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Rajasekaran K, Guan X, Tafazzol A, Hamidi H, Darwish M, Yadav M. Tetramer-aided sorting and single-cell RNA sequencing facilitate transcriptional profiling of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Transl Oncol 2022; 27:101559. [PMID: 36279715 PMCID: PMC9594627 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in single-cell technologies and an improved understanding of tumor antigens have empowered researchers to investigate tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells at the single-cell level. Peptide-MHC I tetramers are often utilized to enrich antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, which however, introduces the undesired risk of altering their clonal distribution or their transcriptional state. This study addresses the feasibility of utilizing tetramers to enrich antigen-specific CD8+ T cells for single-cell analysis. METHODS HLA-A*02:01-restricted human cytomegalovirus (CMV) pp65 peptide-specific CD8+ T cells were used as a model for analyzing antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing and TCR sequencing were performed to compare the frequency and gene expression profile of pp65-specific TCR clones between tetramer-sorted, unstimulated- and tetramer-stimulated total CD8+ T cells. RESULTS The relative frequency of pp65-specific TCR clones and their transcriptional profile remained largely unchanged following tetramer-based sorting. In contrast, tetramer-mediated stimulation of CD8+ T cells resulted in significant gene expression changes in pp65-specific CD8+ T cells. An Antigen-Specific Response (ASR) gene signature was derived from tetramer-stimulated pp65-specific CD8+ T cells. The ASR signature had a predictive value and was significantly associated with progression free survival in lung cancer patients treated with anti-PD-L1, anti-VEGF, chemotherapy combination (NCT02366143). The predictive power of the ASR signature was independent of the conventional CD8 effector signature. CONCLUSIONS Our findings validate the approach of enriching antigen-specific CD8+ T cells through tetramer-aided Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) sorting for single-cell analysis and also identifies an ASR gene signature that has value in predicting response to cancer immunotherapy.
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Sahoo A, Mukherjee D, Mahata D, Mukherjee G. Peptide–MHC complexes: dressing up to manipulate T cells against autoimmunity and cancer. Immunotherapy 2022; 14:337-350. [PMID: 35152723 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specificity of T cells provides important clues to the pathogenesis of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases and immune-evasion strategies of tumors. Identification of T cell clones involved in autoimmunity or cancer is achieved with soluble peptide–MHC (pMHC) complex multimers. Importantly, these complexes can also be used to manipulate disease-relevant T cells to restore homeostasis of T cell-mediated immune response. While auto-antigen-specific T cells can be deleted or anergized by T cell receptor engagement with cognate pMHC complexes in the absence of costimulation, integration of these complexes in artificial antigen-presenting systems can activate tumor antigen-specific T cells. Here the authors discuss the advancements in pMHC-complex-mediated immunotherapeutic strategies in autoimmunity and cancer and identify the lacunae in these strategies that need to be addressed to facilitate clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Sahoo
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Debangshu Mukherjee
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Mahata
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Gayatri Mukherjee
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
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3
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Chang J. MHC multimer: A Molecular Toolbox for Immunologists. Mol Cells 2021; 44:328-334. [PMID: 33972472 PMCID: PMC8175149 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) multimer technology has led to a breakthrough in the quantification and analysis of antigen-specific T cells. In particular, this technology has dramatically advanced the measurement and analysis of CD8 T cells and is being applied more widely. In addition, the scope of application of MHC multimer technology is gradually expanding to other T cells such as CD4 T cells, natural killer T cells, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. MHC multimer technology acts by complementing the T-cell receptor-MHC/peptide complex affinity, which is relatively low compared to antigen-antibody affinity, through a multivalent interaction. The application of MHC multimer technology has expanded to include various functions such as quantification and analysis of antigen-specific T cells, cell sorting, depletion, stimulation to replace antigen-presenting cells, and single-cell classification through DNA barcodes. This review aims to provide the latest knowledge of MHC multimer technology, which is constantly evolving, broaden understanding of this technology, and promote its widespread use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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García-Ríos E, Nuévalos M, Mancebo FJ, Pérez-Romero P. Is It Feasible to Use CMV-Specific T-Cell Adoptive Transfer as Treatment Against Infection in SOT Recipients? Front Immunol 2021; 12:657144. [PMID: 33968058 PMCID: PMC8104120 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.657144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, many studies have demonstrated the role of CMV specific T-cell immune response on controlling CMV replication and dissemination. In fact, it is well established that transplanted patients lacking CMV-specific T-cell immunity have an increased occurrence of CMV replication episodes and CMV-related complications. In this context, the use of adoptive transfer of CMV-specific T-cells has been widely investigated and applied to Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant patients and may be useful as a therapeutic alternative, to reconstitute the CMV specific T-cell response and to control CMV viremia in patients receiving a transplantation. However, only few authors have explored the use of T-cell adoptive transfer in SOT recipients. We propose a novel review in which we provide an overview of the impact of using CMV-specific T-cell adoptive transfer on the control of CMV infection in SOT recipients, the different approaches to stimulate, isolate and expand CMV-specific T-cells developed over the years and a discussion of the possible use of CMV adoptive cellular therapy in this SOT population. Given the timeliness and importance of this topic, we believe that such an analysis will provide important insights into CMV infection and its treatment/prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estéfani García-Ríos
- National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Marcos Nuévalos
- National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Francisco J Mancebo
- National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Pilar Pérez-Romero
- National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
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5
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Effenberger M, Stengl A, Schober K, Gerget M, Kampick M, Müller TR, Schumacher D, Helma J, Leonhardt H, Busch DH. FLEXamers: A Double Tag for Universal Generation of Versatile Peptide-MHC Multimers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2164-2171. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Schappert A, Schneck JP, Suarez L, Oelke M, Schütz C. Soluble MHC class I complexes for targeted immunotherapy. Life Sci 2018; 209:255-258. [PMID: 30102903 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) have been used for more than two decades in clinical and pre-clinical approaches of tumor immunotherapy. They have been proven efficient for detecting anti-tumor-specific T cells when utilized as soluble multimers, immobilized on cells or artificial structures such as artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPC) and have been shown to generate effective anti-tumor responses. In this review we summarize the use of soluble MHC class I complexes in tumor vaccination studies, highlighting the different strategies and their contradicting results. In summary, we believe that soluble MHC class I molecules represent an exciting tool with great potential to impact the understanding and development of immunotherapeutic approaches on many levels from monitoring to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schappert
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Division of Immunology, Langen, Germany; Medical Clinic 1, University Hospital/Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Jonathan P Schneck
- Institute of Cell Engineering, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Serra P, Santamaria P. Nanoparticle-based approaches to immune tolerance for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:751-756. [PMID: 29427438 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are caused by antigenically complex immune responses of the adaptive and innate immune system against specific cells, tissues or organs. Antigen-specific approaches for induction of immune tolerance in autoimmunity, based on the use of antigenic peptides or proteins, have failed to deliver the desired therapeutic results in clinical trials. These approaches, which are largely relying on triggering clonal anergy and/or deletion of defined autoreactive specificities, do not address the overwhelming antigenic, molecular, and cellular complexity of most autoimmune diseases, which involve various immune cells and ever-growing repertoires of antigenic epitopes on numerous self-antigens. Advances in the field of regulatory T-cell (Treg) biology have suggested that Treg cells might be able to afford dominant tolerance provided they are properly activated and expanded in vivo. More recently, nanotechnology has introduced novel technical advances capable of modulating immune responses. Here, we review nanoparticle-based approaches designed to induce immune tolerance, ranging from approaches that primarily trigger clonal T-cell anergy or deletion to approaches that trigger Treg cell formation and expansion from autoreactive T-cell effectors. We will also highlight the therapeutic potential and positive outcomes in numerous experimental models of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Serra
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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8
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Schober K, Busch DH. TIL 2.0: More effective and predictive T-cell products by enrichment for defined antigen specificities. Eur J Immunol 2017; 46:1335-9. [PMID: 27280482 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of in vitro-expanded T cells derived from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in melanoma patients started the era of tumor immunotherapy three decades ago. The approach has demonstrated remarkable clinical responses in several studies since. Reinfusion of TIL-derived T cells represents a highly personalized form of immunotherapy, taking into account the enormous interindividual tumor heterogeneity. However, despite its successes, TIL therapy does not lead to objective clinical responses in all cases. It is thus crucial to find out which tumor antigens are particularly valuable targets and to develop strategies to enhance the reactivity of T-cell products toward them. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Kelderman et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2016. 46: 1351-1360] present a platform for the generation of antigen-specific TIL therapy. Combining recently developed technologies for clinical identification and enrichment of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, such as MHC Streptamers and UV-mediated peptide exchange, the authors could enrich T-cell populations with defined antigen specificities from melanoma-derived TILs. This T-cell product showed higher reactivity against autologous tumor cell lines than bulk TIL-derived T cells. The novel platform might enable the generation of more effective and predictable TIL-derived T-cell products for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Schober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,DZIF - National Centre for Infection Research, Munich, Germany.,Focus Group "Clinical Cell Processing and Purification,", Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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9
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Wang W, Shahzad KA, Li M, Zhang A, Zhang L, Xu T, Wan X, Shen C. An Antigen-Presenting and Apoptosis-Inducing Polymer Microparticle Prolongs Alloskin Graft Survival by Selectively and Markedly Depleting Alloreactive CD8 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28649247 PMCID: PMC5465244 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Selectively depleting the pathogenic T cells is a fundamental strategy for the treatment of allograft rejection and autoimmune disease since it retains the overall immune function of host. The concept of killer artificial antigen-presenting cells (KaAPCs) has been developed by co-coupling peptide–major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) multimer and anti-Fas monoclonal antibody (mAb) onto the polymeric microparticles (MPs) to induce the apoptosis of antigen-specific T cells. But little information is available about its in vivo therapeutic potential and mechanism. In this study, polyethylenimine (PEI)-coated poly lactic-co-glycolic acid microparticle (PLGA MP) was fabricated as a cell-sized scaffold to covalently co-couple H-2Kb-Ig dimer and anti-Fas mAb for the generation of alloantigen-presenting and apoptosis-inducing MPs. Intravenous infusions of the biodegradable KaAPCs prolonged the alloskin graft survival for 43 days in a single MHC-mismatched murine model, depleted the most of H-2Kb-alloreactive CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood, spleen, and alloskin graft in an antigen-specific manner and anti-Fas-dependent fashion. The cell-sized KaAPCs circulated throughout vasculature into liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, lung, and heart, but few ones into local allograft at early stage, with a retention time up to 36 h in vivo. They colocalized with CD8+ T cells in secondary lymphoid organs while few ones contacted with CD4+ T cells, B cells, macrophage, and dendritic cells, or internalized by phagocytes. Importantly, the KaAPC treatment did not significantly impair the native T cell repertoire or non-pathogenic immune cells, did not obviously suppress the overall immune function of host, and did not lead to visible organ toxicity. Our results strongly document the high potential of PLGA MP-based KaAPCs as a novel antigen-specific immunotherapy for allograft rejection and autoimmune disorder. The in vivo mechanism of alloinhibition, tissue distribution, and biosafety were also initially characterized, which will facilitate its translational studies from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Khawar Ali Shahzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Miaochen Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Aifeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuanlai Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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10
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Maślanka T, Ziółkowska N, Ziółkowski H, Małaczewska J. CD25+CD127+Foxp3- Cells Represent a Major Subpopulation of CD8+ T Cells in the Eye Chambers of Normal Mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170021. [PMID: 28081241 PMCID: PMC5231362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study has been to determine whether eye chambers constitute part of the normal migratory pathway of naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in mouse and if natural CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ and CD8+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells are present within these eye compartments. To this aim, the cells obtained from aqueous humor (AH) of normal mice were phenotyped in terms of the expression CD4, CD8, CD25, CD127 and transcription factor Foxp3. The mean percentage of CD8+ T cells in the total AH lymphocyte population was as high as 28.69%; the mean percentage of CD8high and CD8low cells in this population was 34.09% and 65.91%, respectively. The presence of cells with the regulatory phenotype, i.e. CD25+Foxp3+ cells, constituted only 0.32% of CD8+ T cell subset. Regarding the expression of CD25, AH CD8+ T cells were an exceptional population in that nearly 85% of these cells expressed this molecule without concomitant Foxp3 expression. Despite having this phenotype, they should not be viewed as activated cells because most of them co-expressed CD127, which indicates that they are naive lymphocytes. With regard to the markers applied in the present research, CD8+CD25+CD127+Foxp3- T cells represent the most numerous subset of AH CD8+ cells. The results suggest that eye chambers in mice are an element in the normal migratory pathway of naive CD8+ T cells. The study presented herein demonstrated only trace presence of CD4+ cells in the eye chambers, as the mean percentage of these cells was just 0.56. Such selective and specific homing of CD8+ and CD4+ cells to the eye chambers is most clearly engaged in the induction and maintenance of ocular immune privilege.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Maślanka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Natalia Ziółkowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Hubert Ziółkowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Małaczewska
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Tzannou I, Leen AM. Preventing stem cell transplantation-associated viral infections using T-cell therapy. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:793-810. [PMID: 26250410 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the treatment of choice for many hematologic malignancies and genetic diseases. However, viral infections continue to account for substantial post-transplant morbidity and mortality. While antiviral drugs are available against some viruses, they are associated with significant side effects and are frequently ineffective. This review focuses on the immunotherapeutic strategies that have been used to prevent and treat infections over the past 20 years and outlines different refinements that have been introduced with the goal of moving this therapy beyond specialized academic centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifigeneia Tzannou
- Center for Cell & Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital & Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Street, Suite 1770, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ann M Leen
- Center for Cell & Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital & Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Street, Suite 1770, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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12
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Getts DR, Shea LD, Miller SD, King NJC. Harnessing nanoparticles for immune modulation. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:419-27. [PMID: 26088391 PMCID: PMC4603374 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
NPs can be generated from numerous biocompatible compounds. Specific physiochemical characteristics can be manipulated to modulate the immune response. Severe inflammation can be treated using NP-based approaches. Antigen delivery via NPs can restore peripheral immune tolerance.
Recent approaches using nanoparticles engineered for immune regulation have yielded promising results in preclinical models of disease. The number of nanoparticle therapies is growing, fueled by innovations in nanotechnology and advances in understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases. In particular, recent mechanistic insight into the ways in which nanoparticles interact with the mononuclear phagocyte system and impact its function during homeostasis and inflammation have highlighted the potential of nanoparticle-based therapies for controlling severe inflammation while concurrently restoring peripheral immune tolerance in autoimmune disease. Here we review recent advances in nanoparticle-based approaches aimed at immune-modulation, and discuss these in the context of concepts in polymeric nanoparticle development, including particle modification, delivery and the factors associated with successful clinical deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Getts
- The Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Cour Pharmaceutical Development Company, Elmhurst, IL, USA.
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas J C King
- The Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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13
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Wang W, Fang K, Wang X, Li M, Wu Y, Chen F, Shahzad KA, Gu N, Shen C. Antigen-Specific Killer Polylactic-Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) Microspheres Can Prolong Alloskin Graft Survival in a Murine Model. Immunol Invest 2015; 44:385-99. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1014098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Odendahl M, Grigoleit GU, Bönig H, Neuenhahn M, Albrecht J, Anderl F, Germeroth L, Schmitz M, Bornhäuser M, Einsele H, Seifried E, Busch DH, Tonn T. Clinical-scale isolation of 'minimally manipulated' cytomegalovirus-specific donor lymphocytes for the treatment of refractory cytomegalovirus disease. Cytotherapy 2015; 16:1245-56. [PMID: 25108651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains a major cause of morbidity despite improved antiviral drug therapies. Selective restoration of CMV immunity by adoptive transfer of CMV-specific T cells is the only alternative approach that has been shown to be effective and non-toxic. We describe the results of clinical-scale isolations of CMV-specific donor lymphocytes with the use of a major histocompatibility (MHC) class I peptide streptamer-based isolation method that yields minimally manipulated cytotoxic T cells of high purity. METHODS Enrichment of CMV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) was performed by labeling 1 × 10(10) leukocytes from a non-mobilized mononuclear cell (MNC) apheresis with MHC class I streptamers and magnetic beads. Thereafter, positively labeled CMV-specific CTLs were isolated through the use of CliniMACS (magnetic-activated cell sorting), and MHC streptamers were released through the use of d-biotin. The purity of enriched CMV-specific CTLs was determined on the basis of MHC streptamer staining and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. RESULTS A total of 22 processes were performed with the use of five different MHC class I streptamers. The median frequency of CMV-specific CTLs in the starting apheresis product was 0.41% among CD3+ T cells. The isolation process yielded a total of 7.77 × 10(6) CMV-specific CTLs, with a median purity of 90.2%. Selection reagents were effectively removed from the final cell product; the CMV-specific CTLs displayed excellent viability and cytotoxicity and were stable for at least 72 h at 4°C after MNC collection. CONCLUSIONS Clinical-scale isolation of "minimally manipulated" CMV-specific donor CTLs through the use of MHC class I streptamers is feasible and yields functional CTLs at clinically relevant dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Odendahl
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany
| | - G Ulrich Grigoleit
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Haematology and Oncology, Julius Maximilian University Medical Centre, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Halvard Bönig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, Goethe University Medical Centre, and German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Neuenhahn
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Albrecht
- Clinical Cooperation Group 'Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Centre Munich (Neuherberg) and TUM, Germany
| | - Florian Anderl
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Marc Schmitz
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, Dresden University of Technology (TUD), Dresden and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Bornhäuser
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital of Dresden, Dresden, Germany and CRTD, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Haematology and Oncology, Julius Maximilian University Medical Centre, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Erhard Seifried
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, Dresden University of Technology (TUD), Dresden and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group 'Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Centre Munich (Neuherberg) and TUM, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group 'Antigen-specific Immunotherapy, Helmholtz Centre Munich (Neuherberg) and TUM, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Torsten Tonn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany; Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden and CRTD, Dresden, Germany.
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15
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Perica K, Kosmides AK, Schneck JP. Linking form to function: Biophysical aspects of artificial antigen presenting cell design. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1853:781-90. [PMID: 25200637 PMCID: PMC4344884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) are engineered platforms for T cell activation and expansion, synthesized by coupling T cell activating proteins to the surface of cell lines or biocompatible particles. They can serve both as model systems to study the basic aspects of T cell signaling and translationally as novel approaches for either active or adoptive immunotherapy. Historically, these reductionist systems have not been designed to mimic the temporally and spatially complex interactions observed during endogenous T cell-APC contact, which include receptor organization at both micro- and nanoscales and dynamic changes in cell and membrane morphologies. Here, we review how particle size and shape, as well as heterogenous distribution of T cell activating proteins on the particle surface, are critical aspects of aAPC design. In doing so, we demonstrate how insights derived from endogenous T cell activation can be applied to optimize aAPC, and in turn how aAPC platforms can be used to better understand endogenous T cell stimulation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nanoscale membrane organisation and signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlo Perica
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alyssa K Kosmides
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan P Schneck
- Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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16
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Serra P, Santamaria P. Nanoparticle-based autoimmune disease therapy. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:3-13. [PMID: 25704658 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The goal of immunotherapy against autoimmunity is to block pathogenic inflammation without impairing immunity against infections and tumours. Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) play a central role in maintaining immune homeostasis, and autoimmune inflammation is frequently associated with decreased numbers and/or function of these T-cells. Therapies harnessing Tregs to treat autoimmune inflammation remain under-developed with caveats ranging from the lack of antigenic and disease specificity to the potential phenotypic and functional instability of in vitro-expanded Treg cells in vivo. Here, we review nanotechnology-based approaches designed to promote immune tolerance through various mechanisms, ranging from systemic or local suppression of antigen-presenting cells and deletion of antigen-specific T-cells, to the systemic expansion of antigen- and disease-specific Treg cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Serra
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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17
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Fulton RB, Hamilton SE, Xing Y, Best JA, Goldrath AW, Hogquist KA, Jameson SC. The TCR's sensitivity to self peptide-MHC dictates the ability of naive CD8(+) T cells to respond to foreign antigens. Nat Immunol 2014; 16:107-17. [PMID: 25419629 PMCID: PMC4270846 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The strength of self-peptide–major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
recognition dictates naïve CD8+ T cell homeostasis, but its
effect on foreign antigen reactivity is controversial. As CD5 expression correlates with
self-recognition, we studied CD5lo and CD5hi naïve
CD8+ T cells. Gene expression characteristics suggested
CD5hi cells were better poised for reactivity and differentiation compared to
the CD5lo population, and we found that the CD5hi pool exhibited
more efficient clonal recruitment and expansion, as well as enhanced reactivity to
inflammatory cues, during recognition of foreign antigen. Yet foreign peptide–MHC
recognition was similar for both subsets. Thus, CD8+ T cells with
higher self-reactivity dominate the immune response against foreign antigens, with
implications for T cell repertoire diversity and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross B Fulton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sara E Hamilton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yan Xing
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - J Adam Best
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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18
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Schütz C, Zoso A, Peng S, Bennett JD, Schneck JP, Oelke M. MHC-Ig induces memory T cell formation in vivo and inhibits tumour growth. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2014; 2:181-92. [PMID: 25505552 PMCID: PMC4257763 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Induction of a T cell mediated immune response is critical for the eradication of viral infections and tumours. Soluble peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex-Ig (pep−MHC-Ig) have been shown to bind their cognate ligands, T cell receptor, with high affinity, and are successfully used to visualize antigen-specific T cells. Furthermore, immobilized pep−MHC-Ig can activate and expand antigen-specific T cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigate the use of pep−MHC-Ig as a potential strategy to modulate antigen specific T cell immune responses in vivo. SIY−Kb-Ig immunization, together with the pre-activation by an anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, is able to stimulate a strong expansion of adoptively transferred 2C transgenic T cells and the formation of long term antigen-specific memory T cells. In addition, mechanistic studies show that the pep−MHC-Ig molecules directly activate T cells in vivo without requiring uptake and reprocessing by antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, B6 mice immunized with pep−MHC-Ig molecules inhibit tumour growth in a B16-SIY melanoma prevention model. Thus, soluble pep−MHC-Ig molecules represent a powerful tool for active immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schütz
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Institute of Cell Engineering Baltimore, Maryland, 21205
| | - Alessia Zoso
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miami, Florida, 33136
| | - Shiwen Peng
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Baltimore, Maryland, 21205
| | - Jonathon D Bennett
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Jonathan P Schneck
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Institute of Cell Engineering Baltimore, Maryland, 21205
| | - Mathias Oelke
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Institute of Cell Engineering Baltimore, Maryland, 21205
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19
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Ramírez N, Beloki L, Ciaúrriz M, Rodríguez-Calvillo M, Escors D, Mansilla C, Bandrés E, Olavarría E. Impact of T cell selection methods in the success of clinical adoptive immunotherapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1211-24. [PMID: 24077876 PMCID: PMC11113470 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy regular regimens used for conditioning of recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) induce a period of transient profound immunosuppression. The onset of a competent immunological response, such as the appearance of viral-specific T cells, is associated with a lower incidence of viral infections after haematopoietic transplantation. The rapid development of immunodominant peptide virus screening together with advances in the design of genetic and non-genetic viral- and tumoural-specific cellular selection strategies have opened new strategies for cellular immunotherapy in oncologic recipients who are highly sensitive to viral infections. However, the rapid development of cellular immunotherapy in SCT has disclosed the role of the T cell selection method in the modulation of functional cell activity and of in vivo secondary effects triggered following immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ramírez
- Oncohematology Research Group, Navarrabiomed, Miguel Servet Foundation, Irunlarrea 3 Street, 31008 Pamplona, Navarre Spain
| | - Lorea Beloki
- Oncohematology Research Group, Navarrabiomed, Miguel Servet Foundation, Irunlarrea 3 Street, 31008 Pamplona, Navarre Spain
| | - Miriam Ciaúrriz
- Oncohematology Research Group, Navarrabiomed, Miguel Servet Foundation, Irunlarrea 3 Street, 31008 Pamplona, Navarre Spain
| | - Mercedes Rodríguez-Calvillo
- Department of Haematology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Navarra Health Service, Irunlarrea 3 Street, 31008 Pamplona, Navarre Spain
| | - David Escors
- Immunomodulation Research Group, Navarrabiomed, Miguel Servet Foundation, Pamplona, Navarre Spain
| | - Cristina Mansilla
- Oncohematology Research Group, Navarrabiomed, Miguel Servet Foundation, Irunlarrea 3 Street, 31008 Pamplona, Navarre Spain
| | - Eva Bandrés
- Immunology Unit, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Navarra Health Service, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Olavarría
- Oncohematology Research Group, Navarrabiomed, Miguel Servet Foundation, Irunlarrea 3 Street, 31008 Pamplona, Navarre Spain
- Department of Haematology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Navarra Health Service, Irunlarrea 3 Street, 31008 Pamplona, Navarre Spain
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20
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Accelerating immune reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Transl Immunology 2014; 3:e11. [PMID: 25505959 PMCID: PMC4232061 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2014.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Pharmacologic agents are effective against some pathogens, but they are costly and can be associated with significant toxicities. Thus, many groups have investigated adoptive T-cell transfer as a means of hastening immune reconstitution and preventing and treating viral infections. This review discusses the immunotherapeutic strategies that have been explored.
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21
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Hess SM, Young EF, Miller KR, Vincent BG, Buntzman AS, Collins EJ, Frelinger JA, Hess PR. Deletion of naïve T cells recognizing the minor histocompatibility antigen HY with toxin-coupled peptide-MHC class I tetramers inhibits cognate CTL responses and alters immunodominance. Transpl Immunol 2013; 29:138-45. [PMID: 24161680 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alloreactive T-cell responses directed against minor histocompatibility (H) antigens, which arise from diverse genetic disparities between donor and recipient outside the MHC, are an important cause of rejection of MHC-matched grafts. Because clinically significant responses appear to be directed at only a few antigens, the selective deletion of naïve T cells recognizing donor-specific, immunodominant minor H antigens in recipients before transplantation may be a useful tolerogenic strategy. We have previously demonstrated that peptide-MHC class I tetramers coupled to a toxin can efficiently eliminate specific TCR-transgenic T cells in vivo. Here, using the minor histocompatibility antigen HY as a model, we investigated whether toxic tetramers could inhibit the subsequent priming of the two H2-D(b)-restricted, immunodominant T-cell responses by deleting precursor CTL. Immunization of female mice with male bone marrow elicited robust CTL activity against the Uty and Smcy epitopes, with Uty constituting the major response. As hypothesized, toxic tetramer administration prior to immunization increased survival of cognate peptide-pulsed cells in an in vivo CTL assay, and reduced the frequency of corresponding T cells. However, tetramer-mediated decreases in either T-cell population magnified CTL responses against the non-targeted epitope, suggesting that D(b)-Uty(+) and D(b)-Smcy(+) T cells compete for a limited common resource during priming. Toxic tetramers conceivably could be used in combination to dissect manipulate CD8(+) T-cell immunodominance hierarchies, and to prevent the induction of donor-specific, minor H antigen CTL responses in allotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Hess
- Immunology Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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22
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Viral-specific adoptive immunotherapy after allo-SCT: the role of multimer-based selection strategies. Bone Marrow Transplant 2013; 48:1265-70. [PMID: 23318538 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2012.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recipients of hematopoietic SCT undergo a period of profound immunosuppression due to the chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy used for the conditioning and to the graft versus host reaction. SCT patients are highly susceptible to the development of viral infections such as CMV or EBV. The achievement of a competent immunological response, such as viral-specific T cells, is associated with a lower incidence of viral infections. Methods for direct identification of antigen-specific T cells have been based on the functional characteristics of these T cells. Techniques such as proliferation and ELISPOT assays, intracellular cytokine staining and IFN-γ capture have been used to quantitate and obtain viral-specific T cells. Multimers are composed of several MHC molecules loaded with immunodominant peptides joined to a fluorescent molecule, which signal can be quantified by a flow cytometer. Multimer technology together with recent advances in flow cytometry, have facilitated the monitoring and selection of antigen-specific T cells without the need for in vitro cultures and manipulation. This has resulted in a better characterization of the function and phenotype of the different subpopulations of T cells involved in the immune recovery post allogeneic SCT. It is becoming a distinct possibility to isolate individual antigen-specific T cells, without long-term culture techniques, and potentially use them as adoptive immunotherapy in the SCT setting.
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23
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Wang XC, Pang H, Xu X, Schmitt A, Freund M, Schmitt M, Chen BA. Streptamer versus tetramer-based selection of functional cytomegalovirus-specific T cells. J Formos Med Assoc 2012; 112:338-45. [PMID: 23787011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease constitutes a serious complication after stem cell transplantation and has been treated by adoptive transfer of donor-derived CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells. CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells were selected by multimers, and the technologies may alter the function of these T cells. Therefore, here we evaluated the impact of multimer reagents on the function of CD8(+) T lymphocytes. METHODS CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells were purified from the peripheral blood of donors using tetra- and streptamer technologies. The functional status of purified CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells was assessed by multiparametric immunophenotyping and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester proliferation assays as well as by enzyme-linked immunospot assays. RESULTS A similar percentage of CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells could be purified by both tetra- (90%) and streptamer (92%) technologies. That constitutes a 30- to 50-fold concentration of CMV-specific CD8(+)CD45RA(+)CCR7-effector T cells. Selected cells secreted interferon-gamma and granzyme B upon stimulation with CMVpp65 peptide, thus demonstrating their functionality. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that both tetra- and streptamer technologies can be used to purify CMV-specific cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells for adoptive T-cell transfer. Both multimer technologies did not have any negative influence on the proliferation of selected T cells. Importantly, streptamer technology is available at good manufacturing practice level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Chao Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The need to control donor-reactive T cell memory for successful organ transplantation is widely acknowledged. Alloreactive memory T cells are present in many human transplant recipients prior to transplantation and are less susceptible to the effects of currently used immunosuppression than naïve T cells. This review brings together recent advances in various fields of immunology that are potentially applicable for targeting memory T cells in sensitized transplant patients. RECENT FINDINGS The topics of the discussion are evoked by the latest findings on immunobiology of memory T cells and include functional diversity of T-cell memory, characteristic features of memory T-cell homeostasis and signaling, costimulatory requirements of memory T cells and their susceptibility to regulation. SUMMARY Despite apparent resistance of memory T cells to currently used therapies, recent findings suggest that recall responses by memory T cells can be controlled at many different levels. Use of this information may facilitate development of future tools managing T-cell memory in transplant settings.
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25
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Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is used for HSCT. It is known that UCB can comprise Ag-specific T cells. Here we question whether solely transmaternal cell flow may immunize UCB. Twenty-three female UCB samples were collected from healthy mothers and analyzed for minor histocompatibility Ag HY-specific responses. Forty-two of 104 tetramer(pos) T-cell clones, isolated from 16 of 17 UCB samples, showed male-specific lysis in vitro. Male microchimerism was present in 6 of 12 UCB samples analyzed. In conclusion, female UCB comprises HY-specific cytotoxic T cells. The immunization is presumably caused by transmaternal cell flow of male microchimerism present in the mother. The presence of immune cells in UCB that are not directed against maternal foreign Ags is remarkable and may explain the reported clinical observation of improved HSCT outcome with younger sibling donors.
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26
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Gojanovich GS, Murray SL, Buntzman AS, Young EF, Vincent BG, Hess PR. The use of peptide-major-histocompatibility-complex multimers in type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2012; 6:515-24. [PMID: 22768881 DOI: 10.1177/193229681200600305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II molecules present short peptides that are derived from endogenous and exogenous proteins, respectively, to cognate T-cell receptors (TCRs) on the surface of T cells. The exquisite specificity with which T cells recognize particular peptide-major-histocompatibility-complex (pMHC) combinations has permitted development of soluble pMHC multimers that bind exclusively to selected T-cell populations. Because the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is driven largely by islet-reactive T-cell activity that causes β-cell death, these reagents are useful tools for studying and, potentially, for treating this disease. When coupled to fluorophores or paramagnetic nanoparticles, pMHC multimers have been used to visualize the expansion and islet invasion of T-cell effectors during diabetogenesis. Administration of pMHC multimers to mice has been shown to modulate T-cell responses by signaling through the TCR or by delivering a toxic moiety that deletes the targeted T cell. In the nonobese diabetic mouse model of T1DM, a pMHC-I tetramer coupled to a potent ribosome-inactivating toxin caused long-term elimination of a specific diabetogenic cluster of differentiation 8+ T-cell population from the pancreatic islets and delayed the onset of diabetes. This review will provide an overview of the development and use of pMHC multimers, particularly in T1DM, and describe the therapeutic promise these reagents have as an antigen-specific means of ameliorating deleterious T-cell responses in this autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg S Gojanovich
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
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27
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Davis MM, Altman JD, Newell EW. Interrogating the repertoire: broadening the scope of peptide-MHC multimer analysis. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:551-8. [PMID: 21760610 PMCID: PMC3699324 DOI: 10.1038/nri3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Labelling antigen-specific T cells with peptide-MHC multimers has provided an invaluable way to monitor T cell-mediated immune responses. A number of recent developments in this technology have made these multimers much easier to make and use in large numbers. Furthermore, enrichment techniques have provided a greatly increased sensitivity that allows the analysis of the naive T cell repertoire directly. Thus, we can expect a flood of new information to emerge in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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28
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Schütz C, Oelke M, Schneck JP, Mackensen A, Fleck M. Killer artificial antigen-presenting cells: the synthetic embodiment of a 'guided missile'. Immunotherapy 2010; 2:539-50. [PMID: 20636007 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, the treatment of T-cell-dependent autoimmune diseases relies exclusively on strategies leading to nonspecific suppression of the immune systems causing a substantial reduced ability to control concomitant infections or malignancies. Furthermore, long-term treatment with most drugs is accompanied by several serious adverse effects and does not consequently result in cure of the primary immunological malfunction. By contrast, antigen-specific immunotherapy offers the potential to achieve the highest therapeutic efficiency in accordance with minimal adverse effects. Therefore, several studies have been performed utilizing antigen-presenting cells specifically engineered to deplete allo- or antigen-specific T cells ('guided missiles'). Many of these strategies take advantage of the Fas/Fas ligand signaling pathway to efficiently induce antigen-presenting cell-mediated apoptosis in targeted T cells. In this article, we discuss the advantages and shortcomings of a novel non-cell-based 'killer artificial antigen-presenting cell' strategy, developed to overcome obstacles related to current cell-based approaches for the treatment of T-cell-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schütz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
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29
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Vincent BG, Young EF, Buntzman AS, Stevens R, Kepler TB, Tisch RM, Frelinger JA, Hess PR. Toxin-coupled MHC class I tetramers can specifically ablate autoreactive CD8+ T cells and delay diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:4196-204. [PMID: 20220085 PMCID: PMC2868268 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that self-reactive CD8(+) T cells are a major factor in development and progression of type 1 diabetes in animals and humans. Hence, great effort has been expended to define the specificity of autoimmune CD8(+) T cells and to alter their responses. Much work has focused on tolerization of T cells using proteins or peptides. A weakness in this approach is that residual autoreactive T cells may be activated and exacerbate disease. In this report, we use a novel approach, toxin-coupled MHC class I tetramers. Used for some time to identify Ag-specific cells, in this study, we use that same property to delete the Ag-specific cells. We show that saporin-coupled tetramers can delete islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP)-reactive T cells in vitro and in vivo. Sequence analysis of TCRbeta-chains of IGRP(+) cells reveals the repertoire complexity in the islets is markedly decreased as NOD mice age and significantly altered in toxic tetramer-treated NOD mice. Further tetramer(+) T cells in the islets are almost completely deleted, and, surprisingly, loss of tetramer(+) T cells in the islets is long lasting. Finally, we show deletion at 8 wk of age of IGRP(+) CD8(+) T cells, but not dystophia myotonica kinase- or insulin B-reactive cells, significantly delays diabetes in NOD mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Disease Progression
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Glucose-6-Phosphatase/administration & dosage
- Glucose-6-Phosphatase/biosynthesis
- Glucose-6-Phosphatase/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/administration & dosage
- H-2 Antigens/toxicity
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Immunotoxins/administration & dosage
- Immunotoxins/toxicity
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Mimicry/immunology
- Proteins/administration & dosage
- Proteins/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1/administration & dosage
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1/toxicity
- Saporins
- beta 2-Microglobulin/administration & dosage
- beta 2-Microglobulin/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Vincent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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30
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Rusakiewicz S, Aubert G, Clark RE, Madrigal AJ, Dodi AI, Travers PJ. Soluble HLA/peptide monomers cross-linked with co-stimulatory antibodies onto a streptavidin core molecule efficiently stimulate antigen-specific T cell responses. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1459-70. [PMID: 19415272 PMCID: PMC11029906 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Soluble MHC-peptide complexes, commonly referred to as tetramers, have been shown to induce strong cross-linking of TCR and CD8, resulting in a vigorous activation followed by a rapid non-apoptotic CD8(+) T cell death. This has limited tetramer use for antigen-specific T cells isolation and cloning, as sorted tetramer positive cells were shown to possess compromised functional integrity. Here we show that the cross-linking of a secondary co-stimulatory signal into oligomeric MHC:peptide complexes prevents such cell death, and in contrast strongly stimulates antigen-specific T cell responses. Such soluble antigen-presenting complexes (sAPCs) containing MHC:peptide complexes linked to either anti-CD27 or anti-CD28 antibodies were capable of priming and expanding HLA-A*0201 restricted CMV specific T cells and also of generating functional HLA-A*0301 restricted BCR/ABL-specific T cell responses. These sAPCs constitute an encouraging alternative method for generating antigen-specific T cells that could be applied to a variety of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Rusakiewicz
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, The Royal Free Hospital, University College of London, Fleet Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG UK
- Present Address: INSERM U805, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Geraldine Aubert
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, The Royal Free Hospital, University College of London, Fleet Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG UK
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Richard E. Clark
- Department of Haematology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alejandro J. Madrigal
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, The Royal Free Hospital, University College of London, Fleet Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG UK
| | - Anthony I. Dodi
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, The Royal Free Hospital, University College of London, Fleet Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG UK
| | - Paul J. Travers
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, The Royal Free Hospital, University College of London, Fleet Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG UK
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little French Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
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31
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Wooldridge L, Lissina A, Cole DK, van den Berg HA, Price DA, Sewell AK. Tricks with tetramers: how to get the most from multimeric peptide-MHC. Immunology 2009; 126:147-64. [PMID: 19125886 PMCID: PMC2632693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of fluorochrome-conjugated peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) multimers in conjunction with continuing advances in flow cytometry has transformed the study of antigen-specific T cells by enabling their visualization, enumeration, phenotypic characterization and isolation from ex vivo samples. Here, we bring together and discuss some of the 'tricks' that can be used to get the most out of pMHC multimers. These include: (1) simple procedures that can substantially enhance the staining intensity of cognate T cells with pMHC multimers; (2) the use of pMHC multimers to stain T cells with very-low-affinity T-cell receptor (TCR)/pMHC interactions, such as those that typically predominate in tumour-specific responses; and (3) the physical grading and clonotypic dissection of antigen-specific T cells based on the affinity of their cognate TCR using mutant pMHC multimers in conjunction with new approaches to the molecular analysis of TCR gene expression. We also examine how soluble pMHC can be used to examine T-cell activation, manipulate T-cell responses and study allogeneic and superantigen interactions with TCRs. Finally, we discuss the problems that arise with pMHC class II (pMHCII) multimers because of the low affinity of TCR/pMHCII interactions and lack of 'coreceptor help'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wooldridge
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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32
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Interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 reciprocally regulate CD8 expression in CD8+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:17475-80. [PMID: 18988742 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0809549105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD8 co-receptor can modulate CD8(+) T cell function through its contributions to T cell receptor (TCR) binding and signaling. Here we show that IFN-gamma and IL-4 exert opposing effects on the expression of CD8alpha mRNA and surface CD8 protein during CD8(+) T cell activation. IL-4 caused down-regulation of surface CD8 on ovalbumin (OVA)(257-264)-specific TCR-transgenic OT-I CD8(+) T cells activated with OVA(257-264)-coated antigen presenting cells or polyclonal stimuli, and on wild type CD8(+) T cells activated with polyclonal stimuli. This effect was enhanced in each case when the cells lacked a functional IFN-gamma or IFN-gamma R gene. When WT or IFN-gamma-deficient OT-I CD8(+) T cells were analyzed 9 days after co-injection with control or IL-4-expressing OVA(+) tumor cells into RAG-2(-/-)gamma c(-/-) mice, CD8 levels were highest on WT donor cells from mice that received the control tumor and lowest on IFN-gamma-deficient donor cells from mice that received the IL-4-expressing tumor. The latter CD8(low) cells displayed markedly impaired binding of OVA(257-264)/MHC tetramers and peptide/MHC-dependent degranulation. The data reveal an unexpected role for IFN-gamma in tuning the CD8 co-receptor during primary CD8(+) T cell activation both in vitro and in vivo.
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33
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Burlingham WJ, Goulmy E. Human CD8+ T-regulatory cells with low-avidity T-cell receptor specific for minor histocompatibility antigens. Hum Immunol 2008; 69:728-31. [PMID: 18812197 PMCID: PMC2665292 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2008.08.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Maternal/fetal microchimerism resulting from cell exchanges during pregnancy constitutes a reservoir of persisting alloantigen in mother and adult offspring. These alloantigens induce minor histocompatibility antigen-specific immune responses in both the mother and her offspring, including CD8(+) T regulatory (T(R)) cells with low T-cell receptor binding to major histocompatibility complex tetramers. Although they bind cognate major histocompatibility complex/peptide relatively poorly, these CD8 T(R) nonetheless inhibit high-avidity, tetramer-bright CD8 T effector responding to the same minor H antigen through induction of immunosuppressive DC products. In this review article we explore the mechanisms of such "low-avidity" CD8 T(R)-dependent suppression and discuss their role in naturally acquired tolerance to familial minor histocompatibility antigens encountered during gestation and in parous women. We discuss the implications of our findings for chronic/persisting viral infections, residual tumor burden after cancer treatment and immunotherapy, and renal allograft tolerance.
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34
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Campoli M, Ferrone S. Tumor escape mechanisms: potential role of soluble HLA antigens and NK cells activating ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 72:321-34. [PMID: 18700879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2008.01106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The crucial role played by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigens and natural killer (NK)-cell-activating ligands in the interactions of malignant cells with components of the host's immune system has stimulated interest in the characterization of their expression by malignant cells. Convincing evidence generated by the immunohistochemical staining of surgically removed malignant lesions with monoclonal antibodies recognizing HLA antigens and NK-cell-activating ligands indicates that the surface expression of these molecules is frequently altered on malignant cells. These changes appear to have clinical significance because in some types of malignant disease they are associated with the histopathological characteristics of the lesions as well as with disease-free interval and survival. These associations have been suggested to reflect the effect of HLA antigen and NK-cell-activating ligand abnormalities on the interactions of tumor cells with antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and with NK cells. Nevertheless, there are examples in which disease progresses in the face of appropriate HLA antigen and/or NK-cell-activating ligand as well as tumor antigen expression by malignant cells and of functional antigen-specific CTL in the investigated patient. In such scenarios, it is likely that the tumor microenvironment is unfavorable for CTL and NK cell activity and contributes to tumor immune escape. Many distinct escape mechanisms have been shown to protect malignant cells from immune recognition and destruction in the tumor microenvironment. In this article, following the description of the structural and functional characteristics of soluble HLA antigens and NK-cell-activating ligands, we will review changes in their serum level in malignant disease and discuss their potential role in the escape mechanisms used by tumor cells to avoid recognition and destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Campoli
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, CO, USA
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35
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Xiao Z, Mescher MF, Jameson SC. Detuning CD8 T cells: down-regulation of CD8 expression, tetramer binding, and response during CTL activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2667-77. [PMID: 17954566 PMCID: PMC2118473 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20062376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD8 is critical for T cell recognition of peptide/class I major histocompatability complex ligands, yet is down-regulated during activation of CD8 T cells. We report that loss of CD8 expression early during in vivo responses to vaccinia virus or Listeria monocytogenes (LM) correlates with decreased T cell staining with specific class I/peptide tetramers and reduced CD8 T cell sensitivity for antigen. Loss of CD8 cell surface expression occurs despite sustained mRNA expression, and CD8 levels return to normal levels during differentiation of memory cells, indicating a transient effect. We determined that during response to LM, CD8 down-regulation is regulated by T cell reactivity to type I interferon (IFN-I) because CD8 loss was averted on IFN-I receptor-deficient T cells. IFN-I alone was not sufficient to drive CD8 down-regulation, however, as antigen was also required for CD8 loss. These results suggest that CD8 effector T cell differentiation involves a transient down-regulation of antigen sensitivity (CTL "detuning"), via reduced CD8 expression, a feature that may focus the effector response on target cells expressing high levels of antigen (e.g., infected cells), while limiting collateral damage to bystander cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengguo Xiao
- Center for Immunology and 2Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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36
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van den Berg HA, Wooldridge L, Laugel B, Sewell AK. Coreceptor CD8-driven modulation of T cell antigen receptor specificity. J Theor Biol 2007; 249:395-408. [PMID: 17869274 PMCID: PMC6485485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The CD8 coreceptor modulates the interaction between the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and peptide-major histocompatibility class I (pMHCI). We present evidence that CD8 not only modifies the affinity of cognate TCR/pMHCI binding by altering both the association rate and the dissociation rate of the TCR/pMHCI interaction, but modulates the sensitivity (triggering threshold) of the TCR as well, by recruiting TCR/pMHCI complexes to membrane microdomains at a rate which depends on the affinity of MHCI/CD8 binding. Mathematical analysis of these modulatory effects indicates that a T cell can alter its functional avidity for its agonists by regulating CD8 expression, and can rearrange the relative potencies of each of its potential agonists. Thus we propose that a T cell can specifically increase its functional avidity for one agonist, while decreasing its functional avidity for other potential ligands. This focussing mechanism means that TCR degeneracy is inherently dynamic, allowing each TCR clonotype to have a wide range of agonists while avoiding autorecognition. The functional diversity of the TCR repertoire would therefore be greatly augmented by coreceptor-mediated ligand focussing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A van den Berg
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Coventry House, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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37
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Mitaksov V, Truscott SM, Lybarger L, Connolly J, Hansen TH, Fremont DH. Structural engineering of pMHC reagents for T cell vaccines and diagnostics. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2007; 14:909-22. [PMID: 17719490 PMCID: PMC3601489 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I peptide complexes (pMHC) are routinely used to enumerate T cell populations and are currently being evaluated as vaccines to tumors and specific pathogens. Herein, we describe the structures of three generations of single-chain pMHC progressively designed for the optimal presentation of covalently associated epitopes. Our ultimate design employs a versatile disulfide trap between an invariant MHC residue and a short C-terminal peptide extension. This general strategy is nondisruptive of native pMHC conformation and T cell receptor engagement. Indeed, cell-surface-expressed MHC complexes with disulfide-trapped epitopes are refractory to peptide exchange, suggesting they will make safe and effective vaccines. Furthermore, we find that disulfide-trap stabilized, recombinant pMHC reagents reliably detect polyclonal CD8 T cell populations as proficiently as conventional reagents and are thus well suited to monitor or modulate immune responses during pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesselin Mitaksov
- Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven M. Truscott
- Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lonnie Lybarger
- Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, U.S.A
| | - Janet Connolly
- Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ted H. Hansen
- Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Biochem. & Mol. Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, U.S.A
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38
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Hess PR, Barnes C, Woolard MD, Johnson MDL, Cullen JM, Collins EJ, Frelinger JA. Selective deletion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells by MHC class I tetramers coupled to the type I ribosome-inactivating protein saporin. Blood 2007; 109:3300-7. [PMID: 17179221 PMCID: PMC1852243 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-06-028001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are important effector cells responsible for tissue destruction in several autoimmune and allograft-related diseases. To discover if pathogenic T cells could be selectively deleted, we investigated the ability of a toxin coupled to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I tetramers to kill antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. H2-D(b) tetramers were assembled using streptavidin conjugated to the ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) saporin (SAP). These tetramers inhibited ribosome activity in vitro, retained the T-cell receptor (TCR)-binding specificity of their nontoxic counterparts, and were internalized by 100% of target cells, leading to cell death in 72 hours. Cytotoxicity was dependent on the tetramer dose and avidity for the T cell. A single injection of the SAP-coupled tetramer eliminated more than 75% of cognate, but not control, T cells. This work demonstrates the therapeutic potential of cytotoxic tetramers to selectively eradicate pathogenic clonotypes while leaving overall T-cell immunity intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Hess
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universaity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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39
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Neudorfer J, Schmidt B, Huster KM, Anderl F, Schiemann M, Holzapfel G, Schmidt T, Germeroth L, Wagner H, Peschel C, Busch DH, Bernhard H. Reversible HLA multimers (Streptamers) for the isolation of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes functionally active against tumor- and virus-derived antigens. J Immunol Methods 2007; 320:119-31. [PMID: 17306825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of MHC/peptide multimers has facilitated the visualization and purification of antigen-specific T cells. However, the persistence of multimers leads to prolonged T cell receptor signaling and subsequently to altered T-cell function. We have recently developed a new type of MHC/peptide multimers, which can be dissociated from the T cell. Herein, we have generated and tested for the first time reversible HLA/peptide multimers, termed Streptamers, for the isolation of human T cells. The Streptamer technique demonstrates the specificity and sensitivity of conventional HLA/peptide tetramers with regards to the sorting of human T lymphocytes. This is shown for T cells directed against immunogenic peptides derived from viral and tumor-associated antigens. We show that antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells remain functionally active following Streptamer dissociation, whereas lytic function and proliferation of the T cells is impaired in the presence of conventional tetramers. These novel HLA/peptide Streptamer reagents allow the isolation of antigen-specific T cells with preserved function and, therefore, facilitate the development of adoptive T cell transfer regimens for the treatment of patients with cancer or infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Neudorfer
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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40
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Savage P, Millrain M, Dimakou S, Stebbing J, Dyson J. Expansion of CD8+ Cytotoxic T Cells in vitro and in vivo Using MHC Class I Tetramers. Tumour Biol 2007; 28:70-6. [PMID: 17264539 DOI: 10.1159/000099152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expansion of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTLs) which recognize peptide epitopes of tumour or viral origin has been a major aim of immunotherapy research for the past decade. Alongside the established dendritic cell-based methods, more recent approaches using recombinant MHC class I peptide complexes have been developed. METHODS In this study we have explored the potential of a simplified system using soluble streptavidin-linked MHC class I tetramers to expand antigen-specific CTLs in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS In vitro tetramer-mediated expansion of CD8+ CTLs recognizing HLA-2/Melan-A and HLA-A2/Gag complexes was demonstrated with PBMCs from healthy donors or HIV+ donors, respectively. With 3 weekly rounds of tetramer stimulation, cell numbers expanded 100-fold from 0.05 to 5.0%. The lytic function of HLA-A2/Melan-A-expanded cells was demonstrated in 51Cr release assays by specific killing of T2 cells pulsed with Melan-A, but not other peptides. Similarly, murine CD8+ T cells specific for the HY epitope H2-Db/Uty could be expanded in vitro over a wide range of tetramer concentrations (0.008-1.0 microg/ml), with a single exposure producing substantial T cell expansion from 0.11 to 36%. Intraperitoneal administration of H2-Db/Uty tetramers to primed C57BL/6 mice produced over 5-fold expansion of Db/Uty-specific CTL in vivo. CONCLUSION The results in this paper demonstrate that simple, multimeric MHC complexes may be of value in expanding CTLs in vitro for adoptive immunotherapy and also potentially in vivo. Further studies will be necessary to clarify the optimum protocols and schedules of administration for T cell expansion using recombinant MHC multimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Savage
- Department of Medical Oncology, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.
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41
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Bangia N, Ferrone S. Antigen presentation machinery (APM) modulation and soluble HLA molecules in the tumor microenvironment: do they provide tumor cells with escape mechanisms from recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes? Immunol Invest 2006; 35:485-503. [PMID: 16916763 DOI: 10.1080/08820130600808246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Bangia
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
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42
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Maile R, Barnes CM, Nielsen AI, Meyer AA, Frelinger JA, Cairns BA. Lymphopenia-Induced Homeostatic Proliferation of CD8+T Cells Is a Mechanism for Effective Allogeneic Skin Graft Rejection following Burn Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:6717-26. [PMID: 16709831 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Burn patients are immunocompromised yet paradoxically are able to effectively reject allogeneic skin grafts. Failure to close a massive burn wound leads to sepsis and multiple system organ failure. Immune suppression early (3 days) after burn injury is associated with glucocorticoid-mediated T cell apoptosis and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses. Using a mouse model of burn injury, we show CD8+ T cell hyperresponsiveness late (14 days) after burn injury. This is associated with a CD8+ T cell pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion profile, peripheral lymphopenia, and accumulation of a rapidly cycling, hyperresponsive memory-like CD8+CD44+ IL-7R- T cells which do not require costimulation for effective Ag response. Adoptive transfer of allospecific CD8+ T cells purified 14 days postburn results in enhanced allogeneic skin graft rejection in unburned recipient mice. Chemical blockade of glucocorticoid-induced lymphocyte apoptosis early after burn injury abolishes both the late homeostatic accumulation of CD8+ memory-like T cells and the associated enhanced proinflammatory CD8+ T cell response, but not the late enhanced CD8+ anti-inflammatory response. These data suggest a mechanism for the dynamic CD8+ T cell response following injury involving an interaction between activation, apoptosis, and cellular regeneration with broad clinical implications for allogeneic skin grafting and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Maile
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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43
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Stone JD, Stern LJ. CD8 T cells, like CD4 T cells, are triggered by multivalent engagement of TCRs by MHC-peptide ligands but not by monovalent engagement. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:1498-505. [PMID: 16424178 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.3.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation is initiated by recognition of antigenic peptide presented in complex with MHC molecules on the surface of APCs. The mechanism by which this recognition occurs is still unclear, and many models exist in the literature. CD4 T cells have been shown to respond to soluble oligomers of activating class II MHC-peptide complexes, but not to soluble monomers. In determining the reactivity of CD8 T cells to soluble activating class I MHC-peptide complexes, a complicating phenomenon had been observed whereby peptide from soluble complexes was loaded onto cell surface MHCs on the T cells and re-presented to other T cells, clouding the true valency requirement for activation. This study uses soluble allogeneic class I MHC-peptide monomers and oligomers to stimulate murine CD8 T cells without the possible complication of peptide re-presentation. The results show that MHC class I monomers bind to, but do not activate, CD8 T cells whether the cells are in solution or adhered to a surface. Monomeric MHC class I binding can antagonize the stimulation triggered by soluble oligomers, a phenomenon also observed for CD4 T cells. Dimeric engagement is necessary and sufficient to stimulate downstream activation processes including TCR down-regulation, Zap70 phosphorylation, and CD25 and CD69 up-regulation, even in T cells that do not express the MHC coreceptor CD8. Thus, the valency dependence of the response of CD8 T cells to soluble MHC-peptide reagents is the same as previously observed for CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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44
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Maile R, Pop SM, Tisch R, Collins EJ, Cairns BA, Frelinger JA. Low-avidity CD8lo T cells induced by incomplete antigen stimulationin vivo regulate naive higher avidity CD8hi T cell responses to the same antigen. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:397-410. [PMID: 16402405 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that multiple injections of soluble MHC class I tetramers assembled with wild-type HY peptide induces unresponsiveness to male skin grafts in naive female C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Induction of unresponsiveness is dependent on a population of unresponsive allospecific CD8(lo )T cells. Reduced expression of CD8 acts to limit a T cell response to HY peptide by limiting the avidity window of effective signal transduction. We and others have demonstrated that CD8(lo) T cells are an alternative stable phenotype of CD8alphabeta(+) T cells in vitro and in vivo after antigen stimulation. We show here that CD8(lo) T cells can suppress naive CD8(+) T cell responses to HY antigen in vitro and male skin graft rejection in vivo after adoptive transfer into female recipients. These novel regulatory T cells express surface TGF-beta1 and secrete T cytotoxic 2 cytokines after antigen-specific stimulation. Anti-TGF-beta antibody and latency-associated peptide inhibit the suppressive effects in vitro. We also show that HY-specific memory CD8(+) T cells overcome regulation by CD8(lo) T cells. These data define a novel peripheral regulatory CD8(+ )T cell population that arises after repeated antigen encounter in vivo. These cells have implications in the maintenance of tolerance and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Maile
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 25799, USA.
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45
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Abstract
In order to control immune reactions and to prevent autoimmunity, the immune system relies on a multitude of regulatory T cells (Treg). Most work in this field has focussed on Treg of the CD4(+) T cell subset because of the central role CD4(+) T cells play as initiators and regulators of immune responses. One discovery of particular importance was the identification of naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg that arise in the thymus and express the transcription factor Foxp3; however, Treg can also be induced in the periphery after immune activation. A paper in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology identifies a novel type of induced murine CD8(+) Treg that arise in TCR HY transgenic female mice after injection of MHC class I tetramers loaded with HY peptide. These Treg prevent subsequent rejection of male skin grafts suggesting that their manipulation may represent a new way of improving graft rejections against minor histocompatibility barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Höglund
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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46
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Felix NJ, Suri A, Walters JJ, Horvath S, Gross ML, Allen PM. I-Ep-Bound Self-Peptides: Identification, Characterization, and Role in Alloreactivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:1062-71. [PMID: 16393994 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
T cell recognition of peptide/allogeneic MHC complexes is a major cause of transplant rejection. Both the presented self-peptides and the MHC molecules are involved; however, the molecular basis for alloreactivity and the contribution of self-peptides are still poorly defined. The murine 2.102 T cell is specific for hemoglobin(64-76)/I-Ek and is alloreactive to I-Ep. The natural self-peptide/I-Ep complex recognized by 2.102 remains unknown. In this study, we characterized the peptides that are naturally processed and presented by I-Ep and used this information to define the binding motif for the murine I-Ep class II molecule. Interestingly, we found that the P9 anchor residue preferred by I-Ep is quite distinct from the residues preferred by other I-E molecules, although the P1 anchor residue is conserved. A degree of specificity for the alloresponse was shown by the lack of stimulation of 2.102 T cells by 19 different identified self-peptides. The binding motif was used to search the mouse genome for candidate 2.102 reactive allopeptides that contain strong P1 and P9 anchor residues and possess previously identified allowable TCR contact residues. Two potential allopeptides were identified, but only one of these peptides, G protein-coupled receptor 128, was able to stimulate 2.102 T cells. Thus, the G protein-coupled receptor 128 peptide represents a candidate allopeptide that is specifically recognized by 2.102 T cells bound to I-Ep and was identified using bioinformatics. These studies highlight the specific involvement of self-peptides in alloreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Felix
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Maile R, Siler CA, Kerry SE, Midkiff KE, Collins EJ, Frelinger JA. Peripheral "CD8 tuning" dynamically modulates the size and responsiveness of an antigen-specific T cell pool in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:619-27. [PMID: 15634879 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.2.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we suggest that CD8 levels on T cells are not static, but can change and, as a result, modulate CD8(+) T cell responses. We describe three models of CD8 modulation using novel weak-agonist (K1A) and super-agonist (C2A) altered peptide ligands of the HY smcy peptide. First, we used peripheral nonresponsive CD8(low) T cells produced after peripheral HY-D(b) MHC class I tetramer stimulation of female HY TCR transgenic and wild-type mice. Second, we used genetically lowered CD8(int) T cells from heterozygote CD8(+/0) mice. Finally, we used pre-existing nonresponsive CD8(low) T cells from male HY TCR transgenic mice. In CD8(low) and CD8(high) mice, presence of a lower level of CD8 greatly decreased the avidity of the peptide-MHC for HY TCR as reflected by avidity (K(D)) and dissociation constant (T(1/2)) measurements. All three models demonstrated that lowering CD8 levels resulted in the requirement for a higher avidity peptide-MHC interaction with the TCR to respond equivalently to unmanipulated CD8(high) T cells of the same specificity. Additionally, direct injections of wild-type HY-D(b) and C2A-D(b) tetramers into female HY TCR or female B6 mice induced a high frequency of peripheral nonresponsive CD8(low) T cells, yet C2A-D(b) was superior in inducing a primed CD8(+)CD44(+) memory population. The ability to dynamically modulate the size and responsiveness of an Ag-specific T cell pool by "CD8 tuning" of the T cell during the early phases of an immune response has important implications for the balance of responsiveness, memory, and tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Female
- H-Y Antigen/administration & dosage
- H-Y Antigen/immunology
- H-Y Antigen/metabolism
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptides/administration & dosage
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/metabolism
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Sex Characteristics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Transplantation Tolerance/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Maile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA.
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Melchionda F, McKirdy MK, Medeiros F, Fry TJ, Mackall CL. Escape from immune surveillance does not result in tolerance to tumor-associated antigens. J Immunother 2005; 27:329-38. [PMID: 15314541 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200409000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite expression of tumor-associated or tumor-specific antigens by most tumors, evasion of protective T-cell immunity is the rule rather than the exception. Understanding whether tumor immune escape primarily represents T-cell neglect, anergy/tolerance, or quantitative limits of an existent immune response is central to developing new strategies to enhance antitumor immunity. The authors studied the immune response to MB49, a tumor that naturally expresses HY. Immune surveillance was effective following low-dose tumor inocula, since normal female mice showed a diminished incidence and slower growth rate of MB49 compared with T-cell-depleted female mice and male mice. Following high-dose tumor inoculation, females developed large, progressive tumors but continued to demonstrate immune responses to class I and class II restricted HY epitopes. The HY reactive T cells remained capable of executing HY immune responses since T cells adoptively transferred from MB49-bearing animals mediated accelerated HY skin graft rejection compared with those taken from naive mice. Thus, MB49 does not induce immune tolerance to HY but rather escapes immune surveillance largely due to quantitative limits of the immune response. Treatment of tumor-bearing animals with rhIL7 significantly increased the number of T cells responding to HY but did not alter tumor growth rate. These results demonstrate that escape from immune surveillance does not necessarily imply immune tolerance to tumor antigens and that immunotherapy need not overcome tumor-induced tolerance per se, and suggest that substantial opportunities remain in tumor-bearing hosts to amplify weak but persistent antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraia Melchionda
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Kerry SE, Maile R, Collins EJ, Frelinger JA. Memory CD8 T cells require CD8 coreceptor engagement for calcium mobilization and proliferation, but not cytokine production. Immunology 2005; 114:44-52. [PMID: 15606794 PMCID: PMC1782059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.02070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory T-cell responses are faster and more robust than those of their naive counterparts. The mechanisms by which memory T cells respond better to subsequent antigenic exposure remain unresolved. A portion of the more rapid response is undoubtedly the result of the increased frequency of antigen-specific cells. In addition, there are also differences in the cells themselves with respect to their requirements for costimulation and the apparent avidity of the T cells. We used major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I tetramers to stimulate T cells to focus on the interaction of T-cell receptor (TCR)/MHC and CD8 in the absence of other molecules that are present on cell surfaces and so contribute to the activation of T cells by undefined mechanisms. Mutated MHC class I tetramers that are unable to engage CD8 were used to investigate the role of CD8 engagement in memory cell activation. Either wild-type tetramers or tetramers carrying the mutation were used to stimulate both memory and naive TCR transgenic T cells in vitro. Surprisingly, like naive cells, memory CD8(+) T cells required CD8 engagement for calcium mobilization and optimum proliferation. In contrast, the requirements for cytokine production differed. Unlike naive cells, memory cells were able to produce cytokine in the absence of CD8 engagement. This suggests both a CD8-dependent pathway for early events and a CD8-independent pathway for cytokine production in memory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Kerry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7290, USA
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Mueller KL, Daniels MA, Felthauser A, Kao C, Jameson SC, Shimizu Y. Cutting edge: LFA-1 integrin-dependent T cell adhesion is regulated by both ag specificity and sensitivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2222-6. [PMID: 15294931 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ab stimulation of the TCR rapidly enhances the functional activity of the LFA-1 integrin. Although TCR-mediated changes in LFA-1 activity are thought to promote T cell-APC interactions, the Ag specificity and sensitivity of TCR-mediated triggering of LFA-1 is not clear. We demonstrate that peptide/MHC (pMHC) tetramers rapidly enhance LFA-1-dependent adhesion of OT-I TCR transgenic CD8(+) T cells to purified ICAM-1. Inhibition of src family tyrosine kinase or PI3K activity blocked pMHC tetramer- and anti-CD3-stimulated adhesion. These effects are highly specific because partial agonist and antagonist pMHC tetramers are unable to stimulate OT-I T cell adhesion to ICAM-1. The Ag thresholds required for T cell adhesion to ICAM-1 resemble those of early T cell activation events, because optimal LFA-1 activation occurs at tetramer concentrations that fail to induce maximal T cell proliferation. Thus, TCR signaling to LFA-1 is highly Ag specific and sensitive to low concentrations of Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Mueller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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