The Pmed1 gene promoter of human Fc gamma RIIIA can function as a NK/T cell-specific restriction element, which involves binding of Sp1 transcription factor

Epigenetic and Posttranscriptional Regulation of CD16 Expression during Human NK Cell Development

The surface receptor FcγRIIIA (CD16a) is encoded by the FCGR3A gene and is acquired by human NK cells during maturation. NK cells bind the Fc portion of IgG via CD16a and execute Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, which is critical for the effectiveness of several antitumor mAb therapies. The role of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms controlling transcriptional and posttranscriptional CD16 expression in NK cells is unknown. In this study, we compared specific patterns of DNA methylation and expression of FCGR3A with FCGR3B, which differ in cell type-specific expression despite displaying nearly identical genomic sequences. We identified a sequence within the FCGR3A promoter that selectively exhibits reduced methylation in CD16a+ NK cells versus CD16a- NK cells and neutrophils. This region contained the transcriptional start site of the most highly expressed CD16a isoform in NK cells. Luciferase assays revealed remarkable cell-type specificity and methylation-dependent activity of FCGR3A- versus FCGR3B-derived sequences. Genomic differences between FCGR3A and FCGR3B are enriched at CpG dinucleotides, and mutation of variant CpGs reversed cell-type specificity. We further identified miR-218 as a posttranscriptional negative regulator of CD16a in NK cells. Forced overexpression of miR-218 in NK cells knocked down CD16a mRNA and protein expression. Moreover, miR-218 was highly expressed in CD16a- NK cells compared with CD16a+ NK cells. Taken together, we propose a system of FCGR3A regulation in human NK cells in which CpG dinucleotide sequences and concurrent DNA methylation confer developmental and cell type-specific transcriptional regulation, whereas miR-218 provides an additional layer of posttranscriptional regulation during the maturation process.

Transcriptional Regulation of NK Cell Receptors

The stochastic expression of individual members of NK cell receptor gene families on subsets of NK cells has attracted considerable interest in the transcriptional regulation of these genes. Each receptor gene can contain up to three separate promoters with distinct properties. The recent discovery that an upstream promoter can function as a probabilistic switch element in the Ly49 gene family has revealed a novel mechanism of variegated gene expression. An important question to be answered is whether or not the other NK cell receptor gene families contain probabilistic switches. The promoter elements currently identified in the Ly49, NKR-P1, CD94, NKG2A, and KIR gene families are described.