kinase dissimilarities in which lymphocyte CD4 associated with Lck, but monocyte CD4 associated with HcK. These findings show that there is complex heterogeneity in structures and interactions in the CD4 of T lymphocytes and monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry W Lynch
- HIV-Protein Interactions Laboratory, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Australia.
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18
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Reiley WW, Zhang M, Jin W, Losiewicz M, Donohue KB, Norbury CC, Sun SC. Regulation of T cell development by the deubiquitinating enzyme CYLD. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:411-7. [PMID: 16501569 DOI: 10.1038/ni1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor signaling is essential for the generation and maturation of T lymphocyte precursors. Here we identify the deubiquitinating enzyme CYLD as a positive regulator of proximal T cell receptor signaling in thymocytes. CYLD physically interacted with active Lck and promoted recruitment of active Lck to its substrate, Zap70. CYLD also removed both Lys 48- and Lys 63-linked polyubiquitin chains from Lck. Because of a cell-autonomous defect in T cell development, CYLD-deficient mice had substantially fewer mature CD4(+) and CD8(+) single-positive thymocytes and peripheral T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Reiley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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19
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Tran DD, Edgar CE, Heckman KL, Sutor SL, Huntoon CJ, van Deursen J, McKean DL, Bram RJ. CAML is a p56Lck-interacting protein that is required for thymocyte development. Immunity 2005; 23:139-52. [PMID: 16111633 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Revised: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Calcium modulating cyclophilin ligand (CAML) is a ubiquitously expressed protein implicated in T cell signaling, although its mechanism and physiologic role in the immune system are unknown. We show here that CAML is essential for peripheral T cell development. Inactivation of CAML in mouse thymocytes lowered the numbers of double-positive and single-positive thymocytes, concomitant with reduced positive and enhanced negative selection. We found that CAML interacts with p56Lck and appears to regulate subcellular localization of the kinase in both resting and T cell receptor (TCR)-stimulated cells. CAML-deficient cells displayed enhanced p56lck and ZAP-70 phosphorylation and increased IL2 production and cell death after TCR stimulation, suggesting that CAML may act as a negative regulator of p56lck. Our data establish a novel role for CAML as an essential mediator of T cell survival during thymopoiesis and indicate that its loss deregulates p56Lck signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Tran
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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20
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Palacios EH, Weiss A. Function of the Src-family kinases, Lck and Fyn, in T-cell development and activation. Oncogene 2004; 23:7990-8000. [PMID: 15489916 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The function of the Src-family kinases (SFKs) Lck and Fyn in T cells has been intensively studied over the past 15 years. Animal models and cell line studies both indicate a critical role for Lck and Fyn in proximal T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signal transduction. Recruited SFKs phosphorylate TCR ITAMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs) in the CD3 and zeta chains, which then serve as docking sites for Syk-family kinases. SFKs then phosphorylate and activate the recruited Syk-family kinase. Lck and Fyn are spatially segregated in cell membranes due to differential lipid raft localization, and may undergo sequential activation. In addition to the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors, a recently described adaptor, Unc119, may link SFKs to the TCR. CD45 and Csk provide positive and negative regulatory control of SFK functions, respectively, and Csk is constitutively bound to the transmembrane adapter protein, PAG/Cbp. TCR-based signaling is required at several stages of T-cell development, including at least pre-TCR signaling, positive selection, peripheral maintenance of naive T cells, and lymphopenia-induced proliferation. SFKs are required for each of these TCR-based signals, and Lck seems to be the major contributor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil H Palacios
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0795, USA
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21
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Yu XZ, Levin SD, Madrenas J, Anasetti C. Lck Is Required for Activation-Induced T Cell Death after TCR Ligation with Partial Agonists. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:1437-43. [PMID: 14734719 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.3.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TCR engagement can induce either T cell proliferation and differentiation or activation-induced T cell death (AICD) through apoptosis. The intracellular signaling pathways that dictate such a disparate fate after TCR engagement have only been partially elucidated. Non-FcR-binding anti-CD3 mAbs induce a partial agonist TCR signaling pattern and cause AICD on Ag-activated, cycling T cells. In this study, we examined TCR signaling during the induction of AICD by anti-CD3 fos, a non-FcR-binding anti-CD3 mAb. This mAb activates Fyn, Lck, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and induces phosphorylation of Src-like adapter protein, despite the inability to cause calcium mobilization or TCR polarization. Anti-CD3 fos also fails to effectively activate zeta-associated protein of 70 kDa or NF-kappaB. Using Ag-specific T cells deficient for Fyn or Lck, we provide compelling evidence that activation of Lck is required for the induction of AICD. Our data indicate that a selective and distinct TCR signaling pattern is required for AICD by TCR partial agonist ligands.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Enzyme Activation/immunology
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/genetics
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/deficiency
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/immunology
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/physiology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Ovalbumin/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/agonists
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Solubility
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/enzymology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- fas Receptor/physiology
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
- src-Family Kinases/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Zhong Yu
- Human Immunogenetics Program, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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22
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Kim PW, Sun ZYJ, Blacklow SC, Wagner G, Eck MJ. A Zinc Clasp Structure Tethers Lck to T Cell Coreceptors CD4 and CD8. Science 2003; 301:1725-8. [PMID: 14500983 DOI: 10.1126/science.1085643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The T cell coreceptors CD4 and CD8 both associate via their cytoplasmic tails with the N-terminus of the Src-family tyrosine kinase Lck. These interactions require zinc and are critical for T cell development and activation. We examined the folding and solution structures of ternary CD4-Lck-Zn2+ and CD8alpha-Lck-Zn2+ complexes. The coreceptor tails and the Lck N-terminus are unstructured in isolation but assemble in the presence of zinc to form compactly folded heterodimeric domains. The cofolded complexes have similar "zinc clasp" cores that are augmented by distinct structural elements. A dileucine motif required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis of CD4 is masked by Lck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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23
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Henderson SC, Bamezai A. Loss of Ly-6A.2 expression on immature developing T cells in the thymus is necessary for their normal growth and generation of the Vbeta T-cell repertoire. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2003; 62:117-32. [PMID: 12889992 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stage-specific expression of a number of cell-surface and signaling proteins is critical for normal development of T cells in the thymus. Equally important may be the loss of expression/signaling of developmentally regulated proteins for proper transitioning of developing T cells into thymic subsets. Ly-6A.2 exhibits a regulated pattern of expression on T cells maturing in the thymus, and dysregulating its expression results in arrest of developing T cells within the CD3-CD4-CD8- triple negative (TN) stage where the normal expression of Ly-6A.2 is extinguished. To further characterize the mechanisms underlying this block, we examined whether cell signaling and/or cell adhesion properties of the Ly-6A.2 molecule influenced the block in T-cell development. Analysis of bone marrow chimeras generated by injecting CFSE-labeled Ly-6A.2 transgenic bone marrow cells into irradiated syngeneic non-transgenic mice revealed normal trafficking of developing T cells from the cortex into the medulla. Production of LAT but not p56lck was diminished in CD4-CD8- DN cells from Ly-6A.2 dysregulated mice when compared with control littermates. Dysregulated expression of Ly-6A.2 did not suppress endogenous TCR-Vbeta expression. Finally, dysregulated expression of Ly-6A.2 enhanced apoptosis of an immature CD4+CD8+ (DP) subset of developing cells and altered the selected TCR-Vbeta repertoire. Taken together, these observations indicate that the termination of Ly-6A.2 expression and signaling within the CD4-CD8-CD3- subset of developing T cells is an important checkpoint during normal thymic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Henderson
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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24
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Woods CC, Banks KE, Gruener R, DeLuca D. Loss of T cell precursors after spaceflight and exposure to vector-averaged gravity. FASEB J 2003; 17:1526-8. [PMID: 12824295 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0749fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Using fetal thymus organ culture (FTOC), we examined the effects of spaceflight and vector-averaged gravity on T cell development. Under both conditions, the development of T cells was significantly attenuated. Exposure to spaceflight for 16 days resulted in a loss of precursors for CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD8+ T cells in a rat/mouse xenogeneic co-culture. A significant decrease in the same precursor cells, as well as a decrease in CD4-CD8- T cell precursors, was also observed in a murine C57BL/6 FTOC after rotation in a clinostat to produce a vector-averaged microgravity-like environment. The block in T cell development appeared to occur between the pre-T cell and CD4+CD8+ T cell stage. These data indicate that gravity plays a decisive role in the development of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris C Woods
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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25
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Filipp D, Zhang J, Leung BL, Shaw A, Levin SD, Veillette A, Julius M. Regulation of Fyn through translocation of activated Lck into lipid rafts. J Exp Med 2003; 197:1221-7. [PMID: 12732664 PMCID: PMC2193969 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20022112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether or how the activation of Lck and Fyn during T cell receptor (TCR) signaling is coordinated, and their delivery of function integrated, is unknown. Here we show that lipid rafts function to segregate Lck and Fyn in T cells before activation. Coaggregation of TCR and CD4 leads to Lck activation within seconds outside lipid rafts, followed by its translocation into lipid rafts and the activation of colocalized Fyn. Genetic evidence demonstrates that Fyn activation is strictly dependent on receptor-induced translocation of Lck. These results characterize the interdependence of Lck and Fyn function and establish the spatial and temporal distinctions of their roles in the cellular activation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Filipp
- Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, and Departmentof Immunology, University of Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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26
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Abstract
Immature double positive (DP) thymocytes bearing a T cell receptor (TCR) that interacts with self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules receive signals that induce either their differentiation (positive selection) or apoptosis (negative selection). Furthermore, those cells that are positively selected develop into two different lineages, CD4 or CD8, depending on whether their TCRs bind to MHC class II or I, respectively. Positive selection therefore involves rescue from the default fate (death), lineage commitment, and progression to the single positive (SP) stage. These are probably temporally distinct events that may require both unique and overlapping signals. Work in the past several years has started to unravel the signaling networks that control these processes. One of the first pathways identified as important for positive selection was Ras and its downstream effector, the Erk mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. In this review we examine the factors that connect the TCR to the Ras/Erk cascade in DP thymocytes, as well as what we know about the downstream effectors of the Ras/Erk cascade important for positive selection. We also consider the possible role of this cascade in CD4/CD8 lineage development, and the possible interactions of the Ras/Erk cascade with Notch during these cell fate determination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alberola-Ila
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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27
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Zamoyska R, Basson A, Filby A, Legname G, Lovatt M, Seddon B. The influence of the src-family kinases, Lck and Fyn, on T cell differentiation, survival and activation. Immunol Rev 2003; 191:107-18. [PMID: 12614355 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The src-family kinases p56lck (Lck) and p59fyn (Fyn) are expressed in T cells and are among the first signaling molecules to be activated downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR). Evidence is emerging that although closely related, these signaling molecules have discrete functions during development, maintenance and activation of peripheral T cells. For example, during thymopoiesis Lck is uniquely able to provide all the signals required for pre-TCRbeta selection, although Fyn can substitute for a subset of these. Positive selection of CD4 single-positive (SP) cells is also critically dependent on the expression of Lck but not Fyn, while differentiation of CD8 SP cells proceeds relatively efficiently in the absence of Lck. In naïve peripheral T cells either Lck or Fyn can transmit TCR-mediated survival signals, and yet only Lck is able to trigger TCR-mediated expansion signals under conditions of lymphopenia. Stimulation of naïve T cells by antigenic stimuli is also severely compromised in the absence of Lck, but more subtly impaired by the absence of Fyn. We discuss recent experiments addressing how these two src-kinase family members interface with downstream signaling pathways to regulate these diverse aspects of T cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Zamoyska
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK.
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28
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Hayes SM, Shores EW, Love PE. An architectural perspective on signaling by the pre-, alphabeta and gammadelta T cell receptors. Immunol Rev 2003; 191:28-37. [PMID: 12614349 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is a multimeric complex composed of an antigen-binding clonotypic heterodimer and a signal transducing complex consisting of the CD3 dimers (CD3gammaepsilon and CD3deltaepsilon) and a TCR-zeta homodimer. In all jawed vertebrates there are two T cell lineages, alphabeta and gammadelta, distinguished by the clonotypic subunits contained within their TCRs (TCR-alpha and -beta or TCR-gamma and -delta, respectively). A third receptor complex, the preTCR, is only expressed on immature T cells. The preTCR, which contains the invariant pre-Talpha (pTalpha) chain in lieu of TCR-alpha, plays a critical role in the early development of alphabeta lineage cells. The subunit composition of the signal transducing complexes of the pre-, alphabeta- and gammadeltaTCRs was previously thought to be identical. However, recent data demonstrate that there are significant differences in the signal transducing complexes of these three TCRs. For example, alphabetaTCRs contain both CD3gammaepsilon and CD3deltaepsilon dimers, whereas gammadeltaTCRs contain only CD3gammaepsilon dimers. Moreover, preTCR function appears to be unaffected in the absence of CD3delta, suggesting that CD3deltaepsilon dimers are dispensable for pre-TCR assembly. In this review, we summarize current data relating to the subunit composition of the pre-, alphabeta- and gammadeltaTCRs and discuss how these structural differences may impact receptor signaling and alphabeta/gammadelta lineage determination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Hayes
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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29
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Doucey MA, Goffin L, Naeher D, Michielin O, Baumgärtner P, Guillaume P, Palmer E, Luescher IF. CD3 delta establishes a functional link between the T cell receptor and CD8. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:3257-64. [PMID: 12215456 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208119200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells expressing T cell receptor (TCR) complexes that lack CD3 delta, either due to deletion of the CD3 delta gene, or by replacement of the connecting peptide of the TCR alpha chain, exhibit severely impaired positive selection and TCR-mediated activation of CD8 single-positive T cells. Because the same defects have been observed in mice expressing no CD8 beta or tailless CD8 beta, we examined whether CD3 delta serves to couple TCR.CD3 with CD8. To this end we used T cell hybridomas and transgenic mice expressing the T1 TCR, which recognizes a photoreactive derivative of the PbCS 252-260 peptide in the context of H-2K(d). We report that, in thymocytes and hybridomas expressing the T1 TCR.CD3 complex, CD8 alpha beta associates with the TCR. This association was not observed on T1 hybridomas expressing only CD8 alpha alpha or a CD3 delta(-) variant of the T1 TCR. CD3 delta was selectively co-immunoprecipitated with anti-CD8 antibodies, indicating an avid association of CD8 with CD3 delta. Because CD8 alpha beta is a raft constituent, due to this association a fraction of TCR.CD3 is raft-associated. Cross-linking of these TCR-CD8 adducts results in extensive TCR aggregate formation and intracellular calcium mobilization. Thus, CD3 delta couples TCR.CD3 with raft-associated CD8, which is required for effective activation and positive selection of CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Agnès Doucey
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
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Naeher D, Luescher IF, Palmer E. A role for the alpha-chain connecting peptide motif in mediating TCR-CD8 cooperation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:2964-70. [PMID: 12218110 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.2964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To generate peripheral T cells that are both self-MHC restricted and self-MHC tolerant, thymocytes are subjected to positive and negative selection. How the TCR discriminates between positive and negative selection ligands is not well understood, although there is substantial evidence that the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors play an important role in this cell fate decision. We have previously identified an evolutionarily conserved motif in the TCR, the alpha-chain connecting peptide motif (alpha-CPM), which allows the TCR to deliver positive selection signals. Thymocytes expressing alpha-CPM-deficient receptors do not undergo positive selection, whereas their negative selection is not impaired. In this work we studied the ligand binding and receptor function of alpha-CPM-deficient TCRs by generating T cell hybridomas expressing wild-type or alpha-CPM-deficient forms of the T1 TCR. This K(d)-restricted TCR is specific for a photoreactive derivative of the Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite peptide(252-260) IASA-YIPSAEK(ABA)I and is therefore amenable to TCR photoaffinity labeling. The experiments presented in this work show that alpha-CPM-deficient TCRs fail to cooperate with CD8 to enhance ligand binding and functional responses.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/physiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha/genetics
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha/physiology
- Humans
- Hybridomas
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Ligands
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Naeher
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Richie LI, Ebert PJR, Wu LC, Krummel MF, Owen JJT, Davis MM. Imaging synapse formation during thymocyte selection: inability of CD3zeta to form a stable central accumulation during negative selection. Immunity 2002; 16:595-606. [PMID: 11970882 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
TCR signaling can result in cell fates ranging from activation to tolerance to apoptosis. Organization of molecules in an "immunological synapse" between mature T cells and APCs correlates with the strength of TCR signaling. To investigate synapse formation during thymic selection, we have established a reaggregate system in which molecular recruitment of GFP fusion proteins to thymocyte:stromal cell interfaces can be visualized in real time. We demonstrate that negative selection is associated with efficient conjugate formation and rapid recruitment of p56(lck) and CD3zeta to an immunological synapse. Interestingly, CD3zeta-GFP does not accumulate at the center of the synapse, as in mature T cells, but at the periphery across a wide range of ligand densities. This implicates differences in synapse geometry in initiation of alternate signals downstream of the TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren I Richie
- Program in Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Abstract
To investigate the signaling function of the Src-family protein tyrosine kinase Lck in mature T cells, we generated transgenic mice that expressed Lck in thymocytes but not in peripheral lymphocytes. We compared the phenotype and signaling capacity of Lck-deficient T cells with T cells from mice expressing a dominant inhibitory form of Lck and found that both mouse strains have diminished numbers of mature CD8(+) T cells and respond poorly to CD28 costimulation. However, while T cells that lack Lck fail to mobilize Ca(2+) after stimulation, those expressing the dominant negative protein do so normally. Our data demonstrate that Lck plays several unique roles in mature lymphocyte signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Trobridge
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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