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Gong X, Wani MY, Al-Bogami AS, Ahmad A, Robinson K, Khan A. The Road Ahead: Advancing Antifungal Vaccines and Addressing Fungal Infections in the Post-COVID World. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:3475-3495. [PMID: 39255073 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
In impoverished nations, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a widespread occurrence of deadly fungal diseases like mucormycosis. The limited availability of effective antifungal treatments and the emergence of drug-resistant fungal strains further exacerbate the situation. Factors such as systemic steroid use, intravenous drug misuse, and overutilization of broad-spectrum antimicrobials contribute to the prevalence of hospital-acquired infections caused by drug-resistant fungi. Fungal infections exploit compromised immune status and employ intricate mechanisms to evade immune surveillance. The immune response involves the innate and adaptive immune systems, leading to phagocytic and complement-mediated elimination of fungi. However, resistance to antifungals poses a challenge, highlighting the importance of antifungal prophylaxis and therapeutic vaccination. Understanding the host-fungal immunological interactions and developing vaccines are vital in combating fungal infections. Further research is needed to address the high mortality and morbidity associated with multidrug-resistant fungal pathogens and to develop innovative treatment drugs and vaccines. This review focuses on the global epidemiological burden of fungal infections, host-fungal immunological interactions, recent advancements in vaccine development and the road ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Gong
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Mohmmad Younus Wani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Saad Al-Bogami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Keven Robinson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Amber Khan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Kumar R, Srivastava V. Application of anti-fungal vaccines as a tool against emerging anti-fungal resistance. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2023; 4:1241539. [PMID: 37746132 PMCID: PMC10512234 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2023.1241539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
After viruses and bacteria, fungal infections remain a serious threat to the survival and well-being of society. The continuous emergence of resistance against commonly used anti-fungal drugs is a serious concern. The eukaryotic nature of fungal cells makes the identification of novel anti-fungal agents slow and difficult. Increasing global temperature and a humid environment conducive to fungal growth may lead to a fungal endemic or a pandemic. The continuous increase in the population of immunocompromised individuals and falling immunity forced pharmaceutical companies to look for alternative strategies for better managing the global fungal burden. Prevention of infectious diseases by vaccines can be the right choice. Recent success and safe application of mRNA-based vaccines can play a crucial role in our quest to overcome anti-fungal resistance. Expressing fungal cell surface proteins in human subjects using mRNA technology may be sufficient to raise immune response to protect against future fungal infection. The success of mRNA-based anti-fungal vaccines will heavily depend on the identification of fungal surface proteins which are highly immunogenic and have no or least side effects in human subjects. The present review discusses why it is essential to look for anti-fungal vaccines and how vaccines, in general, and mRNA-based vaccines, in particular, can be the right choice in tackling the problem of rising anti-fungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Collage of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Vartika Srivastava
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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Inácio MM, Moreira ALE, Cruz-Leite VRM, Mattos K, Silva LOS, Venturini J, Ruiz OH, Ribeiro-Dias F, Weber SS, Soares CMDA, Borges CL. Fungal Vaccine Development: State of the Art and Perspectives Using Immunoinformatics. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:633. [PMID: 37367569 PMCID: PMC10301004 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections represent a serious global health problem, causing damage to health and the economy on the scale of millions. Although vaccines are the most effective therapeutic approach used to combat infectious agents, at the moment, no fungal vaccine has been approved for use in humans. However, the scientific community has been working hard to overcome this challenge. In this sense, we aim to describe here an update on the development of fungal vaccines and the progress of methodological and experimental immunotherapies against fungal infections. In addition, advances in immunoinformatic tools are described as an important aid by which to overcome the difficulty of achieving success in fungal vaccine development. In silico approaches are great options for the most important and difficult questions regarding the attainment of an efficient fungal vaccine. Here, we suggest how bioinformatic tools could contribute, considering the main challenges, to an effective fungal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Morais Inácio
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-170, Brazil
- Estácio de Goiás University Center, Goiânia 74063-010, Brazil
| | - André Luís Elias Moreira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-170, Brazil
| | | | - Karine Mattos
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Lana O’Hara Souza Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-170, Brazil
| | - James Venturini
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Orville Hernandez Ruiz
- MICROBA Research Group—Cellular and Molecular Biology Unit—CIB, School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Laboratório de Imunidade Natural (LIN), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Simone Schneider Weber
- Bioscience Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-170, Brazil
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Rangel-Ramírez VV, González-Sánchez HM, Lucio-García C. Exosomes: from biology to immunotherapy in infectious diseases. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023; 55:79-107. [PMID: 36562253 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2022.2149852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles derived from the endosomal compartment, which are released by all kinds of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. These vesicles contain a variety of biomolecules that differ both in quantity and type depending on the origin and cellular state. Exosomes are internalized by recipient cells, delivering their content and thus contributing to cell-cell communication in health and disease. During infections exosomes may exert a dual role, on one hand, they can transmit pathogen-related molecules mediating further infection and damage, and on the other hand, they can protect the host by activating the immune response and reducing pathogen spread. Selective packaging of pathogenic components may mediate these effects. Recently, quantitative analysis of samples by omics technologies has allowed a deep characterization of the proteins, lipids, RNA, and metabolite cargoes of exosomes. Knowledge about the content of these vesicles may facilitate their therapeutic application. Furthermore, as exosomes have been detected in almost all biological fluids, pathogenic or host-derived components can be identified in liquid biopsies, making them suitable for diagnosis and prognosis. This review attempts to organize the recent findings on exosome composition and function during viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoan infections, and their contribution to host defense or to pathogen spread. Moreover, we summarize the current perspectives and future directions regarding the potential application of exosomes for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - César Lucio-García
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
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Boniche C, Rossi SA, Kischkel B, Vieira Barbalho F, Nogueira D’Aurea Moura Á, Nosanchuk JD, Travassos LR, Pelleschi Taborda C. Immunotherapy against Systemic Fungal Infections Based on Monoclonal Antibodies. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010031. [PMID: 32121415 PMCID: PMC7151209 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence in systemic fungal infections in humans has increased focus for the development of fungal vaccines and use of monoclonal antibodies. Invasive mycoses are generally difficult to treat, as most occur in vulnerable individuals, with compromised innate and adaptive immune responses. Mortality rates in the setting of our current antifungal drugs remain excessively high. Moreover, systemic mycoses require prolonged durations of antifungal treatment and side effects frequently occur, particularly drug-induced liver and/or kidney injury. The use of monoclonal antibodies with or without concomitant administration of antifungal drugs emerges as a potentially efficient treatment modality to improve outcomes and reduce chemotherapy toxicities. In this review, we focus on the use of monoclonal antibodies with experimental evidence on the reduction of fungal burden and prolongation of survival in in vivo disease models. Presently, there are no licensed monoclonal antibodies for use in the treatment of systemic mycoses, although the potential of such a vaccine is very high as indicated by the substantial promising results from several experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Boniche
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Suélen Andreia Rossi
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Brenda Kischkel
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Filipe Vieira Barbalho
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Ágata Nogueira D’Aurea Moura
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
| | - Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Luiz R. Travassos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 04021-001, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Pelleschi Taborda
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
- Correspondence:
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Heat Shock Proteins in Cancer Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:3267207. [PMID: 31885572 PMCID: PMC6927063 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3267207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are highly conserved molecular chaperones with divergent roles in various cellular processes. The HSPs are classified according to their molecular size as HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90. The HSPs prevent nonspecific cellular aggregation of proteins by maintaining their native folding energetics. The disruption of this vital cellular process, driven by the aberrant expression of HSPs, is implicated in the progression of several different carcinomas. Many HSPs are also actively involved in promoting the proliferation and differentiation of tumor cells, contributing to their metastatic phenotype. Upregulation of these HSPs is associated with the poor outcome of anticancer therapy in clinical settings. On the other hand, these highly expressed HSPs may be exploited as viable immunotherapeutic targets for different types of cancers. This review discusses recent advances and perspectives on the research of HSP-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Roth MT, Zamith-Miranda D, Nosanchuk JD. Immunization Strategies for the Control of Histoplasmosis. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2019; 6:35-41. [PMID: 31772912 PMCID: PMC6879175 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-019-00172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is an infection caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Histoplasmosis is typically self-limited and presents asymptomatically in most people. Nevertheless, histoplasmosis can cause severe pulmonary disease and death. Histoplasmosis is increasingly found worldwide; however, it is best documented in the endemic region of the Mississippi river valley system in the Eastern part of the United States (US). Epidemiological studies from the US detailing the morbidity, mortality, and cost associated with histoplasmosis underscore the need to develop a vaccine. PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will detail some of the major developments in potential vaccines against histoplasmosis, with particular emphasis on those that could be used to immunize immunocompromised hosts. Additionally, this review will highlight some non-traditional vaccine-like ideas for the prevention of diverse mycoses. RECENT FINDINGS Historically, immunization strategies against histoplasmosis have largely focused on identifying immunogenic proteins that confer protection in animal models. More recently, novel active, therapeutic, and immunomodulatory strategies have been explored as potential alternatives for those with various immune-deficiencies. SUMMARY The studies summarized in this review demonstrate that more research is needed to clarify the immunobiology, clinical role and efficacy of each candidate vaccine in the ever-expanding potential armamentarium against histoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell T Roth
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Zamith-Miranda
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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8
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Vaccine Development to Systemic Mycoses by Thermally Dimorphic Fungi. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-019-00179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Nami S, Mohammadi R, Vakili M, Khezripour K, Mirzaei H, Morovati H. Fungal vaccines, mechanism of actions and immunology: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:333-344. [PMID: 30399567 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections include a wide range of opportunistic and invasive diseases. Two of four major fatal diseases in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are related to the fungal infections, cryptococcosis, and pneumocystosis. Disseminated candidiasis and different clinical forms of aspergillosis annually impose expensive medical costs to governments and hospitalized patients and ultimately lead to high mortality rates. Therefore, urgent implementations are necessary to prevent the expansion of these diseases. Designing an effective vaccine is one of the most important approaches in this field. So far, numerous efforts have been carried out in developing an effective vaccine against fungal infections. Some of these challenges engaged in different stages of clinical trials but none of them could be approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Here, in addition to have a comprehensive overview on the data from studied vaccine programs, we will discuss the immunology response against fungal infections. Moreover, it will be attempted to clarify the underlying immune mechanisms of vaccines targeting different fungal infections that are crucial for designing an effective vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Nami
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahshid Vakili
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology/Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Kimia Khezripour
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamid Morovati
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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An immunoproteomic approach revealing peptides from Sporothrix brasiliensis that induce a cellular immune response in subcutaneous sporotrichosis. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29520092 PMCID: PMC5843658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix brasiliensis is the most virulent fungus of the Sporothrix complex and is the main species recovered in the sporotrichosis zoonotic hyperendemic area in Rio de Janeiro. A vaccine against S. brasiliensis could improve the current sporotrichosis situation. Here, we show 3 peptides from S. brasiliensis immunogenic proteins that have a higher likelihood for engaging MHC-class II molecules. We investigated the efficiency of the peptides as vaccines for preventing subcutaneous sporotrichosis. In this study, we observed a decrease in lesion diameters in peptide-immunized mice, showing that the peptides could induce a protective immune response against subcutaneous sporotrichosis. ZR8 peptide is from the GP70 protein, the main antigen of the Sporothrix complex, and was the best potential vaccine candidate by increasing CD4+ T cells and higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-17A and IL-1β characterizing a strong cellular immune response. This immune environment induced a higher number of neutrophils in lesions that are associated with fungus clearance. These results indicated that the ZR8 peptide induces a protective immune response against subcutaneous sporotrichosis and is a vaccine candidate against S. brasiliensis infection.
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Travassos LR, Taborda CP. Linear Epitopes of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Other Fungal Agents of Human Systemic Mycoses As Vaccine Candidates. Front Immunol 2017; 8:224. [PMID: 28344577 PMCID: PMC5344917 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimorphic fungi are agents of systemic mycoses associated with significant morbidity and frequent lethality in the Americas. Among the pathogenic species are Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii, which predominate in South America; Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides posadasii, and Coccidioides immitis, and the Sporothrix spp. complex are other important pathogens. Associated with dimorphic fungi other important infections are caused by yeast such as Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. or mold such as Aspergillus spp., which are also fungal agents of deadly infections. Nowadays, the actual tendency of therapy is the development of a pan-fungal vaccine. This is, however, not easy because of the complexity of eukaryotic cells and the particularities of different species and isolates. Albeit there are several experimental vaccines being studied, we will focus mainly on peptide vaccines or epitopes of T-cell receptors inducing protective fungal responses. These peptides can be carried by antibody inducing β-(1,3)-glucan oligo or polysaccharides, or be mixed with them for administration. The present review discusses the efficacy of linear peptide epitopes in the context of antifungal immunization and vaccine proposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz R Travassos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Carlos P Taborda
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Mycology IMTSP/LIM53/HCFMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nimrichter L, de Souza MM, Del Poeta M, Nosanchuk JD, Joffe L, Tavares PDM, Rodrigues ML. Extracellular Vesicle-Associated Transitory Cell Wall Components and Their Impact on the Interaction of Fungi with Host Cells. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1034. [PMID: 27458437 PMCID: PMC4937017 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic cell wall components of fungi comprise the polysaccharides glucans and chitin, in association with glycoproteins and pigments. During the last decade, however, system biology approaches clearly demonstrated that the composition of fungal cell walls include atypical molecules historically associated with intracellular or membrane locations. Elucidation of mechanisms by which many fungal molecules are exported to the extracellular space suggested that these atypical components are transitorily located to the cell wall. The presence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) at the fungal cell wall and in culture supernatants of distinct pathogenic species suggested a highly functional mechanism of molecular export in these organisms. Thus, the passage of EVs through fungal cell walls suggests remarkable molecular diversity and, consequently, a potentially variable influence on the host antifungal response. On the basis of information derived from the proteomic characterization of fungal EVs from the yeasts Cryptoccocus neoformans and Candida albicans and the dimorphic fungi Histoplasma capsulatum and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, our manuscript is focused on the clear view that the fungal cell wall is much more complex than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Nimrichter
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Marcio M de Souza
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NYUSA; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NYUSA
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Luna Joffe
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Patricia de M Tavares
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Marcio L Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de JaneiroBrazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Rio de JaneiroBrazil
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Nanjappa SG, Klein BS. Vaccine immunity against fungal infections. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 28:27-33. [PMID: 24583636 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Som G Nanjappa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, United States.
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, United States.
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14
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Expression and immunological characterization of the heat shock protein-70 homologue from Babesia bigemina. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:401-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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DNA-hsp65 vaccine as therapeutic strategy to treat experimental chromoblastomycosis caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi. Mycopathologia 2012. [PMID: 23179449 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-012-9599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a chronic subcutaneous mycosis, caused by several dimorphic, pigmented dematiaceous fungi. Patients with the disease are still considered a therapeutic challenge, mainly due to its recalcitrant nature. There is no "gold standard" treatment for this neglected mycosis, but rather there are several treatment options. Chemotherapy alternatives include 5-flucytosine, itraconazole, terbinafine, fluconazole, thiabendazole, ketoconazole and amphotericin B, although the healing of severe cases is still uncommon. However, several studies have reported the DNA vaccine to be promising in the treatment for fungal infections; this vaccine allows the host to restore depressed cellular immunity, minimizing the toxic effects from conventional antifungal therapies. This work was therefore carried out aiming to establish a suitable model for experimental CBM, suggesting also new therapies, including DNA-hsp65 vaccine. By analyzing the morphometrical and histopathological aspects and by quantifying the fungal burden, the results showed the establishment of a chronic, although transitory, experimental CBM model with lesions similar to those presented in humans. A treatment regimen using intralesional itraconazole or amphotericin B was effective in treating experimental CBM, as was a therapy using naked DNA-hsp65 vaccine. It has also been shown that chemotherapy associated with DNA-hsp65 vaccine is promising in the treatment for CBM.
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Dakshinamoorthy G, Samykutty AK, Munirathinam G, Shinde GB, Nutman T, Reddy MV, Kalyanasundaram R. Biochemical characterization and evaluation of a Brugia malayi small heat shock protein as a vaccine against lymphatic filariasis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34077. [PMID: 22496777 PMCID: PMC3320633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Filarial nematodes enjoy one of the longest life spans of any human pathogen due to effective immune evasion strategies developed by the parasite. Among the various immune evasion strategies exhibited by the parasite, Interleukin 10 (IL-10) productions and IL-10 mediated immune suppression has significant negative impact on the host immune system. Recently, we identified a small heat shock protein expressed by Brugia malayi (BmHsp12.6) that can bind to soluble human IL-10 receptor alpha (IL-10R) and activate IL-10 mediated effects in cell lines. In this study we show that the IL-10R binding region of BmHsp12.6 is localized to its N-terminal region. This region has significant sequence similarity to the receptor binding region of human IL-10. In vitro studies confirm that the N-terminal region of BmHsp12.6 (N-BmHsp12.6) has IL-10 like activity and the region containing the alpha crystalline domain and C-terminus of BmHsp12.6 (BmHsp12.6αc) has no IL-10 like activity. However, BmHsp12.6αc contains B cell, T cell and CTL epitopes. Members of the sHSP families are excellent vaccine candidates. Evaluation of sera samples from putatively immune endemic normal (EN) subjects showed IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies against BmHsp12.6αc and these antibodies were involved in the ADCC mediated protection. Subsequent vaccination trials with BmHsp12.6αc in a mouse model using a heterologous prime boost approach showed that 83% protection can be achieved against B. malayi L3 challenge. Results presented in this study thus show that the N-BmHsp12.6 subunit of BmHsp12.6 has immunoregulatory function, whereas, the BmHsp12.6αc subunit of BmHsp12.6 has significant vaccine potential.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Helminth/blood
- Antibodies, Helminth/immunology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Antigens, Helminth/immunology
- Brugia malayi/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Elephantiasis, Filarial/immunology
- Elephantiasis, Filarial/prevention & control
- Heat-Shock Proteins, Small/genetics
- Heat-Shock Proteins, Small/immunology
- Heat-Shock Proteins, Small/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Male
- Mast Cells/cytology
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-10/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajalakshmi Dakshinamoorthy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Abhilash Kumble Samykutty
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gnanasekar Munirathinam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gangadhar Bhaurao Shinde
- Department of Biochemistry, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Thomas Nutman
- Helminth Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maryada Venkatarami Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ramaswamy Kalyanasundaram
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, Illinois, United States of America
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17
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Nosanchuk JD, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Hamilton AJ, Guimarães AJ. Antibody therapy for histoplasmosis. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:21. [PMID: 22347215 PMCID: PMC3270318 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endemic human pathogenic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum is a major fungal pathogen with a broad variety of clinical presentations, ranging from mild, focal pulmonary disease to life-threatening systemic infections. Although azoles, such as itraconazole and voriconazole, and amphotericin B have significant activity against H. capsulatum, about 1 in 10 patients hospitalized due to histoplasmosis die. Hence, new approaches for managing disease are being sought. Over the past 10 years, studies have demonstrated that monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can modify the pathogenesis of histoplasmosis. Disease has been shown to be impacted by mAbs targeting either fungal cell surface proteins or host co-stimulatory molecules. This review will detail our current knowledge regarding the impact of antibody therapy on histoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY, USA
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18
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Abstract
This discussion is intended to be an overview of current advances in the development of fungal cell wall vaccines with an emphasis on Candida; it is not a comprehensive historical review of all fungal cell wall vaccines. Selected, more recent, innovative strategies for developing fungal vaccines will be highlighted. Both scientific and logistical obstacles related to the development of, and clinical use of, fungal vaccines will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Edwards
- Harbor/UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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19
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Antigen-presenting dendritic cells rescue CD4-depleted CCR2-/- mice from lethal Histoplasma capsulatum infection. Infect Immun 2010; 78:2125-37. [PMID: 20194586 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00065-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive production of interleukin-4 impairs clearance of the fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum in mice lacking the chemokine receptor CCR2. An increase in the interleukin-4 level is associated with decreased recruitment of dendritic cells to lungs; therefore, we investigated the possibility that these cells influence interleukin-4 production. Adoptive transfer of wild-type or CCR2(-/-) bone marrow-derived dendritic cells loaded with heat-killed yeast cells to infected CCR2(-/-) mice suppressed interleukin-4 transcription. Surprisingly, transfer of cells did not reduce the fungal burden despite the fact that it limited interleukin-4 transcription. Yeast cell-loaded bone marrow-derived dendritic cell-mediated regulation of interleukin-4 transcription was dependent on major histocompatibility complex II antigen presentation to CD4(+) T cells. We previously showed that CD4(+) T cells were a source of interleukin-4 in infected CCR2(-/-) mice, but their contribution to the TH2 phenotype was unclear. Here we demonstrated that these cells were functionally important since elimination of them prior to infection, but not elimination of them at the time of infection, reduced the interleukin-4 level in infected CCR2(-/-) mice. However, the fungal burden was reduced only in CD4-depleted CCR2(-/-) mice that received yeast cell-loaded bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Taken together, the data indicate that generation of excess interleukin-4 in lungs of H. capsulatum-infected CCR2(-/-) mice is at least partially a consequence of decreased recruitment of dendritic cells capable of antigen presentation. Furthermore, CD4(+) T cells had a deleterious impact on immunity in infected CCR2(-/-) mice.
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20
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Ribeiro AM, Bocca AL, Amaral AC, Souza ACC, Faccioli LH, Coelho-Castelo AA, Figueiredo F, Silva CL, Felipe MSS. HSP65 DNA as therapeutic strategy to treat experimental paracoccidioidomycosis. Vaccine 2010; 28:1528-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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TERKAWI MALAA, ABOGE G, JIA H, GOO YK, OOKA H, YAMAGISHI J, NISHIKAWA Y, YOKOYAMA N, IGARASHI I, KAWAZU SI, FUJISAKI K, XUAN X. Molecular and immunological characterization ofBabesia gibsoniandBabesia microtiheat shock protein-70. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:328-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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DNAhsp65 vaccination induces protection in mice against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection. Vaccine 2009; 27:606-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Rodrigues ML, Nimrichter L, Oliveira DL, Nosanchuk JD, Casadevall A. Vesicular Trans-Cell Wall Transport in Fungi: A Mechanism for the Delivery of Virulence-Associated Macromolecules? Lipid Insights 2008; 2:27-40. [PMID: 20617119 DOI: 10.4137/lpi.s1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal cells are encaged in rigid, complex cell walls. Until recently, there was remarkably little information regarding the trans-fungal cell wall transfer of intracellular macromolecules to the extracellular space. Recently, several studies have begun to elucidate the mechanisms that fungal cells utilize to secrete a wide variety of macromolecules through the cell wall. The combined use of transmission electron microscopy, serology, biochemistry, proteomics and lipidomics have revealed that the fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Sporothrix schenckii, as well as the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, each produces extracellular vesicles that carry lipids, proteins, polysaccharides and pigment-like structures of unquestionable biological significance. Compositional analysis of the C. neoformans and H. capsulatum extracellular vesicles suggests that they may function as 'virulence bags', with the potential to modulate the host-pathogen interaction in favor of the fungus. The cellular origin of the extracellular vesicles remains unknown, but morphological and biochemical features indicate that they are similar to the well-described mammalian exosomes.
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24
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Albuquerque PC, Nakayasu ES, Rodrigues ML, Frases S, Casadevall A, Zancope-Oliveira RM, Almeida IC, Nosanchuk JD. Vesicular transport in Histoplasma capsulatum: an effective mechanism for trans-cell wall transfer of proteins and lipids in ascomycetes. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10:1695-710. [PMID: 18419773 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular secretion of macromolecules has recently been described in the basidiomycete Cryptococcus neoformans, raising the question as to whether ascomycetes similarly utilize vesicles for transport. In the present study, we examine whether the clinically important ascomycete Histoplasma capsulatum produce vesicles and utilized these structures to secrete macromolecules. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows transcellular secretion of vesicles by yeast cells. Proteomic and lipidomic analyses of vesicles isolated from culture supernatants reveal a rich collection of macromolecules involved in diverse processes, including metabolism, cell recycling, signalling and virulence. The results demonstrate that H. capsulatum can utilize a trans-cell wall vesicular transport secretory mechanism to promote virulence. Additionally, TEM of supernatants collected from Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Sporothrix schenckii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae documents that vesicles are similarly produced by additional ascomycetes. The vesicles from H. capsulatum react with immune serum from patients with histoplasmosis, providing an association of the vesicular products with pathogenesis. The findings support the proposal that vesicular secretion is a general mechanism in fungi for the transport of macromolecules related to virulence and that this process could be a target for novel therapeutics.
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25
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Cutler JE, Deepe GS, Klein BS. Advances in combating fungal diseases: vaccines on the threshold. Nat Rev Microbiol 2007; 5:13-28. [PMID: 17160002 PMCID: PMC2214303 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The dramatic increase in fungal diseases in recent years can be attributed to the increased aggressiveness of medical therapy and other human activities. Immunosuppressed patients are at risk of contracting fungal diseases in healthcare settings and from natural environments. Increased prescribing of antifungals has led to the emergence of resistant fungi, resulting in treatment challenges. These concerns, together with the elucidation of the mechanisms of protective immunity against fungal diseases, have renewed interest in the development of vaccines against the mycoses. Most research has used murine models of human disease and, as we review in this article, the knowledge gained from these studies has advanced to the point where the development of vaccines targeting human fungal pathogens is now a realistic and achievable goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim E. Cutler
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Children at Children’s Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70118 USA
| | - George S. Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267–0560 USA
| | - Bruce S. Klein
- Departments of Pediatrics, Internal Medicine, and Medical Microbiology and Immunology and the University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, 53792 USA
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26
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Segal BH, Wang XY, Dennis CG, Youn R, Repasky EA, Manjili MH, Subjeck JR. Heat shock proteins as vaccine adjuvants in infections and cancer. Drug Discov Today 2006; 11:534-40. [PMID: 16713905 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In addition to maintaining cell homeostasis under physiological and stress conditions, some heat shock proteins (HSPs) are potent inducers of immunity and have been harnessed as vaccine adjuvants targeted to cancers and infections. HSPs are a group of ubiquitous intracellular molecules that function as molecular chaperones in numerous processes, such as protein folding and transport, and are induced under stress conditions, such as fever and radiation. Certain HSPs are potent inducers of innate and antigen-specific immunity. They activate dendritic cells partly through toll-like receptors, activate natural killer cells, increase presentation of antigens to effector cells and augment T-cell and humoral immune responses against their associated antigens. Their roles in priming multiple host defense pathways are being exploited in vaccine development for cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahm H Segal
- Department of Medicine, Immunology, Cellular Stress Biology, and Urologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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27
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Wüthrich M, Filutowicz HI, Allen HL, Deepe GS, Klein BS. V beta1+ J beta1.1+/V alpha2+ J alpha49+ CD4+ T cells mediate resistance against infection with Blastomyces dermatitidis. Infect Immun 2006; 75:193-200. [PMID: 17030569 PMCID: PMC1828383 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01148-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization with a cell wall/membrane (CW/M) and yeast cytosol extract (YCE) crude antigen from Blastomyces dermatitidis confers T-cell-mediated resistance against lethal experimental infection in mice. We isolated and characterized T cells that recognize components of these protective antigens and mediate protection. CD4+ T-cell clones elicited with CW/M antigen adoptively transferred protective immunity when they expressed a V alpha2+ J alpha49+/V beta1+ J beta1.1+ heterodimeric T-cell receptor (TCR) and produced high levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). In contrast, V beta8.1/8.2+ CD4+ T-cell clones that were reactive against CW/M and YCE antigens and produced little or no IFN-gamma either failed to mediate protection or exacerbated the infection depending on the level of interleukin-5 expression. Thus, the outgrowth of protective T-cell clones against immunodominant antigens of B. dermatitidis is biased by a combination of the TCR repertoire and Th1 cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Wüthrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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28
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Heninger E, Hogan LH, Karman J, Macvilay S, Hill B, Woods JP, Sandor M. Characterization of the Histoplasma capsulatum-induced granuloma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3303-13. [PMID: 16920971 PMCID: PMC2748851 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.3303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rising rates of Histoplasma capsulatum infection are an emerging problem among the rapidly growing population of immune-compromised individuals. Although there is a growing understanding of systemic immunity against Histoplasma, little is known about the local granulomatous response, which is an important component in the control of infection. The focus of this article is the characterization of Histoplasma-induced granulomas. Five days after i.p. infection, infected macrophage appear in the liver and lung; however, no granulomas are apparent. Two days later, well-formed sarcoid granulomas are abundant in the lung and liver of infected mice, which contain all visible Histoplasma. Granulomas are dominated by macrophage and lymphocytes. Most of the Histoplasma and most of the apoptotic cells are found in the center of the lesions. We isolated liver granulomas at multiple time points after infection and analyzed the cellular composition, TCR gene usage, and cytokine production of granuloma-infiltrating cells. The lesions contain both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, and T cells are the primary source of IFN-gamma and IL-17. The main source of local TNF-alpha is macrophage. Chemokines are produced by both infiltrating macrophage and lymphocytes. Dendritic cells are present in granulomas; however, T cell expansion seems to occur systemically because TCR usage is very heterogeneous even at the level of individual lesions. This study is the first direct examination of host cellular responses in the Histoplasma-induced granuloma representing the specific interface between host and pathogen. Our studies will allow further analysis of key elements of host Histoplasma interactions at the site of chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Heninger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Laura H. Hogan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jozsef Karman
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Sinarack Macvilay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Bjork Hill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jon P. Woods
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Matyas Sandor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 5460 MSC, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706.
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29
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Lindell DM, Ballinger MN, McDonald RA, Toews GB, Huffnagle GB. Diversity of the T-cell response to pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Infect Immun 2006; 74:4538-48. [PMID: 16861640 PMCID: PMC1539621 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00080-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity plays an important role in immunity to the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. However, the antigen specificity of the T-cell response to C. neoformans remains largely unknown. In this study, we used two approaches to determine the antigen specificity of the T-cell response to C. neoformans. We report here that a diverse T-cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta repertoire was maintained throughout the primary response to pulmonary C. neoformans infection in immunocompetent mice. CD4+ T-cell deficiency resulted in relative expansion of all CD8+ T-cell subsets. During a secondary immune response, preferential usage of a TCR Vbeta subset in CD4+ T cells occurred in single individuals, but the preferences were "private" and not shared between individuals. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from the secondary lymphoid tissues of immunized mice proliferated in response to a variety of C. neoformans antigens, including heat-killed whole C. neoformans, culture filtrate antigen, C. neoformans lysate, and purified cryptococcal mannoprotein. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from the secondary lymphoid tissues of mice undergoing a primary response to C. neoformans proliferated in response to C. neoformans lysate. In response to stimulation with C. neoformans lysate, lung CD4+ and CD8+ T cells produced the effector cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha and gamma interferon. These results demonstrate that a diverse T-cell response is generated in response to pulmonary C. neoformans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Lindell
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, 6301 MSRB III, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0642, USA
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30
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Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (hsps) have been identified as molecular chaperones conserved between microbes and man and grouped by their molecular mass and high degree of amino acid homology. This article reviews the major hsps of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, their interactions with trehalose, the effect of fermentation and the role of the heat-shock factor. Information derived from this model, as well as from Neurospora crassa and Achlya ambisexualis, helps in understanding the importance of hsps in the pathogenic fungi, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus spp., Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Trichophyton rubrum, Phycomyces blakesleeanus, Fusarium oxysporum, Coccidioides immitis and Pneumocystis jiroveci. This has been matched with proteomic and genomic information examining hsp expression in response to noxious stimuli. Fungal hsp90 has been identified as a target for immunotherapy by a genetically recombinant antibody. The concept of combining this antibody fragment with an antifungal drug for treating life-threatening fungal infection and the potential interactions with human and microbial hsp90 and nitric oxide is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Burnie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Clinical Sciences Building, University of Manchester, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK.
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31
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Scheckelhoff MR, Deepe GS. Pulmonary V beta 4+ T cells from Histoplasma capsulatum-infected mice respond to a homologue of Sec31 that confers a protective response. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:888-97. [PMID: 16479524 PMCID: PMC1393281 DOI: 10.1086/500244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The population of V beta 4+ T cells expands in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice infected with Histoplasma capsulatum, and the elimination of these cells impairs protective immunity. To determine the antigen or antigens that trigger their proliferation, V beta 4+ T cell hybridomas were generated from the lungs and spleens of infected mice. We mapped the antigenic determinants by T cell Western blot. Pulmonary and splenic T cells recognized 3 regions comprising <25, 55-70, and 125-140 kDa. The majority of hybridomas from lungs, but not from spleens, responded to the high molecular mass region. A protein from that area was identified, by amino acid sequencing, as a homologue of Sec31 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Vaccination with recombinant Sec31 reduced fungal burden and improved survival in mice, and its efficacy was critically dependent on the presence of V beta 4+ T cells. Thus, a homologue of Sec31 is a trigger of the expansion of the V beta 4+ T cell population and is important to the generation of protective immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins/administration & dosage
- Carrier Proteins/pharmacology
- Histoplasma/drug effects
- Histoplasma/genetics
- Histoplasma/immunology
- Histoplasmosis/immunology
- Histoplasmosis/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Phosphoproteins/administration & dosage
- Phosphoproteins/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/administration & dosage
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/pharmacology
- Vesicular Transport Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Scheckelhoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - George S. Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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32
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Segal BH, Kwon-Chung J, Walsh TJ, Klein BS, Battiwalla M, Almyroudis NG, Holland SM, Romani L. Immunotherapy for fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:507-15. [PMID: 16421795 DOI: 10.1086/499811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic fungal infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised individuals. Fungi have evolved complex and coordinated mechanisms to survive in the environment and in the mammalian host. Fungi must adapt to "stressors" in the host (including scarcity of nutrients, pH, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates) in addition to evading host immunity. Knowledge of the immunopathogenesis of fungal infections has paved the way to promising strategies for immunotherapy. These include strategies that increase phagocyte number, activate innate host defense pathways in phagocytes and dendritic cells, and stimulate antigen-specific immunity (e.g., vaccines). Immunotherapy must be tailored to specific immunocompromised states. Challenges exist in bringing promising immunotherapies from the laboratory to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahm H Segal
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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33
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Deepe GS, Wüthrich M, Klein BS. Progress in vaccination for histoplasmosis and blastomycosis: coping with cellular immunity. Med Mycol 2005; 43:381-9. [PMID: 16178365 DOI: 10.1080/13693780500245875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infection with Histoplasma capsulatum or Blastomyces dermatitidis is sufficiently frequent to warrant exploring the development of vaccines. This review examines the advancements that have been accomplished over the last few years. The availability of molecular tools to create recombinant antigens or mutant strains has produced a small number of useful vaccine candidates. More importantly, the studies summarized herein demonstrate that understanding the host response to a protein or mutant fungus is critical to creating a vaccine that may be useful for the immunocompromised patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Deepe
- Veterans Affairs Hospital and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0560, USA.
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34
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Finger E, Brodeur PH, Hernandez HJ, Stadecker MJ. Expansion of CD4 T cells expressing a highly restricted TCR structure specific for a single parasite epitope correlates with high pathology in murine schistosomiasis. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:2659-69. [PMID: 16106372 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200526344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The hepatic immunopathology in schistosomiasis mansoni is mediated by CD4 T cells specific for egg antigens and varies considerably among mouse strains. Previous studies in high pathology C3H mice suggested that a strong T cell response was due to the recognition of an immunodominant epitope within the major egg antigen Sm-p40 (Sm-p40(234-246)). Using a panel of T cell hybridomas, we have now examined the egg antigen-specific TCR repertoire in two high pathology strains, C3H and CBA. We found that nearly half of the hybridomas responded to the Sm-p40(234-246 )epitope and, of these, nearly all expressed Valpha11.3 associated with Vbeta8. Furthermore, in response to egg antigen stimulation, transcript levels of Valpha11.3J36 (the most prevalent rearrangement expressed by Sm-p40(234-246)-specific hybridomas), increased in high pathology (CBA) but not in low pathology BALB/c strains. Our findings suggest that exacerbated schistosome egg-induced immunopathology can be driven by T cells expressing a highly restricted TCR structure specific for a single parasite epitope.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Helminth/genetics
- Antigens, Helminth/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/parasitology
- Cloning, Molecular
- Female
- Helminth Proteins/genetics
- Helminth Proteins/immunology
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Helminth/chemistry
- RNA, Helminth/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Schistosoma mansoni/genetics
- Schistosoma mansoni/immunology
- Schistosoma mansoni/pathogenicity
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/immunology
- Schistosomiasis mansoni/parasitology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Finger
- Immunology Program, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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35
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Scheckelhoff M, Deepe GS. A deficiency in gamma interferon or interleukin-10 modulates T-Cell-dependent responses to heat shock protein 60 from Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect Immun 2005; 73:2129-34. [PMID: 15784555 PMCID: PMC1087458 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.4.2129-2134.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization of mice with heat shock protein 60 from Histoplasma capsulatum or a polypeptide from the protein designated F3 confers protection. Vbeta8.1/8.2+ T cells are critically important for the protective efficacy of this antigen. The production of interleukin-10 and gamma interferon following vaccination is essential for efficacy. In this study, we sought to determine whether the absence of either cytokine modified the repertoire of antigen-reactive T cells and whether it altered the functional properties of T cells. Mice lacking gamma interferon or interleukin-10 manifested a skewed repertoire compared to that of wild-type mice. The bias was most marked in gamma interferon-deficient mice and modestly altered in interleukin-10-deficient animals. The altered repertoire in gamma interferon-deficient mice could not be explained at the level of antigen presentation or by the absence of this population from mice. The proportion of T cells from interleukin-10-deficient mice manifesting a Th1 phenotype was greatly increased compared to that from wild-type animals. Transfer of splenocytes from gamma interferon- or interleukin-10-deficient mice immunized with heat shock protein 60 failed to confer protection in T-cell receptor alpha/beta-/- mice. The transfer of T-cell clones that did not produce both cytokines failed to prolong survival in T-cell receptor alpha/beta-/- mice, whereas the clones with the same features that were derived from wild-type mice did. These results indicate that the cytokine milieu influences the shape of the T-cell receptor repertoire and support the importance of gamma interferon and interleukin-10 in the efficacy of heat shock protein 60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Scheckelhoff
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0560, USA
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36
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Hartley MG, Green M, Choules G, Rogers D, Rees DGC, Newstead S, Sjostedt A, Titball RW. Protection afforded by heat shock protein 60 from Francisella tularensis is due to copurified lipopolysaccharide. Infect Immun 2004; 72:4109-13. [PMID: 15213156 PMCID: PMC427437 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.7.4109-4113.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) have attracted significant attention as protective antigens against a range of diseases caused by bacterial pathogens. However, more recently there have been suggestions that the protective response is due to the presence of peptide components other than Hsps. We have shown that mice that had been immunized with purified heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) isolated from Francisella tularensis were protected against a subsequent challenge with some strains of the bacterium. However, this protection appeared to be due to trace amounts of lipopolysaccharide, which were too low to be detected by using the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay. This finding raises the possibility that the protection afforded by other bacterial Hsp60 proteins may be due to trace quantities of polysaccharide antigens carried by and acting in conjunction with the Hsps.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Hartley
- Bldg. 245, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 0NS, United Kingdom.
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37
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Steen BR, Zuyderduyn S, Toffaletti DL, Marra M, Jones SJM, Perfect JR, Kronstad J. Cryptococcus neoformans gene expression during experimental cryptococcal meningitis. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2004; 2:1336-49. [PMID: 14665467 PMCID: PMC326655 DOI: 10.1128/ec.2.6.1336-1349.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated basidiomycete fungus of medical importance, is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and causing meningitis in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. To gain insight into the adaptation of the fungus to the host central nervous system (CNS), serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) was used to characterize the gene expression profile of C. neoformans cells recovered from the CNS of infected rabbits. A SAGE library was constructed, and 49,048 tags were sequenced; 16,207 of these tags were found to represent unique sequences or tag families. Of the 304 most-abundant tags, 164 were assigned to a putative gene for subsequent functional grouping. The results (as determined according to the number of tags that identified genes encoding proteins required for these functions) indicated that the C. neoformans cells were actively engaged in protein synthesis, protein degradation, stress response, small-molecule transport, and signaling. In addition, a high level of energy requirement of the fungal cells was suggested by a large number of tags that matched putative genes for energy production. Taken together, these findings provide the first insight into the transcriptional adaptation of C. neoformans to the host environment and identify the set of fungal genes most highly expressed during cerebrospinal fluid infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Steen
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Huffnagle GB, Deepe GS. Innate and adaptive determinants of host susceptibility to medically important fungi. Curr Opin Microbiol 2003; 6:344-50. [PMID: 12941402 DOI: 10.1016/s1369-5274(03)00089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The host response is the outcome of an interplay between innate immunity, adaptive immunity (Th1, Th2, T regulatory cells, B cells and antibodies) and fungal virulence factors. Dendritic cells are the gatekeepers between innate and adaptive immunity and have been the intense focus of recent studies on innate immunity to fungi because of their ability to distinguish between different forms of a fungal species, to drive Th1 versus Th2 versus T regulatory responses, and potentially be modulated by fungal products. New mechanisms have been described by which anti-fungal antibodies can modulate infection and augment T cell immunity. Th1 responses are central to limiting infection with many fungi; thus, a great deal of attention has been focused recently on the antigen(s) that trigger such a response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B Huffnagle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0642, USA.
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