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Gu X, Yang F, Wang C, Xu J, Li Y, Liang Y, Fan J, Wu F, He R, Wang H, Xie Y. A novel cystatin in Psoroptes ovis var. cuniculi: molecular characterization, serodiagnostic potential, and its anti-inflammatory property on rabbit peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:397. [PMID: 39300530 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ectoparasite Psoroptes ovis var. cuniculi causes substantial economic losses to the global rabbit industry. Currently, microscopy for identifying Psoroptes mite in skin scrapings, as the "diagnosis gold standard," remains a challenge owing to its poor sensitivity in detecting low-level and/or early stage mite infestations. Additionally, Psoroptes infestations rapidly trigger cutaneous inflammation, thus the mites might produce some molecules to deal with the harmful effects of inflammation for their long-time survival on the host skin, but these molecules are still mostly unknown. METHODS To seek a sensitive diagnostic method and illuminate the new antiinflammatory molecules, we characterized a novel cystatin of P. ovis var. cuniculi (PsoCys) using bioinformatics and molecular biology methods. RESULTS The results showed that PsoCys comprised the classical features of the type II cystatin superfamily including an N-terminal glycine residue, a central QXVXG motif, and a C-terminal LW motif. In mixed stages of mites, the transcription level of PsoCys was significantly higher in "fed" mites than in "starved" mites (P < 0.001), and among the different life-cycle stages of "fed" mites, the expression of PsoCys was higher in adult males than in larva, nymph, and adult females (P < 0.001). The established indirect ELISA based on recombinant PsoCys (rPsoCys-iELISA) presented 95.4% sensitivity and 95.7% specificity. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for this method was 0.991, indicating its excellent diagnostic performance. Moreover, rPsoCys-iELISA had advantages over microscopy for detecting low-level and/or early stage mite infestations (90% versus 40% in artificial infestation cases at 3 weeks post-infestation; 61.9% versus 22.6% in clinical cases). In addition, rPsoCys could inhibit the activity of papain and cathepsin B in vitro, and significantly suppressed mRNA levels of toll-like receptors (TLR 1, 2, 4, and 6) and downstream molecules (NF-κB, p38, MyD88, IL-10, and IFN-γ) in LPS-stimulated rabbit PBMCs, indicating its anti-inflammatory property. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that PsoCys was a novel type II cystatin of Psoroptes mites, and it served as a potential serological diagnostic antigen for detecting low-level and/or early stage mite infestations, as well as a novel anti-inflammatory molecule of Psoroptes mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fusheng Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ce Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yane Li
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Youping Liang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Je Fan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangyan Wu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Ahumada V, Zakzuk J, Aglas L, Coronado S, Briza P, Regino R, Ferreira F, Caraballo L. Comparison of Antibody Responses against Two Molecules from Ascaris lumbricoides: The Allergen Asc l 5 and the Immunomodulatory Protein Al-CPI. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1340. [PMID: 37887050 PMCID: PMC10604738 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Immunity to Ascaris lumbricoides influences the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Antibody responses to its proteins have been found to be associated with asthma presentation; however, helminth products that induce immunosuppression have been reported, which also raise specific antibodies. We aimed to evaluate antibody responses (IgE, IgG4 and IgG) to two A. lumbricoides molecules, Asc l 5 and Al-CPI (an anti-inflammatory Cysteine Protease Inhibitor), in an endemic population, exploring their relationships with the infection and asthma. The two molecules were produced as recombinant proteins in E. coli expression systems. Specific antibodies were detected by ELISA. Lower human IgE, but higher IgG4 and IgG antibody levels were observed for Al-CPI than for rAsc l 5. The IgE/IgG4 isotype ratio was significantly higher for Asc l 5 than for Al-CPI. In humans Al-CPI did not induce basophil activation as has been previously described for Asc l 5. In mice, Al-CPI induced fewer IgE responses, but more IgG2a antibody titers than rAsc l 5. Our results suggest that these molecules elicit different patterns of immune response to A. lumbricoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velky Ahumada
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130012, Colombia; (V.A.); (J.Z.); (S.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Josefina Zakzuk
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130012, Colombia; (V.A.); (J.Z.); (S.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Lorenz Aglas
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.A.); (P.B.); (F.F.)
| | - Sandra Coronado
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130012, Colombia; (V.A.); (J.Z.); (S.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.A.); (P.B.); (F.F.)
| | - Ronald Regino
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130012, Colombia; (V.A.); (J.Z.); (S.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Fátima Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.A.); (P.B.); (F.F.)
| | - Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130012, Colombia; (V.A.); (J.Z.); (S.C.); (R.R.)
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Doolan R, Putananickal N, Tritten L, Bouchery T. How to train your myeloid cells: a way forward for helminth vaccines? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1163364. [PMID: 37325618 PMCID: PMC10266106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1163364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths affect approximately 1.5 billion people worldwide. However, as no vaccine is currently available for humans, the current strategy for elimination as a public health problem relies on preventive chemotherapy. Despite more than 20 years of intense research effort, the development of human helminth vaccines (HHVs) has not yet come to fruition. Current vaccine development focuses on peptide antigens that trigger strong humoral immunity, with the goal of generating neutralizing antibodies against key parasite molecules. Notably, this approach aims to reduce the pathology of infection, not worm burden, with only partial protection observed in laboratory models. In addition to the typical translational hurdles that vaccines struggle to overcome, HHVs face several challenges (1): helminth infections have been associated with poor vaccine responses in endemic countries, probably due to the strong immunomodulation caused by these parasites, and (2) the target population displays pre-existing type 2 immune responses to helminth products, increasing the likelihood of adverse events such as allergy or anaphylaxis. We argue that such traditional vaccines are unlikely to be successful on their own and that, based on laboratory models, mucosal and cellular-based vaccines could be a way to move forward in the fight against helminth infection. Here, we review the evidence for the role of innate immune cells, specifically the myeloid compartment, in controlling helminth infections. We explore how the parasite may reprogram myeloid cells to avoid killing, notably using excretory/secretory (ES) proteins and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Finally, learning from the field of tuberculosis, we will discuss how anti-helminth innate memory could be harnessed in a mucosal-trained immunity-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Doolan
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Namitha Putananickal
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucienne Tritten
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tiffany Bouchery
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Chakraborty P, Aravindhan V, Mukherjee S. Helminth-derived biomacromolecules as therapeutic agents for treating inflammatory and infectious diseases: What lessons do we get from recent findings? Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124649. [PMID: 37119907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the tremendous progress in healthcare sectors, a number of life-threatening infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases are continuously challenging mankind throughout the globe. In this context, recent successes in utilizing helminth parasite-derived bioactive macromolecules viz. glycoproteins, enzymes, polysaccharides, lipids/lipoproteins, nucleic acids/nucleotides, and small organic molecules for treating various disorders primarily resulted from inflammation. Among the several parasites that infect humans, helminths (cestodes, nematodes, and trematodes) are known as efficient immune manipulators owing to their explicit ability to modulate and modify the innate and adaptive immune responses of humans. These molecules selectively bind to immune receptors on innate and adaptive immune cells and trigger multiple signaling pathways to elicit anti-inflammatory cytokines, expansion of alternatively activated macrophages, T-helper 2, and immunoregulatory T regulatory cell types to induce an anti-inflammatory milieu. Reduction of pro-inflammatory responses and repair of tissue damage by these anti-inflammatory mediators have been exploited for treating a number of autoimmune, allergic, and metabolic diseases. Herein, the potential and promises of different helminths/helminth-derived products as therapeutic agents in ameliorating immunopathology of different human diseases and their mechanistic insights of function at cell and molecular level alongside the molecular signaling cross-talks have been reviewed by incorporating up-to-date findings achieved in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Chakraborty
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol 713340, India
| | | | - Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol 713340, India.
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Chantree P, Tarasuk M, Prathaphan P, Ruangtong J, Jamklang M, Chumkiew S, Martviset P. Type I Cystatin Derived from Fasciola gigantica Suppresses Macrophage-Mediated Inflammatory Responses. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030395. [PMID: 36986318 PMCID: PMC10051455 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an inverse relationship between the high incidence of helminth infection and the low incidence of inflammatory disease. Hence, it may be that helminth molecules have anti-inflammatory effects. Helminth cystatins are being extensively studied for anti-inflammatory potential. Therefore, in this study, the recombinant type I cystatin (stefin-1) of Fasciola gigantica (rFgCyst) was verified to have LPS-activated anti-inflammatory potential, including in human THP-1-derived macrophages and RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. The results from the MTT assay suggest that rFgCyst did not alter cell viability; moreover, it exerted anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and mediators, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2 at the gene transcription and protein expression levels, as determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Further, the secretion levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α determined by ELISA and the NO production level determined by the Griess test were decreased. Furthermore, in Western blot analysis, the anti-inflammatory effects involved the downregulation of pIKKα/β, pIκBα, and pNF-κB in the NF-κB signaling pathway, hence reducing the translocation from the cytosol into the nucleus of pNF-κB, which subsequently turned on the gene of proinflammatory molecules. Therefore, cystatin type 1 of F. gigantica is a potential candidate for inflammatory disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathanin Chantree
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Research Group in Medical Biomolecules, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Mayuri Tarasuk
- Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Parisa Prathaphan
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jittiporn Ruangtong
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Mantana Jamklang
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Sirilak Chumkiew
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Martviset
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Research Group in Medical Biomolecules, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-863590511
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6
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Buša M, Matoušková Z, Bartošová-Sojková P, Pachl P, Řezáčová P, Eichenberger RM, Deplazes P, Horn M, Štefanić S, Mareš M. An evolutionary molecular adaptation of an unusual stefin from the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica redefines the cystatin superfamily. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102970. [PMID: 36736427 PMCID: PMC9986714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a worldwide parasitic disease of ruminants and an emerging human disease caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. The cystatin superfamily of cysteine protease inhibitors is composed of distinct families of intracellular stefins and secreted true cystatins. FhCyLS-2 from F. hepatica is an unusual member of the superfamily, where our sequence and 3D structure analyses in this study revealed that it combines characteristics of both families. The protein architecture demonstrates its relationship to stefins, but FhCyLS-2 also contains the secretion signal peptide and disulfide bridges typical of true cystatins. The secretion status was confirmed by detecting the presence of FhCyLS-2 in excretory/secretory products, supported by immunolocalization. Our high-resolution crystal structure of FhCyLS-2 showed a distinct disulfide bridging pattern and functional reactive center. We determined that FhCyLS-2 is a broad specificity inhibitor of cysteine cathepsins from both the host and F. hepatica, suggesting a dual role in the regulation of exogenous and endogenous proteolysis. Based on phylogenetic analysis that identified several FhCyLS-2 homologues in liver/intestinal foodborne flukes, we propose a new group within the cystatin superfamily called cystatin-like stefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Buša
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Matoušková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Petr Pachl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Saša Štefanić
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Mareš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.
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Reverse vaccinology assisted design of a novel multi-epitope vaccine to target Wuchereria bancrofti cystatin: An immunoinformatics approach. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109639. [PMID: 36586276 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are the critical mediators of immunomodulation exerted by the filarial parasites to bypass and divert host immunity. Cystatin is a small (∼15 kDa) immunomodulatory filarial protein and known to contribute in the immunomodulation strategy by inducing anti-inflammatory response through alternative activation of macrophages. Recently, Wuchereria bancrofti cystatin has been discovered as a ligand of human toll-like receptor 4 which is key behind the cystatin-induced anti-inflammatory response in major human antigen-presenting cells. Considering the pivotal role of cystatin in the immunobiology of filariasis, cystatin could be an efficacious target for developing vaccine. Herein, we present the design and in-silico analyses of a multi-epitope-based peptide vaccine to target W. bancrofti cystatin through immune-informatics approaches. The 262 amino acid long antigen construct comprises 9 MHC-I epitopes and MHC-II epitopes linked together by GPGPG peptide alongside an adjuvant (50S ribosomal protein L7/L12) at N terminus and 6 His tags at C terminus. Molecular docking study reveals that the peptide could trigger TLR4-MD2 to induce protective innate immune responses while the induced adaptive responses were found to be mediated by IgG, IgM and Th1 mediated responses. Notably, the designed vaccine exhibits high stability and no allergenicity in-silico. Furthermore, the muti epitope-vaccine was also predicted for its RNA structure and cloned in pET30ax for further experimental validation. Taken together, this study presents a novel multi-epitope peptide vaccine for triggering efficient innate and adaptive immune responses against W. bancrofti to intervene LF through immunotherapy.
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8
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Loghry HJ, Sondjaja NA, Minkler SJ, Kimber MJ. Secreted filarial nematode galectins modulate host immune cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:952104. [PMID: 36032131 PMCID: PMC9402972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a mosquito-borne disease caused by filarial nematodes including Brugia malayi. Over 860 million people worldwide are infected or at risk of infection in 72 endemic countries. The absence of a protective vaccine means that current control strategies rely on mass drug administration programs that utilize inadequate drugs that cannot effectively kill adult parasites, thus established infections are incurable. Progress to address deficiencies in the approach to LF control is hindered by a poor mechanistic understanding of host-parasite interactions, including mechanisms of host immunomodulation by the parasite, a critical adaptation for establishing and maintaining infections. The canonical type 2 host response to helminth infection characterized by anti-inflammatory and regulatory immune phenotypes is modified by filarial nematodes during chronic LF. Current efforts at identifying parasite-derived factors driving this modification focus on parasite excretory-secretory products (ESP), including extracellular vesicles (EVs). We have previously profiled the cargo of B. malayi EVs and identified B. malayi galectin-1 and galectin-2 as among the most abundant EV proteins. In this study we further investigated the function of these proteins. Sequence analysis of the parasite galectins revealed highest homology to mammalian galectin-9 and functional characterization identified similar substrate affinities consistent with this designation. Immunological assays showed that Bma-LEC-2 is a bioactive protein that can polarize macrophages to an alternatively activated phenotype and selectively induce apoptosis in Th1 cells. Our data shows that an abundantly secreted parasite galectin is immunomodulatory and induces phenotypes consistent with the modified type 2 response characteristic of chronic LF infection.
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Gai D, Chen JR, Stewart JP, Nookaew I, Habelhah H, Ashby C, Sun F, Cheng Y, Li C, Xu H, Peng B, Garg TK, Schinke C, Thanendrarajan S, Zangari M, Chen F, Barlogie B, van Rhee F, Tricot G, Shaughnessy JD, Zhan F. CST6 suppresses osteolytic bone disease in multiple myeloma by blocking osteoclast differentiation. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:159527. [PMID: 35881476 PMCID: PMC9479617 DOI: 10.1172/jci159527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteolytic bone disease is a hallmark of multiple myeloma (MM). A significant fraction (~20%) of MM patients do not develop osteolytic lesions (OL). The molecular basis for the absence of bone disease in MM is not understood. We combined PET-CT and gene expression profiling (GEP) of purified bone marrow (BM) CD138+ MM cells from 512 newly diagnosed MM patients to reveal that elevated expression of cystatin M/E (CST6) was significantly associated with the absence of OL in MM. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed a strong correlation between CST6 levels in BM serum/plasma and CST6 mRNA expression. Both recombinant CST6 protein and BM serum from patients with high CST6 significantly inhibited the activity of the osteoclast-specific protease cathepsin K, and blocked osteoclast differentiation and function. Recombinant CST6 inhibited bone destruction in ex vivo and in vivo myeloma models. Single cell RNA-sequencing identified that CST6 attenuates polarization of monocytes to osteoclast precursors. Furthermore, CST6 protein blocks osteoclast differentiation by suppressing cathepsin-mediated cleavage of NF-κB/p100 and TRAF3 following RANKL stimulation. Secretion by MM cells of CST6, an inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation and function, suppresses osteolytic bone disease in MM and probably other diseases associated with osteoclast-mediated bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzheng Gai
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Jin-Ran Chen
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - James P Stewart
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Hasem Habelhah
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Cody Ashby
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Fumou Sun
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Yan Cheng
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Can Li
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Bailu Peng
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Tarun K Garg
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Carolina Schinke
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Sharmilan Thanendrarajan
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Maurizio Zangari
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Fangping Chen
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bart Barlogie
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Frits van Rhee
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Guido Tricot
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - John D Shaughnessy
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States of America
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10
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Okakpu OK, Dillman AR. Review of the Role of Parasitic Nematode Excretory/Secretory Proteins in Host Immunomodulation. J Parasitol 2022; 108:199-208. [DOI: 10.1645/21-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ogadinma K. Okakpu
- University of California, Riverside 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Adler R. Dillman
- University of California, Riverside 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521
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11
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Ndondo AP, Eley B, Wilmshurst JM, Kakooza-Mwesige A, Giannoccaro MP, Willison HJ, Cruz PMR, Heckmann JM, Bateman K, Vincent A. Post-Infectious Autoimmunity in the Central (CNS) and Peripheral (PNS) Nervous Systems: An African Perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833548. [PMID: 35356001 PMCID: PMC8959857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct impact and sequelae of infections in children and adults result in significant morbidity and mortality especially when they involve the central (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS). The historical understanding of the pathophysiology has been mostly focused on the direct impact of the various pathogens through neural tissue invasion. However, with the better understanding of neuroimmunology, there is a rapidly growing realization of the contribution of the innate and adaptive host immune responses in the pathogenesis of many CNS and PNS diseases. The balance between the protective and pathologic sequelae of immunity is fragile and can easily be tipped towards harm for the host. The matter of immune privilege and surveillance of the CNS/PNS compartments and the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood nerve barrier (BNB) makes this even more complex. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of many post-infectious manifestations of various microbial agents remains elusive, especially in the diverse African setting. Our exploration and better understanding of the neuroimmunology of some of the infectious diseases that we encounter in the continent will go a long way into helping us to improve their management and therefore lessen the burden. Africa is diverse and uniquely poised because of the mix of the classic, well described, autoimmune disease entities and the specifically "tropical" conditions. This review explores the current understanding of some of the para- and post-infectious autoimmune manifestations of CNS and PNS diseases in the African context. We highlight the clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of these neurological disorders and underscore the knowledge gaps and perspectives for future research using disease models of conditions that we see in the continent, some of which are not uniquely African and, where relevant, include discussion of the proposed mechanisms underlying pathogen-induced autoimmunity. This review covers the following conditions as models and highlight those in which a relationship with COVID-19 infection has been reported: a) Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy; b) Measles-associated encephalopathies; c) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) neuroimmune disorders, and particularly the difficulties associated with classical post-infectious autoimmune disorders such as the Guillain-Barré syndrome in the context of HIV and other infections. Finally, we describe NMDA-R encephalitis, which can be post-HSV encephalitis, summarise other antibody-mediated CNS diseases and describe myasthenia gravis as the classic antibody-mediated disease but with special features in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Pumelele Ndondo
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian Eley
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jo Madeleine Wilmshurst
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Paediatric Neurology, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Angelina Kakooza-Mwesige
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Maria Pia Giannoccaro
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology and Neuroimmunology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a CarattereScientifico (IRCCS) Instiuto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Hugh J Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (3I), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro M Rodríguez Cruz
- Centro Nacional de Analisis Genomico - Centre for Genomic Regulation (CNAG-CRG ), Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Neuromuscular Disease, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Jeannine M Heckmann
- Neurology Division, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,The University of Cape Town (UCT) Neurosciences Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kathleen Bateman
- Neurology Division, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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12
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Zhan B, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Lustigman S. Advancing a Human Onchocerciasis Vaccine From Antigen Discovery to Efficacy Studies Against Natural Infection of Cattle With Onchocerca ochengi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:869039. [PMID: 35444961 PMCID: PMC9015098 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.869039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human onchocerciasis is a devastating neglected tropical disease caused by infection of the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus. The infection can cause irreversible visual impairment or blindness and stigmatizing dermatitis. More than 32 million people were estimated to be infected with O. volvulus in Africa, and 385,000 suffered from blindness. Even though the implementation of mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin has reduced the global prevalence of onchocerciasis, O. volvulus infection remains challenging to control because MDA with ivermectin cannot be implemented in endemic areas co-endemic with loiasis due to the risk of severe adverse events. There is also emerging drug resistance to ivermectin that further complicates the elimination of onchocerciasis. Thus, the development of a vaccine that would induce protective immunity and reduce infection burden is essential. Efforts to develop prophylactic and/or therapeutic vaccines for onchocerciasis have been explored since the late 1980s by many researchers and entities, and here we summarize the recent advances made in the development of vaccines against the infection of O. volvulus and onchocerciasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhan
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sara Lustigman
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States
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13
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Nagai K, Goto Y. Parasitomimetics: Can We Utilize Parasite-Derived Immunomodulatory Molecules for Interventions to Immunological Disorders? Front Immunol 2022; 13:824695. [PMID: 35386686 PMCID: PMC8977410 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.824695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Because our immune system has ability to expel microorganisms invading our body, parasites need evolution to maintain their symbiosis with the hosts. One such strategy of the parasites is to manipulate host immunity by producing immunomodulatory molecules and the ability of parasites to regulate host immunity has long been a target of research. Parasites can not only manipulate host immune response specific to them, but also influence the host's entire immune system. Such ability of the parasites may sometimes bring benefit to the hosts as many studies have indicated the "hygiene hypothesis" that a decreased opportunity of parasitic infections is associated with an increased incidence of allergy and autoimmune diseases. In other words, elucidating the mechanisms of parasites to regulate host immunity could be applied not only to resolution of parasitic infections but also to treatment of non-parasitic immunological disorders. In this review, we show how much progress has been made in the research on immunomodulation of host immunity by parasites. Here, we define the word 'parasitomimetics' as emulation of parasites' immunomodulatory systems to solve immunological problems in humans and discuss potential applications of parasite-derived molecules to other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuyuki Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Novel Cysteine Protease Inhibitor Derived from the Haementeria vizottoi Leech: Recombinant Expression, Purification, and Characterization. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120857. [PMID: 34941695 PMCID: PMC8705320 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin L (CatL) is a lysosomal cysteine protease primarily involved in the terminal degradation of intracellular and endocytosed proteins. More specifically, in humans, CatL has been implicated in cancer progression and metastasis, as well as coronary artery diseases and others. Given this, the search for potent CatL inhibitors is of great importance. In the search for new molecules to perform proteolytic activity regulation, salivary secretions from hematophagous animals have been an important source, as they present protease inhibitors that evolved to disable host proteases. Based on the transcriptome of the Haementeria vizzotoi leech, the cDNA of Cystatin-Hv was selected for this study. Cystatin-Hv was expressed in Pichia pastoris and purified by two chromatographic steps. The kinetic results using human CatL indicated that Cystatin-Hv, in its recombinant form, is a potent inhibitor of this protease, with a Ki value of 7.9 nM. Consequently, the present study describes, for the first time, the attainment and the biochemical characterization of a recombinant cystatin from leeches as a potent CatL inhibitor. While searching out for new molecules of therapeutic interest, this leech cystatin opens up possibilities for the future use of this molecule in studies involving cellular and in vivo models.
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15
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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in Nodding syndrome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009821. [PMID: 34662363 PMCID: PMC8553141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodding syndrome (NS) is a catastrophic and enigmatic childhood epilepsy, accompanied by multiple neurological impairments and neuroinflammation. Of all the infectious, environmental and psychological factors associated with NS, the major culprit is Onchocerca Volvulus (Ov)-a parasitic worm transmitted to human by blackflies. NS seems to be an 'Autoimmune Epilepsy' in light of the recent findings of deleterious autoimmune antibodies to Glutamate receptors and to Leiomodin-I in NS patients. Moreover, we recently found immunogenetic fingerprints in HLA peptide-binding grooves associate with protection or susceptibility to NS. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an immune-regulatory cytokine playing a central role in modulating innate and adaptive immunity. MIF is also involved in various pathologies: infectious, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy and others. Herein, two functional polymorphisms in the MIF gene, a -794 CATT5-8 microsatellite repeat and a -173 G/C single-nucleotide polymorphism, were assessed in 49 NS patients and 51 healthy controls from South Sudan. We also measured MIF plasma levels in established NS patients and healthy controls. We discovered that the frequency of the high-expression MIF -173C containing genotype was significantly lower in NS patients compared to healthy controls. Interestingly however, MIF plasma levels were significantly elevated in NS patients than in healthy controls. We further demonstrated that the HLA protective and susceptibility associations are dominant over the MIF association with NS. Our findings suggest that MIF might have a dual role in NS. Genetically controlled high-expression MIF genotype is associated with disease protection. However, elevated MIF in the plasma may contribute to the detrimental autoimmunity, neuroinflammation and epilepsy.
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Shintouo CM, Shey RA, Mets T, Vanhamme L, Souopgui J, Ghogomu SM, Njemini R. Onchocerciasis Fingerprints in the Geriatric Population: Does Host Immunity Play a Role? Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6030153. [PMID: 34449738 PMCID: PMC8396225 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most debilitating consequences of aging is the progressive decline in immune function, known as immunosenescence. This phenomenon is characterized by a shift in T-cell phenotypes, with a manifest decrease of naive T-cells-dealing with newly encountered antigens-and a concomitant accumulation of senescent and regulatory T-cells, leading to a greater risk of morbidity and mortality in older subjects. Additionally, with aging, several studies have unequivocally revealed an increase in the prevalence of onchocerciasis infection. Most lymphatic complications, skin and eye lesions due to onchocerciasis are more frequent among the elderly population. While the reasons for increased susceptibility to onchocerciasis with age are likely to be multi-factorial, age-associated immune dysfunction could play a key role in the onset and progression of the disease. On the other hand, there is a growing consensus that infection with onchocerciasis may evoke deleterious effects on the host's immunity and exacerbate immune dysfunction. Indeed, Onchocerca volvulus has been reported to counteract the immune responses of the host through molecular mimicry by impairing T-cell activation and interfering with the processing of antigens. Moreover, reports indicate impaired cellular and humoral immune responses even to non-parasite antigens in onchocerciasis patients. This diminished protective response may intensify the immunosenescence outcomes, with a consequent vulnerability of those affected to additional diseases. Taken together, this review is aimed at contributing to a better understanding of the immunological and potential pathological mechanisms of onchocerciasis in the older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cabirou Mounchili Shintouo
- Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (C.M.S.); (T.M.)
- Department of Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon; (R.A.S.); (S.M.G.)
| | - Robert Adamu Shey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon; (R.A.S.); (S.M.G.)
| | - Tony Mets
- Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (C.M.S.); (T.M.)
- Department of Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Vanhamme
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies Campus, 126040 Gosselies, Belgium; (L.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Jacob Souopgui
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies Campus, 126040 Gosselies, Belgium; (L.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Stephen Mbigha Ghogomu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon; (R.A.S.); (S.M.G.)
| | - Rose Njemini
- Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (C.M.S.); (T.M.)
- Department of Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-24774241
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17
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Brattig NW, Cheke RA, Garms R. Onchocerciasis (river blindness) - more than a century of research and control. Acta Trop 2021; 218:105677. [PMID: 32857984 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises more than a century of research on onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, and its control. River blindness is an infection caused by the tissue filaria Onchocerca volvulus affecting the skin, subcutaneous tissue and eyes and leading to blindness in a minority of infected persons. The parasite is transmitted by its intermediate hosts Simulium spp. which breed in rivers. Featured are history and milestones in onchocerciasis research and control, state-of-the-art data on the parasite, its endobacteria Wolbachia, on the vectors, previous and current prevalence of the infection, its diagnostics, the interaction between the parasite and its host, immune responses and the pathology of onchocerciasis. Detailed information is documented on the time course of control programmes in the afflicted countries in Africa and the Americas, a long road from previous programmes to current successes in control of the transmission of this infectious disease. By development, adjustment and optimization of the control measures, transmission by the vector has been interrupted in foci of countries in the Americas, in Uganda, in Sudan and elsewhere, followed by onchocerciasis eliminations. The current state and future perspectives for control, elimination and eradication within the next 20-30 years are described and discussed. This review contributes to a deeper comprehension of this disease by a tissue-dwelling filaria and it will be helpful in efforts to control and eliminate other filarial infections.
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18
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Ilgová J, Salát J, Kašný M. Molecular communication between the monogenea and fish immune system. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 112:179-190. [PMID: 32800986 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monogeneans parasitise mainly the outer structures of fish, such as the gills, fins, and skin, that is, tissues covered with a mucous layer. While attached by sclerotised structures to host's surface, monogeneans feed on its blood or epidermal cells and mucus. Besides being a rich source of nutrients, these tissues also contain humoral immune factors and immune cells, which are ready to launch defence mechanisms against the tegument or gastrointestinal tract of these invaders. The exploitation of hosts' resources by the Monogenea must, therefore, be accompanied by suppressive and immunomodulatory mechanisms which protect the parasites against attacks by host immune system. Elimination of hosts' cytotoxic molecules and evasion of host immune response is often mediated by proteins secreted by the parasites. The aim of this review is to summarise existing knowledge on fish immune responses against monogeneans. Results gleaned from experimental infections illustrate the various interactions between parasites and the innate and adaptive immune system of the fish. The involvement of monogenean molecules (mainly inhibitors of peptidases) in molecular communication with host immune system is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ilgová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Salát
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kašný
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
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Caraballo L, Zakzuk J, Acevedo N. Helminth-derived cystatins: the immunomodulatory properties of an Ascaris lumbricoides cystatin. Parasitology 2021; 148:1-13. [PMID: 33563346 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Helminth infections such as ascariasis elicit a type 2 immune response resembling that involved in allergic inflammation, but differing to allergy, they are also accompanied with strong immunomodulation. This has stimulated an increasing number of investigations, not only to better understand the mechanisms of allergy and helminth immunity but to find parasite-derived anti-inflammatory products that could improve the current treatments of chronic non-communicable inflammatory diseases such as asthma. A great number of helminth-derived immunomodulators have been discovered and some of them extensively analysed, showing their potential use as anti-inflammatory drugs in clinical settings. Since Ascaris lumbricoides is one of the most successful parasites, several groups have focused on the immunomodulatory properties of this helminth. As a result, several excretory/secretory components and purified molecules have been analysed, revealing interesting anti-inflammatory activities potentially useful as therapeutic tools. One of these molecules is A. lumbricoides cystatin, whose genomic, cellular, molecular, and immunomodulatory properties are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Josefina Zakzuk
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Nathalie Acevedo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
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20
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Vanhamme L, Souopgui J, Ghogomu S, Ngale Njume F. The Functional Parasitic Worm Secretome: Mapping the Place of Onchocerca volvulus Excretory Secretory Products. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110975. [PMID: 33238479 PMCID: PMC7709020 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematodes constitute a very successful phylum, especially in terms of parasitism. Inside their mammalian hosts, parasitic nematodes mainly dwell in the digestive tract (geohelminths) or in the vascular system (filariae). One of their main characteristics is their long sojourn inside the body where they are accessible to the immune system. Several strategies are used by parasites in order to counteract the immune attacks. One of them is the expression of molecules interfering with the function of the immune system. Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) pertain to this category. This is, however, not their only biological function, as they seem also involved in other mechanisms such as pathogenicity or parasitic cycle (molting, for example). We will mainly focus on filariae ESPs with an emphasis on data available regarding Onchocerca volvulus, but we will also refer to a few relevant/illustrative examples related to other worm categories when necessary (geohelminth nematodes, trematodes or cestodes). We first present Onchocerca volvulus, mainly focusing on the aspects of this organism that seem relevant when it comes to ESPs: life cycle, manifestations of the sickness, immunosuppression, diagnosis and treatment. We then elaborate on the function and use of ESPs in these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Vanhamme
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; (J.S.); (F.N.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jacob Souopgui
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; (J.S.); (F.N.N.)
| | - Stephen Ghogomu
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea P.O Box 63, Cameroon;
| | - Ferdinand Ngale Njume
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; (J.S.); (F.N.N.)
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea P.O Box 63, Cameroon;
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21
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Bohnacker S, Troisi F, de Los Reyes Jiménez M, Esser-von Bieren J. What Can Parasites Tell Us About the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Asthma and Allergic Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2106. [PMID: 33013887 PMCID: PMC7516051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The same mechanisms that enable host defense against helminths also drive allergic inflammation. This suggests that pathomechanisms of allergic diseases represent evolutionary old responses against helminth parasites and that studying antihelminth immunity may provide insights into pathomechanisms of asthma. However, helminths have developed an intricate array of immunoregulatory mechanisms to modulate type 2 immune mechanisms. This has led to the hypothesis that the lack of helminth infection may contribute to the rise in allergic sensitization in modern societies. Indeed, the anti-inflammatory potential of helminth (worm) parasites and their products in allergy and asthma has been recognized for decades. As helminth infections bring about multiple undesired effects including an increased susceptibility to other infections, intended helminth infection is not a feasible approach to broadly prevent or treat allergic asthma. Thus, the development of new helminth-based biopharmaceutics may represent a safer approach of harnessing type 2–suppressive effects of helminths. However, progress regarding the mechanisms and molecules that are employed by helminths to modulate allergic inflammation has been relatively recent. The scavenging of alarmins and the modulation of lipid mediator pathways and macrophage function by helminth proteins have been identified as important immunoregulatory mechanisms targeting innate immunity in asthma and allergy. In addition, by regulating the activation of dendritic cells and by promoting regulatory T-cell responses, helminth proteins can counterregulate the adaptive T helper 2 cell response that drives allergic inflammation. Despite these insights, important open questions remain to be addressed before helminth molecules can be used for the prevention and treatment of asthma and other allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bohnacker
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabiana Troisi
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marta de Los Reyes Jiménez
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Esser-von Bieren
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
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22
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Zhang F, Yang Y, Gao C, Yao Y, Xia R, Hu J, Ran C, Zhang Z, Zhou Z. Bioinformatics analysis and characterization of a secretory cystatin from Thelohanellus kitauei. AMB Express 2020; 10:116. [PMID: 32577834 PMCID: PMC7311561 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Thelohanellus kitauei, is a member of obligate parasitic myxozoans, which causes intestinal giant-cystic disease of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and has resulted in significant economic losses in carp farms. Cystatin secreted by parasites can regulate the immune response of host to facilitate parasite's survival. In this study, the secretory TK-cystatin gene, encoding a protein of 120 amino acid residues (13.65 kDa), was cloned from T. kitauei genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that TK-cystatin gene is closely related to the cystatin-A from Hydra vulgaris. Multiple sequence alignment revealed that TK-cystatin had three conserved motifs: N-terminal G19G20, Q73VVAG77, and C-terminal L102P103. Molecular docking between TK-cystatin and three cysteine proteases showed a lower binding energy (- 13 KJ/mol) with cathepsin L whereas a higher binding energy (- 8.6 KJ/mol) with cathepsin B. TK-cystatin gene was expressed in Escherichia coli. Activity assays revealed that TK-cystatin has stronger inhibitory activity on endopeptidases (papain and cathepsin L) and weaker inhibitory activity on exopeptidase (cathepsin B). TK-cystatin was stable under the condition of acidity or alkalinity or below 57 °C. This study laid a foundation for the design and development of the anti-T. kitauei vaccine in carp culture in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengli Zhang
- Sino-Norway Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota Joint Lab, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yalin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Chenchen Gao
- Sino-Norway Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota Joint Lab, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yao
- Sino-Norway Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota Joint Lab, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rui Xia
- Sino-Norway Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota Joint Lab, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Juan Hu
- Sino-Norway Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota Joint Lab, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chao Ran
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Sino-Norway Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota Joint Lab, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Khatri V, Chauhan N, Kalyanasundaram R. Parasite Cystatin: Immunomodulatory Molecule with Therapeutic Activity against Immune Mediated Disorders. Pathogens 2020; 9:E431. [PMID: 32486220 PMCID: PMC7350340 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of parasites or their products for treating chronic inflammation associated diseases (CIADs) has generated significant attention recently. Findings from basic and clinical research have provided valuable information on strengthening the notion that parasites' molecules can be developed as biotherapeutic agents. Completion of the genome, secreotome, and proteome of the parasites has provided an excellent platform for screening and identifying several host immunomodulatory molecules from the parasites and evaluate their therapeutic potential for CIADs. One of the widely studied host immunomodulatory molecules of the parasites is the cysteine protease inhibitor (cystatin), which is primarily secreted by the parasites to evade host immune responses. In this review, we have attempted to summarize the findings to date on the use of helminth parasite-derived cystatin as a therapeutic agent against CIADs. Although several studies suggest a role for alternatively activated macrophages, other regulatory cells, and immunosuppressive molecules, in this immunoregulatory activity of the parasite-derived cystatin, there is still no clear demonstration as to how cystatin induces its anti-inflammatory effect in suppressing CIADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Khatri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, IL 61107, USA; (N.C.); (R.K.)
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Coakley G, Harris NL. Interactions between macrophages and helminths. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12717. [PMID: 32249432 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages, the major population of tissue-resident mononuclear phagocytes, contribute significantly to the immune response during helminth infection. Alternatively activated macrophages (AAM) are induced early in the anti-helminth response following tissue insult and parasite recognition, amplifying the early type 2 immune cascade initiated by epithelial cells and ILC2s, and subsequently driving parasite expulsion. AAM also contribute to functional alterations in tissues infiltrated with helminth larvae, mediating both tissue repair and inflammation. Their activation is amplified and occurs more rapidly following reinfection, where they can play a dual role in trapping tissue migratory larvae and preventing or resolving the associated inflammation and damage. In this review, we will address both the known and emerging roles of tissue macrophages during helminth infection, in addition to considering both outstanding research questions and new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Coakley
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, The Alfred Centre The Alfred Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Laraine Harris
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, The Alfred Centre The Alfred Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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25
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A novel cystatin derived from Trichinella spiralis suppresses macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008192. [PMID: 32236093 PMCID: PMC7153903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis can modulate host immune responses to retain a suitable environment for its long-term survival. Incidentally, the parasite elicits regulatory effects through immunomodulatory molecule release, which can suppress host inflammation and may be used for the treatment of unrelated inflammatory diseases in someday. Here we identified and characterized a novel T. spiralis cystatin (TsCstN), which inhibits inflammation mediated by LPS-treated macrophages.Proteins contained in the excretory-secretory (ES) product of muscle-stage T. spiralis (ES-L1) were fractionated, and each was treated with mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (mBMDMs) before LPS stimulation. The fractions that exhibited high immunomodulatory property by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines or increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines were identified by mass spectrometry. Incidentally, the conserved hypothetical protein (Tsp_04814) was selected for further characterization as it presented the most significant MS score. An annotation of Tsp_04814 using protein structural homology comparison suggested that it has high structural similarity to human cystatin E/M (TM score 0.690). The recombinant T. spiralis novel cystatin (rTsCstN) was expressed in Escherichia coli at a molecular weight of approximately 13 kDa. Mouse anti-rTsCstN polyclonal antibody (pAb) could detect native TsCstN in crude worm antigens (CWA) and ES-L1 and be predominantly localized in the stichosome and subcuticular cells. rTsCstN inhibited cysteine proteases in vitro, especially cathepsin L, at an optimal pH of 6. Besides, rTsCstN could be internalized into mBMDMs, which were mostly distributed in the cytoplasm and lysosome both before and after LPS stimulation. To evaluate the rTsCstN immunomodulatory properties on mBMDMs, rTsCstN was incubated with mBMDM before LPS stimulation; this demonstrated that rTsCstN suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production and MHC class II expression.T. spiralis L1-derived TsCstN was characterized as a novel cysteine protease inhibitor. The protein elicits an anti-inflammatory property by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and interfering with the antigen presentation process through depletion of MHC class II expression.
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26
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Shete A, Kurle S, Dhayarkar S, Patil A, Kulkarni S, Ghate M, Sangale S, Medhe U, Rajan S, Verma V, Gangakhedkar R. High IL-5 levels possibly contributing to HIV viremia in virologic non-responders at one year after initiation of anti-retroviral therapy. Microb Pathog 2020; 143:104117. [PMID: 32135221 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lack of viral monitoring in HIV infected patients on anti-retroviral therapy in low income countries may result in missing virologic non-responders (VNR) who show immunologic recovery in spite of unsuppressed viral replication. Biomarkers and drug resistance patterns in these discordant patients in comparison to the concordant treatment failure group need to be studied to understand possible risk factors associated with this condition. HIV infected patients on anti-retroviral therapy for one year were enrolled under three categories namely VNRs (n = 25), treatment failures (n = 18) and treatment responders (n = 40). They were assessed for HIV drug resistance by sequencing, plasma cytokines by luminex assay, T cell activation status by flow cytometry and total IgE levels by ELISA. VNR and failure patients had significantly lower median baseline CD4 counts than the responders. VNRs had significantly higher CD4 counts but lower viral load than treatment failures at one year of ART. VNRs had the highest eosinophil counts and the highest IL-5 levels among all the groups. IL-5 levels in them correlated with their viral load values. Frequency of Treg cells was also highest among the VNR group participants. More than 60% of the viremic patients irrespective of their groups harboured multiple HIV drug resistance mutations and mutation pattern did not differ between the groups. Low baseline CD4 counts and presence of multiple drug resistance mutations in the viremic groups highlighted the importance of early ART initiation and viral load monitoring irrespective of presence of immunologic failure. High IL-5 levels in VNR group indicated a need for investigating causal relationship between IL-5 and viral replication to devise therapeutic strategies to control viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Shete
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, 73-G block, M.I.D.C, Bhosari, Pune, India.
| | - Swarali Kurle
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, 73-G block, M.I.D.C, Bhosari, Pune, India
| | - Sampada Dhayarkar
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, 73-G block, M.I.D.C, Bhosari, Pune, India
| | - Ajit Patil
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, 73-G block, M.I.D.C, Bhosari, Pune, India
| | - Smita Kulkarni
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, 73-G block, M.I.D.C, Bhosari, Pune, India
| | - Manisha Ghate
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, 73-G block, M.I.D.C, Bhosari, Pune, India
| | - Shashikala Sangale
- B.J. Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Jai Prakash Narayan Road, Near Pune Railway Station, Pune, India
| | - Uttam Medhe
- Yashwantrao Chavan Memorial Hospital, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Shobini Rajan
- National AIDS Control Organization, Chandralok Building, 36, Janpath, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinita Verma
- National AIDS Control Organization, Chandralok Building, 36, Janpath, New Delhi, India
| | - Raman Gangakhedkar
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, 73-G block, M.I.D.C, Bhosari, Pune, India
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Hart CE, Ribeiro JM, Kazimirova M, Thangamani S. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Infection Alters the Sialome of Ixodes ricinus Ticks During the Earliest Stages of Feeding. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:41. [PMID: 32133301 PMCID: PMC7041427 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are hematophagous arthropods that transmit a number of pathogens while feeding. Among these is tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a flavivirus transmitted by Ixodes ricinus ticks in the temperate zone of Europe. The infection results in febrile illness progressing to encephalitis and meningitis with a possibility of fatality or long-term neurological sequelae. The composition of tick saliva plays an essential role in the initial virus transmission during tick feeding. Ticks secrete a diverse range of salivary proteins to modulate the host response, such as lipocalins to control the itch and inflammatory response, and both proteases and protease inhibitors to prevent blood coagulation. Here, the effect of viral infection of adult females of Ixodes ricinus was studied with the goal of determining how the virus alters the tick sialome to modulate host tissue response at the site of infection. Uninfected ticks or those infected with TBEV were fed on mice and removed and dissected one- and 3-h post-attachment. RNA from the salivary glands of these ticks, as well as from unfed ticks, was extracted and subjected to next-generation sequencing to determine the expression of key secreted proteins at each timepoint. Genes showing statistically significant up- or down-regulation between infected and control ticks were selected and compared to published literature to ascertain their function. From this, the effect of tick viral infection on the modulation of the tick-host interface was determined. Infected ticks were found to differentially express a number of uncategorized genes, proteases, Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors, cytotoxins, and lipocalins at different timepoints. These virus-induced changes to the tick sialome may play a significant role in facilitating virus transmission during the early stages of tick feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Hart
- SUNY Center for Environmental Health and Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- The Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jose M. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maria Kazimirova
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Saravanan Thangamani
- SUNY Center for Environmental Health and Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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28
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Ilgová J, Kavanová L, Matiašková K, Salát J, Kašný M. Effect of cysteine peptidase inhibitor of Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Monogenea) on cytokine expression of macrophages in vitro. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2019; 235:111248. [PMID: 31874193 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2019.111248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The gills of the common carp, whose mucosal surface belongs to the key defence mechanisms of piscine immunity, can be infested with both the larval and adult stage of Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Monogenea). Although on their own, monogeneans do not considerably compromise their hosts' health status, fish with epithelial barriers damaged in parasite feeding and attachment sites are at an increased risk of bacterial challenge with possible harmful consequences. Several studies suggest that helminth parasites of teleost fish evade and manipulate host immune system via their excretory-secretory products, but our knowledge of these processes in the monogeneans is limited. Cysteine peptidase inhibitors (CPI), which are found in the secretions of numerous parasites, often induce immunosuppression by subverting Th1 mechanisms and drawing the immune system towards a Th2/Treg response. We employed the qPCR to test the effect of recently characterised CPI of E. nipponicum (rEnStef) on the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 produced by porcine macrophages in vitro. After an initial preincubation with rEnStef, we stimulated the macrophages using LPS. By inducing a Th1 pro-inflammatory response, we imitated the immune reaction during a bacterial challenge in tissue damaged by the feeding and attachment of E. nipponicum. We observed a significant dose-dependent downregulation of the expression of TNF-α and IL-10 cytokines. The observed suppression of TNF-alpha expression by rEnStef could result in decreased pathogen control, which might in turn lead to increased rates of secondary bacterial infections in fish infected by E. nipponicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ilgová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Kavanová
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Matiašková
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Salát
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kašný
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
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Molecular Characterization of a Dirofilaria immitis Cysteine Protease Inhibitor (Cystatin) and Its Possible Role in Filarial Immune Evasion. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10040300. [PMID: 31013806 PMCID: PMC6523577 DOI: 10.3390/genes10040300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis), spread via mosquito vectors, causes coughing, asthma, pneumonia, and bronchitis in humans and other animals. The disease is especially severe and often fatal in dogs and represents a serious threat to public health worldwide. Cysteine protease inhibitors (CPIs), also known as cystatins, are major immunomodulators of the host immune response during nematode infections. Herein, we cloned and expressed the cystatin Di-CPI from D. immitis. Sequence analysis revealed two specific cystatin-like domains, a Q-x-V-x-G motif, and a SND motif. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Di-CPI is a member of the second subgroup of nematode type II cystatins. Probing of D. immitis total proteins with anti-rDi-CPI polyclonal antibody revealed a weak signal, and immunofluorescence-based histochemical analysis showed that native Di-CPI is mainly localized in the cuticle of male and female worms and the gut of male worms. Treatment of canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) with recombinant Di-CPI induced a Th2-type immune response characterized by high expression of the anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10. Proliferation assays showed that Di-CPI inhibits the proliferation of canine PMBCs by 15%. Together, the results indicate that Di-CPI might be related to cellular hyporesponsiveness in dirofilariasis and may help D. immitis to evade the host immune system.
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30
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Maizels RM, Smits HH, McSorley HJ. Modulation of Host Immunity by Helminths: The Expanding Repertoire of Parasite Effector Molecules. Immunity 2018; 49:801-818. [PMID: 30462997 PMCID: PMC6269126 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Helminths are extraordinarily successful parasites due to their ability to modulate the host immune response. They have evolved a spectrum of immunomodulatory molecules that are now beginning to be defined, heralding a molecular revolution in parasite immunology. These discoveries have the potential both to transform our understanding of parasite adaptation to the host and to develop possible therapies for immune-mediated disease. In this review we will summarize the current state of the art in parasite immunomodulation and discuss perspectives on future areas for research and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | | | - Henry J McSorley
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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31
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Zakeri A, Hansen EP, Andersen SD, Williams AR, Nejsum P. Immunomodulation by Helminths: Intracellular Pathways and Extracellular Vesicles. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2349. [PMID: 30369927 PMCID: PMC6194161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth parasites are masters at manipulating host immune responses, using an array of sophisticated mechanisms. One of the major mechanisms enabling helminths to establish chronic infections is the targeting of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and the inflammasome. Given the critical role of these receptors and their intracellular pathways in regulating innate inflammatory responses, and also directing adaptive immunity toward Th1 and Th2 responses, recognition of the pathways triggered and/or modulated by helminths and their products will provide detailed insights about how helminths are able to establish an immunoregulatory environment. However, helminths also target PRRs-independent mechanisms (and most likely other yet unknown mechanisms and pathways) underpinning the battery of different molecules helminths produce. Herein, the current knowledge on intracellular pathways in antigen presenting cells activated by helminth-derived biomolecules is reviewed. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of helminth-derived vesicles as a less-appreciated components released during infection, their role in activating these host intracellular pathways, and their implication in the development of new therapeutic approaches for inflammatory diseases and the possibility of designing a new generation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zakeri
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eline P. Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sidsel D. Andersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andrew R. Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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32
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Wang Y, Wen Y, Wang S, Ehsan M, Yan R, Song X, Xu L, Li X. Modulation of goat monocyte function by HCcyst-2, a secreted cystatin from Haemonchus contortus. Oncotarget 2018; 8:44108-44120. [PMID: 28484087 PMCID: PMC5546466 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation and suppression of the host immune response by nematode parasites have been reported extensively and the cysteine protease inhibitor (cystatin) is identified as one of the major immunomodulator. In the present study, we cloned and produced recombinant cystatin protein from nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus (rHCcyst-2) and investigated its immunomodulatory effects on goat monocyte. rHCcyst-2 protein is biologically functional as shown by its ability to inhibit the protease activity of cathepsin L, cathepsin B and papain. Immunohistochemical test demonstrated that the native HCcyst-2 protein was predominantly localized at the body surface and internal surface of the worm's gut. We demonstrated that rHCcyst-2 could be distinguished by antisera from goats experimentally infected with H. contortus and could uptake by goat monocytes. The immunomodulatory effects of HCcyst-2 on cytokine secretion, MHC molecule expression, NO production and phagocytosis were observed by co-incubation of rHCcyst-2 with goat monocytes. The results showed that the interaction of rHCcyst-2 decreased the production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-12p40. However, it significantly increased the secretion of IL-10 in goat monocytes. After rHCcyst-2 exposure, the expression of MHC-II on goat monocytes was inhibited. Moreover, rHCcyst-2 could up-regulate the LPS induced NO production of goat monocytes. Phagocytotic assay by FITC-dextran internalization showed that rHCcyst-2 inhibited the phagocytosis of goat monocytes. Our findings provided potential target as immunoregulator, and will be helpful to illustrate the molecular basis of host–parasite interactions and search for new potential molecule as vaccine and drug target candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yuling Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Muhammad Ehsan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - XiaoKai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - LiXin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - XiangRui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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33
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Togre N, Bhoj P, Amdare N, Goswami K, Tarnekar A, Shende M. Immunomodulatory potential of recombinant filarial protein, rWbL2, and its therapeutic implication in experimental ulcerative colitis in mouse. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:483-490. [PMID: 29411665 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1431925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immunomodulation by helminth proteins has potential therapeutic implications in inflammatory bowel disease. In the present study, we have explored the therapeutic effect of a RAL family protein of filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti i.e., rWbL2 protein against DSS induced colitis in a mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-inflammatory activity of rWbL2 on mice peritoneal exudate cells was analyzed under in vitro condition. The colitis mice were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with rWbL2 in increasing doses (10 µg, 25 µg, and 50 µg) on days 4, 5, and 6. Disease severity was assessed by disease activity index (DAI), macroscopic and histopathological scores, and enzyme myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) in the colon. The response of the cultured splenocytes from treated mice to Con-A stimulation, in terms of ELISA-based assessment of the protein followed by the assessment of mRNA expression of cytokines, was measured by real-time PCR analysis. RESULT rWbL2 protein showed anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. Treatment with rWbL2 (at 25 µg/dose) effectively attenuated disease severity by reducing weight loss, DAI, mucosal edema, colon damage, and MPO activity. This therapeutic effect was found to be associated with increased release of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and decreased release of pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ and TNF-α by the splenocytes of treated mice followed by stimulation with Con-A. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence of the strong immunomodulatory potential of rWbL2 protein implicating its therapeutic application against ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namdev Togre
- a Department of Biochemistry and JB Tropical Disease Research Center , Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences , Sevagram , Maharashtra , India
| | - Priyanka Bhoj
- a Department of Biochemistry and JB Tropical Disease Research Center , Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences , Sevagram , Maharashtra , India
| | - Nitin Amdare
- a Department of Biochemistry and JB Tropical Disease Research Center , Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences , Sevagram , Maharashtra , India
| | - Kalyan Goswami
- a Department of Biochemistry and JB Tropical Disease Research Center , Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences , Sevagram , Maharashtra , India
| | - Aaditya Tarnekar
- b Department of Anatomy , Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences , Sevagram , Maharashtra , India
| | - Moreshwar Shende
- b Department of Anatomy , Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences , Sevagram , Maharashtra , India
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34
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Zi M, Xu Y. Involvement of cystatin C in immunity and apoptosis. Immunol Lett 2018; 196:80-90. [PMID: 29355583 PMCID: PMC7112947 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As an abundantly expressed cysteine protease inhibitor widely distributed in the organisms, cystatin C is involved in various physiological processes. Due to its relatively small molecular weight and easy detection, cystatin C is commonly used as a measure for glomerular filtration rate. In pathological conditions, however, growing evidences suggest that cystatin C is associated with various immune responses against either exogenous or endogenous antigens, which ultimately result in inflammatory autoimmune diseases or tumor development if not properly controlled. Thus the fluctuation of cystatin C levels might have more clinical implications than a reflection of kidney functions. Here, we summarize the latest development of studies on the pathophysiological functions of cystatin C, with focus on its immune regulatory roles at both cellular and molecular levels including antigen presentation, secretion of cytokines, synthesis of nitric oxide, as well as apoptosis. Finally, we discuss the clinical implications and therapeutic potentials of what this predominantly expressed protease inhibitor can bring to us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Zi
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Yuekang Xu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China.
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Diliani N, Dondji B. Hookworm excretory/secretory products modulate immune responses to heterologous and species-specific antigens. Parasite Immunol 2018; 39. [PMID: 28796897 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one billion people are currently infected with hookworm. Despite its high prevalence and the concomitant immune suppression seen in infected individuals, little research has been performed on the mechanism of immunosuppression by hookworm. Our study focused on characterizing mechanisms utilized by hookworm to suppress the host immune response. Splenocytes and draining lymph node cells from mice injected with hookworm excretory/secretory (ES) proteins showed decreased proliferation in response to both heterologous and species-specific antigens while also having increased nitric oxide secretion. Analysis by fluorescence-activated cell sorting revealed that mice injected with ES had reduced percentages of CD4+ T cells indicating potential effects of ES proteins on lymphocyte homeostasis. Antibody and cytokine response analyses demonstrated that immunization with ES proteins decreased IgG and IgG1 levels, also decreased interleukin (IL-)-4 and increased IL-12 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) cytokine production suggesting impairment of B-cell activation and a shift towards a nonhealing IL-12 directed T helper-1 immune response. Together, these data demonstrate for the first time that host immunosuppression by hookworms is orchestrated by ES proteins and provide mechanisms underlying the shift towards a nonhealing Th-1 profile as seen in humans suffering from hookworm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Diliani
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology & Parasitology, Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
| | - B Dondji
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology & Parasitology, Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
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Ilgová J, Jedličková L, Dvořáková H, Benovics M, Mikeš L, Janda L, Vorel J, Roudnický P, Potěšil D, Zdráhal Z, Gelnar M, Kašný M. A novel type I cystatin of parasite origin with atypical legumain-binding domain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17526. [PMID: 29235483 PMCID: PMC5727476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17598-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite inhibitors of cysteine peptidases are known to influence a vast range of processes linked to a degradation of either the parasites' own proteins or proteins native to their hosts. We characterise a novel type I cystatin (stefin) found in a sanguinivorous fish parasite Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea). We have identified a transcript of its coding gene in the transcriptome of adult worms. Its amino acid sequence is similar to other stefins except for containing a legumain-binding domain, which is in this type of cystatins rather unusual. As expected, the recombinant form of E. nipponicum stefin (rEnStef) produced in Escherichia coli inhibits clan CA peptidases - cathepsins L and B of the worm - via the standard papain-binding domain. It also blocks haemoglobinolysis by cysteine peptidases in the worm's excretory-secretory products and soluble extracts. Furthermore, we had confirmed its ability to inhibit clan CD asparaginyl endopeptidase (legumain). The presence of a native EnStef in the excretory-secretory products of adult worms, detected by mass spectrometry, suggests that this protein has an important biological function at the host-parasite interface. We discuss the inhibitor's possible role in the regulation of blood digestion, modulation of antigen presentation, and in the regeneration of host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ilgová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Jedličková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Dvořáková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Benovics
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Mikeš
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Janda
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vorel
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Roudnický
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - David Potěšil
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Gelnar
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kašný
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
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Venugopal G, Mueller M, Hartmann S, Steinfelder S. Differential immunomodulation in human monocytes versus macrophages by filarial cystatin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188138. [PMID: 29141050 PMCID: PMC5687743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes have evolved powerful immunomodulatory molecules to enable their survival in immunocompetent hosts by subverting immune responses and minimizing pathological processes. One filarial molecule known to counteract host immune responses by inducing IL-10 and regulatory macrophages in mice is filarial cystatin. During a patent filarial infection monocytes encounter microfilariae in the blood, an event that occurs in asymptomatically infected filariasis patients that are immunologically hyporeactive. The microfilarial larval stage was formerly shown to induce human regulatory monocytes and macrophages. Thus, here we aim was to determine how filarial cystatin of the human pathogenic filaria Brugia malayi (BmCPI-2) contributes to immune hyporesponsiveness in human monocytes and macrophages elicited by microfilaria. For this purpose, filarial cystatin was depleted from microfilarial lysate (Mf). Detecting the immunomodulatory potential of cystatin-depleted Mf revealed that IL-10, but not IL-8 and IL-6 induction in monocytes and macrophages is dependent on the presence of cystatin. In addition, the Mf-induced expression of the regulatory surface markers PD-L1 and PD-L2 in human monocytes, but not in macrophages, is dependent on cystatin. While Mf-treated monocytes result in decreased CD4+ T-cell proliferation in a co-culture assay, stimulation of T-cells with human monocytes treated with cystatin-depleted Mf lead to a restoration of CD4+ T-cell proliferation. Moreover, IL-10 induction by cystatin within Mf was dependent on p38 and ERK in macrophages, but independent of the ERK pathway in monocytes. These findings indicate that filarial nematodes differentially trigger and exploit various signaling pathways to induce immunomodulation in different myeloid cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Venugopal
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion Mueller
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Svenja Steinfelder
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Wang Y, Wu L, Liu X, Wang S, Ehsan M, Yan R, Song X, Xu L, Li X. Characterization of a secreted cystatin of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus and its immune-modulatory effect on goat monocytes. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:425. [PMID: 28923082 PMCID: PMC5604358 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemonchosis is a disease of the small ruminant caused by a nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus, and it is most important and alarming challenges to the small ruminant's production. The infection of the H. contortus could cause high economic losses worldwide. H. contortus is a blood feeding parasite which penetrates into the abomasal mucosa to feed the blood of the host and causing the anemia and decreased total plasma protein. Modulation and suppression of the immune response of the host by nematode parasites have been reported extensively, and the cysteine protease inhibitor (cystatin) is identified as one of the major immunomodulators. METHODS The recombinant protein of HCcyst-3 was expressed in a histidine-tagged fusion soluble form in Escherichia coli, and its inhibitory activity against cathepsin L, B, as well as papain, were identified by fluorogenic substrate analysis. Native HCcyst-3 protein was localized by an Immunohistochemical test. The immunomodulatory effects of HCcyst-3 on cytokine secretion, MHC molecule expression, NO production and phagocytosis were observed by co-incubation of rHCcyst-3 with goat monocytes. RESULTS We cloned and produced recombinant cystatin protein from H. contortus (rHCcyst-3) and investigated its immunomodulatory effects on goat monocyte. The rHCcyst-3 protein is biologically functional as shown by its ability to inhibit the protease activity of cathepsin L, cathepsin B, and papain. The immunohistochemical test demonstrated that the native HCcyst-3 protein was predominantly localized at the body surface and internal surface of the worm's gut. We demonstrated that rHCcyst-3 could be distinguished by antisera from goat experimentally infected with H. contortus and could uptake by goat monocytes. The results showed that the engagement of rHCcyst-3 decreased the production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-12p40. However, it significantly increased the secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β1 in goat monocytes. After rHCcyst-3 exposure, the expression of MHC-II on goat monocytes was restricted. Moreover, rHCcyst-3 could upregulate LPS induced NO production of goat monocytes. Phagocytotic assay by FITC-dextran internalization showed that rHCcyst-3 inhibited the phagocytosis of goat monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that the recombinant cystatin from H. contortus (rHCcyst-3) significantly modulated goat monocyte function in multiple aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinchao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ehsan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoKai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - LiXin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - XiangRui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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Togre NS, Bhoj PS, Khatri VK, Tarnekar A, Goswami K, Shende MR, Reddy MVR. SXP-RAL Family Filarial Protein, rWbL2, Prevents Development of DSS-Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis. Indian J Clin Biochem 2017; 33:282-289. [PMID: 30072827 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-017-0671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Helminthic infections lead to the release of various molecules which play an important role in modulation of the host immune system. Such filarial proteins with immunomodulatory potential can be used for therapeutic purpose in inflammatory and immune mediated diseases. In the present study, we have explored the prophylactic effect of filarial SXP-RAL family protein of Wuchereria bancrofti i.e. rWbL2 protein in DSS induced inflammatory ulcerative colitis in a mouse model. Prior treatment of rWbL2, followed by induction of colitis, showed significantly reduced disease severity as indicated by the decreased disease manifestations and improved macroscopic and microscopic inflammation. This preventive effect was found to be associated with increased release of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and decreased release of proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17 by the splenocytes of treated mice. From this study, it can be envisaged that pretreatment with filarial protein, rWbL2, can prevent the establishment of ulcerative colitis in BALB/c mice. The underlying immunological mechanism may involve the up-regulation of Th2 immune response with down-regulation of Th1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namdev S Togre
- 1Department of Biochemistry, JB Tropical Disease Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, MS 442102 India
| | - Priyanka S Bhoj
- 1Department of Biochemistry, JB Tropical Disease Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, MS 442102 India
| | - Vishal K Khatri
- 1Department of Biochemistry, JB Tropical Disease Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, MS 442102 India
| | - Aditya Tarnekar
- 2Department of Anatomy, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, MS 442102 India
| | - Kalyan Goswami
- 1Department of Biochemistry, JB Tropical Disease Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, MS 442102 India
| | - Moreshwar R Shende
- 2Department of Anatomy, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, MS 442102 India
| | - M V R Reddy
- 1Department of Biochemistry, JB Tropical Disease Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, MS 442102 India
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Nascimento Santos L, Carvalho Pacheco LG, Silva Pinheiro C, Alcantara-Neves NM. Recombinant proteins of helminths with immunoregulatory properties and their possible therapeutic use. Acta Trop 2017; 166:202-211. [PMID: 27871775 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The inverse relationship between helminth infections and the development of immune-mediated diseases is a cornerstone of the hygiene hypothesis and studies were carried out to elucidate the mechanisms by which helminth-derived molecules can suppress immunological disorders. These studies have fostered the idea that parasitic worms may be used as a promising therapeutic alternative for prevention and treatment of immune-mediated diseases. We discuss the current approaches for identification of helminth proteins with potential immunoregulatory properties, including the strategies based on high-throughput technologies. We also explore the methodological approaches and expression systems used for production of the recombinant forms of more than 20 helminth immunomodulatory proteins, besides their performances when evaluated as immunotherapeutic molecules to treat different immune-mediated conditions, including asthma and inflammatory bowel diseases. Finally, we discuss the perspectives of using these parasite-derived recombinant molecules as tools for future immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis of human inflammatory diseases.
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41
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Chen L, He B, Hou W, He L. Cysteine protease inhibitor of Schistosoma japonicum - A parasite-derived negative immunoregulatory factor. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:901-908. [PMID: 28066871 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that cysteine protease inhibitors from some parasites have immunosuppressive effects on the host. We previously have cloned a novel cysteine protease inhibitor from Schistosoma japonicum and purified its recombinant version (protein named rSj-C). Its possible inhibitory effect on the host immune response has not been described.This study shows that rSj-C inhibits lysosomal cysteine protease of murine dendritic cells (DCs). After DCs were incubated with rSj-C and then with soluble adult worm antigen (AWA) of S. japonicum, the mean fluorescence intensity of MHC class II antigens on the surface of DCs decreased significantly by flow cytometry. These results indirectly proved that rSj-C can suppress exogenous-antigen presentation by DCs. The flow cytometric assay revealed that in comparison with control groups, the proportion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells among CD4+CD25+ T cells of Schistosom-infected mice increased significantly 8 weeks after the infected mice were injected with rSj-C (p ˂ 0.05). Additionally, the expression levels of cytokines IL-4 and TGF-β produced by T cells increased significantly as compared with these levels in the normal group (p ˂ 0.05). These results clearly show that the cysteine protease inhibitor from S. japonicum is a new parasite-derived immunosuppressive factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Baohua He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wei Hou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Li He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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42
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Gren ST, Janciauskiene S, Sandeep S, Jonigk D, Kvist PH, Gerwien JG, Håkansson K, Grip O. The protease inhibitor cystatin C down-regulates the release of IL-β and TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide activated monocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:811-822. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5a0415-174r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Nutman TB. Looking beyond the induction of Th2 responses to explain immunomodulation by helminths. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:304-13. [PMID: 25869527 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although helminth infections are characteristically associated with Th2-mediated responses that include the production of the prototypical cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 by CD4(+) cells, the production of IgE, peripheral blood eosinophilia and mucus production in localized sites, these responses are largely attenuated when helminth infections become less acute. This modulation of the immune response that occurs with chronic helminth infection is often induced by molecules secreted by helminth parasites, by non-Th2 regulatory CD4(+) cells, and by nonclassical B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. This review will focus on those parasite- and host-mediated mechanisms underlying the modulated T-cell response that occurs as the default in chronic helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Nutman
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Yadav RSP, Khatri V, Amdare N, Goswami K, Shivkumar VB, Gangane N, Reddy MVR. Immuno-Modulatory Effect and Therapeutic Potential of Brugia malayi Cystatin in Experimentally Induced Arthritis. Indian J Clin Biochem 2015; 31:203-8. [PMID: 27069328 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-015-0515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Helminths are known to modulate host's immune system and understanding this modulation can help in identification of novel therapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases. In this study, we have assessed the immune-modulatory activity and the therapeutic effect of Brugia malayi recombinant cystatin (rBmCys) in methylated BSA (mBSA) induced arthritis using rodent model. Administration of rBmCys has suppressed the severity of mBSA-arthritis in mastomys by reducing paw swelling and other clinical disease parameters as evident from significantly decreased arthritic index. The anti-arthritic effect of rBmCys was also confirmed by decreased histopathological score for synovitis, bone erosion and fibrosis in the tissue sections of paws. Further, this therapeutic effect of cystatin was found to be associated with significantly decreased production of IFN-γ and TNF-α and increased release of IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines. These results implied that rBmCys treatment has alleviated mBSA-induced arthritis and thus can be a promising alternative agent for the treatment of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Shankar Prasad Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry & JB Tropical Disease Research Center, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra 442 102 India
| | - Vishal Khatri
- Department of Biochemistry & JB Tropical Disease Research Center, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra 442 102 India
| | - Nitin Amdare
- Department of Biochemistry & JB Tropical Disease Research Center, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra 442 102 India
| | - Kalyan Goswami
- Department of Biochemistry & JB Tropical Disease Research Center, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra 442 102 India
| | - V B Shivkumar
- Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra 442 102 India
| | - Nitin Gangane
- Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra 442 102 India
| | - Maryada Venkata Rami Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry & JB Tropical Disease Research Center, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra 442 102 India
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Parasitic infection and immunomodulation: A possible explanation for the hygiene hypothesis in autoimmune and allergic disease. APOLLO MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apme.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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46
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Cloning, expression and characterisation of a type II cystatin from Schistosoma japonicum, which could regulate macrophage activation. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:3985-92. [PMID: 25096535 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cystatin play an important role in parasite immune evasion. It is involved in many immune responses processes regulations such as inhibiting antigen presentation, modifying cytokines production and macrophage polarization. In recent years, more and more cystatins were used in treating some inflammatory diseases such as asthma and inflammation bowel diseases; however, cystatins from Schistosoma japonicum were rarely studied. In the present study, we have cloned a cystatin from the adult stage of Schistosoma japonicum, named as SjCystatin, and its sequence shares conserved domains with other type II family cystatins. It was further verified by enzyme inhibition assays. SjCystatin retained its inhibitory activity under a wide range of pH values and temperatures, can maintain its inhibitory activity at pH 6.5-7.5 and 37 °C, respectively. Then, we investigated the effects of SjCystatin on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activated RAW264.7. Results showed that SjCystatin inhibit LPS-induced nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent manner. LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6 production began to be inhibited at least 6 h after SjCystatin stimulation. SjCystatin significantly increased IL-10 production at 6 h after stimulation and its effect on IL-10 production diminished quickly. These results imply that SjCystatin can induce M2 macrophage polarization and can be expected to serve as a potential drug source for the medication of inflammatory disorders like other cystatins.
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Metenou S, Coulibaly YI, Sturdevant D, Dolo H, Diallo AA, Soumaoro L, Coulibaly ME, Kanakabandi K, Porcella SF, Klion AD, Nutman TB. Highly heterogeneous, activated, and short-lived regulatory T cells during chronic filarial infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2036-47. [PMID: 24737144 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the increase in the numbers of regulatory T (Treg) cells in chronic infection settings remain unclear. Here we have delineated the phenotype and transcriptional profiles of Treg cells from 18 filarial-infected (Fil(+) ) and 19 filarial-uninfected (Fil(-) ) subjects. We found that the frequencies of Foxp3(+) Treg cells expressing CTLA-4, GITR, LAG-3, and IL-10 were significantly higher in Fil(+) subjects compared with that in Fil(-) subjects. Foxp3-expressing Treg-cell populations in Fil(+) subjects were also more heterogeneous and had higher expression of IL-10, CCL-4, IL-29, CTLA-4, and TGF-β than Fil(-) subjects, each of these cytokines having been implicated in immune suppression. Moreover, Foxp3-expressing Treg cells from Fil(+) subjects had markedly upregulated expression of activation-induced apoptotic genes with concomitant downregulation of those involved in cell survival. To determine whether the expression of apoptotic genes was due to Treg-cell activation, we found that the expression of CTLA-4, CDk8, RAD50, TNFRSF1A, FOXO3, and RHOA were significantly upregulated in stimulated cells compared with unstimulated cells. Taken together, our results suggest that in patent filarial infection, the expanded Treg-cell populations are heterogeneous, short-lived, activated, and express higher levels of molecules known to modulate immune responsiveness, suggesting that filarial infection is associated with high Treg-cell turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Metenou
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Santos LN, Gallo MBC, Silva ES, Figueiredo CAV, Cooper PJ, Barreto ML, Loureiro S, Pontes-de-Carvalho LC, Alcantara-Neves NM. A proteomic approach to identify proteins from Trichuris trichiura extract with immunomodulatory effects. Parasite Immunol 2014; 35:188-93. [PMID: 23398517 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Infections with Trichuris trichiura and other trichurid nematodes have been reported to display protective effects against atopy, allergic and autoimmune diseases. The aims of the present study were to investigate the immunomodulatory properties of T. trichiura adult worm extract (TtE) and its fractions (TtEFs) on the production of cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and to identify their proteinaceous components. Fourteen TtEFs were obtained by ion exchange chromatography and tested for effects on cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The molecular constituents of the six most active fractions were evaluated using nano-LC/mass spectrometry. The homology between T. trichiura and the related nematode Trichinella spiralis was used to identify 12 proteins in TtEFs. Among those identified, fructose biphosphate aldolase, a homologue of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and heat-shock protein 70 may contribute to the immunomodulatory effects of TtEFs. The identification of such proteins could lead to the development of novel drugs for the therapy of allergic and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Santos
- Departamento de Ciências da Biointeração, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Structural basis for the immunomodulatory function of cysteine protease inhibitor from human roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96069. [PMID: 24781326 PMCID: PMC4004552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression associated with infections of nematode parasites has been documented. Cysteine protease inhibitor (CPI) released by the nematode parasites is identified as one of the major modulators of host immune response. In this report, we demonstrated that the recombinant CPI protein of Ascaris lumbricoides (Al-CPI) strongly inhibited the activities of cathepsin L, C, S, and showed weaker effect to cathepsin B. Crystal structure of Al-CPI was determined to 2.1 Å resolution. Two segments of Al-CPI, loop 1 and loop 2, were proposed as the key structure motifs responsible for Al-CPI binding with proteases and its inhibitory activity. Mutations at loop 1 and loop 2 abrogated the protease inhibition activity to various extents. These results provide the molecular insight into the interaction between the nematode parasite and its host and will facilitate the development of anthelmintic agents or design of anti-autoimmune disease drugs.
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Immune recognition of Onchocerca volvulus proteins in the human host and animal models of onchocerciasis. J Helminthol 2014; 89:375-86. [PMID: 24721822 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x14000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Onchocerca volvulus is a tissue-dwelling, vector-borne nematode parasite of humans and is the causative agent of onchocerciasis or river blindness. Natural infections of BALB/c mice with Litomosoides sigmodontis and of cattle with Onchocerca ochengi were used as models to study the immune responses to O. volvulus-derived recombinant proteins (OvALT-2, OvNLT-1, Ov103 and Ov7). The humoral immune response of O. volvulus-infected humans against OvALT-2, OvNLT-1 and Ov7 revealed pronounced immunoglobulin G (IgG) titres which were, however, significantly lower than against the lysate of O. volvulus adult female worms. Sera derived from patients displaying the hyperreactive form of onchocerciasis showed a uniform trend of higher IgG reactivity both to the single proteins and the O. volvulus lysate. Sera derived from L. sigmodontis-infected mice and from calves exposed to O. ochengi transmission in a hyperendemic area also contained IgM and IgG1 specific for O. volvulus-derived recombinant proteins. These results strongly suggest that L. sigmodontis-specific and O. ochengi-specific immunoglobulins elicited during natural infection of mice and cattle cross-reacted with O. volvulus-derived recombinant antigens. Monitoring O. ochengi-infected calves over a 26-month period, provided a comprehensive kinetic of the humoral response to infection that was strictly correlated with parasite load and occurrence of microfilariae.
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