1
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Ebenig A, Muraleedharan S, Kazmierski J, Todt D, Auste A, Anzaghe M, Gömer A, Postmus D, Gogesch P, Niles M, Plesker R, Miskey C, Gellhorn Serra M, Breithaupt A, Hörner C, Kruip C, Ehmann R, Ivics Z, Waibler Z, Pfaender S, Wyler E, Landthaler M, Kupke A, Nouailles G, Goffinet C, Brown RJP, Mühlebach MD. Vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory pathology in COVID-19 hamsters after TH2-biased immunization. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111214. [PMID: 35952673 PMCID: PMC9346010 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) is a severe complication for some respiratory infections. To investigate the potential for VAERD induction in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we evaluate two vaccine leads utilizing a severe hamster infection model: a T helper type 1 (TH1)-biased measles vaccine-derived candidate and a TH2-biased alum-adjuvanted, non-stabilized spike protein. The measles virus (MeV)-derived vaccine protects the animals, but the protein lead induces VAERD, which can be alleviated by dexamethasone treatment. Bulk transcriptomic analysis reveals that our protein vaccine prepares enhanced host gene dysregulation in the lung, exclusively up-regulating mRNAs encoding the eosinophil attractant CCL-11, TH2-driving interleukin (IL)-19, or TH2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) identifies lung macrophages or lymphoid cells as sources, respectively. Our findings imply that VAERD is caused by the concerted action of hyperstimulated macrophages and TH2 cytokine-secreting lymphoid cells and potentially links VAERD to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). In summary, we identify the cytokine drivers and cellular contributors that mediate VAERD after TH2-biased vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Ebenig
- Product Testing of IVMPs, Div. of Veterinary Medicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Samada Muraleedharan
- Product Testing of IVMPs, Div. of Veterinary Medicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Julia Kazmierski
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, 44801 Bochum, Germany; European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Arne Auste
- Product Testing of IVMPs, Div. of Veterinary Medicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Martina Anzaghe
- Div. of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - André Gömer
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, 44801 Bochum, Germany; Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dylan Postmus
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patricia Gogesch
- Div. of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Marc Niles
- Div. of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Roland Plesker
- Animal Facilities, Div. Veterinary Medicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Csaba Miskey
- Div. of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | | | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Cindy Hörner
- Product Testing of IVMPs, Div. of Veterinary Medicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Carina Kruip
- Product Testing of IVMPs, Div. of Veterinary Medicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Rosina Ehmann
- Institute for Microbiology, Bundeswehr, 80937 München, Germany
| | - Zoltan Ivics
- Div. of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Zoe Waibler
- Div. of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Pfaender
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Emanuel Wyler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Landthaler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 10115 Berlin, Germany; IRI Life Sciences, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kupke
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany; Institute for Virology, Phillipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Geraldine Nouailles
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Goffinet
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard J P Brown
- Virus Tropism and Immunogenicity, Div. of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Michael D Mühlebach
- Product Testing of IVMPs, Div. of Veterinary Medicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany.
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2
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Bergeron HC, Tripp RA. Immunopathology of RSV: An Updated Review. Viruses 2021; 13:2478. [PMID: 34960746 PMCID: PMC8703574 DOI: 10.3390/v13122478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RSV is a leading cause of respiratory tract disease in infants and the elderly. RSV has limited therapeutic interventions and no FDA-approved vaccine. Gaps in our understanding of virus-host interactions and immunity contribute to the lack of biological countermeasures. This review updates the current understanding of RSV immunity and immunopathology with a focus on interferon responses, animal modeling, and correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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3
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Zhao Y, Ma C, Yang J, Zou X, Pan Z. Dynamic Host Immune and Transcriptomic Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in a Vaccination-Challenge Mouse Model. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1327-1340. [PMID: 34138405 PMCID: PMC8692543 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children. Inactivated RSV vaccine was developed in the late 1960's, but the vaccine-enhanced disease (VED) occurred to vaccinated infants upon subsequent natural RSV infection. The excessive inflammatory immunopathology in the lungs might be involved in the VED, but the underlying mechanisms remain not fully understood. In this study, we utilized UV-inactivated RSV in the prime/boost approach followed by RSV challenge in BALB/c mice to mimic RSV VED. The dynamic virus load, cytokines, histology and transcriptome profiles in lung tissues of mice were investigated from day 1 to day 6 post-infection. Compared to PBS-treated mice, UV-RSV vaccination leads to a Th2 type inflammatory response characterized by enhanced histopathology, reduced Treg cells and increased IL4+CD4 T cells in the lung. Enhanced production of several Th2 type cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) and TGF-β, reduction of IL-6 and IL-17 were observed in UV-RSV vaccinated mice. A total of 5582 differentially expressed (DE) genes between PBS-treated or vaccinated mice and naïve mice were identified by RNA-Seq. Eleven conserved high-influential modules (HMs) were recognized, majorly grouped into regulatory networks related to cell cycle and cell metabolism, signal transduction, immune and inflammatory responses. At an early time post-infection, the vaccinated mice showed obvious decreased expression patterns of DE genes in 11 HMs compared to PBS-treated mice. The extracellular matrix (HM5) and immune responses (HM8) revealed tremendous differences in expression and regulation characteristics of transcripts between PBS-treated and vaccinated mice at both early and late time points. The highly connected genes in HM5 and HM8 networks were further validated by RT-qPCR. These findings reveal the relationship between RSV VED and immune responses, which could benefit the development of novel RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chen Ma
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiufen Zou
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zishu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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4
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DiPiazza AT, Leist SR, Abiona OM, Moliva JI, Werner A, Minai M, Nagata BM, Bock KW, Phung E, Schäfer A, Dinnon KH, Chang LA, Loomis RJ, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Alvarado GS, Sullivan NJ, Edwards DK, Morabito KM, Mascola JR, Carfi A, Corbett KS, Moore IN, Baric RS, Graham BS, Ruckwardt TJ. COVID-19 vaccine mRNA-1273 elicits a protective immune profile in mice that is not associated with vaccine-enhanced disease upon SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Immunity 2021; 54:1869-1882.e6. [PMID: 34270939 PMCID: PMC8249710 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) was previously observed in some preclinical models of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and MERS coronavirus vaccines. We used the SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mouse-adapted, passage 10, lethal challenge virus (MA10) mouse model of acute lung injury to evaluate the immune response and potential for immunopathology in animals vaccinated with research-grade mRNA-1273. Whole-inactivated virus or heat-denatured spike protein subunit vaccines with alum designed to elicit low-potency antibodies and Th2-skewed CD4+ T cells resulted in reduced viral titers and weight loss post challenge but more severe pathological changes in the lung compared to saline-immunized animals. In contrast, a protective dose of mRNA-1273 induced favorable humoral and cellular immune responses that protected from viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract upon challenge. A subprotective dose of mRNA-1273 reduced viral replication and limited histopathological manifestations compared to animals given saline. Overall, our findings demonstrate an immunological signature associated with antiviral protection without disease enhancement following vaccination with mRNA-1273.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T DiPiazza
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Olubukola M Abiona
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Juan I Moliva
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anne Werner
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mahnaz Minai
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bianca M Nagata
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin W Bock
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emily Phung
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kenneth H Dinnon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lauren A Chang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca J Loomis
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gabriela S Alvarado
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Kaitlyn M Morabito
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Kizzmekia S Corbett
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ian N Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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5
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Chetty A, Darby MG, Vornewald PM, Martín-Alonso M, Filz A, Ritter M, McSorley HJ, Masson L, Smith K, Brombacher F, O'Shea MK, Cunningham AF, Ryffel B, Oudhoff MJ, Dewals BG, Layland LE, Horsnell WGC. Il4ra-independent vaginal eosinophil accumulation following helminth infection exacerbates epithelial ulcerative pathology of HSV-2 infection. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:579-593.e5. [PMID: 33857419 PMCID: PMC8062792 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
How helminths influence the pathogenesis of sexually transmitted viral infections is not comprehensively understood. Here, we show that an acute helminth infection (Nippostrongylus brasiliensis [Nb]) induced a type 2 immune profile in the female genital tract (FGT). This leads to heightened epithelial ulceration and pathology in subsequent herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 infection. This was IL-5-dependent but IL-4 receptor alpha (Il4ra) independent, associated with increased FGT eosinophils, raised vaginal IL-33, and enhanced epithelial necrosis. Vaginal eosinophil accumulation was promoted by IL-33 induction following targeted vaginal epithelium damage from a papain challenge. Inhibition of IL-33 protected against Nb-exacerbated HSV-2 pathology. Eosinophil depletion reduced IL-33 release and HSV-2 ulceration in Nb-infected mice. These findings demonstrate that Nb-initiated FGT eosinophil recruitment promotes an eosinophil, IL-33, and IL-5 inflammatory circuit that enhances vaginal epithelial necrosis and pathology following HSV-2 infection. These findings identify a mechanistic framework as to how helminth infections can exacerbate viral-induced vaginal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Chetty
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Matthew G Darby
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Pia M Vornewald
- CEMIR - Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mara Martín-Alonso
- CEMIR - Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anna Filz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Henry J McSorley
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Wellcome Trust Building, Dow St, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lindi Masson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa; Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Katherine Smith
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, University of Cardiff, Cardiff CF14 3XN, UK
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Matthew K O'Shea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orléans, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Menno J Oudhoff
- CEMIR - Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Benjamin G Dewals
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (B43b), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53105 Bonn, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site, Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
| | - William G C Horsnell
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orléans, 45000 Orléans, France; Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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6
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Malik JA, Mulla AH, Farooqi T, Pottoo FH, Anwar S, Rengasamy KRR. Targets and strategies for vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111254. [PMID: 33550049 PMCID: PMC7843096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2, previously called a novel coronavirus, that broke out in the Wuhan city of China caused a significant number of morbidity and mortality in the world. It is spreading at peak levels since the first case reported and the need for vaccines is in immense demand globally. Numerous treatment and vaccination strategies that were previously employed for other pathogens including coronaviruses are now being been adopted to guide the formulation of new SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Several vaccine targets can be utilized for the development of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. In this review, we highlighted the potential of various antigenic targets and other modes for formulating an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. There are a varying number of challenges encountered during developing the most effective vaccines, and measures for tackling such challenges will assist in fast pace development of vaccines. This review will give a concise overview of various aspects of the vaccine development process against SARS-CoV-2, including 1) potential antigen targets 2) different vaccination strategies from conventional to novel platforms, 3) ongoing clinical trials, 4) varying challenges encountered during developing the most effective vaccine and the futuristic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonaid Ahmad Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, Assam, India; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ropar, Punjab, India
| | | | - Tahmeena Farooqi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad Telangana, India
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O.BOX 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sirajudheen Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kannan R R Rengasamy
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2745, North West Province, South Africa.
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7
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Zheng Y, Bian L, Zhao H, Liu Y, Lu J, Liu D, Zhang K, Song Y, Luo Y, Jiang C, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Kong W. Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Subunit Vaccine With AS02 Adjuvant Elicits Balanced, Robust Humoral and Cellular Immunity in BALB/c Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:526965. [PMID: 33013922 PMCID: PMC7516270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.526965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory illness, particularly in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised adults. There is no licensed commercial vaccine against RSV. Importantly, formalin-inactivated RSV vaccines mediate enhanced respiratory disease. RSV fusion (F) protein with pre-fusion conformation is a promising candidate subunit vaccine. However, some problems remain to be solved, such as low immunogenicity and humoral immunity bias. Adjuvants can effectively enhance and adjust vaccine immune responses. In this study, we formulated pre-fusion RSV-F protein with the adjuvants, Alhydrogel, MF59, AS03, AS02, and glycol chitosan (GCS). We then conducted head-to-head comparisons of vaccine-induced immune responses in BALB/c mice. All adjuvanted vaccines enhanced antigen-specific and neutralizing antibody titers and viral clearance and gave an order of adjuvant activity: AS02 > AS03, MF59 > GCS, and Alhydrogel. Among them, AS02 elicited the highest antibody expression, which persisted until week 18. Moreover, AS02 significantly enhanced Th1 type immune response in immunized mice. Mice in the AS02 group also showed faster recovery from viral attacks in challenge tests. Further transcriptome analysis revealed that AS02 regulates immune balance by activating TLR-4 and promotes Th1-type immune responses. These results suggest that AS02 may be an excellent candidate adjuvant for RSV-F subunit vaccines. This study also provides valuable information regarding the effect of other adjuvants on immune responses of RSV-F subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lijun Bian
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huiting Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingcai Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,R&D Center, Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Co., Changchun, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,R&D Center, Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Co., Changchun, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Parasitology, Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yueshuang Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,R&D Center, Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Co., Changchun, China
| | - Yusi Luo
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Emergency, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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8
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Hepatitis B Virus Core Particles Containing a Conserved Region of the G Protein Combined with Interleukin-35 Protected Mice against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection without Vaccine-Enhanced Immunopathology. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00007-20. [PMID: 32321805 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00007-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. The vaccine-enhanced disease (VED) has greatly hindered the development of an RSV vaccine. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines for RSV. In this study, immunization of mice with hepatitis B virus core particles containing a conserved region of the G protein (HBc-tG) combined with interleukin-35 (IL-35) elicited a Th1-biased response and a high frequency of regulatory T (Treg) cells and increased the levels of IL-10, transforming growth factor β, and IL-35 production. Importantly, immunization with HBc-tG together with IL-35 protected mice against RSV infection without vaccine-enhanced immunopathology. To explore the mechanism of how IL-35 reduces lung inflammation at the gene expression level, transcription profiles were obtained from lung tissues of immunized mice after RSV infection by the Illumina sequencing technique and further analyzed by a systems biology method. In total, 2,644 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Twelve high-influence modules (HIMs) were selected from these DEGs on the basis of the protein-protein interaction network. A detailed analysis of HIM10, involved in the immune response network, revealed that Il10 plays a key role in regulating the host response. The selected DEGs were consistently confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Our results demonstrate that IL-35 inhibits vaccine-enhanced immunopathology after RSV infection and has potential for development in novel therapeutic and prophylactic strategies.IMPORTANCE In the past few decades, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has still been a major health concern worldwide. The vaccine-enhance disease (VED) has hindered RSV vaccine development. A truncated hepatitis B virus core protein vaccine containing the conserved region (amino acids 144 to 204) of the RSV G protein (HBc-tG) had previously been shown to induce effective immune responses and confer protection against RSV infection in mice but to also lead to VED. In this study, we investigated the effect of IL-35 on the host response and immunopathology following RSV infection in vaccinated mice. Our results indicate that HBc-tG together with IL-35 elicited a balanced immune response and protected mice against RSV infection without vaccine-enhanced immunopathology. Applying a systems biology method, we identified Il10 to be the key regulator in reducing the excessive lung inflammation. Our study provides new insight into the function of IL-35 and its regulatory mechanism of VED at the network level.
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9
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Hashem AM, Algaissi A, Agrawal AS, Al-Amri SS, Alhabbab RY, Sohrab SS, S Almasoud A, Alharbi NK, Peng BH, Russell M, Li X, Tseng CTK. A Highly Immunogenic, Protective, and Safe Adenovirus-Based Vaccine Expressing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus S1-CD40L Fusion Protein in a Transgenic Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Mouse Model. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1558-1567. [PMID: 30911758 PMCID: PMC7107499 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection control measures have played a major role in limiting human/camel-to-human transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV); however, development of effective and safe human or camel vaccines is warranted. Methods We extended and optimized our previous recombinant adenovirus 5 (rAd5)–based vaccine platform characterized by in vivo amplified and CD40-mediated specific responses to generate MERS-CoV S1 subunit-based vaccine. We generated rAd5 constructs expressing CD40-targeted S1 fusion protein (rAd5-S1/F/CD40L), untargeted S1 (rAd5-S1), and Green Fluorescent Protein (rAd5-GFP), and evaluated their efficacy and safety in human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 transgenic (hDPP4 Tg+) mice. Results Immunization of hDPP4 Tg+ mice with a single dose of rAd5-S1/F/CD40L elicited as robust and significant specific immunoglobulin G and neutralizing antibodies as those induced with 2 doses of rAd5-S1. After MERS-CoV challenge, both vaccines conferred complete protection against morbidity and mortality, as evidenced by significantly undetectable/reduced pulmonary viral loads compared to the control group. However, rAd5-S1– but not rAd5-S1/F/CD40L–immunized mice exhibited marked pulmonary perivascular hemorrhage post–MERS-CoV challenge despite the observed protection. Conclusions Incorporation of CD40L into rAd5-based MERS-CoV S1 vaccine targeting molecule and molecular adjuvants not only enhances immunogenicity and efficacy but also prevents inadvertent pulmonary pathology after viral challenge, thereby offering a promising strategy to enhance safety and potency of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar M Hashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine.,Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Saudi Arabia.,Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Algaissi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University
| | | | - Sawsan S Al-Amri
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Saudi Arabia.,Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rowa Y Alhabbab
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Saudi Arabia.,Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah
| | - Sayed S Sohrab
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman S Almasoud
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Khalaf Alharbi
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Department of Neurosciences, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Marsha Russell
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Xuguang Li
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Chien-Te K Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Center of Biodefense and Emerging Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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10
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Wu SC. Progress and Concept for COVID-19 Vaccine Development. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e2000147. [PMID: 32304139 PMCID: PMC7235517 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suh-Chin Wu
- Department of Medical Science, Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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11
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Respiratory syncytial virus F and G protein core fragments fused to HBsAg-binding protein (SBP) induce a Th1-dominant immune response without vaccine-enhanced disease. Int Immunol 2018; 31:199-209. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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12
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Lee YT, Ko EJ, Kim KH, Hwang HS, Lee Y, Kwon YM, Kim MC, Lee YN, Jung YJ, Kang SM. Cellular Immune Correlates Preventing Disease Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus by Vaccination with Virus-Like Nanoparticles Carrying Fusion Proteins. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2018; 13:84-98. [PMID: 29302248 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2017.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular immune correlates conferring protection against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) but preventing vaccine-enhanced respiratory disease largely remain unclear. We investigated cellular immune correlates that contribute to preventing disease against human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by nanoparticle vaccine delivery. Formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccines and virus-like nanoparticles carrying RSV fusion proteins (F VLP) were investigated in mice. The FI-RSV vaccination caused severe weight loss and histopathology by inducing interleukin (IL)-4+, interferon (IFN)-γ+, IL-4+IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells, eosinophils, and lung plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs), CD103+ DCs, and CD11b+ DCs. In contrast, the F VLP-immune mice induced protection against RSV without disease by inducing natural killer cells, activated IFN-γ+, and IFN-γ+ tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α+ CD8+ T cells in the lung and bronchiolar airways during RSV infection but not disease-inducing DCs and effector T cells. Clodronate-mediated depletion studies provided evidence that alveolar macrophages that were present at high levels in the F VLP-immune mice play a role in modulating protective cellular immune phenotypes. There was an intrinsic difference between the F VLP and FI-RSV treatments in stimulating proinflammatory cytokines. The F VLP nanoparticle vaccination induced distinct innate and adaptive cellular subsets that potentially prevented lung disease after RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Hye Suk Hwang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Youri Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Young-Man Kwon
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Korea
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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13
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Kenney AD, Dowdle JA, Bozzacco L, McMichael TM, St Gelais C, Panfil AR, Sun Y, Schlesinger LS, Anderson MZ, Green PL, López CB, Rosenberg BR, Wu L, Yount JS. Human Genetic Determinants of Viral Diseases. Annu Rev Genet 2017; 51:241-263. [PMID: 28853921 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-023425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Much progress has been made in the identification of specific human gene variants that contribute to enhanced susceptibility or resistance to viral diseases. Herein we review multiple discoveries made with genome-wide or candidate gene approaches that have revealed significant insights into virus-host interactions. Genetic factors that have been identified include genes encoding virus receptors, receptor-modifying enzymes, and a wide variety of innate and adaptive immunity-related proteins. We discuss a range of pathogenic viruses, including influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human T cell leukemia virus, human papilloma virus, hepatitis B and C viruses, herpes simplex virus, norovirus, rotavirus, parvovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. Understanding the genetic underpinnings that affect infectious disease outcomes should allow tailored treatment and prevention approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - James A Dowdle
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA;
| | - Leonia Bozzacco
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Current affiliation: Target Information Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA;
| | - Temet M McMichael
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Corine St Gelais
- Center of Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Amanda R Panfil
- Center of Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; ,
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , , .,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78227, USA;
| | - Matthew Z Anderson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Patrick L Green
- Center of Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; ,
| | - Brad R Rosenberg
- Program in Immunogenomics, John C. Whitehead Presidential Fellows Program, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Current affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , , .,Center of Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
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14
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Jia R, Lu L, Liang X, Sun Z, Tan L, Xu M, Su L, Xu J. Poly(U) and CpG ameliorate the unbalanced T cell immunity and pneumonia of mice with RSV vaccine-enhanced disease. Biosci Trends 2017; 11:450-459. [PMID: 28652534 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2017.01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncycial Virus (RSV) is the most important pathogen responsible for children's severe lower respiratory tract infection. So far no RSV vaccine has yet been authorized for clinical use. The main impediment that blocked development of RSV vaccine is that inactivated RSV vaccine could cause RSV vaccine-enhanced disease (RVED). The mechanism of RVED remains unclear. Recently some researchers found that insufficient activation of innate immunity, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), might be associated with the onset of RVED. Based on the above findings, this research was conducted to further study the mechanism of RVED. We first vaccinated mice with formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine (FIRSV) and then exposed them to RSV to establish a RVED mouse model. Consequently, we found that mice previously inoculated with FIRSV showed obvious weight loss and extensive pneumonia, as well as T helper 2 cells (Th2)-biased immunity and suppressed CD8+T cell immunity after viral exposure, suggesting that we have successfully established a RVED mouse model. Then based on this model, we further added Poly(U) (TLR7/8 agonist) and CpG (TLR9 agonist) in FIRSV to see if RVED could be ameliorated. As a result, mice inoculated with FIRSV supplemented with Poly(U) and CpG had a much relieved weight loss and pneumonia, as well as suppressed Th2-biased immunity and strengthened CD8+T cell function. Thus, the insufficient stimulation of TLR7/8 and (or) TLR9 might play a role in the development of RVED, which could provide evidence for using TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants to confer a protective immune response against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University
| | - Xiaozhen Liang
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhiwu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University
| | - Lingbing Tan
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Menghua Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University
| | - Liyun Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University
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15
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Muralidharan A, Li C, Wang L, Li X. Immunopathogenesis associated with formaldehyde-inactivated RSV vaccine in preclinical and clinical studies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 16:351-360. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1260452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abenaya Muralidharan
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Changgui Li
- Department of Viral Vaccine III, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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16
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Immunogenicity of RSV F DNA Vaccine in BALB/c Mice. Adv Virol 2016; 2016:7971847. [PMID: 27688769 PMCID: PMC5027326 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7971847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe acute lower respiratory tract disease leading to numerous hospitalizations and deaths among the infant and elderly populations worldwide. There is no vaccine or a less effective drug available against RSV infections. Natural RSV infection stimulates the Th1 immune response and activates the production of neutralizing antibodies, while earlier vaccine trials that used UV-inactivated RSV exacerbated the disease due to the activation of the allergic Th2 response. With a focus on Th1 immunity, we developed a DNA vaccine containing the native RSV fusion (RSV F) protein and studied its immune response in BALB/c mice. High levels of RSV specific antibodies were induced during subsequent immunizations. The serum antibodies were able to neutralize RSV in vitro. The RSV inhibition by sera was also shown by immunofluorescence analyses. Antibody response of the RSV F DNA vaccine showed a strong Th1 response. Also, sera from RSV F immunized and RSV infected mice reduced the RSV infection by 50% and 80%, respectively. Our data evidently showed that the RSV F DNA vaccine activated the Th1 biased immune response and led to the production of neutralizing antibodies, which is the desired immune response required for protection from RSV infections.
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17
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Agrawal AS, Tao X, Algaissi A, Garron T, Narayanan K, Peng BH, Couch RB, Tseng CTK. Immunization with inactivated Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine leads to lung immunopathology on challenge with live virus. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016. [PMID: 27269431 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.11776881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine if a hypersensitive-type lung pathology might occur when mice were given an inactivated MERS-CoV vaccine and challenged with infectious virus as was seen with SARS-CoV vaccines, we prepared and vaccinated mice with an inactivated MERS-CoV vaccine. Neutralizing antibody was induced by vaccine with and without adjuvant and lung virus was reduced in vaccinated mice after challenge. Lung mononuclear infiltrates occurred in all groups after virus challenge but with increased infiltrates that contained eosinophils and increases in the eosinophil promoting IL-5 and IL-13 cytokines only in the vaccine groups. Inactivated MERS-CoV vaccine appears to carry a hypersensitive-type lung pathology risk from MERS-CoV infection that is similar to that found with inactivated SARS-CoV vaccines from SARS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurodh Shankar Agrawal
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Xinrong Tao
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Abdullah Algaissi
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
- e Department of Medical Laboratories Technology , College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University , Jazan , Saudi Arabia
| | - Tania Garron
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Krishna Narayanan
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- b Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Robert B Couch
- c Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Chien-Te K Tseng
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
- d Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
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18
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Agrawal AS, Tao X, Algaissi A, Garron T, Narayanan K, Peng BH, Couch RB, Tseng CTK. Immunization with inactivated Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine leads to lung immunopathology on challenge with live virus. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2351-6. [PMID: 27269431 PMCID: PMC5027702 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1177688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine if a hypersensitive-type lung pathology might occur when mice were given an inactivated MERS-CoV vaccine and challenged with infectious virus as was seen with SARS-CoV vaccines, we prepared and vaccinated mice with an inactivated MERS-CoV vaccine. Neutralizing antibody was induced by vaccine with and without adjuvant and lung virus was reduced in vaccinated mice after challenge. Lung mononuclear infiltrates occurred in all groups after virus challenge but with increased infiltrates that contained eosinophils and increases in the eosinophil promoting IL-5 and IL-13 cytokines only in the vaccine groups. Inactivated MERS-CoV vaccine appears to carry a hypersensitive-type lung pathology risk from MERS-CoV infection that is similar to that found with inactivated SARS-CoV vaccines from SARS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurodh Shankar Agrawal
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Xinrong Tao
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Abdullah Algaissi
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA.,e Department of Medical Laboratories Technology , College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University , Jazan , Saudi Arabia
| | - Tania Garron
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Krishna Narayanan
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- b Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Robert B Couch
- c Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Chien-Te K Tseng
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA.,d Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
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19
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Qiao L, Zhang Y, Chai F, Tan Y, Huo C, Pan Z. Chimeric virus-like particles containing a conserved region of the G protein in combination with a single peptide of the M2 protein confer protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection. Antiviral Res 2016; 131:131-40. [PMID: 27154395 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine composed of the conserved antigenic epitopes of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the chimeric RSV VLPs HBcΔ-tG and HBcΔ-tG/M282-90 were generated based on the truncated hepatitis B virus core protein (HBcΔ). HBcΔ-tG consisted of HBcΔ, the conserved region (aa 144-204) of the RSV G protein. HBcΔ-tG was combined with a single peptide (aa 82-90) of the M2 protein to generate HBcΔ-tG/M282-90. Immunization of mice with the HBcΔ-tG or HBcΔ-tG/M282-90 VLPs elicited RSV-specific IgG and neutralizing antibody production and conferred protection against RSV infection. Compared with HBcΔ-tG, HBcΔ-tG/M282-90 induced decreased Th2 cytokine production (IL-4 and IL-5), increased Th1 cytokine response (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2), and increased ratios of IgG2a/IgG1 antibodies, thereby relieving pulmonary pathology upon subsequent RSV infection. Our results demonstrated that chimeric HBcΔ-tG/M282-90 VLPs represented an effective RSV subunit vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Feng Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yiluo Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chunling Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zishu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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20
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Acosta PL, Caballero MT, Polack FP. Brief History and Characterization of Enhanced Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 23:189-95. [PMID: 26677198 PMCID: PMC4783420 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00609-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In 1967, infants and toddlers immunized with a formalin-inactivated vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) experienced an enhanced form of RSV disease characterized by high fever, bronchopneumonia, and wheezing when they became infected with wild-type virus in the community. Hospitalizations were frequent, and two immunized toddlers died upon infection with wild-type RSV. The enhanced disease was initially characterized as a "peribronchiolar monocytic infiltration with some excess in eosinophils." Decades of research defined enhanced RSV disease (ERD) as the result of immunization with antigens not processed in the cytoplasm, resulting in a nonprotective antibody response and CD4(+) T helper priming in the absence of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This response to vaccination led to a pathogenic Th2 memory response with eosinophil and immune complex deposition in the lungs after RSV infection. In recent years, the field of RSV experienced significant changes. Numerous vaccine candidates with novel designs and formulations are approaching clinical trials, defying our previous understanding of favorable parameters for ERD. This review provides a succinct analysis of these parameters and explores criteria for assessing the risk of ERD in new vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio L Acosta
- Fundacion INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Fernando P Polack
- Fundacion INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Alum Adjuvant Enhances Protection against Respiratory Syncytial Virus but Exacerbates Pulmonary Inflammation by Modulating Multiple Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139916. [PMID: 26468884 PMCID: PMC4607166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is well-known for inducing vaccine-enhanced respiratory disease after vaccination of young children with formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) in alum formulation. Here, we investigated alum adjuvant effects on protection and disease after FI-RSV immunization with or without alum in comparison with live RSV reinfections. Despite viral clearance, live RSV reinfections caused weight loss and substantial pulmonary inflammation probably due to high levels of RSV specific IFN-γ+IL4-, IFN-γ-TNF-α+, IFN-γ+TNF-α- effector CD4 and CD8 T cells. Alum adjuvant significantly improved protection as evidenced by effective viral clearance compared to unadjuvanted FI-RSV. However, in contrast to unadjuvanted FI-RSV, alum-adjuvanted FI-RSV (FI-RSV-A) induced severe vaccine-enhanced RSV disease including weight loss, eosinophilia, and lung histopathology. Alum adjuvant in the FI-RSV-A was found to be mainly responsible for inducing high levels of RSV-specific IFN-γ-IL4+, IFN-γ-TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells, and proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-4 as well as B220+ plasmacytoid and CD4+ dendritic cells, and inhibiting the induction of IFN-γ+CD8 T cells. This study suggests that alum adjuvant in FI-RSV vaccines increases immunogenicity and viral clearance but also induces atypical T helper CD4+ T cells and multiple inflammatory dendritic cell subsets responsible for vaccine-enhanced severe RSV disease.
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Lee YT, Kim KH, Hwang HS, Lee Y, Kwon YM, Ko EJ, Jung YJ, Lee YN, Kim MC, Kang SM. Innate and adaptive cellular phenotypes contributing to pulmonary disease in mice after respiratory syncytial virus immunization and infection. Virology 2015. [PMID: 26196232 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major leading cause of infantile viral bronchiolitis. However, cellular phenotypes contributing to the RSV protection and vaccine-enhanced disease remain largely unknown. Upon RSV challenge, we analyzed phenotypes and cellularity in the lung of mice that were naïve, immunized with formalin inactivated RSV (FI-RSV), or re-infected with RSV. In comparison with naïve and live RSV re-infected mice, the high levels of eosinophils, neutrophils, plasmacytoid and CD11b(+) dendritic cells, and IL-4(+) CD4(+) T cells were found to be contributing to pulmonary inflammation in FI-RSV immune mice despite lung viral clearance. Alveolar macrophages appeared to play differential roles in protection and inflammation upon RSV infection of different RSV immune mice. These results suggest that multiple innate and adaptive immune components differentially contribute to RSV disease and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Hye Suk Hwang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Youri Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Young-Man Kwon
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Korea
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Lee YT, Ko EJ, Hwang HS, Lee JS, Kim KH, Kwon YM, Kang SM. Respiratory syncytial virus-like nanoparticle vaccination induces long-term protection without pulmonary disease by modulating cytokines and T-cells partially through alveolar macrophages. Int J Nanomedicine 2015. [PMID: 26203246 PMCID: PMC4508085 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s83493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of protection against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are poorly understood. Virus-like nanoparticles expressing RSV glycoproteins (eg, a combination of fusion and glycoprotein virus-like nanoparticles [FG VLPs]) have been suggested to be a promising RSV vaccine candidate. To understand the roles of alveolar macrophages (AMs) in inducing long-term protection, mice that were 12 months earlier vaccinated with formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) or FG VLPs were treated with clodronate liposome prior to RSV infection. FI-RSV immune mice with clodronate liposome treatment showed increases in eosinophils, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, interleukin (IL)-4+ T-cell infiltration, proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and, in particular, mucus production upon RSV infection. In contrast to FI-RSV immune mice with severe pulmonary histopathology, FG VLP immune mice showed no overt sign of histopathology and significantly lower levels of eosinophils, T-cell infiltration, and inflammatory cytokines, but higher levels of interferon-γ, which are correlated with protection against RSV disease. FG VLP immune mice with depletion of AMs showed increases in inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as eosinophils. The results in this study suggest that FG nanoparticle vaccination induces long-term protection against RSV and that AMs play a role in the RSV protection by modulating eosinophilia, mucus production, inflammatory cytokines, and T-cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA ; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hye Suk Hwang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA ; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA ; National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Young-Man Kwon
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA ; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Liu J, Wu J, Qi F, Zeng S, Xu L, Hu H, Wang D, Liu B. Natural helper cells contribute to pulmonary eosinophilia by producing IL-13 via IL-33/ST2 pathway in a murine model of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:337-43. [PMID: 26044350 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that natural helper cells, which are a non-T, non-B innate lymphoid cell type expressing c-Kit and ST2, mediate influenza-induced airway hyper-reactivity by producing substantial IL-13. However, little is known about natural helper cells for the development of RSV-induced airway inflammation, particularly eosinophilic infiltration. By using BALB/c mice that were infected intranasally with RSV, it became clear that infection with RSV can induce an increase in the absolute number of natural helper cells in the lungs of mice. It seems likely that these natural helper cells contribute to the massive eosinophilic infiltration in an IL-13-dependent manner. In fact, the number of IL-13-producing natural helper cells as well as the expression of IL-13 mRNA in natural helper cells was enhanced significantly during RSV infection, suggesting that natural helper cells might be cellular source of the Th2-type cytokine IL-13. Indeed, adoptive transfer of pulmonary natural helper cells augmented not only the production of IL-13 but also the infiltration of eosinophils in the lungs of transferred mice. Pulmonary natural helper cells can produce IL-13 following response to IL-33, which was increased markedly in the lungs of mice after intranasal RSV infection. The expression of IL-13 mRNA in pulmonary natural helper cells was up-regulated by in vitro IL-33 stimulation. Furthermore, blockade of IL-33 receptor subunit, ST2, diminished the frequency of IL-13-producing natural helper cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that natural helper cells may play an important role in RSV-induced pulmonary eosinophilia by producing IL-13 via the IL-33/ST2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianqi Wu
- Batch 2011 of Clinical Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Feifei Qi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sheng Zeng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Beixing Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can induce severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants and is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in children worldwide. RSV-induced inflammation is believed to contribute substantially to the severity of disease. T helper (Th)2-, Th9-, and Th17-related cytokines are all observed in infants hospitalized following a severe RSV infection. These cytokines cause an influx of inflammatory cells, resulting in mucus production and reduced lung function. Consistent with the data from RSV-infected infants, CD4 T cell production of Interleukin (IL)-9, IL-13, and IL-17 has all been shown to contribute to RSV-induced disease in a murine model of RSV infection. Conversely, murine studies indicate that the combined actions of regulatory factors such as CD4 regulatory T cells and IL-10 inhibit the inflammatory cytokine response and limit RSV-induced disease. In support of this, IL-10 polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to severe disease in infants. Insufficient regulation and excess inflammation not only impact disease following primary RSV infection it can also have a major impact following vaccination. Prior immunization with a formalin-inactivated (FI-RSV) vaccine resulted in enhanced disease in infants following a natural RSV infection. A Th2 CD4 T cell response has been implicated to be a major contributor in mediating vaccine-enhanced disease. Thus, future RSV vaccines must induce a balanced CD4 T cell response in order to facilitate viral clearance while inducing proper regulation of the immune response.
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Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Uda A, Suzuki T, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y, Sato Y, Morikawa S, Tashiro M, Sata T, Hasegawa H, Nagata N. Effects of Toll-like receptor stimulation on eosinophilic infiltration in lungs of BALB/c mice immunized with UV-inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus vaccine. J Virol 2014; 88:8597-614. [PMID: 24850731 PMCID: PMC4135953 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00983-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is an emerging pathogen that causes severe respiratory illness. Whole UV-inactivated SARS-CoV (UV-V), bearing multiple epitopes and proteins, is a candidate vaccine against this virus. However, whole inactivated SARS vaccine that includes nucleocapsid protein is reported to induce eosinophilic infiltration in mouse lungs after challenge with live SARS-CoV. In this study, an ability of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists to reduce the side effects of UV-V vaccination in a 6-month-old adult BALB/c mouse model was investigated, using the mouse-passaged Frankfurt 1 isolate of SARS-CoV. Immunization of adult mice with UV-V, with or without alum, resulted in partial protection from lethal doses of SARS-CoV challenge, but extensive eosinophil infiltration in the lungs was observed. In contrast, TLR agonists added to UV-V vaccine, including lipopolysaccharide, poly(U), and poly(I·C) (UV-V+TLR), strikingly reduced excess eosinophilic infiltration in the lungs and induced lower levels of interleukin-4 and -13 and eotaxin in the lungs than UV-V-immunization alone. Additionally, microarray analysis showed that genes associated with chemotaxis, eosinophil migration, eosinophilia, and cell movement and the polarization of Th2 cells were upregulated in UV-V-immunized but not in UV-V+TLR-immunized mice. In particular, CD11b(+) cells in the lungs of UV-V-immunized mice showed the upregulation of genes associated with the induction of eosinophils after challenge. These findings suggest that vaccine-induced eosinophil immunopathology in the lungs upon SARS-CoV infection could be avoided by the TLR agonist adjuvants. IMPORTANCE Inactivated whole severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies in mouse models; however, they also cause increased eosinophilic immunopathology in the lungs upon SARS-CoV challenge. In this study, the ability of adjuvant Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists to reduce the side effects of UV-inactivated SARS-CoV vaccination in a BALB/c mouse model was tested, using the mouse-passaged Frankfurt 1 isolate of SARS-CoV. We found that TLR stimulation reduced the high level of eosinophilic infiltration that occurred in the lungs of mice immunized with UV-inactivated SARS-CoV. Microarray analysis revealed that genes associated with chemotaxis, eosinophil migration, eosinophilia, and cell movement and the polarization of Th2 cells were upregulated in UV-inactivated SARS-CoV-immunized mice. This study may be helpful for elucidating the pathogenesis underlying eosinophilic infiltration resulting from immunization with inactivated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akihiko Uda
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morikawa
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Sata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Matsumoto K, Inoue H. Viral infections in asthma and COPD. Respir Investig 2013; 52:92-100. [PMID: 24636264 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Airway viral infections are associated with the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD. It has been argued that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in infancy is a probable causal factor in the development of pediatric asthma. RSV infections tend to induce Th2-biased immune responses in the host airways. RSV infection, atopy, and low pulmonary function in neonates may work synergistically toward the development of pediatric asthma. Human rhinovirus (HRV) is a representative virus associated with the exacerbation of asthma in both children and adults. Viral infections trigger innate immune responses including granulocytic inflammation and worsen the underlying inflammation due to asthma and COPD. The innate immune responses involve type-I and -III interferon (IFN) production, which plays an important role in anti-viral responses, and the airway epithelia of asthmatics reportedly exhibit defects in the virus-induced IFN responses, which renders these individuals more susceptible to viral infection. A similarly impaired IFN response is seen in COPD, and several investigators propose that latent adenoviral infection may be involved in COPD development. Persistent RSV infections were detected in a sub-population of patients with COPD and were associated with the accelerated decline of lung function. The virus-induced upregulation of co-inhibitory molecules in the airway epithelium partly accounts for the persistent infections. Experimental animal models for virus-asthma/COPD interactions have shed light on the underlying immune mechanisms and are expected to help develop novel approaches to treat respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Matsumoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Hiromasa Inoue
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
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Mata M, Sarrion I, Armengot M, Carda C, Martinez I, Melero JA, Cortijo J. Respiratory syncytial virus inhibits ciliagenesis in differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells: effectiveness of N-acetylcysteine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48037. [PMID: 23118923 PMCID: PMC3485262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections have been associated with the exacerbation of chronic inflammatory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This virus infects the respiratory epithelium, leading to chronic inflammation, and induces the release of mucins and the loss of cilia activity, two factors that determine mucus clearance and the increase in sputum volume. These alterations involve reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanisms. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has proven useful in the management of COPD, reducing symptoms, exacerbations, and accelerated lung function decline. NAC inhibits RSV infection and mucin release in human A549 cells. The main objective of this study was to analyze the effects of NAC in modulating ciliary activity, ciliagenesis, and metaplasia in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cell (NHBEC) cultures infected with RSV. Our results indicated that RSV induced ultrastructural abnormalities in axonemal basal bodies and decreased the expression of β-tubulin as well as two genes involved in ciliagenesis, FOXJ1 and DNAI2. These alterations led to a decrease in ciliary activity. Furthermore, RSV induced metaplastic changes to the epithelium and increased the number of goblet cells and the expression of MUC5AC and GOB5. NAC restored the normal functions of the epithelium, inhibiting ICAM1 expression, subsequent RSV infection through mechanisms involving nuclear receptor factor 2, and the expression of heme oxygenase 1, which correlated with the restoration of the antioxidant capacity, the intracellular H(2)O(2) levels and glutathione content of NHBECs. The results presented in this study support the therapeutic use of NAC for the management of chronic respiratory diseases, including COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Mata
- Research Foundation of the University General Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Interleukin-27 inhibits vaccine-enhanced pulmonary disease following respiratory syncytial virus infection by regulating cellular memory responses. J Virol 2012; 86:4505-17. [PMID: 22301139 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.07091-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children. In the 1960s, infants vaccinated with formalin-inactivated RSV developed a more severe disease characterized by excessive inflammatory immunopathology in lungs upon natural RSV infection. The fear of causing the vaccine-enhanced disease (VED) is an important obstacle for development of safe and effective RSV vaccines. The recombinant vaccine candidate G1F/M2 immunization also led to VED. It has been proved that cellular memory induced by RSV vaccines contributed to VED. Interleukin-27 (IL-27) and IL-23 regulate Th1, Th17, and/or Th2 cellular immune responses. In this study, mice coimmunized with pcDNA3-IL-27 and G1F/M2 were fully protected and, importantly, did not develop vaccine-enhanced inflammatory responses and immunopathology in lungs after RSV challenge, which was correlated with moderate Th1-, suppressed Th2-, and Th17-like memory responses activated by RSV. In contrast, G1F/M2- or pcDNA3-IL-23+G1F/M2-immunized mice, in which robust Th2- and Th17-like memory responses were induced, developed enhanced pulmonary inflammation and severe immunopathology. Mice coimmunized with G1F/M2 and the two cytokine plasmids exhibited mild inflammatory responses as well as remarkable Th1-, suppressed Th2-, and Th17-like memory responses. These results suggested that Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-like memory responses and, in particular, excessive Th2- and Th17-like memory responses were closely associated with VED; IL-27 may inhibit VED following respiratory syncytial virus infection by regulating cellular memory responses.
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Shao HY, Lin YW, Yu SL, Lin HY, Chitra E, Chang YC, Sia C, Chong P, Hsu MT, Wei OL, Chow YH. Immunoprotectivity of HLA-A2 CTL peptides derived from respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein in HLA-A2 transgenic mouse. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25500. [PMID: 21980478 PMCID: PMC3183052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of HLA-restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes is important to study RSV-induced immunity and illness. We algorithmically analyzed the sequence of the fusion protein (F) of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and generated synthetic peptides that can potentially bind to HLA-A*0201. Four out of the twenty-five 9-mer peptides tested: peptides 3 (F33–41), 13 (F214–222), 14 (F273–281), and 23 (F559–567), were found to bind to HLA-A*0201 with moderate to high affinity and were capable of inducing IFN-γ and IL-2 secretion in lymphocytes from HLA-A*0201 transgenic (HLA-Tg) mice pre-immunized with RSV or recombinant adenovirus expressing RSV F. HLA-Tg mice were immunized with these four peptides and were found to induce both Th1 and CD8+ T cell responses in in vitro secondary recall. Effector responses induced by these peptides were observed to confer differential protection against live RSV challenge. These peptides also caused better recovery of body weight loss induced by RSV. A significant reduction of lung viral load was observed in mice immunized with peptide 23, which appeared to enhance the levels of inflammatory chemokines (CCL17, CCL22, and IL-18) but did not increase eosinophil infiltration in the lungs. Whereas, significant reduction of infiltrated eosinophils induced by RSV infection was found in mice pre-immunized with peptide 13. Our results suggest that HLA-A2-restricted epitopes of RSV F protein could be useful for the development of epitope-based RSV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yun Shao
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Yu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsiang-Yin Lin
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ebenezer Chitra
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yung-Chen Chang
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Charles Sia
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pele Chong
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Tao Hsu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Olivia L. Wei
- The Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (GDBBS), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Hiraguchi Y, Tanida H, Hosoki K, Nagao M, Tokuda R, Fujisawa T. Inhibition of eosinophil activation mediated by a Toll-like receptor 7 ligand with a combination of procaterol and budesonide. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 155 Suppl 1:85-9. [PMID: 21646801 DOI: 10.1159/000327438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral respiratory tract infections play an important role in the inception and exacerbation of asthma. Eosinophils, major effector cells in asthma, often accumulate in the airways during viral infections and are possibly activated by respiratory RNA viruses through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7. We investigated the effect of a β(2)-agonist, i.e. procaterol, and a corticosteroid, i.e. budesonide, that are commonly used for viral-induced asthma, on TLR7 ligand-induced activation of eosinophils in vitro. METHODS Purified peripheral blood eosinophils were incubated with procaterol and/or budesonide and stimulated with a TLR7 ligand, i.e. R-837. Expression of CD11b was analyzed by flow cytometry. Superoxide generation was measured via the cytochrome C reduction method. IL-8 in the supernatants was assayed by ELISA. RESULTS Although procaterol or budesonide alone did not inhibit R-837-induced CD11b expression, combinations of the 2 drugs significantly inhibited CD11b. Likewise, the combinations significantly inhibited O(2)(-) generation at low concentrations. Budesonide significantly inhibited R-837-induced IL-8 production in a concentration-dependent manner, and procaterol potentiated inhibition by budesonide although single-agent procaterol had no effect. CONCLUSION A combination of procaterol and budesonide inhibits the TLR7-mediated effector function of eosinophils, indicating their possible anti-inflammatory effect for virus-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hiraguchi
- Institute for Clinical Research, Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms of Toll-like receptor 4 decrease the risk of development of hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19466. [PMID: 21559380 PMCID: PMC3084862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a key innate immunity receptor that initiates an inflammatory response. Growing evidence suggests that mutation of TLR4 gene may play a role in the development of cancers. This study aimed to investigate the temporal relationship of single nucleotide polymorphisms of TLR4 and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, a single center-based case-control study was conducted. Methods A systematic genetic analysis of sequence variants of TLR4 by evaluating ten single-nucleotide polymorphisms was performed from 216 hepatocellular carcinoma cases and 228 controls. Results Six single nucleotide polymorphisms of the TLR4 in the 5′-untranslated region and intron were associated with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Individuals carrying the heterozygous genotypes for the rs10759930, rs2737190, rs10116253, rs1927914, rs12377632 and rs1927911 had significantly decreased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (adjusted odds ratio [OR], from 0.527 to 0.578, P<0.01) comparing with those carrying wild-type homozygous genotypes. In haplotype analysis, one haplotype (GCCCTTAG) of TLR4 was associated significantly with decrease of the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (OR, 0.556, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.407–0.758, P = 0.000). Conclusions Collectively, these results suggested that the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma was associated with TLR4 sequence variation. TLR4 single nucleotide polymorphisms may play an important protective role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Mukherjee S, Lukacs NW. Association of IL-13 in respiratory syncytial virus-induced pulmonary disease: still a promising target. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2010; 8:617-21. [PMID: 20521887 DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gene expression differences in lungs of mice during secondary immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Virol 2010; 84:9584-94. [PMID: 20592085 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00302-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced immunity has been shown to alter the course of a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection both in murine models and in humans. To elucidate which mechanisms underlie the effect of vaccine-induced immunity on the course of RSV infection, transcription profiles in the lungs of RSV-infected mice were examined by microarray analysis. Three models were used: RSV reinfection as a model for natural immunity, RSV challenge after formalin-inactivated RSV vaccination as a model for vaccine-enhanced disease, and RSV challenge following vaccination with recombinant RSV virus lacking the G gene (DeltaG-RSV) as a model for vaccine-induced immunity. Gene transcription profiles, histopathology, and viral loads were analyzed at 1, 2, and 5 days after RSV challenge. On the first 2 days after challenge, all mice displayed an expression pattern in the lung similar of that found in primary infection, showing a strong innate immune response. On day 5 after RSV reinfection or after challenge following DeltaG-RSV vaccination, the innate immune response was waning. In contrast, in mice with vaccine-enhanced disease, the innate immune response 5 days after RSV challenge was still present even though viral replication was diminished. In addition, only in this group was Th2 gene expression induced. These findings support a hypothesis that vaccine-enhanced disease is mediated by prolonged innate immune responses and Th2 polarization in the absence of viral replication.
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Immunogenicity and Safety of H5N1 A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (Clade 1) AS03-adjuvanted prepandemic candidate influenza vaccines in children aged 3 to 9 years: a phase ii, randomized, open, controlled study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010; 29:e35-46. [PMID: 20375709 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e3181daf921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of vaccines against pandemic influenza viruses for use in children is a public health priority. METHODS In this phase II, randomized, open study, the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of H5N1 A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (NIBRG-14) (clade 1) prepandemic influenza vaccine were assessed in children aged 3 to 5 and 6 to 9 years. Children were randomized to receive 2 doses, given 21 days apart, of A/Vietnam/1194/2004 vaccine containing 1.9 microg or 3.75 microg hemagglutinin antigen (HA), adjuvanted with a tocopherol-based oil-in-water emulsion (AS03) containing 11.86 mg (AS03(A)) or 5.93 mg (AS03(B)) tocopherol. Control groups received 2 doses of trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV). Humoral immune responses, reactogenicity, and safety were the primary outcome measures; cross-reactivity and cell-mediated responses were also assessed (NCT00502593). RESULTS Between 49 and 51 children in each age stratum (aged 3-5 and 6-9 years) received H5N1 vaccine, and between 17 and 18 children in each age stratum received TIV. After the second dose, recipients of H5N1 vaccine (1.9 microg HA/AS03(B), 3.75 microg HA/AS03(B), and 3.75 microg HA/AS03(A)) achieved humoral antibody titers against the vaccine-homologous strain, which fulfilled the United States influenza vaccines licensure criteria for immunogenicity. With the exception of 1 child, there were no H5N1 immune responses in children who received TIV. The most frequent injection-site event was pain in all groups, and the H5N1 vaccine had a clinically acceptable reactogenicity and safety profile. Exploratory analyses in children aged 3 to 5 years indicated that the induction of CD4 T-cell responses polarized in favor of a T-helper 1 profile. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that 2 doses of AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 influenza vaccine at antigen-sparing doses of 1.9 microg or 3.75 microg HA elicited broad and persistent immune responses with acceptable reactogenicity, and without safety concerns, in children aged 3 to 9 years.
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Tregoning JS, Schwarze J. Respiratory viral infections in infants: causes, clinical symptoms, virology, and immunology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23:74-98. [PMID: 20065326 PMCID: PMC2806659 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00032-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In global terms, respiratory viral infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Infancy, in particular, is a time of increased disease susceptibility and severity. Early-life viral infection causes acute illness and can be associated with the development of wheezing and asthma in later life. The most commonly detected viruses are respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), and influenza virus. In this review we explore the complete picture from epidemiology and virology to clinical impact and immunology. Three striking aspects emerge. The first is the degree of similarity: although the infecting viruses are all different, the clinical outcome, viral evasion strategies, immune response, and long-term sequelae share many common features. The second is the interplay between the infant immune system and viral infection: the immaturity of the infant immune system alters the outcome of viral infection, but at the same time, viral infection shapes the development of the infant immune system and its future responses. Finally, both the virus and the immune response contribute to damage to the lungs and subsequent disease, and therefore, any prevention or treatment needs to address both of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Tregoning
- Centre for Infection, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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Geiben-Lynn R, Greenland JR, Frimpong-Boateng K, Letvin NL. Non-classical natural killer T cells modulate plasmid DNA vaccine antigen expression and vaccine-elicited immune responses by MCP-1 secretion after interaction with a beta2-microglobulin-independent CD1d. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:33800-6. [PMID: 19833737 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.019638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The magnitude and durability of a plasmid DNA vaccine-induced immune response is shaped by immune effector molecules at the site of vaccination. In the present study, we show that antigen expression is modified by type II NKT cells, after interaction with a beta2-microglobulin-independent CD1d receptor. After activation, during the first days following plasmid DNA vaccination, NKT cells release IL-5 and MCP-1, leading to a T helper 0 (T(H)0) cytokine/chemokine profile and a stronger CD8(+)/CD4(+) T cell immune response. Our data indicate that this phenomenon was induced through the strong T(H)1 chemokine MCP-1 during the early phases of plasmid DNA vaccination because injecting the type II NKT cell-associated MCP-1 during the first 5 days led to 2-3-fold increases in vaccine-elicited T cell responses. This study demonstrates a critical role for NKT cells in plasmid DNA vaccine-induced immune responses. Manipulation of NKT cell function or co-administration of MCP-1 may represent novel methods for enhancing immune responses to plasmid DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Geiben-Lynn
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Larrañaga CL, Ampuero SL, Luchsinger VF, Carrión FA, Aguilar NV, Morales PR, Palomino MAM, Tapia LF, Avendaño LF. Impaired immune response in severe human lower tract respiratory infection by respiratory syncytial virus. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28:867-73. [PMID: 19738511 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e3181a3ea71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory infection in infants. The immune response plays a leading role in the severity of the disease. We hypothesized that severe RSV disease is associated with an impaired immune response characterized by low circulating T lymphocytes and plasma cytokine concentrations. METHODS We evaluate the in vivo immune responses of previously healthy infants with their first proven RSV-acute lower respiratory infection that required hospitalization. According to the clinical severity, defined by using a strict scoring system, the in vivo immune response was compared through the analysis of plasma cytokine values and the phenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cells. RESULTS Absolute blood cell counts of CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ lymphocytes and NK cells were lower in subjects with RSV than in control infants. Lowest cell counts were observed in more severe RSV-infected infants. Significant low values were obtained in CD8+ lymphocytes (P = 0.03) and nonactive NK cells, that express CD94 antigen (P = 0.046). In contrast, activated NK cells that do not express CD94 molecules were significantly higher in RSV infected infants than in healthy controls (% of cells: P = 0.004). The interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha values in RSV infected patients were lower than in controls subjects. Interleukin-17 cytokine was not detected in healthy infants and the largest concentration was found in moderately ill patients as compared with severe cases (P = 0.033). RSV infection showed significantly higher interleukin-8 chemokine than in control infants (P = 0.024). CONCLUSION We propose that severe RSV infection in very young infants is associated with poor blood proinflammatory cytokine production, low counts of CD8+ T cells and with a greater activity of a group of NK cells, that are independent of the major histocompatibility complex class Ib recognition system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen L Larrañaga
- Programa de Virologia, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Shao HY, Yu SL, Sia C, Chen Y, Chitra E, Chen IH, Venkatesan N, Leng CH, Chong P, Chow YH. Immunogenic properties of RSV-B1 fusion (F) protein gene-encoding recombinant adenoviruses. Vaccine 2009; 27:5460-71. [PMID: 19622401 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two recombinant adenoviruses designated rAd-F0DeltaTM and rAd-F0 carrying the transmembrane truncated and full length of the F gene of the RSV-B1 strain, respectively, were engineered. Comparative immunogenicity studies in BALB/c mice showed that each vector was capable of inducing RSV-B1-specific antibodies that cross-reacted with the RSV-long and RSV-A2 viruses. The anti-RSV-B1 antibodies were neutralizing, and exhibited strong cross-neutralizing activity against the RSV-long and RSV-A2 isolates as well. Analysis of the cellular responses revealed that animals immunized with rAd-F0DeltaTM and rAd-F0 elicited CD4(+) T-cell responses of the Th1 and Th2 phenotypes, as well as F protein-specific CTLs. Production of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) by splenocytes of the rAd-F0DeltaTM and rAd-F0 immunized mice was markedly lower than those released by animals administered with heat-inactivated RSV-B1 (HIRSV-B1). Comparison of the overall humoral and cellular responses suggests that rAd-F0DeltaTM is significantly more immunogenic than rAd-F0. The anti-viral immunity generated by both recombinant adenovirus vectors has conferred protection against live RSV-B1 challenge as judged by the lower viral load recovered in the lungs, a faster rate of recovery of body weight loss, and a lower count of eosinophils as compared to eosinophilia in mice immunized with HIRSV-B1. Results from these studies suggest that rAd-F0DeltaTM or rAd-F0 possess immunogenic properties that meet the requirements expected from potential RSV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yun Shao
- Vaccine R&D Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
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Rosenberg HF, Dyer KD, Domachowske JB. Respiratory viruses and eosinophils: exploring the connections. Antiviral Res 2009; 83:1-9. [PMID: 19375458 PMCID: PMC2741084 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we consider the role played by eosinophilic leukocytes in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of respiratory virus infection. The vast majority of the available information on this topic focuses on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; Family Paramyxoviridae, genus Pneumovirus), an important pediatric pathogen that infects infants worldwide. There is no vaccine currently available for RSV. A formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine used in a trial in the 1960s elicited immunopathology in response to natural RSV infection; this has been modeled experimentally, primarily in inbred mice and cotton rats. Eosinophils are recruited to the lung tissue in response to formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine antigens in humans and in experimental models, but they may or may not be involved in promoting the severe clinical sequelae observed. Pulmonary eosinophilia elicited in response to primary RSV infection has also been explored; this response is particularly evident in the youngest human infants and in neonatal mouse models. Although pulmonary eosinophilia is nearly always perceived in a negative light, the specific role played by virus-elicited eosinophils - negative, positive or neutral bystander - remain unclear. Lastly, we consider the data that focus on the role of eosinophils in promoting virus clearance and antiviral host defense, and conclude with a recent study that explores the role of eosinophils themselves as targets of virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene F Rosenberg
- Eosinophil Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Kovacs-Nolan J, Mapletoft JW, Lawman Z, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Formulation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, cationic host defence peptide and polyphosphazene enhances humoral and cellular responses and induces a protective type 1 immune response in mice. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1892-1905. [PMID: 19386785 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.011684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of serious respiratory tract disease in children and calves; however, RSV vaccine development has been slow due to early observations that formalin-inactivated vaccines induced Th2-type immune responses and led to disease enhancement upon subsequent exposure. Hence, there is a need for novel adjuvants that will promote a protective Th1-type or balanced immune response against RSV. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), indolicidin, and polyphosphazene were examined for their ability to enhance antigen-specific immune responses and influence the Th-bias when co-formulated with a recombinant truncated bovine RSV (BRSV) fusion protein (DeltaF). Mice immunized with DeltaF co-formulated with CpG ODN, indolicidin, and polyphosphazene (DeltaF/CpG/indol/PP) developed higher levels of DeltaF-specific serum IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies when compared with DeltaF alone, and displayed an increase in the frequency of gamma interferon-secreting cells and decreased interleukin (IL)-5 production by in vitro restimulated splenocytes, characteristic of a Th1 immune response. These results were observed in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains of mice. When evaluated in a BRSV challenge model, mice immunized with DeltaF/CpG/indol/PP developed significantly higher levels of BRSV-neutralizing serum antibodies than mice immunized with the DeltaF protein alone, and displayed significantly less pulmonary IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and eotaxin and reduced eosinophilia after challenge. These results suggest that co-formulation of DeltaF with CpG ODN, host defence peptide and polyphosphazene may result in a safe and effective vaccine for the prevention of BRSV and may have implications for the development of novel human RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kovacs-Nolan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - J W Mapletoft
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Z Lawman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - L A Babiuk
- University of Alberta, 3-7 University Hall, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J9, Canada
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TLR9 agonist, but not TLR7/8, functions as an adjuvant to diminish FI-RSV vaccine-enhanced disease, while either agonist used as therapy during primary RSV infection increases disease severity. Vaccine 2009; 27:3045-52. [PMID: 19428918 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Agonists for TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 have been shown to enhance vaccine immunogenicity. We evaluated the impact of TLR activation on RSV disease in a murine model by administering TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists during FI-RSV immunization or RSV infection. CpG administered during immunization reduced disease following challenge as evidenced by decreased lung pathology, illness, and cytokines. In marked contrast, TLR7/8 agonist had little impact. To evaluate potential therapeutic use, TLR agonists were administered during primary infection. Although type 2 cytokine responses decreased and type 1 cytokines and MIP-1-alpha/beta increased, both TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists increased clinical symptoms and pulmonary inflammation when administered during primary infection. Thus, TLR9-induced signaling during FI-RSV immunization reduced vaccine-enhanced disease whereas immunostimulatory properties of TLR agonists enhanced disease severity when used during RSV infection. Immunomodulation elicited by TLR9 agonist confirms the adjuvant potential of TLR agonists during RSV immunization. However, in contrast to work done with HIV-1 vaccines, the inability of TLR7/8 agonist to boost type 1 vaccine-induced RSV immunity demonstrates pathogen-TLR specificity. These data reveal that the timing of administration of immunomodulatory agents is critical. Furthermore, these data underscore that amplification of anti-viral immune responses may result in immunopathology rather than immune-mediated protection.
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Characterization of respiratory syncytial virus M- and M2-specific CD4 T cells in a murine model. J Virol 2009; 83:4934-41. [PMID: 19264776 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02140-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells have been shown to play an important role in the immunity and immunopathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. We identified two novel CD4 T-cell epitopes in the RSV M and M2 proteins with core sequences M(213-223) (FKYIKPQSQFI) and M2(27-37) (YFEWPPHALLV). Peptides containing the epitopes stimulated RSV-specific CD4 T cells to produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), interleukin 2 (IL-2), and other Th1- and Th2-type cytokines in an I-A(b)-restricted pattern. Construction of fluorochrome-conjugated peptide-I-A(b) class II tetramers revealed RSV M- and M2-specific CD4 T-cell responses in RSV-infected mice in a hierarchical pattern. Peptide-activated CD4 T cells from lungs were more activated and differentiated, and had greater IFN-gamma expression, than CD4 T cells from the spleen, which, in contrast, produced greater levels of IL-2. In addition, M(209-223) peptide-activated CD4 T cells reduced IFN-gamma and IL-2 production in M- and M2-specific CD8 T-cell responses to D(b)-M(187-195) and K(d)-M2(82-90) peptides more than M2(25-39) peptide-stimulated CD4 T cells. This correlated with the fact that I-A(b)-M(209-223) tetramer-positive cells responding to primary RSV infection had a much higher frequency of FoxP3 expression than I-A(b)-M2(26-39) tetramer-positive CD4 T cells, suggesting that the M-specific CD4 T-cell response has greater regulatory function. Characterization of epitope-specific CD4 T cells by novel fluorochrome-conjugated peptide-I-A(b) tetramers allows detailed analysis of their roles in RSV pathogenesis and immunity.
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Murine host responses to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) following intranasal administration of a Protollin-adjuvanted, epitope-enhanced recombinant G protein vaccine. J Clin Virol 2009; 44:287-91. [PMID: 19233722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunization of mice with the G protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) characteristically induces an immune response that is partially protective, but which can prime for pulmonary eosinophilia. We have shown previously that the N191A mutation in a recombinant RSV G protein fragment is associated with reduced pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration when administered with alum subcutaneously in BALB/c mice followed by RSV challenge. We hypothesize that the performance of this "epitope enhanced" recombinant G protein fragment may be further improved by combining with the newly developed adjuvant, Protollin, coupled with intranasal delivery. OBJECTIVES To investigate efficacy of an intranasally delivered, Protollin-adjuvanted, epitope-enhanced recombinant G protein vaccine in BALB/c mice. STUDY DESIGN Recombinant protein, designated Trx-G128-229, consisted of a bacterially expressed central fragment (amino acids 128-229) of the RSV Long strain G protein fused to a fragment of thioredoxin (Trx). BALB/c mice were chosen to evaluate the effectiveness of wild type and epitope-enhanced Trx-G128-229 as a nasal vaccine with the adjuvant Protollin. RESULTS The intranasal administration of Trx-G128-229 with Protollin conferred similar protection against RSV challenge as subcutaneously administered Trx-G128-229 with alum, but with markedly reduced eosinophilia and the Th2 cytokine IL-13. CONCLUSIONS These results support the concept of an RSV vaccine optimized by combined strategies, including epitope enhancement and judicious selection of adjuvants.
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Castilow EM, Legge KL, Varga SM. Cutting edge: Eosinophils do not contribute to respiratory syncytial virus vaccine-enhanced disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:6692-6. [PMID: 18981084 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.6692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection of BALB/c mice previously immunized with a recombinant vaccinia virus (vacv) expressing the attachment (G) protein of RSV (vacvG) results in pulmonary eosinophilia, which mimics the response of formalin-inactivated RSV-vaccinated children, as well as increased weight loss, clinical illness, and enhanced pause (Penh). We show that RSV infection of eosinophil-deficient mice previously immunized with vacvG results in the development of increased weight loss, clinical illness, and Penh similar to that in wild-type controls. These measures of RSV vaccine-enhanced disease are dependent upon STAT4. Interestingly, neither IL-12 nor IL-23, the two most common STAT4-activating cytokines, proved necessary for the development of disease. We demonstrate that IFN-gamma, which is produced following STAT4 activation, contributes to clinical illness and increased Penh, but not weight loss. Our results have important implications for future RSV vaccine design, suggesting that enhancing a Th1 response may exacerbate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Castilow
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe respiratory disease in infants and is an important source of morbidity and mortality in the elderly and immunocompromised. This review will discuss the humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses to RSV infection and how these responses are shaped in the immature immune system of the infant and the aged environment of the elderly. Furthermore, we will provide an overview of our current understanding of the role the various arms of the adaptive immune response play in mediating the delicate balance between the successful elimination of the virus from the host and the induction of immunopathology. Efficacious immunization against RSV remains a high priority within the field and we will highlight recent advances made in vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Olson
- Department of Microbiology, 51 Newton Road, 3−532 Bowen Science Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA Tel.: +1 319 335 8433 Fax: +1 319 335 9006
| | - Steven M Varga
- Department of Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, 51 Newton Road, 3−532 Bowen Science Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA Tel.: +1 319 335 7784 Fax: +1 319 335 9006
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47
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Castilow EM, Varga SM. Overcoming T cell-mediated immunopathology to achieve safe RSV vaccination. Future Virol 2008; 3:445-454. [PMID: 19057653 DOI: 10.2217/17460794.3.5.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children. Premature infants, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly exhibit an increased risk for the development of severe disease after RSV infection. Currently, there is not a safe and effective RSV vaccine available, in part due to our incomplete understanding of how severe immunopathology was induced following RSV infection of children previously immunized with a formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine. Much of our current understanding of RSV vaccine-enhanced disease can be attributed to the establishment of multiple mouse models of RSV vaccination. Studies analyzing the RSV-specific immune response in mice have clearly demonstrated that both CD4 and CD8 memory T cells contribute to RSV-induced immunopathology. In this review we will focus our discussion on data generated from the mouse models of RSV immunization that have advanced our understanding of how virus-specific T cells mediate immunopathology and RSV vaccine-enhanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Castilow
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, 51 Newton Road, 3-532 Bowen Science Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Johnson TR, Rothenberg ME, Graham BS. Pulmonary eosinophilia requires interleukin-5, eotaxin-1, and CD4+ T cells in mice immunized with respiratory syncytial virus G glycoprotein. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:748-59. [PMID: 18519743 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0907621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe illness, type 2 cytokine production, and pulmonary eosinophilia are adverse immune responses resulting from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) challenge of vvGs-immunized mice. We have shown IL-4 and IL-13 activity must be simultaneously inhibited to reduce disease severity. We now address the contributions of IL-5, eotaxin-1, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to the induction of disease-enhancing immune responses. Depletion of CD4+ T cells during immunization prevented IL-4, IL-13, and eotaxin-1 production, diminished eosinophilia, and reduced weight loss. Conversely, CD8+ T cell depletion did not decrease eosinophilia, weight loss, or type 2 cytokines but did dramatically reduce mucus production and increase eotaxin production. Anti-IL-5 administration at immunization or challenge significantly decreased pulmonary eosinophilia. Strikingly, there were not concomitant decreases in weight loss. Following RSV challenge eotaxin-1-deficient mice immunized with vvGs exhibited significantly less eosinophilia without decreased weight loss or type 2 cytokine production. We conclude CD4+ T cell production of IL-5 and induction of eotaxin-1 are required for vvGs-induced eosinophilia following RSV challenge, while CD8+ T cells appear to down-regulate eotaxin-1 and mucus production. In summary, we demonstrate that pulmonary eosinophilia 1) is a by-product of memory CD4+ T cell activation, 2) does not necessarily correlate with mucus production, and, most importantly, 3) is not required for the RSV G-induced illness in mice. These findings have important implications for the evaluation of candidate RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Johnson
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3017, USA.
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Castilow EM, Meyerholz DK, Varga SM. IL-13 is required for eosinophil entry into the lung during respiratory syncytial virus vaccine-enhanced disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2376-84. [PMID: 18250447 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children. Children previously vaccinated with a formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine experienced enhanced morbidity and mortality upon natural RSV infection. Histological analysis revealed the presence of eosinophils in the pulmonary infiltrate of the vaccinated children. Eosinophils are characteristic of Th2 responses, and Th2 cells are known to be necessary to induce pulmonary eosinophilia in RSV-infected BALB/c mice previously immunized with a recombinant vaccinia virus (vv) expressing the RSV G protein (vvG). Using IL-13-deficient mice, we find that IL-13 is necessary for eosinophils to reach the lung parenchyma and airways of vvG-immunized mice undergoing RSV challenge infection. IL-13 acts specifically on eosinophils as the magnitude of pulmonary inflammation, RSV G protein-specific CD4 T cell responses, and virus clearance were not altered in IL-13-deficient mice. After RSV challenge, eosinophils were readily detectable in the blood and bone marrow of vvG-immunized IL-13-deficient mice, suggesting that IL-13 is required for eosinophils to transit from the blood into the lung. Pulmonary levels of CCL11 and CCL22 protein were significantly reduced in IL-13-deficient mice indicating that IL-13 mediates the recruitment of eosinophils into the lungs by inducing the production of chemokines important in Th2 cell and eosinophil chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Castilow
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Hansbro NG, Horvat JC, Wark PA, Hansbro PM. Understanding the mechanisms of viral induced asthma: new therapeutic directions. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 117:313-53. [PMID: 18234348 PMCID: PMC7112677 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common and debilitating disease that has substantially increased in prevalence in Western Societies in the last 2 decades. Respiratory tract infections by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV) are widely implicated as common causes of the induction and exacerbation of asthma. These infections in early life are associated with the induction of wheeze that may progress to the development of asthma. Infections may also promote airway inflammation and enhance T helper type 2 lymphocyte (Th2 cell) responses that result in exacerbations of established asthma. The mechanisms of how RSV and RV induce and exacerbate asthma are currently being elucidated by clinical studies, in vitro work with human cells and animal models of disease. This research has led to many potential therapeutic strategies and, although none are yet part of clinical practise, they show much promise for the prevention and treatment of viral disease and subsequent asthma.
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Key Words
- aad, allergic airways disease
- ahr, airway hyperresponsiveness
- apc, antigen-presenting cell
- asm, airway smooth muscle
- balf, broncho-alveolar lavage fluid
- bec, bronchoepithelial cell
- bfgf, basic fibroblast growth factor
- cam, cellular adhesion molecules
- ccr, cc chemokine receptor
- cgrp, calcitonin gene-related peptide
- crp, c reactive protein
- dsrna, double stranded rna
- ecp, eosinophil cationic protein
- ena-78, epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide-78
- fev1, forced expiratory volume
- fi, formalin-inactivated
- g-csf and gm-csf, granulocyte and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
- ics, inhaled corticosteroid
- ifn, interferon, ifn
- il, interleukin
- ip-10, ifn-γ inducible protein-10
- laba, long acting beta agonist
- ldh, lactate dehydrogenase
- ldlpr, low density lipoprotein receptor
- lrt, lower respiratory tract
- lt, leukotriene
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- mcp, monocyte chemoattractant proteins
- mdc, myeloid dendritic cell
- mhc, major histocompatibility
- mip, macrophage inhibitory proteins
- mpv, metapneumovirus
- nf-kb, nuclear factor (nf)-kb
- nk cells, natural killer cells
- nk1, neurogenic receptor 1
- or, odds ratio
- paf, platelet-activating factor
- pbmc, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- pdc, plasmacytoid dendritic cell
- pef, peak expiratory flow
- penh, enhanced pause
- pfu, plaque forming units
- pg, prostaglandin
- pkr, protein kinase r
- pvm, pneumonia virus of mice
- rad, reactive airway disease
- rantes, regulated on activation normal t cell expressed and secreted
- rr, relative risk
- rsv, respiratory syncytial virus
- rv, rhinovirus (rv)
- ssrna, single stranded rna
- tgf, transforming growth factor
- th, t helper lymphocytes
- tlr, toll-like receptors
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- urt, upper respiratory tract
- vegf, vascular endothelial growth factor
- vs, versus
- wbc, white blood cell
- respiratory syncytial virus
- rhinovirus
- induction
- exacerbation
- asthma
- allergy
- treatment
- prevention
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G. Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Vaccines, Immunology/Infection, Viruses and Asthma Group, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 1 New Lambton, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Jay C. Horvat
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Vaccines, Immunology/Infection, Viruses and Asthma Group, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 1 New Lambton, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Peter A. Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Vaccines, Immunology/Infection, Viruses and Asthma Group, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 1 New Lambton, New South Wales 2305, Australia
- Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital & Sleep Medicine, School of Medical Practice, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Vaccines, Immunology/Infection, Viruses and Asthma Group, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 1 New Lambton, New South Wales 2305, Australia
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