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Park HB, Lim SM, Hwang J, Zhang W, You S, Jin JO. Cancer immunotherapy using a polysaccharide from Codium fragile in a murine model. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1772663. [PMID: 32923129 PMCID: PMC7458636 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1772663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides have shown immune modulatory effects with low toxicity in both animal and human models. A previous study has shown that the polysaccharide from Codium fragile (CFP) promotes natural killer (NK) cell activation in mice. Since NK cell activation is mediated by dendritic cells (DCs), we examined the effect of CFP on DC activation and evaluated the subsequent induction of anti-cancer immunity in a murine model. Treatment with CFP induced activation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Moreover, subcutaneous injection of CFP promoted the activation of spleen and lymph node DCs in vivo. CFP also induced activation of DCs in tumor-bearing mice, and combination treatment with CFP and ovalbumin (OVA) promoted OVA-specific T cell activation, which consequently promoted infiltration of IFN-γ-and TNF-α-producing OT-1 and OT-II cells into the tumors. Moreover, combination treatment using CFP and cancer self-antigen efficiently inhibited B16 tumor growth in the mouse model. Treatment with CFP also enhanced anti-PD-L1 antibody mediated anti-cancer immunity in the CT-26 carcinoma-bearing BALB/c mice. Taken together these data suggest that CFP may function as an adjuvant in the treatment of cancer by enhancing immune activation. Abbreviations CFP: Codium fragile polysaccharide; NK: natural killer; IFN: interferon; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; IL: interleukin; tdLN: tumor draining lymph node; BMDC: bone marrow-derived dendritic cell; OVA: ovalbumin; Ab: antibody; Ag: antigen; DC: dendritic cell; CTL: cytotoxic T lymphocyte; APC: antigen-presenting cell; pDC: plasmacytoid dendritic cell; mDC: myeloid dendritic cell; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; CR3: complement receptor type 3; TLR: Toll-like receptor; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; SP: sulfated polysaccharide; TRP2: tyrosinase-related protein 2; SR-A: scavenger receptor-A
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Bin Park
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Seong-Min Lim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Juyoung Hwang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - SangGuan You
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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2
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Tandon A, Pathak M, Harioudh MK, Ahmad S, Sayeed M, Afshan T, Siddiqi MI, Mitra K, Bhattacharya SM, Ghosh JK. A TLR4-derived non-cytotoxic, self-assembling peptide functions as a vaccine adjuvant in mice. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19874-19885. [PMID: 30385503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is devised/formulated to stimulate specific and prolonged immune responses for long-term protection against infection or disease. A vaccine component, namely adjuvant, enhances antigen recognition by the host immune system and thereby stimulates its cellular and adaptive responses. Especially synthetic Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists having self-assembling properties are considered as good candidates for adjuvant development. Here, a human TLR4-derived 20-residue peptide (TR-433), present in the dimerization interface of the TLR4-myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD2) complex, displayed self-assembly and adopted a nanostructure. Both in vitro studies and in vivo experiments in mice indicated that TR-433 is nontoxic. TR-433 induced pro-inflammatory responses in THP-1 monocytes and HEK293T cells that were transiently transfected with TLR4/CD14/MD2 and also in BALB/c mice. In light of the self-assembly and pro-inflammatory properties of TR-433, we immunized with a mixture of TR-433 and either ovalbumin or filarial antigen trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP). A significant amount of IgG titers was produced, suggesting adjuvanting capability of TR-433 that was comparable with that of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) and appreciably higher than that of alum. We found that TR-433 preferentially activates type 1 helper T cell (Th1) response rather than type 2 helper T cell (Th2) response. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the identification of a short TLR4-derived peptide that possesses both self-assembling and pro-inflammatory properties and has significant efficacy as an adjuvant, capable of activating cellular responses in mice. These results indicate that TR-433 possesses significant potential for development as a new adjuvant in therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mohd Sayeed
- From the Molecular and Structural Biology Division
| | | | - M I Siddiqi
- From the Molecular and Structural Biology Division
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- Electron Microscopy Unit, SAIF Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road Lucknow-226 031, India
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Laminarin promotes anti-cancer immunity by the maturation of dendritic cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:38554-38567. [PMID: 28423736 PMCID: PMC5503553 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This research evaluates the effects of laminarin on the maturation of dendritic cells and on the in vivo activation of anti-cancer immunity. In vivo treatment of C56BL/6 mice with laminarin increased the expression levels of co-stimulatory molecules and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in spleen dendritic cells. Laminarin enhanced ovalbumin antigen presentation in spleen dendritic cells and promoted the proliferation of OT-I and OT-II T cells. Laminarin also induced the maturation of dendritic cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes and protected interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α and proliferation of OT-I and OT-II T cells in tumors. The combination treatment of laminarin and ovalbumin inhibited B16-ovallbumin melanoma tumor growth and its liver metastasis by antigen-specific immune activation, including cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation and interferon-γ production. Thus, these data demonstrated the potential of laminarin as a new and useful immune stimulatory molecule for use in cancer immunotherapy.
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Ritter J, Zimmermann K, Jöhrens K, Mende S, Seegebarth A, Siegmund B, Hennig S, Todorova K, Rosenwald A, Daum S, Hummel M, Schumann M. T-cell repertoires in refractory coeliac disease. Gut 2018; 67:644-653. [PMID: 28188172 PMCID: PMC5868243 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Refractory coeliac disease (RCD) is a potentially hazardous complication of coeliac disease (CD). In contrast to RCD type I, RCD type II is a precursor entity of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL), which is associated with clonally expanding T-cells that are also found in the sequentially developing EATL. Using high-throughput sequencing (HTS), we aimed to establish the small-intestinal T-cell repertoire (TCR) in CD and RCD to unravel the role of distinct T-cell clonotypes in RCD pathogenesis. DESIGN DNA extracted from duodenal mucosa specimens of controls (n=9), active coeliacs (n=10), coeliacs on a gluten-free diet (n=9), RCD type I (n=8), RCD type II (n=8) and unclassified Marsh I cases (n=3) collected from 2002 to 2013 was examined by TCRβ-complementarity-determining regions 3 (CDR3) multiplex PCR followed by HTS of the amplicons. RESULTS On average, 106 sequence reads per sample were generated consisting of up to 900 individual TCRβ rearrangements. In RCD type II, the most frequent clonotypes (ie, sequence reads with identical CDR3) represent in average 42.6% of all TCRβ rearrangements, which was significantly higher than in controls (6.8%; p<0.01) or RCD type I (6.7%; p<0.01). Repeat endoscopies in individual patients revealed stability of clonotypes for up to several years without clinical symptoms of EATL. Dominant clonotypes identified in individual patients with RCD type II were unique and not related between patients. CD-associated, gliadin-dependent CDR3 motifs were only detectable at low frequencies. CONCLUSIONS TCRβ-HTS analysis unravels the TCR in CD and allows detailed analysis of individual TCRβ rearrangements. Dominant TCRβ sequences identified in patients with RCD type II are unique and not homologous to known gliadin-specific TCR sequences, supporting the assumption that these clonal T-cells expand independent of gluten stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ritter
- Institute of Pathology, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Zimmermann
- Institute of Pathology, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Korinna Jöhrens
- Institute of Pathology, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Mende
- Institute of Pathology, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Seegebarth
- Institute of Pathology, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kremena Todorova
- Center for Tumor Medicine, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (CCCMF), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Severin Daum
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hummel
- Institute of Pathology, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schumann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Jin JO, Kwak M, Xu L, Kim H, Lee TH, Kim JO, Liu Q, Herrmann A, Lee PC. Administration of Soft Matter Lipid-DNA Nanoparticle As the Immunostimulant via Multiple Routes of Injection in Vivo. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2054-2058. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai
Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Road, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Minseok Kwak
- Department
of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Li Xu
- Shanghai
Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Road, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Haejoo Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Tae Hyeong Lee
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu,
Seoul 05535, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ouk Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU
Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Qing Liu
- Zernike
Institute
for Advanced Materials, Department of Polymer Chemistry, University of Groningen,, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike
Institute
for Advanced Materials, Department of Polymer Chemistry, University of Groningen,, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C.W. Lee
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu,
Seoul 05535, South Korea
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6
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Xu L, Kwak M, Zhang W, Zeng L, Lee PCW, Jin JO. Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide induces toll-like receptor 4 dependent spleen dendritic cell maturation and anti-cancer immunity. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1325981. [PMID: 28811960 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1325981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide (RGP) has shown an activation of immune cells in vitro. However, the immune stimulatory effect of RGP in a mouse in vivo is not well studied. In this study, we examined the effect of RGP on dendritic cell (DC) activation and anticancer immunity in vivo. Treatments of RGP in C56BL/6 mice induced increased levels of co-stimulatory molecule expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in spleen DCs dependent on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and those DCs promoted interferon-gamma (IFNγ) production in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. RGP also enhanced ovalbumin (OVA) antigen (Ag)-specific immune activation in tumor-bearing mice, including Ag presentation in DCs, OT-I and OT-II T-cell proliferation, migration of OT-I and OT-II T cells into the B16-OVA tumor, OVA-specific IFNγ production, and the specific killing of OVA-coated splenocytes, which consequently inhibited B16-OVA tumor growth dependent on TLR4 and CD8+ T cells. Finally, the combination of RGP and self-Ag treatment efficiently inhibited CT26 carcinoma and B16 melanoma tumor growth in BLAB/c and C57BL/6 mice, respectively. These data demonstrate that RGP could be a useful adjuvant molecule for immunotherapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minseok Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.,Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zeng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter Chang-Whan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
The SV40 viral oncogene has been used since the 1970s as a reliable and reproducible method to generate transgenic mouse models. This seminal discovery has taught us an immense amount about how tumorigenesis occurs, and its success has led to the evolution of many mouse models of cancer. Despite the development of more modern and targeted approaches for developing genetically engineered mouse models of cancer, SV40-induced mouse models still remain frequently used today. This review discusses a number of cancer types in which SV40 mouse models of cancer have been developed and highlights their relevance and importance to preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Hudson
- Amanda L. Hudson, PhD, is a Sydney Neuro-Oncology Group postdoctoral fellow at the Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia. Emily K. Colvin is a Cancer Institute NSW postdoctoral fellow at the Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily K Colvin
- Amanda L. Hudson, PhD, is a Sydney Neuro-Oncology Group postdoctoral fellow at the Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia. Emily K. Colvin is a Cancer Institute NSW postdoctoral fellow at the Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
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8
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Kalyanasundram J, Chia SL, Song AAL, Raha AR, Young HA, Yusoff K. Surface display of glycosylated Tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2) tumour antigen on Lactococcus lactis. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:113. [PMID: 26715153 PMCID: PMC4696278 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The exploitation of the surface display system of food and commensal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for bacterial, viral, or protozoan antigen delivery has received strong interest recently. The Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) status of the Lactococcus lactis coupled with a non-recombinant strategy of in-trans surface display, provide a safe platform for therapeutic drug and vaccine development. However, production of therapeutic proteins fused with cell-wall anchoring motifs is predominantly limited to prokaryotic expression systems. This presents a major disadvantage in the surface display system particularly when glycosylation has been recently identified to significantly enhance epitope presentation. In this study, the glycosylated murine Tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2) with the ability to anchor onto the L. lactis cell wall was produced in suspension adapted Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-S) cells by expressing TRP-2 fused with cell wall anchoring LysM motif (cA) at the C-terminus. Results A total amount of 33 μg of partially purified TRP-2-cA from ~6.0 g in wet weight of CHO-S cells was purified by His-tag affinity chromatography. The purified TRP-2-cA protein was shown to be N-glycosylated and successfully anchored to the L. lactis cell wall. Conclusions Thus cell surface presentation of glycosylated mammalian antigens may now permit development of novel and inexpensive vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevanathan Kalyanasundram
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Suet Lin Chia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Adelene Ai-Lian Song
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Abdul Rahim Raha
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. .,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Howard A Young
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. .,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Jin JO, Zhang W, Du JY, Wong KW, Oda T, Yu Q. Fucoidan can function as an adjuvant in vivo to enhance dendritic cell maturation and function and promote antigen-specific T cell immune responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99396. [PMID: 24911024 PMCID: PMC4049775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide purified from brown algae, has a variety of immune-modulation effects, including promoting antigen uptake and enhancing anti-viral and anti-tumor effects. However, the effect of fucoidan in vivo, especially its adjuvant effect on in vivo anti-tumor immune responses, was not fully investigated. In this study, we investigated the effect of fucoidan on the function of spleen dendritic cells (DCs) and its adjuvant effect in vivo. Systemic administration of fucoidan induced up-regulation of CD40, CD80 and CD86 expression and production of IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α in spleen cDCs. Fucoidan also promoted the generation of IFN-γ-producing Th1 and Tc1 cells in an IL-12-dependent manner. When used as an adjuvant in vivo with ovalbumin (OVA) antigen, fucoidan promoted OVA-specific antibody production and primed IFN-γ production in OVA-specific T cells. Moreover, fucoidan enhanced OVA-induced up-regulation of MHC class I and II on spleen cDCs and strongly prompted the proliferation of OVA-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. Finally, OVA immunization with fucoidan as adjuvant protected mice from the challenge with B16-OVA tumor cells. Taken together, these results suggest that fucoidan can function as an adjuvant to induce Th1 immune response and CTL activation, which may be useful in tumor vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang-Yuan Du
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ka-Wing Wong
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Disintegration and cancer immunotherapy efficacy of a squalane-in-water delivery system emulsified by bioresorbable poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polylactide. Biomaterials 2013; 35:1686-95. [PMID: 24268203 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvant is conferred on the substance that helps to enhance antigen-specific immune response. Here we investigated the disintegration characteristics and immunotherapy potency of an emulsified delivery system comprising bioresorbable polymer poly(ethylene glycol)-polylactide (PEG-PLA), phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and metabolizable oil squalane. PEG-PLA-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions show good stability at 4 °C and at room temperature. At 37 °C, squalane/PEG-PLA/PBS emulsion with oil/aqueous weight ratio of 7/3 (denominated PELA73) was stable for 6 weeks without phase separation. As PEG-PLA being degraded, 30% of free oil at the surface layer and 10% of water at the bottom disassociated from the PELA73 emulsion were found after 3 months. A MALDI-TOF MS study directly on the DIOS plate enables us to identify low molecular weight components released during degradation. Our results confirm the loss of PLA moiety of the emulsifier PEG-PLA directly affected the stability of PEG-PLA-stabilized emulsion, leading to emulsion disintegration and squalane/water phase separation. As adjuvant for cancer immunotherapeutic use, an HPV16 E7 peptide antigen formulated with PELA73 plus immunostimulatory CpG molecules could strongly enhance antigen-specific T-cell responses as well as anti-tumor ability with respected to non-formulated or Alum-formulated peptide. Accordingly, these advances may be a potential immunoregulatory strategy in manipulating the immune responses induced by tumor-associated antigens.
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Heterologous prime/boost immunization with p53-based vaccines combined with toll-like receptor stimulation enhances tumor regression. J Immunother 2010; 33:609-17. [PMID: 20551836 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181e032c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The p53 gene product is overexpressed in approximately 50% of cancers, making it an ideal target for cancer immunotherapy. We previously demonstrated that a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine expressing human p53 (MVA-p53) was moderately active when given as a homologous prime/boost in a human p53 knock in (Hupki) mouse model. We needed to improve upon the inefficient homologous boosting approach, because development of neutralizing immunity to the vaccine viral vector backbone suppresses its immunogenicity. To enhance specificity, we examined the combination of 2 different vaccine vectors provided in sequence as a heterologous prime/boost. Hupki mice were evaluated as a human p53 tolerant model to explore the capacity of heterologous p53 immunization to reject human p53-expressing tumors. We employed attenuated recombinant Listeria monocytogenes expressing human p53 (LmddA-LLO-p53) in addition to MVA-p53. Heterologous p53 immunization resulted in a significant increase in p53-specific CD8 and CD4 T cells compared with homologous single vector p53 immunization. Heterologous p53 immunization induced protection against tumor growth but had only a modest effect on established tumors. To enhance the immune response we used synthetic double-strand RNA (polyinsosinic:polycytidylic acid) and unmethylated CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotide to activate the innate immune system via Toll-like receptors. Treatment of established tumor-bearing Hupki mice with polyinsosinic:polycytidylic acid and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide in combination with heterologous p53 immunization resulted in enhanced tumor rejection relative to treatment with either agent alone. These results suggest that heterologous prime/boost immunization and Toll-like receptor stimulation increases the efficacy of a cancer vaccine, targeting a tolerized tumor antigen.
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Yin SY, Wang WH, Wang BX, Aravindaram K, Hwang PI, Wu HM, Yang NS. Stimulatory effect of Echinacea purpurea extract on the trafficking activity of mouse dendritic cells: revealed by genomic and proteomic analyses. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:612. [PMID: 21040561 PMCID: PMC3091753 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several Echinacea species have been used as nutraceuticals or botanical drugs for "immunostimulation", but scientific evidence supporting their therapeutic use is still controversial. In this study, a phytocompound mixture extracted from the butanol fraction (BF) of a stem and leaf (S+L) extract of E. purpurea ([BF/S+L/Ep]) containing stringently defined bioactive phytocompounds was obtained using standardized and published procedures. The transcriptomic and proteomic effects of this phytoextract on mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were analyzed using primary cultures. RESULTS Treatment of BMDCs with [BF/S+L/Ep] did not significantly influence the phenotypic maturation activity of dendritic cells (DCs). Affymetrix DNA microarray and bioinformatics analyses of genes differentially expressed in DCs treated with [BF/S+L/Ep] for 4 or 12 h revealed that the majority of responsive genes were related to cell adhesion or motility (Cdh10, Itga6, Cdh1, Gja1 and Mmp8), or were chemokines (Cxcl2, Cxcl7) or signaling molecules (Nrxn1, Pkce and Acss1). TRANSPATH database analyses of gene expression and related signaling pathways in treated-DCs predicted the JNK, PP2C-α, AKT, ERK1/2 or MAPKAPK pathways as the putative targets of [BF/S+L/Ep]. In parallel, proteomic analysis showed that the expressions of metabolic-, cytoskeleton- or NF-κB signaling-related proteins were regulated by treatment with [BF/S+L/Ep]. In vitro flow cytometry analysis of chemotaxis-related receptors and in vivo cell trafficking assay further showed that DCs treated with [BF/S+L/Ep] were able to migrate more effectively to peripheral lymph node and spleen tissues than DCs treated as control groups. CONCLUSION Results from this study suggest that [BF/S+L/Ep] modulates DC mobility and related cellular physiology in the mouse immune system. Moreover, the signaling networks and molecules highlighted here are potential targets for nutritional or clinical application of Echinacea or other candidate medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yi Yin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Ishizaki H, Manuel ER, Song GY, Srivastava T, Sun S, Diamond DJ, Ellenhorn JDI. Modified vaccinia Ankara expressing survivin combined with gemcitabine generates specific antitumor effects in a murine pancreatic carcinoma model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 60:99-109. [PMID: 20960189 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0923-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Survivin is overexpressed by 70-80% of pancreatic cancers, and is associated with resistance to chemotherapy and a poor prognosis. Gemcitabine has been a standard treatment for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer for a decade. Recent reports have demonstrated that gemcitabine treatment attenuates the tumor-suppressive environment by eliminating CD11b(+)/Gr-1(+) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). We hypothesize that a cancer vaccine targeting survivin can achieve enhanced efficacy when combined with gemcitabine. In this study, we tested this hypothesis using modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) expressing full-length murine survivin. The poorly immunogenic mouse pancreas adenocarcinoma cell line, Pan02, which expresses murine survivin and is syngeneic to C57BL/6, was used for this study. Immunization with MVA-survivin resulted in a modest therapeutic antitumor effect on established Pan02 tumors. When administered with gemcitabine, MVA-survivin immunization resulted in significant tumor regression and prolonged survival. The enhanced vaccine efficacy was associated with decreased CD11b(+)/Gr-1(+) MDSCs. To analyze the survivin-specific immune response to MVA-survivin immunization, we utilized a peptide library of 15mers with 11 residues overlapping from full-length murine survivin. Splenocytes from mice immunized with MVA-survivin produced intracellular γ-interferon in response to in vitro stimulation with the overlapping peptide library. Increased survivin-specific CD8(+) T cells that specifically recognized the Pan02 tumor line were seen in mice treated with MVA-survivin and gemcitabine. These data suggest that vaccination with MVA-survivin in combination with gemcitabine represents an attractive strategy to overcome tumor-induced peripheral immune tolerance, and this effect has potential for clinical benefit in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Ishizaki
- Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
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14
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Akazawa T, Inoue N, Shime H, Kodama K, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Adjuvant engineering for cancer immunotherapy: Development of a synthetic TLR2 ligand with increased cell adhesion. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1596-603. [PMID: 20507323 PMCID: PMC11158911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective immunoadjuvants for tumor immunotherapy is of fundamental importance. The use of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin cell wall skeleton (BCG-CWS) in tumor immunotherapy has been examined in various clinical applications. Because BCG-CWS is a macromolecule that cannot be chemically synthesized, the development of an alternative synthetic molecule is necessary to ensure a constant supply of adjuvant. In the present study, a new adjuvant was designed based on the structure of macrophage-activating lipopeptide (MALP)-2, which is a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 ligand similar to BCG-CWS. Macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2, [S-(2,3-bispalmitoyloxypropyl)Cys (P2C) - GNNDESNISFKEK], originally identified in a Mycoplasma species, is a lipopeptide that can be chemically synthesized. A MALP-2 peptide was substituted with a functional motif, RGDS, creating a novel molecule named P2C-RGDS. RGDS was selected because its sequence constitutes an integrin-binding motif and various integrins are expressed in immune cells including dendritic cells (DCs). Thus, this motif adds functionality to the ligand. P2C-RGDS activated DCs and splenocytes more efficiently than MALP-2 over short incubation times in vitro, and the RGDS motif contributed to their activation. Furthermore, P2C-RGDS showed higher activity than MALP-2 in inducing migration of DCs to draining lymph node, and in inhibiting tumor growth in vivo. This process of designing and developing synthetic adjuvants has been named "adjuvant engineering," and the evaluation and improvement of P2C-RGDS constitutes a first step in the development of stronger synthetic adjuvants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Akazawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan.
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15
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Vanderlocht J, Van Elssen CHMJ, Senden-Gijsbers BLMG, Meek B, Cloosen S, Libon C, Bos GMJ, Germeraad WTV. Increased tumor-specific CD8+ T cell induction by dendritic cells matured with a clinical grade TLR-agonist in combination with IFN-gamma. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 23:35-50. [PMID: 20377993 DOI: 10.1177/039463201002300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited response rate of cancer patients treated with dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines indicates that vast improvements remain necessary. In many murine tumour models it has been demonstrated that the use of innate triggers (e.g. TLR triggers) in the maturation of DC results in higher efficacy. However, as few of these innate triggers are generated clinical grade, there remains a great necessity to fill the gap between fundamental mouse studies and a clinical trial in humans. In the present study we used a TLR2/4-agonist (FMKp which is available clinical grade) in combination with IFN-gamma (FIcocktail) in the maturation of elutriated monocyte-derived DC and compared it with the most used DC in current clinical trials (TNF-alpha/PGE-2, i.e. TP-cocktail). In addition to the assessment of CD4+ T cell polarizing capacity, we compared the quantity and intrinsic quality of induced CD8+ T cells of 2 different DC maturation protocols with all cells from the same donor. Besides differences in the cytokine profile, which could be coupled to increased Th1 and Th17 polarization, we demonstrate in this study that FMKp/IFN-gamma matured DC are twice as effective in inducing cytotoxic T cells against known tumor antigens. Both DCs induced phenotypically equivalent effector memory CD8+ T cells that did not show a significant difference in their intrinsic capacity to kill tumor cells. These findings point to the therapeutic applicability of FI-DC as superior inducers of functional antigen-specific T cells. Their increased chemokine secretion is suggestive of a mechanism by which these DC may compensate for the limited migration observed for all ex vivo cultured DC when applied in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vanderlocht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Haematology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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16
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Vaccination of Melanoma Patients With Melan-A/Mart-1 Peptide and Klebsiella Outer Membrane Protein P40 as an Adjuvant. J Immunother 2009; 32:875-83. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181b56ad9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Capote AR, Gómez Pérez JA, Hidalgo GG, Hernández LM, Gómez IP, Ramírez BS, Rodríguez RP, Vitlloch AC, Molina LEF. Induction of an antigen specific humoral immune response by immunization with the aggregate-free human TGFα-P64k fusion protein. Drug Dev Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Tosch C, Geist M, Ledoux C, Ziller-Remi C, Paul S, Erbs P, Corvaia N, Von Hoegen P, Balloul JM, Haegel H. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of pathogen-associated molecular patterns for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 16:310-9. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Zanna L, Haeuw JF. Separation and quantitative analysis of alkyl sulfobetaine-type detergents by high-performance liquid chromatography and light-scattering detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 846:368-73. [PMID: 16978932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An improved high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the separation of zwitterionic detergents is described. It is based on a reversed-phase liquid chromatography with evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD). The method was shown to be highly specific, allowing the separation of three detergents of the alkyl sulfobetaine family: 3-(N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-ammonio)-propane-1-sulfonate (SB12), 3-(N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-ammonio)-propane-1-sulfonate (SB14) and 3-(N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-ammonio)-propane-1-sulfonate (SB16). It was further used to develop a quantitation method for SB14, which was validated for linearity, precision, robustness, limits of detection and quantitation, specificity and accuracy. Linearity was found in the range of 50-500 microg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.9938+/-0.0029. The mean value of slope and intercept were 1.567+/-0.06 and 0.1541+/-0.0271, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were 2 and 10 microg/ml, respectively. The validated method was used to determine the concentration of SB14 in different biological samples, specially in bulks of a recombinant membrane protein, the Klebsiella pneumoniae outer membrane protein A, which is produced at the pilot scale for human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Zanna
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoléon III, BP 497, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
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20
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Kim GY, Chae HJ, Kim KH, Yoon MS, Lee KS, Lee CM, Moon DO, Lee JS, Jeong YI, Choi YH, Park YM. Dendritic cell-tumor fusion vaccine prevents tumor growth in vivo. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007; 71:215-21. [PMID: 17213658 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen presenting cells that are uniquely effective in generating primary immune responses. DCs that are manipulated to present tumor antigens induce antitumor immunity in animal models and preclinical human studies. A myriad of strategies have been developed to load tumor antigen effectively onto DCs. DC-tumor fusion presents a spectrum of tumor-associated antigens to helper T- and cytotoxic T-cell populations in the context of DC-mediated costimulatory signals. In this study, fusion cells (FCs) were generated with MCA-102 fibrosarcoma cells and murine bone marrow-derived myeloid DCs. The FCs coexpressed the DC-derived MHC class II and costimulatory molecules. The FCs also retained the functional properties of DCs and stimulated syngeneic T cell proliferation and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production. Significantly, the results show that syngeneic T cells are primed by FCs to induce MHC class I-dependent lysis of MCA-102 fibrosarcoma. These findings indicate that fusions of tumor cells and DCs activate T-cell responses against syngeneic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Young Kim
- Faculty of Applied Marine Science, Cheju National University, South Korea.
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21
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Vingert B, Adotevi O, Patin D, Jung S, Shrikant P, Freyburger L, Eppolito C, Sapoznikov A, Amessou M, Quintin-Colonna F, Fridman WH, Johannes L, Tartour E. The Shiga toxin B-subunit targets antigen in vivo to dendritic cells and elicits anti-tumor immunity. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:1124-35. [PMID: 16568496 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The non-toxic B-subunit of Shiga toxin (STxB) interacts with the glycolipid Gb3, which is preferentially expressed on dendritic cells (DC) and B cells. After administration of STxB chemically coupled to OVA (STxB-OVA) in mice, we showed that the immunodominant OVA(257-264) peptide restricted by K(b) molecules is specifically presented by CD11c+ CD8alpha- DC, some of them displaying a mature phenotype. Using mice carrying a transgene encoding a diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) under the control of the murine CD11c promoter, which allows inducible ablation of DC, we showed that DC are required for efficient priming of CTL after STxB-OVA vaccination. Immunization of mice with STxB-OVA induced OVA-specific CD8+ T cells detected ex vivo; these cells were long lasting, since they could be detected even 91 days after the last immunization and were composed of both central and memory T cells. Vaccination of mice with STxB-OVA and STxB coupled to E7, a protein derived from HPV16, inhibited tumor growth in prophylactic and therapeutic experiments. This effect was mainly mediated by CD8+ T cells. STxB therefore appears to be a powerful carrier directly targeting DC in vivo, resulting in a strong and durable CTL response associated with tumor protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Vingert
- INSERM U255, Université René Descartes, Unité d'Immunologie Biologique, Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou AP-HP, Paris, France
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22
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Mulet A, Garrido G, Alvarez A, Menéndez T, Böhmer FD, Pérez R, Fernández LE. The enlargement of the hormone immune deprivation concept to the blocking of TGFalpha-autocrine loop: EGFR signaling inhibition. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:628-38. [PMID: 16328386 PMCID: PMC11030461 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) is a potent ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGFR is frequently over-expressed in epithelial tumors and endogenous ligands, mostly TGFalpha, are frequently co-expressed with EGFR, potentially resulting in autocrine stimulation of tumor cell growth. Therefore, different therapeutic approaches aim for the inactivation of TGFalpha/EGF/EGFR signaling system, but no approach is based on TGFalpha as a target. The principal goal of this work was to assess the potential of an active specific immunotherapy approach to block the TGFalpha/EGFR autocrine loop. For the proof of the concept, a fusion protein between human TGFalpha (hTGFalpha) and P64k protein from Neisseria meningitidis was generated, and its immunogenicity characterized in a mouse model using different adjuvants. All immunogens were effective for the generation of specific humoral responses against hTGFalpha. The inmunodominant epitope of hTGFalpha when immunizing mice with the fusion protein involved the C-loop/C-terminal region. This region includes key residues for hTGFalpha binding to EGFR. The anti-hTGFalpha immune mice sera recognized the natural hTGFalpha precursor in A431 cells and hTGFalpha-transfected 3T3 fibroblasts as revealed by flow cytometry analysis and immunoblotting. They inhibited the binding of (125)I-TGFalpha to the EGFR, EGFR-autophosphorylation, and downstream activation of MAP kinases as well as proliferation of two EGFR-expressing human carcinoma cell lines. These data suggest that EGFR signaling activation by the hTGFalpha autocrine loop may be inhibited in vivo by induction of specifically blocking antibodies. The fusion protein reported in this paper could be a potential immunogen for the development of a new cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aillette Mulet
- Center of Molecular Immunology, CIM, P.O.Box 16040, Havana 11600, Cuba.
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23
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Jia ZC, Zou LY, Ni B, Wan Y, Zhou W, Lv YB, Geng M, Wu YZ. Effective induction of antitumor immunity by immunization with plasmid DNA encoding TRP-2 plus neutralization of TGF-beta. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:446-52. [PMID: 15750831 PMCID: PMC11032863 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0619-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA vaccine is an appealing cancer immunotherapy. However, it is a weak immunogen and immunization with plasmid DNA encoding self-antigens, such as melanoma-associated antigens, could not induce antitumor immunity because of tolerance. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using a plasmid DNA encoding Xenopus laevis transforming growth factor-beta 5 (aTGF-beta5) as an immunogen to induce neutralizing antibodies against murine TGF-beta1 (mTGF-beta1) and thus enhance the efficacy of plasmid DNA vaccine encoding murine tyrosinase-related protein 2 (mTRP-2) through neutralization of TGF-beta. The results showed that immunization with aTGF-beta5 resulted in the generation of mTGF-beta1-neutralizing antibodies, and immunization with a combination of aTGF-beta5 and mTRP-2 induced specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). On the contrary, immunization with mTRP-2 alone could not elicit the CTL response. Moreover, immunization of C57BL/6 wild-type mice with a combination of aTGF-beta5 and mTRP-2 induced the protective and therapeutic antitumor immunity to B16F10 melanoma, whereas the antitumor activity was abrogated in both CD4-deficient mice and CD8-deficient mice on the C57BL/6 background. Our results indicate that immunization with aTGF-beta5 is capable of breaking immune tolerance and induces mTGF-beta1-neutralizing antibodies. Neutralization of TGF-beta can enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccine encoding mTRP-2 and the induction of antitumor immunity by this immunization strategy is associated with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Cai Jia
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Li-Yun Zou
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Bing Ni
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Ying Wan
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Yan-Bo Lv
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Miao Geng
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Yu-Zhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China
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24
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Daftarian P, Song GY, Ali S, Faynsod M, Longmate J, Diamond DJ, Ellenhorn JDI. Two distinct pathways of immuno-modulation improve potency of p53 immunization in rejecting established tumors. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5407-14. [PMID: 15289349 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The p53 gene product is overexpressed by almost 50% of cancers, making it an ideal target for cancer immunotherapy. We previously demonstrated rejection of established p53-overexpressing tumors without stimulating autoimmunity by immunization with modified vaccinia Ankara-expressing murine p53 (MVAp53). Tumor rejection was enhanced through antibody-mediated CTL-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) blockade. We examined the role of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) motifs (CpG ODN) in enhancing MVAp53-mediated tumor rejection. CpG ODN with MVAp53 resulted in tumor rejection in BALB/c mice bearing poorly immunogenic 11A-1 murine mammary carcinomas or Meth A sarcomas and C57Bl/6 mice bearing MC-38 colon carcinomas. The effect was similar to that seen in tumor-bearing mice treated with MVAp53 along with CTLA-4 blockade. Monoclonal antibody depletion experiments demonstrated that the adjuvant effects of CpG ODN and CTLA-4 blockades were CD8 dependent. CpG ODN were partially natural killer cell dependent and ineffective in Toll-like Receptor 9(-/-) and interleukin 6(-/-) mice, whereas CTLA-4 blockade was partially CD4 dependent and functional in Toll-like Receptor 9(-/-) and interleukin 6(-/-) mice. In addition, when administered with MVAp53, both adjuvants enhanced p53-specific cytotoxicity and demonstrated an additive effect when combined. The combination of CpG ODN and CTLA-4 blockade worked synergistically to reject palpable 11A-1 and MC-38 tumors. These experiments demonstrate the potential for augmenting MVAp53-mediated antitumor immunity using CpG ODN and CTLA-4 blockade. This cell-free immunotherapy approach is a candidate for evaluation in cancer patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/chemistry
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cells, Cultured
- Colonic Neoplasms/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Cricetinae
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Homozygote
- Humans
- Immunization
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/pharmacology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/genetics
- Sarcoma, Experimental/immunology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/therapy
- Signal Transduction
- Toll-Like Receptor 9
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirouz Daftarian
- Laboratory of Vaccine Research, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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25
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Akazawa T, Masuda H, Saeki Y, Matsumoto M, Takeda K, Tsujimura K, Kuzushima K, Takahashi T, Azuma I, Akira S, Toyoshima K, Seya T. Adjuvant-Mediated Tumor Regression and Tumor-Specific Cytotoxic Response Are Impaired in MyD88-Deficient Mice. Cancer Res 2004; 64:757-64. [PMID: 14744795 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin cell-wall skeleton (BCG-CWS) activates Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4, but unlike the typical TLR4 agonist bacterial lipopolysaccharide barely induces type 1 IFN. BCG-CWS has been used for adjuvant immunotherapy for patients with cancer. We investigated the adjuvant potential of BCG-CWS for induction of CTLs subsequent to TLR-mediated dendritic cell (DC) maturation, using a syngeneic mouse tumor model (B16 melanoma in C57BL/6). We evaluated the retardation of tumor growth and cytotoxic response in wild-type and MyD88-/- mice immunized with tumor debris and/or BCG-CWS. Delays in tumor growth and cytotoxic response were induced by immunization with a mixture of BCG-CWS emulsion and the tumor. BCG-CWS was capable of activating DCs ex vivo by the criteria of CD80/CD86 up-regulation and cytokine (interleukin-12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha) induction. Efficient tumor suppression and ex vivo cytokine induction did not occur in MyD88-deficient mice and cells, suggesting that the MyD88 adapter is crucial for induction of tumor cytotoxicity. Because TLR4 is involved in both MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways and the latter affects DC maturation, our findings indicate that both pathways cooperate to induce CTL-based tumor immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/physiology
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- BCG Vaccine
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunotherapy
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Akazawa
- Department of Immunology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
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26
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Maisnier-Patin K, Malissard M, Jeannin P, Haeuw JF, Corbière JC, Hoeffel G, Gauchat JF, Nguyen T, Saez JM, Delneste Y. The outer membrane protein X from Escherichia coli exhibits immune properties. Vaccine 2003; 21:3765-74. [PMID: 12922110 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Outer membrane proteins (OMP) are expressed in Gram-negative bacterial cell wall. OmpA from Klebsiella pneumoniae (KpOmpA) has been shown to bind and to activate selectively antigen presenting cells (APCs), eliciting protective CTL responses. In this study, we investigated whether OmpX, another member of the OMP family and structurally related to OmpA, exhibits the same immune properties. Using recombinant OmpX from Escherichia coli (EcOmpX), we report that EcOmpX binds to and is internalized by human APCs. However, EcOmpX does not activate APCs. EcOmpX acts as an efficient carrier protein as it induces a potent and Th1/Th2 mixed anti-TNP humoral response. However, adjuvant is required to generate a protective anti-tumoral immune response in mice injected with a tumor model antigen coupled to EcOmpX. Collectively, these data show that EcOmpX is recognized by innate cells but does not activate them, suggesting that EcOmpX does not provide a signal danger to APCs. In conclusion, this study provides information on the molecular mechanisms involved in the recognition and activation of innate cells by bacterial outer membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Maisnier-Patin
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoléon III, 74160 Saint Julien en Genevois, France
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27
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Kuon W, Sieper J. Identification of HLA-B27-restricted peptides in reactive arthritis and other spondyloarthropathies: computer algorithms and fluorescent activated cell sorting analysis as tools for hunting of HLA-B27-restricted chlamydial and autologous crossreactive peptides involved in reactive arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2003; 29:595-611. [PMID: 12951870 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-857x(03)00050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The illustrated clinical and experimental results demonstrate the strong relationship between the MHC class I antigen HLA-B27 and synovial CD8+ T cells with specificity for bacterial and possible self-antigen in SpA. These new aspects obtained in recent experimental and clinical studies might also provide clues to the pathomechanisms of joint inflammation in SpA. In particular, the newly developed techniques will be of great relevance in the near future. New and more precise bioalgorithms reflecting new insights in the biology and biochemistry of proteins as recently presented [98, 99] can be helpful (e.g., a program with an improved prediction of the features of immunoproteasomes). Intracellular and secreted cytokine staining by FACScan allows examination of a great number of cells expressing certain antigens in response to certain stimuli. The analysis of T-cell responses with tetramer/peptide complexes can be useful to screen tissue sections for TCR, recognizing foreign or self-derived epitopes on those complexes loaded with selected (e.g., bacterial) peptides. Identification of arthritogenic peptides and a further understanding of the immunology of the pathomechanisms in SpA might open ways to design new peptide vaccines to prevent inflammation, autoimmunity, and other diseases by early intervention [100].
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kuon
- Section of Rheumatology, FU-Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Berlin Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Espenschied J, Lamont J, Longmate J, Pendas S, Wang Z, Diamond DJ, Ellenhorn JDI. CTLA-4 blockade enhances the therapeutic effect of an attenuated poxvirus vaccine targeting p53 in an established murine tumor model. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:3401-7. [PMID: 12626601 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.3401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
p53 is overexpressed by half of all cancers, and is an attractive target for a vaccine approach to immunotherapy. p53 overexpression is frequently the result of point mutations, which leaves the majority of the protein in its wild-type form. Therefore, the majority of p53 sequence is wild type, making it a self-protein for which tolerance plays a role in limiting immune responses. To overcome tolerance to p53, we have expressed wild-type murine p53 in the nonpathogenic attenuated poxvirus, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing wild-type murine p53 (rMVAp53)). Mice immunized with rMVAp53 vaccine developed vigorous p53-specific CTL responses. rMVAp53 vaccine was evaluated for its ability to inhibit the outgrowth of the syngeneic murine sarcoma Meth A, which overexpresses mutant p53. Mice were inoculated with a lethal dose (5 x 10(5) cells injected s.c.) of Meth A tumor cells and vaccinated by i.p. injection 3 days later with 5 x 10(7) PFU of rMVAp53. The majority of mice remained tumor free and resistant to rechallenge with Meth A tumor cells. We wished to determine whether rMVAp53 immunization could effect the rejection of an established, palpable Meth A tumor. In subsequent experiments, mice were injected with 10(6) Meth A tumor cells, and treated 6 days later with anti-CTLA-4 Ab (9H10) and rMVAp53. The majority of treated mice had complete tumor regression along with lasting tumor immunity. In vivo Ab depletion confirmed that the antitumor effect was primarily CD8 and to a lesser extent CD4 dependent. These experiments demonstrate the potential of a novel cell-free vaccine targeting p53 in malignancy.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Female
- Fibrosarcoma/immunology
- Fibrosarcoma/mortality
- Fibrosarcoma/prevention & control
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Methylcholanthrene
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Sarcoma, Experimental/immunology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/mortality
- Sarcoma, Experimental/prevention & control
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/biosynthesis
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Espenschied
- Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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29
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Millard AL, Ittelet D, Schooneman F, Bernard J. Dendritic cell KLH loading requirements for efficient CD4+ T-cell priming and help to peptide-specific cytotoxic T-cell response, in view of potential use in cancer vaccines. Vaccine 2003; 21:869-76. [PMID: 12547596 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on a Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) adjuvant strategy to augment efficacy of dendritic cell-based vaccines that use class I-restricted peptides. Requirements for loading dendritic cells (DC) with KLH were first determined in order to optimally prime CD4(+) T cells. These KLH-loaded cells were pulsed with antigenic peptide and cultured with T cells to induce a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against the peptide. Such a concomitant presentation of KLH and peptide by the same DC strongly augmented the peptide-specific CTL response, as compared to the response induced by DC pulsed with the peptide alone. This adjuvant effect was more pronounced for poorly immunogenic antigens. The use of optimised peptide and KLH-loaded DC may improve the efficacy of therapeutic anti-tumour peptide vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Millard
- Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, Institut Jean-Godinot, 1 Avenue du Général Koenig, 51056 Cedex, Reims, France
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30
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Cognet I, de Coignac AB, Magistrelli G, Jeannin P, Aubry JP, Maisnier-Patin K, Caron G, Chevalier S, Humbert F, Nguyen T, Beck A, Velin D, Delneste Y, Malissard M, Gauchat JF. Expression of recombinant proteins in a lipid A mutant of Escherichia coli BL21 with a strongly reduced capacity to induce dendritic cell activation and maturation. J Immunol Methods 2003; 272:199-210. [PMID: 12505724 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella lpxM gene have been shown to result in strains which grow normally and which produce a non-myristoylated lipopolysaccharide (nmLPS) with strongly reduced endotoxicity. Using homologous recombination, we inactivated the lpxM gene in BL21 (DE3), a strain widely used for the production of recombinant proteins. This led to a derivative unaffected in its capacity to support the production of recombinant proteins. This new strain expresses non-myristoylated LPS that induces markedly less activation and maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC), as assessed by nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), production of TNF-alpha and IL-8 or expression of CD86. Activation of the main signal transducing receptor for extracellular LPS, Toll like receptor (TLR) 4 in conjunction with the soluble accessory protein MD-2 was also markedly decreased. The modified BL21 strain represents a new application of lpxM inactivation for the expression of proteins to be tested on dendritic cells or other LPS sensitive cells/receptor complexes. It is likely to be useful for the identification of new proteins activating the innate immune response and to reducing the risk linked with low level of endotoxin contamination in therapeutic recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Cognet
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre, 5 avenue Napoléon III, Saint-Julien en, Genevois, 74164, France
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31
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Jeannin P, Magistrelli G, Goetsch L, Haeuw JF, Thieblemont N, Bonnefoy JY, Delneste Y. Outer membrane protein A (OmpA): a new pathogen-associated molecular pattern that interacts with antigen presenting cells-impact on vaccine strategies. Vaccine 2002; 20 Suppl 4:A23-7. [PMID: 12477424 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is a class of proteins highly conserved among the Enterobacteriaceae family and throughout evolution. We have observed that antigen presenting cells (APCs) recognize and are activated by the recombinant OmpA from Klebsiella pneumoniae (KpOmpA). KpOmpA triggers cytokine production by macrophages and dendritic cells (DC), induces DC maturation and signals via Toll-like receptor 2. KpOmpA also interacts with endocytic receptor(s) expressed on DC and macrophages. Tumor antigens coupled to KpOmpA are taken up by APCs and gain access to the MHC class I pathway, triggering the initiation of protective anti-tumor cytotoxic responses in the absence of CD4 T cell help and adjuvant. Thus, OmpA appears as a new type of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) usable as a vector in anti-infectious and therapeutic anti-tumor vaccines to elicit CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Jeannin
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5, Avenue Napoléon III, F-74164 Saint-Julien en Genevois, France.
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32
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Tartour E, Benchetrit F, Haicheur N, Adotevi O, Fridman WH. Synthetic and natural non-live vectors: rationale for their clinical development in cancer vaccine protocols. Vaccine 2002; 20 Suppl 4:A32-9. [PMID: 12477426 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Different arguments suggest that cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes (CTL) play a key role in the protection against tumors and in the establishment of anti-tumor immunity. Unfortunately, administration of soluble proteins alone generally does not induce CD8+ T cells presumably because antigen derived peptides are not introduced into the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen presentation pathway. Attenuated recombinant live vectors such as viruses or bacteria which have the ability to deliver antigen into the cytosol of cells have been shown to induce cytotoxic T cell response. However, there are safety concerns associated with these approaches especially in immunodeficient patients. Synthetic vectors such as heat shock proteins, virus like particles (VLP) and liposomes could deliver exogenous protein into the cytosol of cells associated with the induction of CTL and tumor immunity. We and other groups have successfully exploited the original intracellular traffic of toxins to use them as vectors for tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tartour
- Unité d'immunologie biologique, Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou, 20 Rue Leblanc 75908 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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33
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Abstract
The development of vaccines to induce tumor-specific immunity in patients with cancer has as emerged as a major area of investigation. The identification of antigens uniquely expressed by tumor cells and a heightened understanding of tumor immunology have resulted in efforts to activate host immunity to recognize and reject tumor cells. Tumor-associated antigens and peptides, genes encoding tumor antigens, and modified whole tumor cells have been used in preclinical studies with provocative results. Potent antigen-presenting cells, known as dendritic cells, have also been modified using peptides, genetic material, or whole tumor cells to present tumor antigens in the context of co-stimulation to overcome tolerance and induce tumor-specific cell killing. Promising data generated from the preclinical evaluation of cancer vaccines have resulted in the initiation of clinical trials to define the associated toxicity profile, immunologic response, and clinical impact of this treatment approach. We summarize the preclinical and clinical experience in this expanding area of investigation. Cancer vaccines hold much promise; however, many unresolved questions remain in the effort to generate a clinically meaningful treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia F Borges
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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34
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Hwang YK, Kim NK, Park JM, Lee KY, Han WK, Kim HI, Cheong HS. HLA-A2 1 restricted peptides from the HBx antigen induce specific CTL responses in vitro and in vivo. Vaccine 2002; 20:3770-7. [PMID: 12399208 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The HBx-derived, HLA-A2.1 restricted peptides, XEP-3, XEP-4, and XEP-6, induced activation of specific CTLs from patients with HBV in vitro. XEP-6 peptide induced the strongest response among the three peptides in CTLs from the blood samples of patients that were HBsAg positive. It was not clear whether the stage of disease (chronic infection, cirrhosis or hepatoma) was related to the responsiveness of the CTLs to each peptide. We vaccinated HLA-A2/K(b) transgenic mice with these peptides encapsulated in pH-sensitive liposomes at various concentrations and tested their ability to protect against challenge with rVV-HBx. Mice immunized with encapsulated peptides were protected against viral challenge whereas those immunized with empty liposomes were not. In general, 5 micro g of each peptide per head inoculation was sufficient to give protection after 2 weeks. After 3 weeks, this protective effect was increased. This effect of time was more important on the level of protection than the initial dose of the peptide. To explain the protective effect, IFN-gamma secreting CD8(+) cells isolated from mice 3 weeks after immunization were analyzed ex vivo. There was little dose dependency of peptide on IFN-gamma secretion except for XEP-3. The variations in the results may reflect the chemical properties of the peptides, such as solubility and binding affinity. In conclusion, epitope peptides derived from HBx can induce specific CTL activation and lead to cellular immunity in vitro and in vivo by inducing the peptide-specific CD8(+) CTLs. Thus, pH-sensitive liposomes increase the immune response following immunization with a peptide vaccine. This could be used for the treatment of HBV-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kyeong Hwang
- Division for Development of Peptide Therapeutics, TherapiaGene Corp, 341 Pojung-ri, Koosung-Myon, Yongin City, Kyonggi-do 449-910, South Korea
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35
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Romero P, Valmori D, Pittet MJ, Zippelius A, Rimoldi D, Lévy F, Dutoit V, Ayyoub M, Rubio-Godoy V, Michielin O, Guillaume P, Batard P, Luescher IF, Lejeune F, Liénard D, Rufer N, Dietrich PY, Speiser DE, Cerottini JC. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of Melan-A/MART-1 derived peptides as targets for tumor reactive CTL in human melanoma. Immunol Rev 2002; 188:81-96. [PMID: 12445283 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Some cancer patients mount spontaneous T- and B-cell responses against their tumor cells. Autologous tumor reactive CD8 cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) and CD4 T-cell clones as well as antibodies from these patients have been used for the identification of genes encoding the target antigens. This knowledge opened the way for new approaches to the immunotherapy of cancer. In this review, we describe the characterization of the structure-function properties of the melanocyte/melanoma tumor antigen Melan-A/MART-1, the assessment of the T-cell repertoire available against this antigen in healthy individuals, and the analysis of naturally acquired and/or vaccine-induced CTL responses to this antigen in patients with metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Romero
- Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne branch, University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor J Cheadle
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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37
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Abstract
HLA-transgenic mice have been developed to facilitate studies of HLA-restricted cytotoxic responses, e.g., for the identification of immunodominant HLA-restricted CTL epitopes and the optimization of peptide or DNA vaccine constructs for human use. We have developed HLA-A2402/K(b)-transgenic mice expressing chimeric human (alpha1 and alpha2 domains of HLA-A2402) and mouse (alpha3, transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of H-2K(b)) class I molecules. Immunization of these HLA-A2402/K(b)-transgenic mice with various known HLA-A24-restricted immunodominant cancer CTL epitope peptides derived from gp100, MAGE-1, MAGE-3, Her2/neu, CEA and TERT induced HLA-A24-restricted, peptide-specific CTLs. Using these transgenic mice, we identified a novel HLA-A24-restricted CTL epitope, PSA(152-160), encoded by human prostate-specific antigen. Staining with HLA tetramers showed that the cytotoxic activity induced by immunizing with PSA(152-160) in HLA-A2402/K(b) transgenic mice was HLA-A2402-restricted and CD8-dependent. Therefore, PSA(152-160) might be a candidate peptide for vaccination of HLA-A24(+) patients with prostate cancer. Our results suggest that HLA-A2402/K(b) transgenic mice might be useful in the search for HLA-A24-restricted CTL epitopes functioning as human cancer antigens and for the development of peptide-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Gotoh
- Research Division, Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals, Osaka, Japan
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38
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Wirth S, Bille F, Koenig S, Wehrli N, Miconnet I, Lévy F, Diggelmann H, Romero P, Acha-Orbea H. Testing mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen as adjuvant in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses against a melanoma tumor antigen. Int J Cancer 2002; 99:201-6. [PMID: 11979434 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells represent a powerful strategy for antitumor treatment. Depending on the route of injection, an important role for CD4 T cell-mediated help was observed in the induction of this response. For this reason, we investigated whether induction of a CTL response to the HLA-A2-restricted immunodominant peptide melanoma antigen Melan-A was improved by using rVVs expressing the CTL-defined epitope alone or in combination with an SAg. In the latter case, the few infected dendritic cells simultaneously presented an SAg and an antigen, i.e., peptide. Here, we show that the anti-Melan-A response was efficiently induced but not significantly improved by coexpression of the SAg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Wirth
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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39
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Pilch H, Höhn H, Freitag K, Neukirch C, Necker A, Haddad P, Tanner B, Knapstein PG, Maeurer MJ. Improved assessment of T-cell receptor (TCR) VB repertoire in clinical specimens: combination of TCR-CDR3 spectratyping with flow cytometry-based TCR VB frequency analysis. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:257-66. [PMID: 11874861 PMCID: PMC119929 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.2.257-266.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific T-cell responses may be described by combining three categories: (i) the specificity and effector functions of a T-cell population, (ii) the quantity of T-cell responses (i.e., the number of responding T cells within the CD4/CD8 population), and (iii) the "quality" of T cells (defined by the T-cell receptor [TCR] structure). Several methods to measure T-cell responses are now available including evaluation of T-cell precursors using limiting dilution, the enzyme-linked immunospot assay, ex vivo TCR variable (v)-segment analysis determined by flow cytometry, and TCR-CDR3 length analysis (spectratyping), as well as identification of peptide-specific T cells using major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I tetramers containing appropriate peptides. Until now, only a limited set of MHC-peptide complexes have been available as tetramer complexes. We demonstrate that CD8(+) or CD4(+) T cells in patients with cancer can be molecularly defined using a combination of spectratyping (TCR structure and "molecular composition") plus the implementation of an antibody panel directed against 21 individual VB TCR chains ("quantity" of T-cell families). This approach is instrumental in defining and comparing the magnitudes of CD4(+) or CD8(+) T-cell responses over time in individual patients, in comparing the TCR VA and VB repertoire in different anatomic compartments, and in comparing the TCR VA-VB diversity with that in normal healthy controls. This method provides the means of objectively defining and comparing the TCR repertoire in patients undergoing vaccination protocols and underlines the necessity to calibrate the TCR-CDR3 analysis with a qualitative assessment of individual TCR VB families.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pilch
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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40
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Abstract
There is currently intense research activity aimed at the development of new delivery systems for vaccines. The goal is to identify optimal methods for presenting target antigens to the immune system in a manner that will elicit immune responses appropriate for protection against, or treatment of, a specific disease. Several different approaches to this general goal have been developed, some are empirical and remain poorly understood, others are more rational, being based, for example, on mimicking natural infections in vivo or on targeting particular features of the immune system. This article will review three categories of delivery systems: (i) adjuvants and formulations; (ii) antigen vectors, including live attenuated micro-organisms and synthetic vectors; and (iii) novel devices for vaccine administration. The review will be restricted to late stage developments in the field of human vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Moingeon
- Aventis Pasteur SA, Research and Development, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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41
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Beck A, Goetsch L, Champion T, Bussat MC, Aubry JP, Klinguer-Hamour C, Haeuw JF, Bonnefoy JY, Corvaïa N. Stability and CTL-activity of P40/ELA melanoma vaccine candidate. Biologicals 2001; 29:293-8. [PMID: 11851331 DOI: 10.1006/biol.2001.0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The decapeptide ELA (ELAGIGILTV), a Melan-A/MART-1 antigen immunodominant peptide analogue, is an interesting melanoma vaccine candidate alone or in combination with other tumour antigens. P40, the recombinant outer membrane protein A of Klebsiella pneumoniae (kpOmpA), was recently shown to target dendritic cells and to induce peptide-specific CTLs. Here we investigated the adjuvant role of P40 mixed or chemically conjugated to ELA. This compound is an N-terminal glutamic acid-containing peptide. However, it has been reported that the amino group and the gamma-carboxylic group of glutamic acids easily condense to form pyroglutamic derivatives. Usually, to overcome this stability problem, peptides of pharmaceutical interest were developed with a pyroglutamic acid instead of N-terminal glutamic acid, without loss of pharmacological properties. Unfortunately, the pyroglutamic acid derivative (PyrELA) as well as the N-terminal acetyl capped derivative (AcELA) failed to elicit CTL activity when mixed with P40 adjuvant protein. Despite the apparent minor modifications introduced by PyrELA and AcELA, these two derivatives have probably lower affinity than ELA for the class I Major Histocompatibility Complex. Furthermore, this stability problem is worse in the case of clinical grade ELA, produced as an acetate salt, like most of the pharmaceutical grade peptides. We report here that the hydrochloride shows a higher stability than the acetate and may be suitable for use in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beck
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre (CIPF), bioMérieux-Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoléon III, F-74164 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France.
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