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Lee S, Ko Y, Lee HW, Oh WJ, Hong HG, Ariyaratne D, Im SJ, Kim TJ. Two distinct subpopulations of marginal zone B cells exhibit differential antibody-producing capacities and radioresistance. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:393-408. [PMID: 38424169 PMCID: PMC10978899 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Marginal zone (MZ) B cells, which are splenic innate-like B cells that rapidly secrete antibodies (Abs) against blood-borne pathogens, are composed of heterogeneous subpopulations. Here, we showed that MZ B cells can be divided into two distinct subpopulations according to their CD80 expression levels. CD80high MZ B cells exhibited greater Ab-producing, proliferative, and IL-10-secreting capacities than did CD80low MZ B cells. Notably, CD80high MZ B cells survived 2-Gy whole-body irradiation, whereas CD80low MZ B cells were depleted by irradiation and then repleted with one month after irradiation. Depletion of CD80low MZ B cells led to accelerated development of type II collagen (CII)-induced arthritis upon immunization with bovine CII. CD80high MZ B cells exhibited higher expression of genes involved in proliferation, plasma cell differentiation, and the antioxidant response. CD80high MZ B cells expressed more autoreactive B cell receptors (BCRs) that recognized double-stranded DNA or CII, expressed more immunoglobulin heavy chain sequences with shorter complementarity-determining region 3 sequences, and included more clonotypes with no N-nucleotides or with B-1a BCR sequences than CD80low MZ B cells. Adoptive transfer experiments showed that CD21+CD23+ transitional 2 MZ precursors preferentially generated CD80low MZ B cells and that a proportion of CD80low MZ B cells were converted into CD80high MZ B cells; in contrast, CD80high MZ B cells stably remained CD80high MZ B cells. In summary, MZ B cells can be divided into two subpopulations according to their CD80 expression levels, Ab-producing capacity, radioresistance, and autoreactivity, and these findings may suggest a hierarchical composition of MZ B cells with differential stability and BCR specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lee
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeunjung Ko
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Immunology and Microbiology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hyun Woo Lee
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Oh
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Gi Hong
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinuka Ariyaratne
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Se Jin Im
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Kulik L, Renner B, Laskowski J, Thurman JM, Michael Holers V. Highly pathogenic natural monoclonal antibody B4-IgM recognizes a post-translational modification comprised of acetylated N-terminal methionine followed by aspartic or glutamic acid. Mol Immunol 2023; 157:112-128. [PMID: 37018938 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The natural monoclonal antibody B4-IgM recognizes murine annexin 4 (mAn4) and exacerbates ischemia-reperfusion injury in many mouse models. During apoptosis, the intracellular mAn4 protein translocates to the membrane surface, remaining attached to the outer membrane leaflet where it is recognized by the anti-mAn4 B4-IgM antibody. B4-IgM does not recognize human annexin 4 (hAn4). However, the B4-IgM antibody epitope was detected by Western blot of unknown human proteins and by flow cytometry on all studied human cell lines undergoing apoptosis and on a minor subset of healthy cells. The B4-IgM antibody also recognizes the epitope on necrotic cells in cytoplasmic proteins, apparently entering through pores large enough to allow natural antibodies to penetrate the cells and bind to the epitope expressed on self-proteins. Using proteomics and site-directed mutagenesis, we found that B4-IgM binds to an epitope with post-translationally modified acetylated N-terminal methionine, followed by either glutamic or aspartic acid. The epitope is not induced by apoptosis or injury because this modification can also occur during protein translation. This finding reveals an additional novel mechanism whereby injured cells are detected by natural antibodies that initiate pathogenic complement activation through the recognition of epitopes that are shared across multiple proteins found in variable cell lines.
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Palm AKE, Kleinau S. Marginal zone B cells: From housekeeping function to autoimmunity? J Autoimmun 2021; 119:102627. [PMID: 33640662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Marginal zone (MZ) B cells comprise a subset of innate-like B cells found predominantly in the spleen, but also in lymph nodes and blood. Their principal functions are participation in quick responses to blood-borne pathogens and secretion of natural antibodies. The latter is important for housekeeping functions such as clearance of apoptotic cell debris. MZ B cells have B cell receptors with low poly-/self-reactivity, but they are not pathogenic at steady state. However, if simultaneously stimulated with self-antigen and pathogen- and/or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs), MZ B cells may participate in the initial steps towards breakage of immunological tolerance. This review summarizes what is known about the role of MZ B cells in autoimmunity, both in mouse models and human disease. We cover factors important for shaping the MZ B cell compartment, how the functional properties of MZ B cells may contribute to breaking tolerance, and how MZ B cells are being regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin E Palm
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sandra Kleinau
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Suurmond J, Atisha-Fregoso Y, Marasco E, Barlev AN, Ahmed N, Calderon SA, Wong MY, Mackay MC, Aranow C, Diamond B. Loss of an IgG plasma cell checkpoint in patients with lupus. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1586-1597. [PMID: 30439406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgG antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are a feature of several autoimmune diseases. These antibodies arise through defects in central or peripheral tolerance checkpoints. The specific checkpoints breached in patients with autoimmune disease are not fully understood. OBJECTIVES We sought to study whether autoreactive plasma cells in lupus models and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) arise as a consequence of defective antigen-specific selection or a global enhancement of IgG plasma cell differentiation. METHODS We optimized and validated a novel technique to detect naturally occurring ANA+ B cells and plasma cells. RESULTS We observed a major checkpoint for generation of ANA+ IgG+ plasma cells in both nonautoimmune mice and healthy human subjects. Interestingly, we observed increased numbers of ANA+ IgG+ plasma cells despite normal tolerance checkpoints in immature and naive B cells of lupus-prone MRL/lpr and NZB/W mice, as well as patients with SLE. This increase was due to increased numbers of total IgG+ plasma cells rather than lack of selection against ANA+ plasma cells. CONCLUSION Using a method that permits quick and accurate quantification of autoreactive B cells and plasma cells in vivo within a native B-cell repertoire in mice and human subjects, we demonstrate the importance of a checkpoint that restricts the generation of IgG plasma cells and protects against IgG ANAs. Our observations suggest a fundamentally revised understanding of SLE: that it is a disease of aberrant B-cell differentiation rather than a defect in antigen-specific B-cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Suurmond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Emiliano Marasco
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Division of Rheumatology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ashley N Barlev
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY
| | - Silvia A Calderon
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Mei Yin Wong
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Meggan C Mackay
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Cynthia Aranow
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.
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Malkiel S, Barlev AN, Atisha-Fregoso Y, Suurmond J, Diamond B. Plasma Cell Differentiation Pathways in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:427. [PMID: 29556239 PMCID: PMC5845388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) are responsible for the production of protective antibodies against infectious agents but they also produce pathogenic antibodies in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Traditionally, high affinity IgG autoantibodies are thought to arise through germinal center (GC) responses. However, class switching and somatic hypermutation can occur in extrafollicular (EF) locations, and this pathway has also been implicated in SLE. The pathway from which PCs originate may determine several characteristics, such as PC lifespan and sensitivity to therapeutics. Although both GC and EF responses have been implicated in SLE, we hypothesize that one of these pathways dominates in each individual patient and genetic risk factors may drive this predominance. While it will be important to distinguish polymorphisms that contribute to a GC-driven or EF B cell response to develop targeted treatments, the challenge will be not only to identify the differentiation pathway but the molecular mechanisms involved. In B cells, this task is complicated by the cross-talk between the B cell receptor, toll-like receptors (TLR), and cytokine signaling molecules, which contribute to both GC and EF responses. While risk variants that affect the function of dendritic cells and T follicular helper cells are likely to primarily influence GC responses, it will be important to discover whether some risk variants in the interferon and TLR pathways preferentially influence EF responses. Identifying the pathways of autoreactive PC differentiation in SLE may help us to understand patient heterogeneity and thereby guide precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Malkiel
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ashley N Barlev
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jolien Suurmond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
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6
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Kim CJ, Hara E, Watabe N, Hara I, Kimura S. Modulation of immunogenicity of poly(sarcosine) displayed on various nanoparticle surfaces due to different physical properties. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:889-898. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Joo Kim
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Kyoto Daigaku‐Katsura, Nishikyo‐ku Kyoto 615‐8510 Japan
| | - Eri Hara
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital 53 Shogoin kawahara‐cho, Sakyo‐ku Kyoto 606‐8507 Japan
| | - Naoki Watabe
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Kyoto Daigaku‐Katsura, Nishikyo‐ku Kyoto 615‐8510 Japan
| | - Isao Hara
- Technology Research Laboratory Shimadzu Corporation 3‐9‐4 Hikaridai, Seika‐cho, Soraku‐gun 619‐0237 Kyoto Japan
| | - Shunsaku Kimura
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Kyoto Daigaku‐Katsura, Nishikyo‐ku Kyoto 615‐8510 Japan
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Rawlings DJ, Metzler G, Wray-Dutra M, Jackson SW. Altered B cell signalling in autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:421-436. [PMID: 28393923 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has provided new insights into how altered B cell-intrinsic signals - through the B cell receptor (BCR) and key co-receptors - function together to promote the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. These combined signals affect B cells at two distinct stages: first, in the selection of the naive repertoire; and second, during extrafollicular or germinal centre activation responses. Thus, dysregulated signalling can lead to both an altered naive BCR repertoire and the generation of autoantibody-producing B cells. Strikingly, high-affinity autoantibodies predate and predict disease in several autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus. This Review summarizes how, rather than being a downstream consequence of autoreactive T cell activation, dysregulated B cell signalling can function as a primary driver of many human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Genita Metzler
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Michelle Wray-Dutra
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Shaun W Jackson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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Abstract
While some autoimmune disorders remain extremely rare, others largely predominate the epidemiology of human autoimmunity. Notably, these include psoriasis, diabetes, vitiligo, thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Thus, despite the quasi-infinite number of "self" antigens that could theoretically trigger autoimmune responses, only a limited set of antigens, referred here as superautoantigens, induce pathogenic adaptive responses. Several lines of evidence reviewed in this paper indicate that, irrespective of the targeted organ (e.g. thyroid, pancreas, joints, brain or skin), a significant proportion of superautoantigens are highly expressed in the synaptic compartment of the central nervous system (CNS). Such an observation applies notably for GAD65, AchR, ribonucleoproteins, heat shock proteins, collagen IV, laminin, tyrosine hydroxylase and the acetylcholinesterase domain of thyroglobulin. It is also argued that cognitive alterations have been described in a number of autoimmune disorders, including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Crohn's disease and autoimmune thyroiditis. Finally, the present paper points out that a great majority of the "incidental" autoimmune conditions notably triggered by neoplasms, vaccinations or microbial infections are targeting the synaptic or myelin compartments. On this basis, the concept of an immunological homunculus, proposed by Irun Cohen more than 25 years ago, is extended here in a model where physiological autoimmunity against brain superautoantigens confers both: i) a crucial evolutionary-determined advantage via cognition-promoting autoimmunity; and ii) a major evolutionary-determined vulnerability, leading to the emergence of autoimmune disorders in Homo sapiens. Moreover, in this theoretical framework, the so called co-development/co-evolution model, both the development (at the scale of an individual) and evolution (at the scale of species) of the antibody and T-cell repertoires are coupled to those of the neural repertoires (i.e. the distinct neuronal populations and synaptic circuits supporting cognitive and sensorimotor functions). Clinical implications and future experimental insights are also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Nataf
- Bank of Tissues and Cells, Lyon University Hospital (Hospices Civils de Lyon), CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Lyon, F-69000, France
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Oropallo MA, Goenka R, Cancro MP. Spinal cord injury impacts B cell production, homeostasis, and activation. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:421-7. [PMID: 25443579 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Complex interactions govern the interplay of central nervous and immune systems, including the generation, homeostatic maintenance, and activation of B cells. Accordingly, spinal cord injury will likely impact all of these processes. Several laboratories have recently explored this possibility, and their observations in aggregate reveal both acute and chronic consequences that can vary based on the injury location. Acute effects include a transient cessation of bone marrow B lymphopoiesis, with a corresponding drop in the peripheral follicular and transitional B cell subsets, whereas the marginal zone subset is preserved. Despite recovery of B lymphopoiesis by 28 days post injury, follicular B cell numbers remain depressed; this may reflect reduced levels of the homeostatic cytokine BLyS. In general, the ability to mount T dependent antibody responses after injury are intact, as are pre-existing memory B cell pools and antibody levels. In contrast, T-independent responses are chronically compromised. Both glucocorticoid-dependent and -independent processes mediate these effects, but a detailed understanding of the mechanisms involved awaits further study. Nonetheless, these observations in toto strengthen the growing appreciation for bidirectional interactions between the CNS and immune system, highlighting the need for further basic and translational efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Oropallo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 284 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Radhika Goenka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 284 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 284 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Schwartz MA, Kolhatkar NS, Thouvenel C, Khim S, Rawlings DJ. CD4+ T cells and CD40 participate in selection and homeostasis of peripheral B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3492-502. [PMID: 25172502 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Control of peripheral B cell development and homeostasis depends critically on coordinate signals received through the BAFFRs and BCRs. The extent to which other signals contribute to this process, however, remains undefined. We present data indicating that CD4(+) T cells directly influence naive B cell development via CD40 signaling. Loss of CD4(+) T cells or CD40-CD40L interaction leads to reduced B cell homeostatic proliferation and hindered B cell reconstitution posttransplantation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in the absence of CD40 signals, these events are modulated by BCR self-reactivity. Strikingly, murine models lacking CD40 reveal a broadly altered BCR specificity and limited diversity by both single-cell cloning and high-throughput sequencing techniques. Collectively, our results imply that any setting of T cell lymphopenia or reduced CD40 function, including B cell recovery following transplantation, will impact the naive B cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Schwartz
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Nikita S Kolhatkar
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Chris Thouvenel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195; and Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Socheath Khim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195; and Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - David J Rawlings
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195; and Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
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11
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Pasquali JL, Martin T. Control of B cells expressing naturally occurring autoantibodies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 750:145-56. [PMID: 22903672 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3461-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring autoantibodies (NAbs) are typically polyreactive, bind with low affinity to a discrete set of autoantigens and are encoded by variable region genes in germline configuration. They differ from disease-associated autoantibodies (autoAb), which are mostly monoreactive, somatically mutated and of high affinities. Structure-function studies have shown that polyreactivity of NAbs relies on the somatically generated complementarity determining region, CDR3, of the heavy chain. This finding suggested that NAb-producing B cells were positively selected from the pre-immune B-cell repertoire. The biological significance of this selection remains, however, unclear. Data originating mainly from transgenic mice have shown that mature NAb-producing B cells are frequently ignorant toward their antigen, possibly due to their low affinity, though active tolerance mechanisms are not excluded. An important issue is whether NAb-producing B cells constitute the pool from which pathologic auto Ab emerge after autoantigen-driven maturation. We summarize results obtained in mouse models, showing that some infectious agents are able to induce an autoantigen-driven activation of certain NAb-producing B cells. However direct proof that selection by autoantigen may lead to somatic hypermutation are still lacking. Other data tend to suggest that pathologic auto Abs may derive from non-autoimmune B cells that have diversified by somatic hypermutation of their variable region genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Louis Pasquali
- Clinical Immunology Department, National Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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12
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Bayry J, Misra N, Dasgupta S, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Kazatchkine MD, Kaveri SV. Natural autoantibodies: immune homeostasis and therapeutic intervention. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 1:213-22. [PMID: 20476935 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.2.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The importance of natural autoantibodies reacting with self-antigens has long been neglected, as tolerance to self was believed to be primarily dependent on the deletion of autoreactive clones during ontogeny. However, it is now well established that autoreactive antibodies and B- and T-cells are present in healthy individuals. Research into the properties of natural autoantibodies and their role in immune homeostasis has been extensively investigated for a number of years. This information should lead towards the therapeutic exploitation of natural autoantibodies in the immunotherapy of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut des Cordeliers, INSERM U681, 15 Rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France.
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14
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Yamagami J, Kacir S, Ishii K, Payne AS, Siegel DL, Stanley JR. Antibodies to the desmoglein 1 precursor proprotein but not to the mature cell surface protein cloned from individuals without pemphigus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5615-21. [PMID: 19843946 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In pemphigus foliaceus (PF), autoantibodies against desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) cause blisters. Using Ab phage display, we have cloned mAbs from a PF patient. These mAbs, like those from a previous patient, were directed against mature Dsg1 (matDsg1) on the cell surface of keratinocytes and precursor Dsg1 (preDsg1) in the cytoplasm. To determine whether individuals without pemphigus have B cell tolerance to Dsg1, we cloned mAbs from two patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and a healthy person. We found mAbs against preDsg1, but not matDsg1. All but 1 of the 23 anti-preDsg1 mAbs from PF patients and those without PF used the VH3-09 (or closely related VH3-20) H chain gene, whereas no PF anti-matDsg1 used these genes. V(H) cDNA encoding anti-preDsg1 had significantly fewer somatic mutations than did anti-matDsg1 cDNA, consistent with chronic Ag-driven hypermutation of the latter compared with the former. These data indicate that individuals without PF do not have B cell tolerance to preDsg1 and that loss of tolerance to matDsg1 is not due to epitope shifting of anti-preDsg1 B cells (because of different V(H) gene usage). However, presentation of peptides from Dsg1 by preDsg1-specific B cells may be one step in developing autoimmunity in PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yamagami
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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15
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Köhler F, Hug E, Eschbach C, Meixlsperger S, Hobeika E, Kofer J, Wardemann H, Jumaa H. Autoreactive B cell receptors mimic autonomous pre-B cell receptor signaling and induce proliferation of early B cells. Immunity 2008; 29:912-21. [PMID: 19084434 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The majority of early immature B cells express autoreactive B cell receptors (BCRs) that are, according to the current view, negatively selected to avoid the production of self-reactive antibodies. Here, we show that polyreactive BCRs, which recognize multiple self-antigens, induced autonomous signaling and selective expansion of B cell precursors in a manner comparable to the pre-BCR. We found that the pre-BCR was capable of recognizing multiple self-antigens and that a signaling-deficient pre-BCR lacking the non-Ig region of the surrogate-light-chain component lambda5 was rescued by the complementarity-determining region 3 derived from heavy chains of polyreactive receptors. Importantly, bone marrow B cells from mice carrying Ig transgenes for an autoreactive BCR showed increased cell-cycle activity, which could not be detected in cells lacking the transgenic BCR. Together, the pre-BCR has evolved to ensure self-recognition because autoreactivity is required for positive selection of B cell precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Köhler
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (bioss), Albert-Ludwigs-University and Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Zhou ZH, Zhang Y, Hu YF, Wahl LM, Cisar JO, Notkins AL. The broad antibacterial activity of the natural antibody repertoire is due to polyreactive antibodies. Cell Host Microbe 2008; 1:51-61. [PMID: 18005681 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 12/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyreactive antibodies bind to a variety of structurally unrelated antigens. The function of these antibodies, however, has remained an enigma, and because of their low binding affinity their biological relevance has been questioned. Using a panel of monoclonal polyreactive antibodies, we showed that these antibodies can bind to both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and acting through the classical complement pathway can inhibit bacterial growth by lysis, generate anaphylatoxin C5a, enhance phagocytosis, and neutralize the functional activity of endotoxin. Polyreactive antibody-enriched, but not polyreactive antibody-reduced, IgM prepared from normal human serum displays antibacterial activity similar to that of monoclonal polyreactive IgM. We conclude that polyreactive antibodies are a major contributor to the broad antibacterial activity of the natural antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hua Zhou
- Experimental Medicine Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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17
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Fink K, Zellweger R, Weber J, Manjarrez-Orduno N, Holdener M, Senn BM, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM, Macpherson AJ. Long-term maternal imprinting of the specific B cell repertoire by maternal antibodies. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:90-101. [PMID: 18081043 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Maternal antibodies protect newborns whilst they are immunologically immature. This study shows that maternal antibodies can also shape the B cell repertoire of the offspring long after the maternal antibodies themselves become undetectable. V(H)DJ(H) gene-targeted (VI10) mice expressing a heavy chain specific for vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) produce a 20-fold increased spontaneous titer of VSV-neutralizing antibodies. When transferred from mother to offspring, these antibodies prevented accumulation of Ag-specific transitional type 2 and marginal zone B cells with an activated phenotype and favored selection to the B cell follicles. This effect was B cell-intrinsic and lasted up to adulthood. The pups nursed by mothers producing specific antibodies developed higher endogenous antibody titers of this specificity which perpetuated the effects of specific B cell selection into the mature follicular compartment, presumably by blocking auto-Ag-dependent development of transitional type 2 B cells in the spleen. This repertoire change was functional, as following infection of adult mice with VSV, those pups that had received specific maternal antibodies as neonates had increased pre-immune titers and mounted strong early IgG neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Fink
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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18
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Avrameas S, Ternynck T, Tsonis IA, Lymberi P. Naturally occurring B-cell autoreactivity: A critical overview. J Autoimmun 2007; 29:213-8. [PMID: 17888629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In over one century of research in immunology marked progress in the scientific knowledge and the implications derived from it has been made. At the same time several contradictory and seemingly opposing results have been obtained. The term autoimmunity is still conceived by many as a term directly related to an immunopathological state. However, strong evidence exist that not only the immune system is able to recognize self-constituents, but it appears also that this property is essential for homeostasis. Direct or indirect alterations of such self-recognition properties of the immune system may contribute to pathology. In this review, the most recent advances in the field of naturally occurring B-cell autoreactivity in health as well as in disease are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stratis Avrameas
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 M. Asias, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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19
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Liu Y, Li L, Kumar KR, Xie C, Lightfoot S, Zhou XJ, Kearney JF, Weigert M, Mohan C. Lupus susceptibility genes may breach tolerance to DNA by impairing receptor editing of nuclear antigen-reactive B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:1340-52. [PMID: 17617627 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An NZM2410-derived lupus susceptibility locus on murine chromosome 4, Sle2(z), has previously been noted to engender generalized B cell hyperactivity. To study how Sle2(z) impacts B cell tolerance, two Ig H chain site-directed transgenes, 3H9 and 56R, with specificity for DNA were backcrossed onto the C57BL/6 background with or without Sle2(z). Interestingly, the presence of the NZM2410 "z" allele of Sle2 on the C57BL/6 background profoundly breached B cell tolerance to DNA, apparently by thwarting receptor editing. Whereas mAbs isolated from the spleens of B6.56R control mice demonstrated significant usage of the endogenous (i.e., nontargeted) H chain locus and evidence of vigorous L chain editing; Abs isolated from B6.Sle2(z).56R spleens were largely composed of the transgenic H chain paired with a spectrum of L chains, predominantly recombined to J(k)1 or J(k)2. In addition, Sle2(z)-bearing B cells adopted divergent phenotypes depending on their Ag specificity. Whereas Sle2(z)-bearing anti-DNA transgenic B cells were skewed toward marginal zone B cells and preplasmablasts, B cells from the same mice that did not express the transgene were skewed toward the B1a phenotype. This work illustrates that genetic loci that confer lupus susceptibility may influence B cell differentiation depending on their Ag specificity and potentially contribute to antinuclear autoantibody formation by infringing upon B cell receptor editing. Taken together with a recent report on Sle1(z), these studies suggest that dysregulated receptor-editing of nuclear Ag-reactive B cells may be a major mechanism through which antinuclear Abs arise in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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20
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Woods A, Monneaux F, Soulas-Sprauel P, Muller S, Martin T, Korganow AS, Pasquali JL. Influenza virus-induced type I interferon leads to polyclonal B-cell activation but does not break down B-cell tolerance. J Virol 2007; 81:12525-34. [PMID: 17855528 PMCID: PMC2168975 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00839-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between infection and autoimmunity is not yet well understood. This study was designed to evaluate if an acute viral infection known to induce type I interferon production, like influenza, can by itself be responsible for the breakdown of immune tolerance and for autoimmunity. We first tested the effects of influenza virus on B cells in vitro. We then infected different transgenic mice expressing human rheumatoid factors (RF) in the absence or in the constitutive presence of the autoantigen (human immunoglobulin G [IgG]) and young lupus-prone mice [(NZB x NZW)F(1)] with influenza virus and looked for B-cell activation. In vitro, the virus induces B-cell activation through type I interferon production by non-B cells but does not directly stimulate purified B cells. In vivo, both RF and non-RF B cells were activated in an autoantigen-independent manner. This activation was abortive since IgM and IgM-RF production levels were not increased in infected mice compared to uninfected controls, whether or not anti-influenza virus human IgG was detected and even after viral rechallenge. As in RF transgenic mice, acute viral infection of (NZB x NZW)F(1) mice induced only an abortive activation of B cells and no increase in autoantibody production compared to uninfected animals. Taken together, these experiments show that virus-induced acute type I interferon production is not able by itself to break down B-cell tolerance in both normal and autoimmune genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Woods
- INSERM U737, Université Louis Pasteur, Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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21
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Abstract
In order to understand how the natural occurrence of autoreactive B cells is controlled in normal individuals, and how self reactive B cells can escape this control during diverse clinical situations, many different transgenic mice have been generated expressing self reactive antibodies. In this review, we focus our attention on disease-associated self reactive transgenic models which show the variety of the tolerization mechanisms. The same transgenic lines are also used to analyse the effects of the autoimmune genetic background on the self reactive B cell fate, as well as to study the influence of infectious agents on the behaviour of the auto-reactive transgenic B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Pasquali
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, INSERM U 737 and Université Louis Pasteur, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67 091 Strasbourg, France.
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22
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Abstract
The antiphospholipid syndrome is characterized by the association of clinical events (thrombosis and/or obstetrical complications) and heterogeneous autoantibodies reacting with complexes of proteins and anionic phospholipids. Most of these recognized proteins can bind to anionic phospholipids and play a role in natural regulation of coagulation. Inhibition by these autoantibodies of the natural regulators of excessive coagulation is probably responsible for the prothrombotic state that characterizes this disease. Animal models have helped explain the mechanisms of obstetrical complications. Human antiphospholipid antibodies passively transferred to pregnant mice directly cause fetal resorption. This effect is mediated by complement fractions and neutrophil activation and is inhibited by heparin. The origin of these autoantibodies is still debated. Physiologically, the cause may be associated with exposure to anionic phospholipids on the surface of apoptotic cells. The affinity maturation process, which leads to the acquisition of somatic mutations, can then generate highly pathogenic antiphospholipid antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Pasquali
- Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Strasbourg.
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23
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Pedersen AE. The potential for induction of autoimmune disease by a randomly-mutated self-antigen. Med Hypotheses 2007; 68:1240-6. [PMID: 17197112 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of most autoimmune diseases is well described. However, the exact event that triggers the onset of the inflammatory cascade leading to disease is less certain and most autoimmune diseases are complex idiopathic diseases with no single gene known to be causative. In many cases, a relation to an infectious disease is described, and it is thought that microbes can play a direct role in induction of autoimmunity, for instance by molecular mimicry or bystander activation of autoreactive T cells. In contrast, less attention has been given to the possibility that modified self-antigens can be immunogenic and lead to autoimmunity against wildtype self-antigens. In theory, modified self-antigens can arise by random errors and mutations during protein synthesis and would be recognized as foreign antigens by naïve B and T lymphocytes. Here, it is postulated that the initial auto-antigen is not a germline self-antigen, but rather a mutated self-antigen. This mutated self-antigen might interfere with peripheral tolerance if presented to the immune system during an infection. The infection lead to bystander activation of naïve T and B cells with specificity for mutated self-antigen and this can lead to epitopespreading in which T and B cells with specificity for wildtype self-antigens are activated as a result of general inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Pedersen
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Medical Anatomy A, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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24
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Fuentes-Pananá EM, Bannish G, Karnell FG, Treml JF, Monroe JG. Analysis of the Individual Contributions of Igα (CD79a)- and Igβ (CD79b)-Mediated Tonic Signaling for Bone Marrow B Cell Development and Peripheral B Cell Maturation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:7913-22. [PMID: 17114463 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.11.7913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The individual contribution of Igalpha and Igbeta for BCR-triggered fates is unclear. Prior evidence supports conflicting ideas concerning unique as well as redundant functions for these proteins in the context of BCR/pre-BCR signaling. Part of this ambiguity may reflect the recent appreciation that Igalpha and Igbeta participate in both Ag-independent (tonic) and Ag-dependent signaling. The present study undertook defining the individual requirement for Igalpha and Igbeta under conditions where only ligand-independent tonic signaling was operative. In this regard, we have constructed chimeric proteins containing one or two copies of the cytoplasmic domains of either Igalpha or Igbeta and Igalpha/Igbeta heterodimers with targeted Tyr-->Phe modifications. The ability of these proteins to act as surrogate receptors and trigger early bone marrow and peripheral B cell maturation was tested in RAG2(-/-) primary pro-B cell lines and in gene transfer experiments in the muMT mouse model. We considered that the threshold for a functional activity mediated by the pre-BCR/BCR might only be reached when two functional copies of the Igalpha/Igbeta ITAM domain are expressed together, and therefore the specificity conferred by these proteins can only be observed in these conditions. We found that the ligand-independent tonic signal is sufficient to drive development into mature follicular B cells and both Igalpha and Igbeta chains supported formation of this population. In contrast, neither marginal zone nor B1 mature B cell subsets develop from bone marrow precursors under conditions where only tonic signals are generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel M Fuentes-Pananá
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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25
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Tian Q, Beardall M, Xu Y, Li J, Parker DC, Casanova N, Bakke AC, Chen C. B Cells Expressing a Natural Polyreactive Autoantibody Have a Distinct Phenotype and Are Overrepresented in Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Transgenic Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:2412-22. [PMID: 16888003 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.4.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite stringent regulation of disease-associated autoantibodies, a substantial proportion of circulating Abs in sera of healthy individuals exhibit self-reactivity. These Abs are referred to as naturally occurring or natural autoantibodies (NAAs). To understand the origin and function of NAAs, we have generated a new site-directed transgenic mouse model in which a prerearranged VDJ gene coding for the H chain of a typical polyreactive NAA, ppc1-5, is inserted into the IgH locus. This H chain, when combined with its original L chain, the lambda1 L chain, yields a NAA that characteristically binds a variety of self and non-self Ags including ssDNA, actin, ubiquitin, and nitrophenyl phosphocholine. Despite their autoreactivity, B cells expressing ppc1-5H/lambda1 NAA are not negatively selected, but rather are overrepresented in the transgenic mice. The shift toward lambda1 expression mainly occurs during the transition of immature to mature B cells in the spleen, suggesting a BCR selection process. The ppc1-5H/lambda1 B cells exhibit a phenotype that is different from those of the known mature B cell populations, and they are located predominantly in the lymphoid follicles of the spleen and the lymph nodes. These B cells are functionally active, producing high levels of Abs in vivo and responding well to BCR stimulation in vitro. The findings indicate that the ppc1-5/lambda1 natural autoantibodies originate from a distinct B cell subset that may be positively selected by virtue of its poly/autoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tian
- Department of Pathology L113, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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26
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Stahl D. Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: A Clinical Model to Study Mechanisms of Immunoregulation*. Transfus Med Hemother 2006. [DOI: 10.1159/000091108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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27
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Tsuiji M, Yurasov S, Velinzon K, Thomas S, Nussenzweig MC, Wardemann H. A checkpoint for autoreactivity in human IgM+ memory B cell development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:393-400. [PMID: 16446381 PMCID: PMC2118214 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20052033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies are removed from the repertoire at two checkpoints during B cell development in the bone marrow and the periphery. Despite these checkpoints, up to 20% of the antibodies expressed by mature naive B cells in healthy humans show low levels of self-reactivity. To determine whether self-reactive antibodies are also part of the antigen-experienced memory B cell compartment, we analyzed recombinant antibodies cloned from single circulating human IgM+ memory B cells. Cells expressing antibodies specific for individual bacterial polysaccharides were expanded in the IgM+ memory compartment. In contrast, B cells expressing self-reactive and broadly bacterially reactive antibodies were removed from the repertoire in the transition from naive to IgM+ memory B cell. Selection against self-reactive antibodies was implemented before the onset of somatic hypermutation. We conclude that a third checkpoint selects against self-reactivity during IgM+ memory B cell development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tsuiji
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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28
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Soulas P, Woods A, Martin T. [Infection and autoimmunity: the TLR link]. Med Sci (Paris) 2005; 21:1029-31. [PMID: 16324640 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200521121029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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29
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Harfst E, Andersson J, Grawunder U, Ceredig R, Rolink AG. Homeostatic and functional analysis of mature B cells in λ5-deficient mice. Immunol Lett 2005; 101:173-84. [PMID: 16005080 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 05/22/2005] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral B-cell pool is in dynamic equilibrium and is controlled by a variety of factors. The rate of generation of B cells can influence both the composition and size of the peripheral B-cell compartment. Mice deficient for lambda5 gene expression have a block in early B-cell development leading to a markedly reduced number of peripheral B cells. To address the question of how this early developmental block influences the composition of the B-cell pool, we have analyzed mature B-cell subpopulations in lambda5-deficient mice. In analogy with other situations of B lymphopenia, the proportion was increased but not the absolute number of marginal-zone B cells, whereas those of follicular B cells were decreased. Immunohistology revealed that B-cell follicles were smaller in overall size and contained a prominent B-cell replete marginal zone. BrdU labelling kinetics showed slower turnover of follicular as well as of marginal-zone B cells. Functionally, lambda5(-/-) mice were able to mount not only primary but also secondary thymus-dependent as well as thymus-independent responses, albeit mostly at reduced levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Harfst
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (DKBW), University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Quinn WJ, Scholz JL, Cancro MP. Dwindling competition with constant demand: Can homeostatic adjustments explain age-associated changes in peripheral B cell selection? Semin Immunol 2005; 17:362-9. [PMID: 15970442 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2005.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The close relationship between specificity-based selection and homeostatic processes in maintaining peripheral B cell pools has become increasingly evident. Thus, age-associated changes observed within these pools may reflect homeostatic responses to proximal primary lesions. Marked shifts in the size and dynamics of most B lymphocyte subsets and their progenitors occur with age: perturbations in B lineage precursors result in reduced production of immature B lymphocytes in the bone marrow and transitional pools in the periphery, but these effects appear to be offset by compensatory homeostatic processes at the marrow-periphery interface. We propose a model whereby these "distal" homeostatic adjustments relax the stringency of specificity based selection, affording a potential explanation for the increased frequency of autoreactive specificities with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Quinn
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 284 John Morgan Building, 36th And Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-8062, USA
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31
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Wither JE, Loh C, Lajoie G, Heinrichs S, Cai YC, Bonventi G, MacLeod R. Colocalization of Expansion of the Splenic Marginal Zone Population with Abnormal B Cell Activation and Autoantibody Production in B6 Mice with an Introgressed New Zealand Black Chromosome 13 Interval. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4309-19. [PMID: 16177071 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polyclonal B cell activation is a prominent feature of the lupus-prone New Zealand Black (NZB) mouse strain. We have previously demonstrated linkage between a region on NZB chromosome 13 and increased costimulatory molecule expression on B cells. In this study we have produced C57BL/6 congenic mice with an introgressed homozygous NZB interval extending from approximately 24 to 73 cM on chromosome 13 (denoted B6.NZBc13). We show that B6.NZBc13 female mice not only have enhanced B cell activation but also share many other B cell phenotypic characteristics with NZB mice, including expansion of marginal zone and CD5+ B cell populations, increased numbers of IgM ELISPOTs, and increased serum levels of total IgM and IgM autoantibodies. In addition these mice have increased T cell activation, increased numbers of germinal centers, mild glomerulonephritis, and produce high-titer IgM and IgG anti-chromatin Abs. Male B6.NZBc13 mice have a less pronounced cellular phenotype, lacking expansion of the marginal zone B cell population and IgG anti-chromatin Ab production, indicating the presence of gender dimorphism for this locus. Thus, we have identified a genetic locus that recapitulates with fidelity the B cell phenotypic abnormalities in NZB mice, and we demonstrate that this locus is sufficient to induce an autoimmune phenotype. The data provide further support to the contention that immune abnormalities leading to altered B cell activation and selection contribute to the development of autoimmunity in NZB mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan E Wither
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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32
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Dammers PM, Kroese FGM. Recruitment and selection of marginal zone B cells is independent of exogenous antigens. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:2089-99. [PMID: 15940667 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200526118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Marginal zone B (MZ-B) cells of the spleen contribute significantly to the immunity against invasive infections with polysaccharide-encapsulated bacteria. Recent evidence indicates that recruitment and selection of MZ-B cells occurs on the basis of positive selection constraints that likely operate via B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Previous studies have shown that MZ-B cells carry relatively shorter immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) chain complementarity-determining region 3 (H-CDR3) sequences and express BCR which are thought to be polyreactive. In this scenario, MZ-B cell selection proceeds via engagement of the BCR with exogenous (i.e. microbial gut flora-derived) and/or endogenous (self) antigens. Here, we studied the influence of exogenous antigens on the selection process of MZ-B cells using non-genetically manipulated adult germ-free and conventionally reared infant rats. This study was carried out by H-CDR3 spectratype analysis of V(H)(PC7183)-encoded Ig V(H)DJ(H)-mu transcripts expressed by purified splenic MZ-B cells and other B cell subsets. We show that MZ-B cells in both adult germ-free and conventionally reared infant (14-day-old) rats are H-CDR3-selected cells, providing strong evidence that recruitment and selection of MZ-B cells is driven by self antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Dammers
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Immunology Section, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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33
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Soulas P, Woods A, Jaulhac B, Knapp AM, Pasquali JL, Martin T, Korganow AS. Autoantigen, innate immunity, and T cells cooperate to break B cell tolerance during bacterial infection. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:2257-67. [PMID: 16041408 PMCID: PMC1177998 DOI: 10.1172/jci24646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantibody production during infections is considered to result from nonspecific activation of low-affinity autoreactive B cells. Whether this can lead to autoimmune disease remains uncertain. We show that chronic infection by Borrelia burgdorferi of Tg animals expressing human rheumatoid factor (RF) B cells (of low or intermediate affinities) in the absence or in the constitutive presence of the autoantigen (represented here by chimeric IgG with human constant region) breaks their state of immunological ignorance, leading to the production of RFs. Surprisingly, this production was more pronounced in intermediate-affinity RF Tg mice co-expressing the autoantigen. This overproduction was mediated by immune complexes and involved synergistic signaling between the B cell receptor and Toll-like receptors and T cell help. These findings indicate that chronic infection can activate autoreactive B cells with significant affinity and creates conditions that can drive them to differentiate into memory cells. Such cells may have some physiological yet undetermined role, but in autoimmune-prone individuals, this scenario may initiate autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Soulas
- Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie, INSERM U737, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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34
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Carbonari M, Caprini E, Tedesco T, Mazzetta F, Tocco V, Casato M, Russo G, Fiorilli M. Hepatitis C virus drives the unconstrained monoclonal expansion of VH1-69-expressing memory B cells in type II cryoglobulinemia: a model of infection-driven lymphomagenesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:6532-9. [PMID: 15879157 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus infection causes B cell lymphoproliferative disorders that include type II mixed cryoglobulinemia and lymphoma. This virus drives the monoclonal expansion and, occasionally, the malignant transformation of B cells producing a polyreactive natural Ab commonly encoded by the V(H)1-69 variable gene. Owing to their property of producing natural Ab, these cells are reminiscent of murine B-1 and marginal zone B cells. We used anti-Id Abs to track the stages of differentiation and clonal expansion of V(H)1-69(+) cells in patients with type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. By immunophenotyping and cell size analysis, we could define three discrete stages of differentiation of V(H)1-69(+) B cells: naive (small, IgM(high)IgD(high)CD38(+)CD27(-)CD21(high)CD95(-)CD5(-)), "early memory" (medium-sized, IgM(high)IgD(low)CD38(-)CD27(+)CD21(low)CD95(+)CD5(+)), and "late memory" (large-sized, IgM(low)IgD(low-neg)CD38(-)CD27(low)CD21(low-neg)CD5(-)CD95(-)). The B cells expanded in cryoglobulinemia patients have a "memory" phenotype; this fact, together with the evidence for intraclonal variation, suggests that antigenic stimulation by hepatitis C virus causes the unconstrained expansion of activated V(H)1-69(+) B cells. In some cases, these cells replace the entire pool of circulating B cells, although the absolute B cell number remains within normal limits. Absolute monoclonal V(H)1-69(+) B lymphocytosis was seen in three patients with cryoglobulinemia and splenic lymphoma; in two of these patients, expanded cells carried trisomy 3q. The data presented here indicate that the hepatitis C virus-driven clonal expansion of memory B cells producing a V(H)1-69(+) natural Ab escapes control mechanisms and subverts B cell homeostasis. Genetic alterations may provide a further growth advantage leading to an overt lymphoproliferative disorder.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/blood
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/blood
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Viral/immunology
- Clone Cells
- Cryoglobulinemia/classification
- Cryoglobulinemia/immunology
- Cryoglobulinemia/virology
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain
- Hepacivirus/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/genetics
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/pathology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/biosynthesis
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/genetics
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Carbonari
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Rome La Sapienza, and Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Rome, Italy
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35
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Stahl D, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Misra N, Karmochkine M, Kaveri SV, Costagliola D, Sibrowski W, Kazatchkine MD. Alterations of self-reactive antibody repertoires in HIV disease: An insight into the role of T cells in the selection of autoreactive B cells. Immunol Lett 2005; 99:198-208. [PMID: 15899522 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is characterized by a progressive depletion of CD4(+) T cells that parallels a dysfunction of the B cell compartment and a disturbed recognition of self-antigens. The relationship between T lymphocyte homeostasis and abnormalities in the selection of self-reactive B cells is not clear as yet. We have therefore compared repertoires of natural antibodies of healthy donors and of patients at various stages of HIV infection. The reactivity of IgM and IgG antibodies in plasma of healthy blood donors and of HIV-positive patients with high and low CD4(+) T cell counts was assessed by semi-quantitative immunoblotting using self-antigens extracted from normal human tissues. Repertoires of reactivites were compared between groups of individuals by means of multiparametric statistical analysis. We observed that repertoires of self-reactive IgM and IgG from HIV-seropositive patients exhibited significantly altered patterns of reactivity, as compared to those of healthy controls. Further, self-reactive repertoires of IgM and IgG of patients with high CD4(+) T cell counts differed significantly from those of patients with low CD4(+) T cell counts. A longitudinal analysis of self-reactive antibody repertoires of progressor and non-progressor patients suggested an influence of CD4(+) T cell counts on immunoglobulin reactivity toward self-antigens. These observations support the hypothesis that altered T cell/B cell interactions due to altered CD4(+) T cell help severely impact on the selection of self-reactive antibody repertoires and may contribute to the onset of pathological autoimmunity in HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Stahl
- INSERM U430 and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
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36
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Abstract
Lymphocyte homeostasis encompasses a continuum of processes that together determine the production, turnover, composition, and representation of lymphocyte pools. These processes include commitment to lymphoid lineages, expansion of progenitor pools, successful transit through intermediate maturation stages, negative and positive selection based on receptor specificity, steady-state maintenance of peripheral lymphocytes, and regulation of antigen-driven activation. Understanding the impact of aging on lymphocyte homeostasis thus requires appreciation of not only the mechanisms responsible for generating and sustaining antigen-reactive B and T cells but also how age-related events can subvert these. Even under the influence of normally operating homeostatic mechanisms, lesions yielding perturbations outside of evolutionarily anticipated boundaries will yield aberrant lymphoid function and representation both upstream and downstream of the primary defect. Accordingly, determining the relative contribution of lineage-intrinsic versus compensatory homoeostatic processes throughout the continuum of lymphoid system development, selection, and maintenance are critical first steps towards understanding age-associated alterations in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Cancro
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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37
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Kanayama N, Cascalho M, Ohmori H. Analysis of marginal zone B cell development in the mouse with limited B cell diversity: role of the antigen receptor signals in the recruitment of B cells to the marginal zone. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1438-45. [PMID: 15661902 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The quasimonoclonal (QM) mouse provides an intelligible model to analyze the B cell selection as the competition between two major 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl-specific B cell populations whose BCR are comprised of the knockin V(H)17.2.25 (V(H)T)-encoded H chain and the lambda1 or lambda2 L chain. In this study, we show the QM system is useful to examine how BCR signals guide a subset of B cells to the marginal zone (MZ). Compared with the control C57BL/6 mice, the QM mice had approximately 2.7-fold increased number of B cells exhibiting the MZ B cell phenotype and a larger MZ area in the spleen. Interestingly, V(H)T/lambda2 B cells significantly predominated over V(H)T/lambda1 B cells in MZ-(V(H)T/lambda1:V(H)T/lambda2 approximately 3:7) and transitional 2-B cell subsets, while these two populations were comparable in immature, transitional 1, and mature counterparts. Thus, the biased use of lambda2 in the MZ B cells may be the result of selection in the periphery. The enlargement of MZ B cell compartment and the preferred recruitment of the V(H)T/lambda2 B cells were further augmented by doubling the V(H)T gene, but dampened by the dysfunction of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, suggesting a positive role of BCR signaling in this selection. Comparison of Ag specificity between V(H)T/lambda1 and V(H)T/lambda2 IgM mAbs revealed a polyreactive nature of the V(H)T/lambda2 BCR, including the reactivity with ssDNA. Taken together, it is suggested that polyreactivity (including self-reactivity) of BCR is crucial in driving B cells to differentiate into the MZ phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain
- Haptens/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/biosynthesis
- Immunophenotyping
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Nitrophenols/immunology
- Phenylacetates
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kanayama
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
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38
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Rhee KJ, Jasper PJ, Sethupathi P, Shanmugam M, Lanning D, Knight KL. Positive selection of the peripheral B cell repertoire in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 201:55-62. [PMID: 15623575 PMCID: PMC2212770 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs) interact with intestinal microflora to drive GALT development and diversify the primary antibody repertoire; however, the molecular mechanisms that link these events remain elusive. Alicia rabbits provide an excellent model to investigate the relationship between GALT, intestinal microflora, and modulation of the antibody repertoire. Most B cells in neonatal Alicia rabbits express VHn allotype immunoglobulin (Ig)M. Within weeks, the number of VHn B cells decreases, whereas VHa allotype B cells increase in number and become predominant. We hypothesized that the repertoire shift from VHn to VHa B cells results from interactions between GALT and intestinal microflora. To test this hypothesis, we surgically removed organized GALT from newborn Alicia pups and ligated the appendix to sequester it from intestinal microflora. Flow cytometry and nucleotide sequence analyses revealed that the VHn to VHa repertoire shift did not occur, demonstrating the requirement for interactions between GALT and intestinal microflora in the selective expansion of VHa B cells. By comparing amino acid sequences of VHn and VHa Ig, we identified a putative VH ligand binding site for a bacterial or endogenous B cell superantigen. We propose that interaction of such a superantigen with VHa B cells results in their selective expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Jong Rhee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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39
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Abstract
It is now clear that functionally distinct subsets of mature peripheral B cells exist. Of these subsets, marginal zone (MZ) B cells in the spleen are strategically positioned at the blood-lymphoid interface and are programmed to initiate a fast and intense antibody response to blood-borne viral and bacterial agents. Their ability to respond vigorously to antigen and polyclonal activators make MZ B cells key players in the early response to pathogens in the bloodstream. The specialized functions of these innate-like lymphocytes bridge the gap between the early innate immune response and the slower adaptive antibody response, affected mainly by the more prolific follicular B cells. MZ B cells, like B1 cells, are important not only to combat infections but also in the maintenance of host homeostasis. Here we discuss some aspects of MZ B-cell selection and function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Lopes-Carvalho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Abner Louis Notkins
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4322, USA.
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41
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Gaudin E, Rosado M, Agenes F, McLean A, Freitas AA. B-cell homeostasis, competition, resources, and positive selection by self-antigens. Immunol Rev 2004; 197:102-15. [PMID: 14962190 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In adult mice, the number of B lymphocytes remains constant under homeostatic control, in spite of the fact that B cells are produced continuously in numbers that largely exceed the number required to replenish the peripheral pools. It follows that each newly formed lymphocyte can only persist if another lymphocyte dies. In an immune system where the total number of cells is limited, cell survival is no longer a passive phenomenon but rather a continuous active process where each lymphocyte must compete with other lymphocytes to survive. Consequently, the number and the life expectancy of a B-cell clone vary according to the presence or absence of competitor populations. This process of lymphocyte competition is likely controlled by a common need for resources that are in limited supply. The number of peripheral B-cells varies according to the availability of B-cell receptor (BCR) ligands. Indeed, it is possible to modify steady-state B-cell numbers by antigen manipulation. Moreover, conventional self-reactive B cells can undergo positive selection. We showed that the fate of a self-reactive B cell is determined by the quantity of self-antigens, the number of antigen-specific receptors engaged, and its overall antigen-binding avidity rather than the affinity of individual BCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Gaudin
- Lymphocyte Population Biology, URA CNRS 1961, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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42
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Rui L, Vinuesa CG, Blasioli J, Goodnow CC. Resistance to CpG DNA-induced autoimmunity through tolerogenic B cell antigen receptor ERK signaling. Nat Immunol 2003; 4:594-600. [PMID: 12740574 DOI: 10.1038/ni924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2003] [Accepted: 03/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CpG sequences in self-DNA are an important potential trigger for autoantibody secretion in systemic lupus and other systemic autoimmune disorders. It is not known how this ubiquitous threat may be controlled by active mechanisms for maintaining self tolerance. Here we show that two distinct mechanisms oppose autoantibody secretion induced by CpG DNA in anergic B cells that are constantly binding self-antigen. Uncoupling of the antigen receptor (BCR) from a calcineurin-dependent pathway prevents signals that synergize with CpG DNA for proliferation. The BCR does not become desensitized by activating the extracellular response kinase (ERK) MAP kinase pathway, however, and continuous self-antigen signaling to ERK inhibits CpG DNA-induced plasma cell differentiation. These two mechanisms seem to act as a general control against autoantibody production elicited by Toll-like receptors, and their regulation of T cell-independent responses to Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is probably crucial for resistance to systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Rui
- ACRF Genetics Laboratory and Medical Genome Centre, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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