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Fisher CR, Krull JE, Bhagwate A, Masters T, Greenwood-Quaintance KE, Abdel MP, Patel R. Sonicate Fluid Cellularity Predicted by Transcriptomic Deconvolution Differentiates Infectious from Non-Infectious Arthroplasty Failure. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2023; 105:63-73. [PMID: 36574631 PMCID: PMC10137834 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.22.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cellularity is traditionally assessed morphologically, deep sequencing approaches being used for microorganism detection may be able to provide information about cellularity. We hypothesized that cellularity predicted using CIBERSORTx (Stanford University), a transcriptomic-based cellular deconvolution tool, would differentiate between infectious and non-infectious arthroplasty failure. METHODS CIBERSORTx-derived cellularity profiles of 93 sonicate fluid samples, including 53 from subjects who underwent failed arthroplasties due to periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) (abbreviated for the purpose of this study as PJIF) and 40 from subjects who had undergone non-infectious arthroplasty failure (abbreviated NIAF) that had been subjected to bulk RNA sequencing were evaluated. RESULTS Samples from PJIF and NIAF subjects were differentially clustered by principal component analysis based on the cellularity profile. Twelve of the 22 individual predicted cellular fractions were differentially expressed in the PJIF cases compared with the NIAF cases, including increased predicted neutrophils (mean and standard error, 9.73% ± 1.06% and 0.81% ± 0.60%), activated mast cells (17.12% ± 1.51% and 4.11% ± 0.44%), and eosinophils (1.96% ± 0.37% and 0.42% ± 0.21%), and decreased predicted M0 macrophages (21.33% ± 1.51% and 39.75% ± 2.45%), M2 macrophages (3.56% ± 0.52% and 8.70% ± 1.08%), and regulatory T cells (1.57% ± 0.23% and 3.20% ± 0.34%). The predicted total granulocyte fraction was elevated in the PJIF cases (32.97% ± 2.13% and 11.76% ± 1.61%), and the samples from the NIAF cases had elevated predicted total macrophage and monocyte (34.71% ± 1.71% and 55.34% ± 2.37%) and total B cell fractions (5.89% ± 0.30% and 8.62% ± 0.86%). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified predicted total granulocytes, neutrophils, and activated mast cells as highly able to differentiate between the PJIF cases and the NIAF cases. Within the PJIF cases, the total granulocyte, total macrophage and monocyte, M0 macrophage, and M2 macrophage fractions were differentially expressed in Staphylococcus aureus compared with Staphylococcus epidermidis -associated samples. Within the NIAF cases, the predicted total B cell, naïve B cell, plasma cell, and M2 macrophage fractions were differentially expressed among different causes of failure. CONCLUSIONS CIBERSORTx can predict the cellularity of sonicate fluid using transcriptomic data, allowing for the evaluation of the underlying immune response during the PJIF and NIAF cases, without a need to phenotypically assess cell composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody R Fisher
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jordan E Krull
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Aditya Bhagwate
- Department of Quantitative Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Thao Masters
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kerryl E Greenwood-Quaintance
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew P Abdel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robin Patel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Nedeva C. Inflammation and Cell Death of the Innate and Adaptive Immune System during Sepsis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1011. [PMID: 34356636 PMCID: PMC8301842 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when the host has an uncontrolled or abnormal immune response to overwhelming infection. It is now widely accepted that sepsis occurs in two concurrent phases, which consist of an initial immune activation phase followed by a chronic immunosuppressive phase, leading to immune cell death. Depending on the severity of the disease and the pathogen involved, the hosts immune system may not fully recover, leading to ongoing complications proceeding the initial infection. As such, sepsis remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality world-wide, with treatment options limited to general treatment in intensive care units (ICU). Lack of specific treatments available for sepsis is mostly due to our limited knowledge of the immuno-physiology associated with the disease. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms and cell types involved in eliciting infection-induced immune activation from both the innate and adaptive immune system during sepsis. In addition, the mechanisms leading to immune cell death following hyperactivation of immune cells will be explored. The evaluation and better understanding of the cellular and systemic responses leading to disease onset could eventuate into the development of much needed therapies to combat this unrelenting disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nedeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
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3
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Aminnezhad S, Abdi-Ali A, Ghazanfari T, Bandehpour M, Zarrabi M. Immunoinformatics design of multivalent chimeric vaccine for modulation of the immune system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104462. [PMID: 32682863 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing in drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and high mortality and morbidity rate have become a health challenge worldwide; therefore, developing the novel therapeutic strategies such as immunogenic vaccine candidate are required. Despite a substantial research effort, the future of immunization against P. aeruginosa due to failure in covering two separate stages of infection, and furthermore, inducing ineffective type of immune response, still remains controversial. In this study, immunoinformatics approach was utilized to design multivalent chimeric vaccine from both stages of infection containing Lectin, HIV TAT peptide, N-terminal fragment of exotoxin A and Epi8 of outer membrane protein F (OprF) with hydrophobic linkers which have a high density of B-cell, T Lymphocytes (HTL), T Lymphocytes (CTL), and IFN-γ epitopes. The physicochemical properties, antigenicity, and allergenicity for designed vaccine were analyzed. 3D model generation and refinement further validation of the final vaccine were followed by computational docking with molecular dynamics analyses that demonstrated high- affinity interaction between vaccine and TLR-4. Finally, designed vaccine was in silico cloned in pET22b. We have expected that the designed vaccine able to elucidate innate, humoral and cellular innate immune responses and control the interaction of P. aeruginosa with host and maybe overcome to P. aeruginosa vaccines drawback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sargol Aminnezhad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahya Abdi-Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Tooba Ghazanfari
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mojgan Bandehpour
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboobe Zarrabi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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4
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D'Orazio SEF. Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses during Listeria monocytogenes Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0065-2019. [PMID: 31124430 PMCID: PMC11086964 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0065-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It could be argued that we understand the immune response to infection with Listeria monocytogenes better than the immunity elicited by any other bacteria. L. monocytogenes are Gram-positive bacteria that are genetically tractable and easy to cultivate in vitro, and the mouse model of intravenous (i.v.) inoculation is highly reproducible. For these reasons, immunologists frequently use the mouse model of systemic listeriosis to dissect the mechanisms used by mammalian hosts to recognize and respond to infection. This article provides an overview of what we have learned over the past few decades and is divided into three sections: "Innate Immunity" describes how the host initially detects the presence of L. monocytogenes and characterizes the soluble and cellular responses that occur during the first few days postinfection; "Adaptive Immunity" discusses the exquisitely specific T cell response that mediates complete clearance of infection and immunological memory; "Use of Attenuated Listeria as a Vaccine Vector" highlights the ways that investigators have exploited our extensive knowledge of anti-Listeria immunity to develop cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E F D'Orazio
- University of Kentucky, Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, Lexington, KY 40536-0298
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Martin MD, Badovinac VP. Antigen-dependent and -independent contributions to primary memory CD8 T cell activation and protection following infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18022. [PMID: 26658291 PMCID: PMC4675085 DOI: 10.1038/srep18022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8 T-cell activation, including expression of IFN-γ and granzymeB, can be induced by antigen (Ag)-dependent signals through the T-cell-receptor, or by pathogen-derived inflammatory cytokines in an Ag-independent manner. Recent studies have come to conflicting results regarding the contributions of Ag and/or inflammation to memory CD8 T-cell activation. Additionally, research has indicated that inflammation-driven CD8 T-cell responses during un-related infections (bystander activation) have the potential to provide protection, but whether protection occurs in immuno-competent hosts is unclear. To investigate these questions, we examined activation of virus-specific memory CD8 T-cells following infection with L. monocytogenes either expressing or not cognate Ag. We show that Ag and inflammation act synergistically in vitro to induce memory activation. In vivo, we found that when memory CD8 T-cells significantly contribute to clearance of infection, early activation and continued responses by these cells are enhanced by cognate Ag recognition. Mechanistically, we show that bystander responses by memory are dependent upon the dose of infection and the amount of inflammation elicited following infection and are able to provide protection in IFN-γ deficient mice, but not in immuno-competent hosts. The data elucidate the requirements for memory CD8 T-cell activation and the protective role of bystander responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Martin
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Cruz AR, Ramirez LG, Zuluaga AV, Pillay A, Abreu C, Valencia CA, La Vake C, Cervantes JL, Dunham-Ems S, Cartun R, Mavilio D, Radolf JD, Salazar JC. Immune evasion and recognition of the syphilis spirochete in blood and skin of secondary syphilis patients: two immunologically distinct compartments. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1717. [PMID: 22816000 PMCID: PMC3398964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical syndrome associated with secondary syphilis (SS) reflects the propensity of Treponema pallidum (Tp) to escape immune recognition while simultaneously inducing inflammation. METHODS To better understand the duality of immune evasion and immune recognition in human syphilis, herein we used a combination of flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and transcriptional profiling to study the immune response in the blood and skin of 27 HIV(-) SS patients in relation to spirochetal burdens. Ex vivo opsonophagocytosis assays using human syphilitic sera (HSS) were performed to model spirochete-monocyte/macrophage interactions in vivo. RESULTS Despite the presence of low-level spirochetemia, as well as immunophenotypic changes suggestive of monocyte activation, we did not detect systemic cytokine production. SS subjects had substantial decreases in circulating DCs and in IFNγ-producing and cytotoxic NK-cells, along with an emergent CD56-/CD16+ NK-cell subset in blood. Skin lesions, which had visible Tp by IHC and substantial amounts of Tp-DNA, had large numbers of macrophages (CD68+), a relative increase in CD8+ T-cells over CD4+ T-cells and were enriched for CD56+ NK-cells. Skin lesions contained transcripts for cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α), chemokines (CCL2, CXCL10), macrophage and DC activation markers (CD40, CD86), Fc-mediated phagocytosis receptors (FcγRI, FcγR3), IFN-β and effector molecules associated with CD8 and NK-cell cytotoxic responses. While HSS promoted uptake of Tp in conjunction with monocyte activation, most spirochetes were not internalized. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the importance of macrophage driven opsonophagocytosis and cell mediated immunity in treponemal clearance, while suggesting that the balance between phagocytic uptake and evasion is influenced by the relative burdens of bacteria in blood and skin and the presence of Tp subpopulations with differential capacities for binding opsonic antibodies. They also bring to light the extent of the systemic innate and adaptive immunologic abnormalities that define the secondary stage of the disease, which in the skin of patients trends towards a T-cell cytolytic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R. Cruz
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Lady G. Ramirez
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Ana V. Zuluaga
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Allan Pillay
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christine Abreu
- Clinical Research Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Carlos A. Valencia
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Carson La Vake
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jorge L. Cervantes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Star Dunham-Ems
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Richard Cartun
- Department of Pathology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Justin D. Radolf
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Juan C. Salazar
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Whitmire JK, Eam B, Whitton JL. Tentative T cells: memory cells are quick to respond, but slow to divide. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000041. [PMID: 18404208 PMCID: PMC2275797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell memory is a cornerstone of protective immunity, and is the key element in successful vaccination. Upon encountering the relevant pathogen, memory T cells are thought to initiate cell division much more rapidly than their naïve counterparts, and this is thought to confer a significant biological advantage upon an immune host. Here, we use traceable TCR-transgenic T cells to evaluate this proposed characteristic in CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells. We find that, even in the presence of abundant antigen that was sufficient to induce in vivo IFNgamma production by memory T cells, both memory and naïve T cells show an extended, and indistinguishable, delay in the onset of proliferation. Although memory cells can detect, and respond to, virus infection within a few hours, their proliferation did not begin until approximately 3 days after infection, and occurred simultaneously in all anatomical compartments. Thereafter, cell division was extraordinarily rapid for both naïve and memory cells, with the latter showing a somewhat accelerated accumulation. We propose that, by permitting memory T cells to rapidly exert their effector functions while delaying the onset of their proliferation, evolution has provided a safeguard that balances the risk of infection against the consequences of severe T cell-mediated immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K. Whitmire
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Boreth Eam
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - J. Lindsay Whitton
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Abstract
The Gram-positive facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is a model pathogen for elucidating important mechanisms of the immune response. Infection of mice with a sub-lethal dose of bacteria generates highly reproducible innate and adaptive immune responses, resulting in clearance of the bacteria and resistance to subsequent L. monocytogenes infection. Both the innate and adaptive immune systems are crucial to the recognition and elimination of this pathogen from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Zenewicz
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Hao Shen, Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Phone: 215.573.5259; FAX: 215.573.9068; Email address:
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9
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Hogan LH, Co DO, Karman J, Heninger E, Suresh M, Sandor M. Virally activated CD8 T cells home to Mycobacterium bovis BCG-induced granulomas but enhance antimycobacterial protection only in immunodeficient mice. Infect Immun 2006; 75:1154-66. [PMID: 17178783 PMCID: PMC1828579 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00943-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of secondary infections on CD4 T-cell-regulated chronic granulomatous inflammation is not well understood. Here, we have investigated the effect of an acute viral infection on the cellular composition and bacterial protection in Mycobacterium bovis strain bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-induced granulomas using an immunocompetent and a partially immunodeficient murine model. Acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) coinfection of C57BL/6 mice led to substantial accumulation of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-producing LCMV-specific T cells in liver granulomas and increased local IFN-gamma. Despite traffic of activated T cells that resulted in a CD8 T-cell-dominated granuloma, the BCG liver organ load was unaltered from control levels. In OT-1 T-cell-receptor (TCR) transgenic mice, ovalbumin (OVA) immunization or LCMV coinfection of BCG-infected mice induced CD8 T-cell-dominated granulomas containing large numbers of non-BCG-specific activated T cells. The higher baseline BCG organ load in this CD8 TCR transgenic animal allowed us to demonstrate that OVA immunization and LCMV coinfection increased anti-BCG protection. The bacterial load remained substantially higher than in mice with a more complete TCR repertoire. Overall, the present study suggests that peripherally activated CD8 T cells can be recruited to chronic inflammatory sites, but their contribution to protective immunity is limited to conditions of underlying immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Hogan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Abstract
It is generally accepted that both self- and pathogen-specific T lymphocytes have the potential to mediate immunopathogenesis and contribute to a variety of human ailments. Despite this unfortunate tendency to induce tissue injury, these cells are guided by interactions with peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) and adhere appropriately to a vital evolutionary constraint imposed by the host: specificity. More recently, a series of studies have demonstrated that bystander T cells of an irrelevant specificity can bypass peptide/MHC restriction and become active participants in immunopathology. This review critically evaluates the role of bystander T cells in immunopathogenesis and pathogen clearance in the periphery as well as the central nervous system and attempts to establish the likelihood of their participation in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian B McGavern
- Division of Virology, Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Pepper M, Dzierszinski F, Crawford A, Hunter CA, Roos D. Development of a system to study CD4+-T-cell responses to transgenic ovalbumin-expressing Toxoplasma gondii during toxoplasmosis. Infect Immun 2004; 72:7240-6. [PMID: 15557649 PMCID: PMC529136 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.12.7240-7246.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the immune response to Toxoplasma gondii has provided numerous insights into the role of T cells in resistance to intracellular infections. However, the complexity of this eukaryote pathogen has made it difficult to characterize immunodominant epitopes that would allow the identification of T cells with a known specificity for parasite antigens. As a consequence, analysis of T-cell responses to T. gondii has been based on characterization of the percentage of T cells that express an activated phenotype during infection and on the ability of these cells to produce cytokines in response to complex mixtures of parasite antigens. In order to study specific CD4(+) T cells responses to T. gondii, recombinant parasites that express a truncated ovalbumin (OVA) protein, in either a cytosolic or a secreted form, were engineered. In vitro and in vivo studies reveal that transgenic parasites expressing secreted OVA are able to stimulate T-cell receptor-transgenic OVA-specific CD4(+) T cells to proliferate, express an activated phenotype, and produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). Furthermore, the adoptive transfer of OVA-specific T cells into IFN-gamma(-/-) mice provided enhanced protection against infection with the OVA-transgenic (but not parental) parasites. Together, these studies establish the utility of this transgenic system to study CD4(+)-T-cell responses during toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Pepper
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium that is often used to study the mammalian immune response to infection because it is easy to culture, is relatively safe to work with and causes a highly predictable infection in laboratory mice. The broad application of this mouse model has resulted in a torrent of studies characterizing the contributions of different cytokines, receptors, adaptors and effector molecules to resistance against infection with Listeria monocytogenes. These studies, which are yielding one of the most comprehensive pictures of the 'battle' between host and microorganism, are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Pamer
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Carrero JA, Calderon B, Unanue ER. Type I interferon sensitizes lymphocytes to apoptosis and reduces resistance to Listeria infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 200:535-40. [PMID: 15302900 PMCID: PMC2211931 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20040769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Listeria monocytogenes causes lymphocyte apoptosis that is mediated by the actions of the pore-forming virulence factor listeriolysin O (LLO). Previous work showed that activated lymphocytes were highly sensitive to LLO-induced apoptosis, whereas resting lymphocytes were less susceptible. We now show that mice deficient in the type I interferon (IFN) receptor were more resistant to Listeria infection and had less apoptotic lesions than wild-type counterparts. Furthermore, treatment of resting splenic lymphocytes with recombinant IFN-αA enhanced their susceptibility to LLO-induced apoptosis. Together, these data suggest that type I IFN signaling is detrimental to handling of a bacterial pathogen and may enhance the susceptibility of lymphocytes undergoing apoptosis in response to bacterial pore-forming toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Carrero
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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