1
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Lupisella J, St-Onge S, Carrier M, Cook EM, Wang T, Sum C, Fernando G, Apgar K, Zhang R, Carson N, Snyder BJ, Ryan CS, Ma X, Dierks EA, Little S, Kick EK, Wurtz NR, Bouvier M, Héroux M, Garcia RA. Molecular Mechanisms of Desensitization Underlying the Differential Effects of Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 Agonists on Cardiac Structure-Function Post Myocardial Infarction. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:892-906. [PMID: 36268126 PMCID: PMC9578139 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) plays an integral role in the transition of macrophages from a pro-inflammatory program to one that is pro-resolving. FPR2-mediated stimulation of resolution post myocardial infarction has demonstrated efficacy in rodent models and is hypothesized to reduce progression into heart failure. FPR2 agonists that promote long-lasting receptor internalization can lead to persistent desensitization and diminished therapeutic benefits. In vitro signaling profiles and propensities for receptor desensitization of two clinically studied FPR2 agonists, namely, BMS-986235 and ACT-389949, were evaluated. In contrast to BMS-986235, pre-stimulation with ACT-389949 led to a decrease in its potency to inhibit cAMP production. Moreover, ACT-389949 displayed greater efficacy for β-arrestin recruitment, while efficacy of Gi activation was similar for both agonists. Following agonist-promoted FPR2 internalization, effective recycling to the plasma membrane was observed only with BMS-986235. Use of G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) knock-out cells revealed a differential impact of GRK2 versus GRK5/6 on β-arrestin recruitment and Gi activation promoted by the two FPR2 agonists. In vivo, decreases of granulocytes in circulation were greatly diminished in mice treated with ACT-389949 but not for BMS-986235. With short-term dosing, both compounds induced a pro-resolution polarization state in cardiac monocyte/macrophages post myocardial infarction. By contrast, with long-term dosing, only BMS-986235 preserved the infarct wall thickness and increased left ventricular ejection fraction in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Altogether, the study shows that differences in the desensitization profiles induced by ACT-389949 and BMS-986235 at the molecular level may explain their distinct inflammatory/pro-resolving activities in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lupisella
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Stéphane St-Onge
- Institute
for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université
de Montréal, QuebecH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Marilyn Carrier
- Institute
for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université
de Montréal, QuebecH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Erica M. Cook
- Department
of Lead Discovery and Optimization, Bristol
Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Department
of Lead Discovery and Optimization, Bristol
Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Chi Sum
- Department
of Lead Discovery and Optimization, Bristol
Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Gayani Fernando
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Kendra Apgar
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Rongan Zhang
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Nancy Carson
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Bradley J. Snyder
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Carol S. Ryan
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Xiuying Ma
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Dierks
- Department
of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Sean Little
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Ellen K. Kick
- Department
of Cardiovascular Discovery Chemistry, Bristol
Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Wurtz
- Department
of Cardiovascular Discovery Chemistry, Bristol
Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute
for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université
de Montréal, QuebecH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Madeleine Héroux
- Institute
for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université
de Montréal, QuebecH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ricardo A. Garcia
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
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Ma H, Guo X, Wang Z, Han M, Liu H. Therapeutic potential of WKYMVm in diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:986963. [PMID: 36120322 PMCID: PMC9479759 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.986963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic hexapeptide WKYMVm, screened from a synthetic peptide library, has been identified as an agonist of FPRs with the strongest activating effect on FPR2. WKYMVm plays an anti-inflammatory role in most inflammatory diseases by increasing the chemotaxis of phagocytes and regulating the secretion of inflammatory factors. WKYMVm can inhibit or promote the progression of different types of tumors, which depends on the regulation of WKYMVm on various components such as immune cells, inflammatory factors, chemokines, and tumor epithelial cells. Another major function of WKYMVm is to promote angiogenesis, which is reflected in its therapeutic value in ischemic diseases, wound healing and bone repair. In addition to the above functions, this paper also reviews the effects of WKYMVm on fibrosis, insulin resistance, osteolytic diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. By summarizing related studies, this review can increase people’s comprehensive understanding of WKYMVm, promote its broad and in-depth research, and help to exert its therapeutic value as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoming Guo
- Department of Endoscopy, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Department of Endoscopy, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Liu, , Mei Han,
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Liu, , Mei Han,
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3
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Kraus RF, Gruber MA. Neutrophils-From Bone Marrow to First-Line Defense of the Innate Immune System. Front Immunol 2022; 12:767175. [PMID: 35003081 PMCID: PMC8732951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.767175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear cells; PMNs) form a first line of defense against pathogens and are therefore an important component of the innate immune response. As a result of poorly controlled activation, however, PMNs can also mediate tissue damage in numerous diseases, often by increasing tissue inflammation and injury. According to current knowledge, PMNs are not only part of the pathogenesis of infectious and autoimmune diseases but also of conditions with disturbed tissue homeostasis such as trauma and shock. Scientific advances in the past two decades have changed the role of neutrophils from that of solely immune defense cells to cells that are responsible for the general integrity of the body, even in the absence of pathogens. To better understand PMN function in the human organism, our review outlines the role of PMNs within the innate immune system. This review provides an overview of the migration of PMNs from the vascular compartment to the target tissue as well as their chemotactic processes and illuminates crucial neutrophil immune properties at the site of the lesion. The review is focused on the formation of chemotactic gradients in interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the influence of the ECM on PMN function. In addition, our review summarizes current knowledge about the phenomenon of bidirectional and reverse PMN migration, neutrophil microtubules, and the microtubule organizing center in PMN migration. As a conclusive feature, we review and discuss new findings about neutrophil behavior in cancer environment and tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Felix Kraus
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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4
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Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Urokinase and Its Receptor in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030498. [PMID: 35158766 PMCID: PMC8833673 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have ascertained that uPA and uPAR do participate in tumor progression and metastasis and are involved in cell adhesion, migration, invasion and survival, as well as angiogenesis. Increased levels of uPA and uPAR in tumor tissues, stroma and biological fluids correlate with adverse clinic-pathologic features and poor patient outcomes. After binding to uPAR, uPA activates plasminogen to plasmin, a broad-spectrum matrix- and fibrin-degrading enzyme able to facilitate tumor cell invasion and dissemination to distant sites. Moreover, uPAR activated by uPA regulates most cancer cell activities by interacting with a broad range of cell membrane receptors. These findings make uPA and uPAR not only promising diagnostic and prognostic markers but also attractive targets for developing anticancer therapies. In this review, we debate the uPA/uPAR structure-function relationship as well as give an update on the molecules that interfere with or inhibit uPA/uPAR functions. Additionally, the possible clinical development of these compounds is discussed.
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5
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Tieranu C, Olteanu A, Preda C, Bacalbasa N, Milanesi E, Dobre M, Tieranu I, Manuc T, Klimko A, Becheanu G, Ionescu E. Mucosal gene expression profile of stricturing Crohn's disease: A preliminary study. Exp Ther Med 2021; 23:149. [DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.11072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Tieranu
- Department of Gastroenterology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei Olteanu
- Department of Gastroenterology, ‘Elias’ Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Preda
- Department of Gastroenterology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolae Bacalbasa
- Department of Gastroenterology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Milanesi
- Department of Radiobiology, ‘Victor Babeş’ National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Dobre
- Department of Pathology, ‘Victor Babeş’ National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Tieranu
- Department of Gastroenterology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Teodora Manuc
- Department of Gastroenterology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Artsiom Klimko
- Department of Gastroenterology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriel Becheanu
- Department of Gastroenterology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Ionescu
- Department of Gastroenterology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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6
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Han J, Lee C, Jung Y. Deficiency of Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 Retards Hair Regeneration by
Modulating the Activation of Hair Follicle Stem Cells and Dermal Papilla Cells
in Mice. Dev Reprod 2021; 25:279-291. [PMID: 35141453 PMCID: PMC8807127 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2021.25.4.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Hair loss is one of the most common chronic diseases, with a detrimental effect
on a patient’s psychosocial life. Hair loss results from damage to the
hair follicle (HF) and/or hair regeneration cycle. Various damaging factors,
such as hereditary, inflammation, and aging, impair hair regeneration by
inhibiting the activation of hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) and dermal papilla
cells (DPCs). Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) regulates the inflammatory
response and the activity of various types of stem cells, and has recently been
reported to have a protective effect on hair loss. Given that stem cell activity
is the driving force for hair regeneration, we hypothesized that FPR2 influences
hair regeneration by mediating HFSC activity. To prove this hypothesis, we
investigated the role of FPR2 in hair regeneration using Fpr2 knockout (KO)
mice. Fpr2 KO mice were found to have excessive hair loss and abnormal HF
structures and skin layer construction compared to wild-type (WT) mice. The
levels of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and β-catenin, which
promote HF regeneration, were significantly decreased, and the expression of
bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp)2/4, an inhibitor of the anagen phase, was
significantly increased in Fpr2 KO mice compared to WT mice. The proliferation
of HFSCs and DPCs was significantly lower in Fpr2 KO mice than in WT mice. These
findings demonstrate that FPR2 impacts signaling molecules that regulate HF
regeneration, and is involved in the proliferation of HFSCs and DPCs, exerting a
protective effect on hair loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsol Han
- Dept. of Integrated Biological Science,
Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Chanbin Lee
- Dept. of Integrated Biological Science,
Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Dept. of Integrated Biological Science,
Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Pusan
National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Corresponding author Youngmi Jung, Dept. of
Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
Tel: +82-51-510-2262, E-mail:
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7
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Dos Santos HT, Nam K, Hunt JP, Buchmann LO, Monroe MM, Baker OJ. SPM Receptor Expression and Localization in Irradiated Salivary Glands. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:523-534. [PMID: 34339312 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211031678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy-mediated salivary gland destruction is characterized by increased inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis, both of which ultimately lead to salivary gland hypofunction. However, current treatments (e.g., artificial saliva and sialagogues) only promote temporary relief of symptoms. As such, developing alternative measures against radiation damage is critical for restoring salivary gland structure and function. One promising option for managing radiation therapy-mediated damage in salivary glands is by activation of specialized proresolving lipid mediator receptors due to their demonstrated role in resolution of inflammation and fibrosis in many tissues. Nonetheless, little is known about the presence and function of these receptors in healthy and/or irradiated salivary glands. Therefore, the goal of this study was to detect whether these specialized proresolving lipid mediator receptors are expressed in healthy salivary glands and, if so, if they are maintained after radiation therapy-mediated damage. Our results indicate that specialized proresolving lipid mediator receptors are heterogeneously expressed in inflammatory as well as in acinar and ductal cells within human submandibular glands and that their expression persists after radiation therapy. These findings suggest that epithelial cells as well as resident immune cells represent potential targets for modulation of resolution of inflammation and fibrosis in irradiated salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kihoon Nam
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jason P Hunt
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Luke O Buchmann
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Marcus M Monroe
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Olga J Baker
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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8
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Vergelli C, Khlebnikov AI, Crocetti L, Guerrini G, Cantini N, Kirpotina LN, Schepetkin IA, Cilibrizzi A, Quinn MT, Rossi P, Paoli P, Giovannoni MP. Synthesis, biological evaluation, molecular modeling, and structural analysis of new pyrazole and pyrazolone derivatives as N-formyl peptide receptors agonists. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:582-603. [PMID: 34148303 PMCID: PMC8446315 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
N‐formyl peptide receptors (FPR1, FPR2, and FPR3) play key roles in the regulation of inflammatory processes, and recently, it was demonstrated that FPR1 and FPR2 have a dual role in the progression/suppression of some cancers. Therefore, FPRs represent an important therapeutic target for the treatment of both cancer and inflammatory diseases. Previously, we identified selective or mixed FPR agonists with pyridazinone or pyridinone scaffolds showing a common 4‐(bromophenyl)acetamide fragment, which was essential for activity. We report here new pyrazole and pyrazolone derivatives as restricted analogues of the above 6‐membered compounds, all exhibiting the same 4‐bromophenylacetamide side chain. Most new products had low or absent FPR agonist activity, suggesting that the pyrazole nucleus was not appropriate for FPR agonists. This hypothesis was confirmed by molecular modeling studies, which highlighted that the five‐membered scaffold was responsible for a worse arrangement of the molecules in the receptor binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vergelli
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Letizia Crocetti
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Guerrini
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Niccolò Cantini
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Liliya N Kirpotina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | | | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Patrizia Rossi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Paoli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Giovannoni
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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The Role of Formyl Peptide Receptors in Permanent and Low-Grade Inflammation: Helicobacter pylori Infection as a Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073706. [PMID: 33918194 PMCID: PMC8038163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), belonging to the chemoattractant G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) family. They play a key role in the innate immune system, regulating both the initiation and the resolution of the inflammatory response. FPRs were originally identified as receptors with high binding affinity for bacteria or mitochondria N-formylated peptides. However, they can also bind a variety of structurally different ligands. Among FPRs, formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) is the most versatile, recognizing N-formyl peptides, non-formylated peptides, and synthetic molecules. In addition, according to the ligand nature, FPRL1 can mediate either pro- or anti-inflammatory responses. Hp(2-20), a Helicobacter pylori-derived, non-formylated peptide, is a potent FPRL1 agonist, participating in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric inflammation, thus contributing to the related site or not-site specific diseases. The aim of this review is to provide insights into the role of FPRs in H. pylori-associated chronic inflammation, which suggests this receptor as potential target to mitigate both microbial and sterile inflammatory diseases.
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10
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Ji M, Ryu HJ, Hong JH. Signalling and putative therapeutic molecules on the regulation of synoviocyte signalling in rheumatoid arthritis. Bone Joint Res 2021; 10:285-297. [PMID: 33890482 PMCID: PMC8077181 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.104.bjr-2020-0331.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by symmetrical and chronic polyarthritis. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes are mainly involved in joint inflammation and cartilage and bone destruction by inflammatory cytokines and matrix-degrading enzymes in RA. Approaches that induce various cellular growth alterations of synoviocytes are considered as potential strategies for treating RA. However, since synoviocytes play a critical role in RA, the mechanism and hyperplastic modulation of synoviocytes and their motility need to be addressed. In this review, we focus on the alteration of synoviocyte signalling and cell fate provided by signalling proteins, various antioxidant molecules, enzymes, compounds, clinical candidates, to understand the pathology of the synoviocytes, and finally to achieve developed therapeutic strategies of RA. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(4):285–297.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Ji
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hee Jung Ryu
- Department of Rheumatology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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Novizio N, Belvedere R, Pessolano E, Tosco A, Porta A, Perretti M, Campiglia P, Filippelli A, Petrella A. Annexin A1 Released in Extracellular Vesicles by Pancreatic Cancer Cells Activates Components of the Tumor Microenvironment, through Interaction with the Formyl-Peptide Receptors. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122719. [PMID: 33353163 PMCID: PMC7767312 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most aggressive cancers in the world. Several extracellular factors are involved in its development and metastasis to distant organs. In PC, the protein Annexin A1 (ANXA1) appears to be overexpressed and may be identified as an oncogenic factor, also because it is a component in tumor-deriving extracellular vesicles (EVs). Indeed, these microvesicles are known to nourish the tumor microenvironment. Once we evaluated the autocrine role of ANXA1-containing EVs on PC MIA PaCa-2 cells and their pro-angiogenic action, we investigated the ANXA1 paracrine effect on stromal cells like fibroblasts and endothelial ones. Concerning the analysis of fibroblasts, cell migration/invasion, cytoskeleton remodeling, and the different expression of specific protein markers, all features of the cell switching into myofibroblasts, were assessed after administration of wild type more than ANXA1 Knock-Out EVs. Interestingly, we demonstrated a mechanism by which the ANXA1-EVs complex can stimulate the activation of formyl peptide receptors (FPRs), triggering mesenchymal switches and cell motility on both fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Therefore, we highlighted the importance of ANXA1/EVs-FPR axes in PC progression as a vehicle of intercommunication tumor cells-stroma, suggesting a specific potential prognostic/diagnostic role of ANXA1, whether in soluble form or even if EVs are captured in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Novizio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (N.N.); (R.B.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (A.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Raffaella Belvedere
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (N.N.); (R.B.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (A.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Emanuela Pessolano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (N.N.); (R.B.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (A.P.); (P.C.)
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Alessandra Tosco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (N.N.); (R.B.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (A.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Amalia Porta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (N.N.); (R.B.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (A.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (N.N.); (R.B.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (A.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Amelia Filippelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende 43, 84081 Baronissi, Italy;
| | - Antonello Petrella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (N.N.); (R.B.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (A.P.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-089-969-762; Fax: +39-089-969-602
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Tian C, Chen K, Gong W, Yoshimura T, Huang J, Wang JM. The G-Protein Coupled Formyl Peptide Receptors and Their Role in the Progression of Digestive Tract Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820973280. [PMID: 33251986 PMCID: PMC7705772 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820973280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a causative factor of many cancers, although it
originally acts as a protective host response to the loss of tissue homeostasis.
Many inflammatory conditions predispose susceptible cells, most of which are of
epithelial origin, to neoplastic transformation. There is a close correlation
between digestive tract (DT) cancer and chronic inflammation, such as esophageal
adenocarcinoma associated with Barrett’s esophagus, helicobacter
pylori infection as the cause of stomach cancer, hepatitis leading
to liver cirrhosis and subsequent cancer, and colon cancer linking to
inflammatory bowel diseases and schistosomiasis. A prominent
feature of malignant transformation of DT tract epithelial cells is their
adoption of somatic gene mutations resulting in abnormal expression of proteins
that endow the cells with unlimited proliferation as well as increased motility
and invasive capabilities. Many of these events are mediated by Gi-protein
coupled chemoattractant receptors (GPCRs) including formyl peptide receptors
(FPRs in human, Fprs in mice). In this article, we review the current
understanding of FPRs (Fprs) and their function in DT cancer types as well as
their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuimeng Tian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute/Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Keqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Wanghua Gong
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jiaqiang Huang
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA.,Laboratory of Cancer Basic Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute/Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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13
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Jeong YS, Bae YS. Formyl peptide receptors in the mucosal immune system. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1694-1704. [PMID: 33082511 PMCID: PMC7572937 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and are well known as chemotactic receptors and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize bacterial and mitochondria-derived formylated peptides. FPRs are also known to detect a wide range of ligands, including host-derived peptides and lipids. FPRs are highly expressed not only in phagocytes such as neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages but also in nonhematopoietic cells such as epithelial cells and endothelial cells. Mucosal surfaces, including the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, the oral cavity, the eye, and the reproductive tract, separate the external environment from the host system. In mucosal surfaces, the interaction between the microbiota and host cells needs to be strictly regulated to maintain homeostasis. By sharing the same FPRs, immune cells and epithelial cells may coordinate pathophysiological responses to various stimuli, including microbial molecules derived from the normal flora. Accumulating evidence shows that FPRs play important roles in maintaining mucosal homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the roles of FPRs at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoe-Sik Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Leslie J, Millar BJ, del Carpio Pons A, Burgoyne RA, Frost JD, Barksby BS, Luli S, Scott J, Simpson AJ, Gauldie J, Murray LA, Finch DK, Carruthers AM, Ferguson J, Sleeman MA, Rider D, Howarth R, Fox C, Oakley F, Fisher AJ, Mann DA, Borthwick LA. FPR-1 is an important regulator of neutrophil recruitment and a tissue-specific driver of pulmonary fibrosis. JCI Insight 2020; 5:125937. [PMID: 32102985 PMCID: PMC7101152 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant inflammatory cells at the earliest stages of wound healing and play important roles in wound repair and fibrosis. Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR-1) is abundantly expressed on neutrophils and has been shown to regulate their function, yet the importance of FPR-1 in fibrosis remains ill defined. FPR-1-deficient (fpr1-/-) mice were protected from bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis but developed renal and hepatic fibrosis normally. Mechanistically, we observed a failure to effectively recruit neutrophils to the lungs of fpr1-/- mice, whereas neutrophil recruitment was unaffected in the liver and kidney. Using an adoptive transfer model we demonstrated that the defect in neutrophil recruitment to the lung was intrinsic to the fpr1-/- neutrophils, as C57BL/6 neutrophils were recruited normally to the damaged lung in fpr1-/- mice. Finally, C57BL/6 mice in which neutrophils had been depleted were protected from pulmonary fibrosis. In conclusion, FPR-1 and FPR-1 ligands are required for effective neutrophil recruitment to the damaged lung. Failure to recruit neutrophils or depletion of neutrophils protects from pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jon Scott
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - A. John Simpson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Interstitial Lung Disease Clinic, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Gauldie
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Saint Joseph’s Healthcare and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew J. Fisher
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group and
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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15
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Liang W, Chen K, Gong W, Yoshimura T, Le Y, Wang Y, Wang JM. The Contribution of Chemoattractant GPCRs, Formylpeptide Receptors, to Inflammation and Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:17. [PMID: 32038501 PMCID: PMC6993212 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of inflammatory responses is leukocyte mobilization, which is mediated by pathogen and host released chemotactic factors that activate Gi-protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptors (GPCRs) on host cell surface. Formylpeptide receptors (FPRs, Fprs in mice) are members of the chemoattractant GPCR family, shown to be critical in myeloid cell trafficking during infection, inflammation, immune responses, and cancer progression. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that both human FPRs and murine Fprs are involved in a number of patho-physiological processes because of their expression on a wide variety of cell types in addition to myeloid cells. The unique capacity of FPRs (Fprs) to interact with numerous structurally unrelated chemotactic ligands enables these receptors to participate in orchestrated disease initiation, progression, and resolution. One murine Fpr member, Fpr2, and its endogenous agonist peptide, Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP), have been demonstrated as key mediators of colon mucosal homeostasis and protection from inflammation and associated tumorigenesis. Recent availability of genetically engineered mouse models greatly expanded the understanding of the role of FPRs (Fprs) in pathophysiology that places these molecules in the list of potential targets for therapeutic intervention of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Keqiang Chen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Wanghua Gong
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yingying Le
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
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16
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Fu T, Mohan M, Brennan EP, Woodman OL, Godson C, Kantharidis P, Ritchie RH, Qin CX. Therapeutic Potential of Lipoxin A 4 in Chronic Inflammation: Focus on Cardiometabolic Disease. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:43-55. [PMID: 32259087 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that failure to resolve inflammation may contribute to the progression of many chronic inflammatory disorders. It has been suggested targeting the resolution of inflammation might be a novel therapeutic approach for chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, diabetic complications, and cardiometabolic disease. Lipoxins [LXs] are a class of endogenously generated mediators that promote the resolution of inflammation. Biological actions of LXs include inhibition of neutrophil infiltration, promotion of macrophage polarization, increase of macrophage efferocytosis, and restoration of tissue homeostasis. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that LXs and synthetic analogues protect tissues from acute and chronic inflammation. The mechanism includes down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (e.g., interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α), inhibition of the activation of the master pro-inflammatory pathway (e.g., nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells pathway) and increased release of the pro-resolving cytokines (e.g., interleukin-10). Three generations of LXs analogues are well described in the literature, and more recently a fourth generation has been generated that appears to show enhanced potency. In this review, we will briefly discuss the potential therapeutic opportunity provided by lipoxin A4 as a novel approach to treat chronic inflammatory disorders, focusing on cardiometabolic disease and the current drug development in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fu
- Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Muthukumar Mohan
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Eoin P Brennan
- UCD Diabetes Complications Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Owen L Woodman
- Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Catherine Godson
- UCD Diabetes Complications Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Phillip Kantharidis
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cheng Xue Qin
- Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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17
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Park GT, Kwon YW, Lee TW, Kwon SG, Ko HC, Kim MB, Kim JH. Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 Activation Ameliorates Dermal Fibrosis and Inflammation in Bleomycin-Induced Scleroderma. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2095. [PMID: 31552041 PMCID: PMC6733889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is a profibrotic autoimmune disease mediated by the dysregulation of extracellular matrix synthesis. Formyl peptide receptor 2 (Fpr2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that modulates inflammation and host defense by regulating the activation of inflammatory cells, such as macrophages. However, the role of Fpr2 in the development and therapy of scleroderma is still unclear. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Fpr2 activation in the treatment of scleroderma fibrosis. We found that intradermal administration of WKYMVm, an Fpr2-specific agonist, alleviated bleomycin-induced scleroderma fibrosis in mice and decreased dermal thickness in scleroderma skin. WKYMVm-treated scleroderma skin tissues displayed reduced numbers of myofibroblasts expressing α-smooth muscle actin, Vimentin, and phosphorylated SMAD3. WKYMVm treatment attenuated macrophage infiltration in scleroderma skin and reduced the number of M2 macrophages. The therapeutic effects of WKYMVm in scleroderma-associated fibrosis and inflammation were completely abrogated in Fpr2 knockout mice. Moreover, WKYMVm treatment reduced the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ, in the scleroderma model of wild-type mice but not in Fpr2 knockout mice. These results suggest that WKYMVm-induced activation of Fpr2 leads to alleviation of fibrosis by stimulating immune resolution in systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Tae Park
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan-si, South Korea
| | - Yang Woo Kwon
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan-si, South Korea
| | - Tae Wook Lee
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan-si, South Korea
| | - Seong Gyu Kwon
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan-si, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Chang Ko
- Department of Dermatology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan-si, South Korea
| | - Moon Bum Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan-si, South Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan-si, South Korea.,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan-si, South Korea
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18
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Chemotactic Ligands that Activate G-Protein-Coupled Formylpeptide Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143426. [PMID: 31336833 PMCID: PMC6678346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte infiltration is a hallmark of inflammatory responses. This process depends on the bacterial and host tissue-derived chemotactic factors interacting with G-protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptors (GPCRs) expressed on the cell surface. Formylpeptide receptors (FPRs in human and Fprs in mice) belong to the family of chemoattractant GPCRs that are critical mediators of myeloid cell trafficking in microbial infection, inflammation, immune responses and cancer progression. Both murine Fprs and human FPRs participate in many patho-physiological processes due to their expression on a variety of cell types in addition to myeloid cells. FPR contribution to numerous pathologies is in part due to its capacity to interact with a plethora of structurally diverse chemotactic ligands. One of the murine Fpr members, Fpr2, and its endogenous agonist peptide, Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP), control normal mouse colon epithelial growth, repair and protection against inflammation-associated tumorigenesis. Recent developments in FPR (Fpr) and ligand studies have greatly expanded the scope of these receptors and ligands in host homeostasis and disease conditions, therefore helping to establish these molecules as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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19
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Korimová A, Klusáková I, Hradilová-Svíženská I, Kohoutková M, Joukal M, Dubový P. Mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns of Injured Axons Induce Outgrowth of Schwann Cell Processes. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:457. [PMID: 30542268 PMCID: PMC6277938 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated Schwann cells put out cytoplasmic processes that play a significant role in cell migration and axon regeneration. Following nerve injury, axonal mitochondria release mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs), including formylated peptides and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We hypothesize that mtDAMPs released from disintegrated axonal mitochondria may stimulate Schwann cells to put out cytoplasmic processes. We investigated RT4-D6P2T schwannoma cells (RT4) in vitro treated with N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) or cytosine-phospho-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) for 1, 6 and 24 h. We also used immunohistochemical detection to monitor the expression of formylpeptide receptor 2 (FPR2) and toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), the canonical receptors for formylated peptides and mtDNA, in RT4 cells and Schwann cells distal to nerve injury. RT4 cells treated with fMLP put out a significantly higher number of cytoplasmic processes compared to control cells. Preincubation with PBP10, a selective inhibitor of FPR2 resulted in a significant reduction of cytoplasmic process outgrowth. A significantly higher number of cytoplasmic processes was also found after treatment with CpG ODN compared to control cells. Pretreatment with inhibitory ODN (INH ODN) resulted in a reduced number of cytoplasmic processes after subsequent treatment with CpG ODN only at 6 h, but 1 and 24 h treatment with CpG ODN demonstrated an additive effect of INH ODN on the development of cytoplasmic processes. Immunohistochemistry and western blot detected increased levels of tyrosine-phosphorylated paxillin in RT4 cells associated with cytoplasmic process outgrowth after fMLP or CpG ODN treatment. We found increased immunofluorescence of FPR2 and TLR9 in RT4 cells treated with fMLP or CpG ODN as well as in activated Schwann cells distal to the nerve injury. In addition, activated Schwann cells displayed FPR2 and TLR9 immunostaining close to GAP43-immunopositive regenerated axons and their growth cones after nerve crush. Increased FPR2 and TLR9 immunoreaction was associated with activation of p38 and NFkB, respectively. Surprisingly, the growth cones displayed also FPR2 and TLR9 immunostaining. These results present the first evidence that potential mtDAMPs may play a key role in the induction of Schwann cell processes. This reaction of Schwann cells can be mediated via FPR2 and TLR9 that are canonical receptors for formylated peptides and mtDNA. The possible role for FPR2 and TLR9 in growth cones is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Korimová
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ilona Klusáková
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ivana Hradilová-Svíženská
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marcela Kohoutková
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marek Joukal
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Dubový
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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20
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Batugedara HM, Li J, Chen G, Lu D, Patel JJ, Jang JC, Radecki KC, Burr AC, Lo DD, Dillman AR, Nair MG. Hematopoietic cell-derived RELMα regulates hookworm immunity through effects on macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:855-869. [PMID: 29992625 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0917-369rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistin-like molecule α (RELMα) is a highly secreted protein in type 2 (Th2) cytokine-induced inflammation including helminth infection and allergy. In infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb), RELMα dampens Th2 inflammatory responses. RELMα is expressed by immune cells, and by epithelial cells (EC); however, the functional impact of immune versus EC-derived RELMα is unknown. We generated bone marrow (BM) chimeras that were RELMα deficient (RELMα-/ - ) in BM or non BM cells and infected them with Nb. Non BM RELMα-/- chimeras had comparable inflammatory responses and parasite burdens to RELMα+/+ mice. In contrast, both RELMα-/- and BM RELMα-/- mice exhibited increased Nb-induced lung and intestinal inflammation, correlated with elevated Th2 cytokines and Nb killing. CD11c+ lung macrophages were the dominant BM-derived source of RELMα and can mediate Nb killing. Therefore, we employed a macrophage-worm co-culture system to investigate whether RELMα regulates macrophage-mediated Nb killing. Compared to RELMα+ /+ macrophages, RELMα-/- macrophages exhibited increased binding to Nb and functionally impaired Nb development. Supplementation with recombinant RELMα partially reversed this phenotype. Gene expression analysis revealed that RELMα decreased cell adhesion and Fc receptor signaling pathways, which are associated with macrophage-mediated helminth killing. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that BM-derived RELMα is necessary and sufficient to dampen Nb immune responses, and identify that one mechanism of action of RELMα is through inhibiting macrophage recruitment and interaction with Nb. Our findings suggest that RELMα acts as an immune brake that provides mutually beneficial effects for the host and parasite by limiting tissue damage and delaying parasite expulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashini M Batugedara
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jiang Li
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Dihong Lu
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jay J Patel
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jessica C Jang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Kelly C Radecki
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Abigail C Burr
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - David D Lo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Adler R Dillman
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Meera G Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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21
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Lee SH, Lee PH, Kim BG, Seo HJ, Baek AR, Park JS, Lee JH, Park SW, Kim DJ, Park CS, Jang AS. Annexin A1 in plasma from patients with bronchial asthma: its association with lung function. BMC Pulm Med 2018; 18:1. [PMID: 29301525 PMCID: PMC5753440 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-017-0557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annexin-A1 (ANXA1) is a glucocorticoid-induced protein with multiple actions in the regulation of inflammatory cell activation. The anti-inflammatory protein ANXA1 and its N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) have protective effects on organ fibrosis. However, the exact role of ANXA1 in asthma remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to identify the role of ANXA1 in bronchial asthma. METHODS In mice sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA-OVA mice) and mice sensitized with saline and challenged with air (control mice), we investigated the potential links between ANXA1 levels and bronchial asthma using ELISA, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical staining. Moreover, we also determined ANXA1 levels in blood from 50 asthmatic patients (stable and exacerbated states). RESULTS ANXA1 protein levels in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly higher in OVA-OVA mice compared with control mice. FPR2 protein levels in lung tissue were significantly higher in OVA-OVA mice compared with control mice. Plasma ANXA1 levels were increased in asthmatic patients compared with healthy controls. Plasma ANXA1 levels were significantly lower in exacerbated patients compared with stable patients with bronchial asthma (p < 0.05). The plasma ANXA1 levels in controlled asthmatic patients were correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) (r = - 0.191, p = 0.033) and FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) (r = -0.202, p = 0.024). CONCLUSION These results suggest that ANXA1 may be a potential marker and therapeutic target for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hye Lee
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Pureun-Haneul Lee
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Gon Kim
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Seo
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae-Rin Baek
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sook Park
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Hyuk Lee
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Park
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Jin Kim
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Sik Park
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - An-Soo Jang
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Xu C, Ghali S, Wang J, Shih DQ, Ortiz C, Mussatto CC, Lee EC, Tran DH, Jacobs JP, Lagishetty V, Fleshner P, Robbins L, Vu M, Hing TC, McGovern DPB, Koon HW. CSA13 inhibits colitis-associated intestinal fibrosis via a formyl peptide receptor like-1 mediated HMG-CoA reductase pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16351. [PMID: 29180648 PMCID: PMC5703874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Many Crohn’s disease (CD) patients develop intestinal strictures, which are difficult to prevent and treat. Cationic steroid antimicrobial 13 (CSA13) shares cationic nature and antimicrobial function with antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin. As many functions of cathelicidin are mediated through formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1), we hypothesize that CSA13 mediates anti-fibrogenic effects via FPRL1. Human intestinal biopsies were used in clinical data analysis. Chronic trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) colitis-associated intestinal fibrosis mouse model with the administration of CSA13 was used. Colonic FPRL1 mRNA expression was positively correlated with the histology scores of inflammatory bowel disease patients. In CD patients, colonic FPRL1 mRNA was positively correlated with intestinal stricture. CSA13 administration ameliorated intestinal fibrosis without influencing intestinal microbiota. Inhibition of FPRL1, but not suppression of intestinal microbiota, reversed these protective effects of CSA13. Metabolomic analysis indicated increased fecal mevalonate levels in the TNBS-treated mice, which were reduced by the CSA13 administration. CSA13 inhibited colonic HMG-CoA reductase activity in an FPRL1-dependent manner. Mevalonate reversed the anti-fibrogenic effect of CSA13. The increased colonic FPRL1 expression is associated with severe mucosal disease activity and intestinal stricture. CSA13 inhibits intestinal fibrosis via FPRL1-dependent modulation of HMG-CoA reductase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Xu
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Sally Ghali
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jiani Wang
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - David Q Shih
- F. Widjaja Foundation, Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Christina Ortiz
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Caroline C Mussatto
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Elaine C Lee
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Diana H Tran
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan P Jacobs
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Venu Lagishetty
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Phillip Fleshner
- F. Widjaja Foundation, Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Lori Robbins
- F. Widjaja Foundation, Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Michelle Vu
- F. Widjaja Foundation, Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Tressia C Hing
- F. Widjaja Foundation, Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Dermot P B McGovern
- F. Widjaja Foundation, Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Hon Wai Koon
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Preclinical evaluation of the urokinase receptor-derived peptide UPARANT as an anti-inflammatory drug. Inflamm Res 2017; 66:701-709. [PMID: 28456844 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases. The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) exerts a plethora of functions in both physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of a novel peptide ligand of uPAR, UPARANT, in different animal models of inflammation. SUBJECTS AND TREATMENT Rats and mice were divided in different groups (n = 5) for single or repeated administration of vehicle (9% DMSO in 0.9% NaCl), UPARANT (6, 12 and 24 mg/kg) or dexamethasone (2 mg/kg). Animals were subjected to carrageenan-induced paw oedema or zymosan-induced peritonitis. METHODS UPARANT effects were tested on: (1) the carrageenan-induced paw oedema volume, (2) the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the nitrite/nitrate (NOx) levels in the paw exudates, (3) cells recruitment into the peritoneal cavity after zymosan injection and (4) NOx levels in the peritoneal lavage. RESULTS UPARANT (12 and 24 mg/kg) reduced inflammation in both experimental paradigms. Analysis of pro-inflammatory enzymes revealed that administration of UPARANT reduced iNOS, COX2 and NO over-production. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a solid evidence that UPARANT reduces the severity of inflammation in diverse animal models, thus representing a novel anti-inflammatory drug with potential advantages with respect to the typical steroidal agents.
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24
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Formyl peptide receptors promotes neural differentiation in mouse neural stem cells by ROS generation and regulation of PI3K-AKT signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:206. [PMID: 28303030 PMCID: PMC5428260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) regulated the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). FPRs promote the migration of NSCs both in vitro and in vivo. However, the role of FPRs during differentiation of NSCs is unknown. Analysis by Western blot showed significantly increased expression of FPR1 and FPR2 during differentiation of NSCs. The activation of FPRs promotes NSCs to differentiate into neurons with more primary neurites and branch points and longer neurites per cell. Meanwhile, this activation also inhibits the differentiation of NSC into astrocytes. This bidirectional effect can be inhibited by the FPRs-specific inhibitor. Moreover, it was found that the activation of FPRs increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphorylation of AKT in the NSCs, while N-acetylcysteine and LY294002 inhibited the FPRs-stimulated increase in ROS generation and AKT phosphorylation, and blocked the FPRs-stimulated neural differentiation into neurons. Therefore, FPRs-stimulated neural differentiation was mediated via ROS and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. Collectively, the present findings provided a novel insight into the functional role of FPRs in neurogenesis, with important implications for its potential use as a candidate for treating brain or spinal cord injury.
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25
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Snapkov I, Öqvist CO, Figenschau Y, Kogner P, Johnsen JI, Sveinbjørnsson B. The role of formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:490. [PMID: 27432059 PMCID: PMC4950242 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor mainly expressed by the cells of myeloid origin, where it mediates the innate immune response to bacterial formylated peptides. High expression of FPR1 has been detected in various cancers but the function of FPR1 in tumorigenesis is poorly understood. Methods Expression of FPR1 in neuroblastoma cell lines and primary tumors was studied using RT-PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Calcium mobilization assays and western blots with phospho-specific antibodies were used to assess the functional activity of FPR1 in neuroblastoma. The tumorigenic capacity of FPR1 was assessed by xenografting of neuroblastoma cells expressing inducible FPR1 shRNA, FPR1 cDNA or control shRNA in nude mice. Results FPR1 is expressed in neuroblastoma primary tumors and cell lines. High expression of FPR1 corresponds with high-risk disease and poor patient survival. Stimulation of FPR1 in neuroblastoma cells using fMLP, a selective FPR1 agonist, induced intracellular calcium mobilization and activation of MAPK/Erk, PI3K/Akt and P38-MAPK signal transduction pathways that were inhibited by using Cyclosporin H, a selective receptor antagonist for FPR1. shRNA knock-down of FPR1 in neuroblastoma cells conferred a delayed xenograft tumor development in nude mice, whereas an ectopic overexpression of FPR1 promoted augmented tumorigenesis in nude mice. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that FPR1 is involved in neuroblastoma development and could represent a therapy option for the treatment of neuroblastoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2545-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Snapkov
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Carl Otto Öqvist
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yngve Figenschau
- Endocrinology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Per Kogner
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Inge Johnsen
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Baldur Sveinbjørnsson
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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Abstract
Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is a Ca(2+)-regulated phospholipid-binding protein involved in various cell processes. ANXA1 was initially widely studied in inflammation resolution, but its overexpression was later reported in a large number of cancers. Further in-depth investigations have revealed that this protein could have many roles in cancer progression and act at different levels (from cancer initiation to metastasis). This is partly due to the location of ANXA1 in different cell compartments. ANXA1 can be nuclear, cytoplasmic and/or membrane associated. This last location allows ANXA1 to be proteolytically cleaved and/or to become accessible to its cognate partners, the formyl-peptide receptors. Indeed, in some cancers, ANXA1 is found at the cell surface, where it stimulates formyl-peptide receptors to trigger oncogenic pathways. In the present review, we look at the different locations of ANXA1 and their association with the deregulated pathways often observed in cancers. We have specifically detailed the non-classic pathways of ANXA1 externalization, the significance of its cleavage and the role of the ANXA1-formyl-peptide receptor complex in cancer progression.
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27
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Prevete N, Liotti F, Marone G, Melillo RM, de Paulis A. Formyl peptide receptors at the interface of inflammation, angiogenesis and tumor growth. Pharmacol Res 2015; 102:184-91. [PMID: 26466865 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
N-formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) belong to the family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that regulate innate immune responses. Three FPRs have been identified in humans: FPR1-FPR3. FPR expression was initially described in immune cells and subsequently in non-hematopoietic cells and certain tissues. Besides their involvement in inflammatory disorders, FPRs have been implicated in the regulation of tissue repair and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is not only a key component of pathogen defence during acute infection and of chronic inflammatory disorders, but also plays a critical role in wound healing and tissue regeneration. Moreover, pathologic uncontrolled angiogenesis is central for tumour growth, progression, and the formation of metastases. In this review, we summarise the evidence for a central role of FPRs at the intersection between inflammation, physiologic angiogenesis and pathologic neovascularisation linked to cancer. These findings provide insights into the potential clinical relevance of new treatment regimens involving FPR modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nella Prevete
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Liotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS) "G. Salvatore", CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS) "G. Salvatore", CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunologic Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Marina Melillo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS) "G. Salvatore", CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunologic Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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28
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Kwon YW, Heo SC, Jang IH, Jeong GO, Yoon JW, Mun JH, Kim JH. Stimulation of cutaneous wound healing by an FPR2-specific peptide agonist WKYMVm. Wound Repair Regen 2015; 23:575-82. [PMID: 25973651 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most common human diseases and 15% of the 200 million diabetics worldwide suffer from diabetic wounds. Development of new therapeutic agents is needed for treatment of diabetic wounds. Wound healing is mediated by multiple steps, including inflammation, epithelialization, neoangiogenesis, and granulation. Formyl peptide receptor 2 has been known to stimulate angiogenesis, which is essential for tissue repair and cutaneous wound healing. In this study, we explored the therapeutic effects of WKYMVm (Trp-Lys-Tyr-Met-Val-D-Met-NH2), a synthetic peptide agonist of formyl peptide receptor 2, on cutaneous wounds in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Topical application of WKYMVm onto cutaneous wounds stimulated formation of von Willebrand factor-positive capillary and α-smooth muscle actin-positive arteriole with a maximal stimulation on day 6, suggesting WKYMVm-stimulated angiogenesis. Infiltration of immune cells could be detected on early phase during wound healing and WKYMVm treatment acutely augmented infiltration of CD68-positive macrophages. In addition, reepithelialization and granulation tissue formation were accelerated by treatment with WKYMVm. These results suggest that WKYMVm has therapeutic effects on diabetic wounds by stimulating angiogenesis and infiltration of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Je-Ho Mun
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Physiology.,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
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29
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Recognition of Immune Response for the Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoarthritis. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:192415. [PMID: 26064995 PMCID: PMC4433702 DOI: 10.1155/2015/192415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a common and debilitating joint disease that affects up to 30 million Americans, leading to significant disability, reduction in quality of life, and costing the United States tens of billions of dollars annually. Classically, osteoarthritis has been characterized as a degenerative, wear-and-tear disease, but recent research has identified it as an immunopathological disease on a spectrum between healthy condition and rheumatoid arthritis. A systematic literature review demonstrates that the disease pathogenesis is driven by an early innate immune response which progressively catalyzes degenerative changes that ultimately lead to an altered joint microenvironment. It is feasible to detect this infiltration of cells in the early, and presumably asymptomatic, phase of the disease through noninvasive imaging techniques. This screening can serve to aid clinicians in potentially identifying high-risk patients, hopefully leading to early effective management, vast improvements in quality of life, and significant reductions in disability, morbidity, and cost related to osteoarthritis. Although the diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis routinely utilize both invasive and non-invasive strategies, imaging techniques specific to inflammatory cells are not commonly employed for these purposes. This review discusses this paradigm and aims to shift the focus of future osteoarthritis-related research towards early diagnosis of the disease process.
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30
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Role of formic receptors in soluble urokinase receptor-induced human vascular smooth muscle migration. J Surg Res 2015; 195:396-405. [PMID: 25758338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration in response to urokinase is dependent on binding of the urokinase molecule to the urokinase plasminogen receptor (uPAR) and cleavage of the receptor. The aim of this study was to examine the role of the soluble uPAR (suPAR) in VSMC migration. METHODS Human VSMCs were cultured in vitro. Linear wound and Boyden microchemotaxis assays of migration were performed in the presence of suPAR. Inhibitors to G-protein signaling and kinase activation were used to study these pathways. Assays were performed for mitogen-activated protein kinase and epidermal growth factor receptor activation. RESULTS suPAR induced concentration-dependent migration of VSMC, which was G protein-dependent and was blocked by Gαi and Gβγ inhibitors. Removal of the full uPAR molecule by incubation of the cells with a phospholipase did not interfere with this response. suPAR induced ERK1/2, p38(MAPK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase [JNK] activation in a Gαi/Gβγ-dependent manner, and interruption of these signaling pathways prevented suPAR-mediated migration. suPAR activity was independent of plasmin activity. suPAR did not activate epidermal growth factor receptor. Interruption of the low affinity N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe receptor (FPRL1) but not high affinity N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe receptor (FPR) prevented cell migration and activation in response to suPAR. suPAR increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and activity, and this was dependent on the low affinity N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe receptor (FPRL1) and ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS suPAR induces human smooth muscle cell activation and migration independent of the full uPAR through activation of the G protein-coupled receptor FPRL1, which is not linked to the plasminogen activation cascade.
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Sun C, Zhu M, Yang Z, Pan X, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Xiao W. LL-37 secreted by epithelium promotes fibroblast collagen production: a potential mechanism of small airway remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Transl Med 2014; 94:991-1002. [PMID: 24955895 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the process of small airway remodeling is mediated by profibrotic growth factors produced by epithelium, which are capable of activating the underlying mesenchymal cells with excessive collagen production. It has been demonstrated that human cathelicidin antimicrobial protein LL-37 is highly expressed in small airway epithelium from COPD patients. However, it is unknown whether the increased levels of LL-37 in epithelium are involved in the pathogenesis of small airway remodeling in COPD. In this study, we examined the expression of LL-37 in small airways from smokers with COPD and controls (non-smokers and smokers without COPD) by immunohistochemistry, and then the association between LL-37 expression in epithelium and the structural changes of small airway remodeling was analyzed. In vitro, the effect of CSE-induced epithelial secretion of LL-37 on collagen production in human lung fibroblasts (HFL-1 cell line) was studied in a co-culture system. Finally, the signaling pathways involved in the effect of LL-37 on fibroblast collagen production were evaluated. The results showed that LL-37 immunoreactivity in airway epithelium was significantly elevated in smokers with COPD compared with controls. In addition, the magnitude of LL-37 expression in epithelium was positively correlated with airway wall thickness and collagen deposition. In vitro, CSE-induced epithelial secretion of LL-37 promoted fibroblast collagen production. Finally, we showed that formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1)-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway was essential for LL-37-induced collagen production in HFL-1 cells. These results suggest that after cigarette smoke exposure, the increased levels of LL-37 in airway epithelium could stimulate collagen production in the underlying lung fibroblasts and may contribute to small airway remodeling in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Maoxiang Zhu
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiujie Pan
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuke Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Luo ZZ, Gao Y, Sun N, Zhao Y, Wang J, Tian B, Shi J. Enhancing the interaction between annexin-1 and formyl peptide receptors regulates microglial activation to protect neurons from ischemia-like injury. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 276:24-36. [PMID: 25115219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As the immune cells of the brain, microglia are crucial for the maintenance of brain function. The aims of the present study were to determine whether and how annexin-1 is able to affect microglial phenotype and migration in the lesion microenvironment. In the current experiment, we enhanced the interaction between annexin-1 and formyl peptide receptors in microglia and analyzed the function. We found that annexin-1 could polarize microglia to a beneficial phenotype and promote microglial migration to protect neurons from ischemia-like injury, and the annexin-1-mediated neuroprotective effect was dependent on the release of glutamate and ATP from the injured neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao Luo
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Bo Tian
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China.
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33
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Heo SC, Kwon YW, Jang IH, Jeong GO, Yoon JW, Kim CD, Kwon SM, Bae YS, Kim JH. WKYMVm-Induced Activation of Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 Stimulates Ischemic Neovasculogenesis by Promoting Homing of Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells. Stem Cells 2014; 32:779-90. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Chul Heo
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration; Yangsan Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Pusan National University; Yangsan Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Woo Kwon
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration; Yangsan Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Pusan National University; Yangsan Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
| | - Il Ho Jang
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration; Yangsan Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Pusan National University; Yangsan Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Ok Jeong
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration; Yangsan Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Pusan National University; Yangsan Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Won Yoon
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration; Yangsan Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Pusan National University; Yangsan Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Dae Kim
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration; Yangsan Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Pusan National University; Yangsan Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Mo Kwon
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Pusan National University; Yangsan Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
| | - Yoe-Sik Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration; Yangsan Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Pusan National University; Yangsan Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital; Yangsan Gyeongsangnam-do Republic of Korea
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Edwards BS, Young SM, Saunders MJ, Bologa C, Oprea TI, Ye RD, Prossnitz ER, Graves SW, Sklar LA. High-throughput flow cytometry for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 2:685-96. [PMID: 23488958 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.5.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput flow cytometry exploits a novel many-samples/one-file approach to dramatically speed data acquisition, limit aspirated sample volume to as little as 2 μl/well and produce multisample data sets that facilitate automated analysis of samples in groups as well as individually. It has been successfully applied to both cell- and microsphere-based bioassays in 96- and 384-well formats, to screen tens-of-thousands of compounds and identify novel bioactive structures. High-content multiparametric analysis capabilities have been exploited for assay multiplexing, allowing the assessment of biologic selectivity and specificity to be an integral component of primary screens. These and other advances in the last decade have contributed to the application of flow cytometry as a uniquely powerful tool for probing biologic and chemical diversity and complex systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Edwards
- Cytometry and Department of Pathology, CRTC, UNM HSC, MS08-4630, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA +1 505 272 6206 ; +1 505 272 6695 ;
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Jia Y, Morand EF, Song W, Cheng Q, Stewart A, Yang YH. Regulation of lung fibroblast activation by annexin A1. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:476-84. [PMID: 22777765 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Annexin-A1 (AnxA1) is a glucocorticoid-induced protein with multiple actions in the regulation of inflammatory cell activation. The contribution of AnxA1 to human cell biology is not well understood. We investigated the contribution of AnxA1 and its receptor, formyl-peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), to the regulation of inflammatory responses in human normal lung fibroblasts (NLF). Silencing constitutive AnxA1 expression in NLF using small interfering RNA (siRNA) was associated with moderate but significant increases in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced proliferation and interleukin (IL)-6 production, accompanied by reduction of ERK and NF-κB activity. AnxA1 regulation of ERK and NF-κB activation was associated with effects on proliferation. Blocking FPR2 using the specific antagonist WRW4 mimicked the effects of AnxA1 silencing on TNF-induced proliferation, IL-6, ERK, and NF-κB activation. AnxA1 silencing also impaired inhibitory effects of glucocorticoid on IL-6 production and on the expression of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), but blocking FPR2 failed to mimic these effects of AnxA1 silencing. These data suggest that AnxA1 regulates TNF-induced proliferation and inflammatory responses in lung fibroblasts, via effects on the ERK and NF-κB pathways, which depend on FPR2. AnxA1 also mediates effects of glucocorticoids and GILZ expression, but these effects appear independent of FPR2. These findings suggest that mimicking AnxA1 actions might have therapeutic potential in chronic inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jia
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Southern Clinical School, Monash University Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Gavins FNE, Hickey MJ. Annexin A1 and the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:354. [PMID: 23230437 PMCID: PMC3515881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the body’s way of defending itself against noxious stimuli and pathogens. Under normal circumstances, the body is able to eliminate the insult and subsequently promote the resolution of inflammation and the repair of damaged tissues. The concept of homeostasis is one that not only requires a fine balance between both pro-inflammatory mediators and pro-resolving/anti-inflammatory mediators, but also that this balance occurs in a time and space-specific manner. This review examines annexin A1, an anti-inflammatory protein that, when used as an exogenous therapeutic, has been shown to be very effective in limiting inflammation in a diverse range of experimental models, including myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, arthritis, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and sepsis. Notably, this glucocorticoid-inducible protein, along with another anti-inflammatory mediator, lipoxin A4, is starting to help explain and shape our understanding of the resolution phase of inflammation. In so doing, these molecules are carving the way for innovative drug discovery, based on the stimulation of endogenous pro-resolving pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity N E Gavins
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London London, UK
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Bizzarro V, Belvedere R, Dal Piaz F, Parente L, Petrella A. Annexin A1 induces skeletal muscle cell migration acting through formyl peptide receptors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48246. [PMID: 23144744 PMCID: PMC3483218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Annexin A1 (ANXA1, lipocortin-1) is a glucocorticoid-regulated 37-kDa protein, so called since its main property is to bind (i.e. to annex) to cellular membranes in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Although ANXA1 has predominantly been studied in the context of immune responses and cancer, the protein can affect a larger variety of biological phenomena, including cell proliferation and migration. Our previous results show that endogenous ANXA1 positively modulates myoblast cell differentiation by promoting migration of satellite cells and, consequently, skeletal muscle differentiation. In this work, we have evaluated the hypothesis that ANXA1 is able to exert effects on myoblast cell migration acting through formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) following changes in its subcellular localization as in other cell types and tissues. The analysis of the subcellular localization of ANXA1 in C2C12 myoblasts during myogenic differentiation showed an interesting increase of extracellular ANXA1 starting from the initial phases of skeletal muscle cell differentiation. The investigation of intracellular Ca(2+) perturbation following exogenous administration of the ANXA1 N-terminal derived peptide Ac2-26 established the engagement of the FPRs which expression in C2C12 cells was assessed by qualitative PCR. Wound healing assay experiments showed that Ac2-26 peptide is able to increase migration of C2C12 skeletal muscle cells and to induce cell surface translocation and secretion of ANXA1. Our results suggest a role for ANXA1 as a highly versatile component in the signaling chains triggered by the proper calcium perturbation that takes place during active migration and differentiation or membrane repair since the protein is strongly redistributed onto the plasma membranes after an rapid increase of intracellular levels of Ca(2+). These properties indicate that ANXA1 may be involved in a novel repair mechanism for skeletal muscle and may have therapeutic implications with respect to the development of ANXA1 mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bizzarro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Raffaella Belvedere
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Dal Piaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Luca Parente
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonello Petrella
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Schneider EH, Weaver JD, Gaur SS, Tripathi BK, Jesaitis AJ, Zelenka PS, Gao JL, Murphy PM. The leukocyte chemotactic receptor FPR1 is functionally expressed on human lens epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40779-92. [PMID: 23012360 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.411181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lens degeneration in Fpr1(-/-) mice prompted us to search for functional FPR1 expression directly on lens epithelial cells. RESULTS FPR1 is functionally expressed on human lens epithelial cells but has atypical properties compared with hematopoietic cell FPR1. CONCLUSION Lens epithelial cell FPR1 may be involved in development and maintenance of the lens. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first link between non-hematopoietic expression of FPR1 and an ophthalmologic phenotype. Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) is a G protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor expressed mainly on leukocytes. Surprisingly, aging Fpr1(-/-) mice develop spontaneous lens degeneration without inflammation or infection (J.-L. Gao et al., manuscript in preparation). Therefore, we hypothesized that FPR1 is functionally expressed directly on lens epithelial cells, the only cell type in the lens. Consistent with this, the human fetal lens epithelial cell line FHL 124 expressed FPR1 mRNA and was strongly FPR1 protein-positive by Western blot and FACS. Competition binding using FPR1 ligands N-formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Lys (Nle = Norleucine), formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine, and peptide W revealed the same profile for FHL 124 cells, neutrophils, and FPR1-transfected HEK 293 cells. Saturation binding with fluorescein-labeled N-formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Lys revealed ~2500 specific binding sites on FHL-124 cells (K(D) ~ 0.5 nm) versus ~40,000 sites on neutrophils (K(D) = 3.2 nm). Moreover, formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine induced pertussis toxin-sensitive Ca(2+) flux in FHL 124 cells, consistent with classic G(i)-mediated FPR1 signaling. FHL 124 cell FPR1 was atypical in that it resisted agonist-induced internalization. Expression of FPR1 was additionally supported by detection of the intact full-length open reading frame in sequenced cDNA from FHL 124 cells. Thus, FHL-124 cells express functional FPR1, which is consistent with a direct functional role for FPR1 in the lens, as suggested by the phenotype of Fpr1 knock-out mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich H Schneider
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Bizzarro V, Fontanella B, Carratù A, Belvedere R, Marfella R, Parente L, Petrella A. Annexin A1 N-terminal derived peptide Ac2-26 stimulates fibroblast migration in high glucose conditions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45639. [PMID: 23029153 PMCID: PMC3448638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficient wound healing in diabetic patients is very frequent, but the cellular and molecular causes are poorly defined. In this study, we have evaluated whether Annexin A1 derived peptide Ac2-26 stimulates fibroblast migration in high glucose conditions. Using normal human skin fibroblasts WS1 in low glucose (LG) or high glucose (HG) we observed the enrichment of Annexin A1 protein at cell movement structures like lamellipodial extrusions and interestingly, a significant decrease in levels of the protein in HG conditions. The analysis of the translocation of Annexin A1 to cell membrane showed lower levels of Annexin A1 in both membrane pool and supernatants of WS1 cells treated with HG. Wound-healing assays using cell line transfected with Annexin A1 siRNAs indicated a slowing down in migration speed of cells suggesting that Annexin A1 has a role in the migration of WS1 cells. In order to analyze the role of extracellular Annexin A1 in cell migration, we have performed wound-healing assays using Ac2-26 showing that peptide was able to increase fibroblast cell migration in HG conditions. Experiments on the mobilization of intracellular calcium and analysis of p-ERK expression confirmed the activity of the FPR1 following stimulation with the peptide Ac2-26. A wound-healing assay on WS1 cells in the presence of the FPR agonist fMLP, of the FPR antagonist CsH and in the presence of Ac2-26 indicated that Annexin A1 influences fibroblast cell migration under HG conditions acting through FPR receptors whose expression was slightly increased in HG. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that (i) Annexin A1 is involved in migration of WS1 cells, through interaction with FPRs; (ii) N- terminal peptide of Annexin A1 Ac2-26 is able to stimulate direct migration of WS1 cells in high glucose treatment possibly due to the increased receptor expression observed in hyperglycemia conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bizzarro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Anna Carratù
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Raffaella Belvedere
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Raffaele Marfella
- Department of Geriatrics and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Parente
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonello Petrella
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Bizzarro V, Petrella A, Parente L. Annexin A1: novel roles in skeletal muscle biology. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3007-15. [PMID: 22213240 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A1 (ANXA1, lipocortin-1) is the first characterized member of the annexin superfamily of proteins, so called since their main property is to bind (i.e., to annex) to cellular membranes in a Ca(2+) -dependent manner. ANXA1 has been involved in a broad range of molecular and cellular processes, including anti-inflammatory signalling, kinase activities in signal transduction, maintenance of cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix integrity, tissue growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. New insights show that endogenous ANXA1 positively modulates myoblast cell differentiation by promoting migration of satellite cells and, consequently, skeletal muscle differentiation. This suggests that ANXA1 may contribute to the regeneration of skeletal muscle tissue and may have therapeutic implications with respect to the development of ANXA1 mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bizzarro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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41
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Peng GE, Wilson SR, Weiner OD. A pharmacological cocktail for arresting actin dynamics in living cells. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:3986-94. [PMID: 21880897 PMCID: PMC3204061 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-04-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report a new combination of actin inhibitors optimized to rapidly arrest actin dynamics while preserving the actin network. Using this drug combination, we demonstrate that actin dynamics, but not actin structure, are required for the spatial persistence of Rac activation in HL-60 cells. The actin cytoskeleton is regulated by factors that influence polymer assembly, disassembly, and network rearrangement. Drugs that inhibit these events have been used to test the role of actin dynamics in a wide range of cellular processes. Previous methods of arresting actin rearrangements take minutes to act and work well in some contexts, but can lead to significant actin reorganization in cells with rapid actin dynamics, such as neutrophils. In this paper, we report a pharmacological cocktail that not only arrests actin dynamics but also preserves the structure of the existing actin network in neutrophil-like HL-60 cells, human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells, and mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells. Our cocktail induces an arrest of actin dynamics that initiates within seconds and persists for longer than 10 min, during which time cells maintain their responsivity to external stimuli. With this cocktail, we demonstrate that actin dynamics, and not simply morphological polarity or actin accumulation at the leading edge, are required for the spatial persistence of Rac activation in HL-60 cells. Our drug combination preserves the structure of the existing cytoskeleton while blocking actin assembly, disassembly, and rearrangement, and should prove useful for investigating the role of actin dynamics in a wide range of cellular signaling contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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42
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Transcriptional variations mediated by an alternative promoter of the FPR3 gene. Mamm Genome 2011; 22:621-33. [PMID: 21717223 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptor 3 (FPR3) is a potential player in innate immunity and appears with FPR2 as a FPR cluster during primate evolution. Comparative genome analyses indicate that a segmental duplication (SD) event upstream of the FPR3 gene after the divergence of New and Old World monkeys led to the emergence of an alternative promoter. In this study we combined computational and experimental approaches to identify a FPR3 gene that is controlled by an alternative promoter derived during a SD event. Its transcriptional activity was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Human alternative transcripts (FPR3-1 and FPR3-2) showed tissue-specific patterns with strong expressions in lung or uterus, while the FPR3-1 transcript of rhesus macaque is broadly expressed in various tissues. Overall, transcriptional variations of FPR3 occur by an alternative promoter during primate evolution.
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43
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Shin MK, Jang YH, Yoo HJ, Kang DW, Park MH, Kim MK, Song JH, Kim SD, Min G, You HK, Choi KY, Bae YS, Min DS. N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) promotes osteoblast differentiation via the N-formyl peptide receptor 1-mediated signaling pathway in human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17133-43. [PMID: 21372136 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.197772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) to its specific cell surface receptor, N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR), triggers different cascades of biochemical events, eventually leading to cellular activation. However, the physiological role of fMLP and FPR during differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells is unknown. In this study, we attempted to determine whether fMLP regulates differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow. Analysis by quantitative-PCR and flow cytometry showed significantly increased expression of FPR1, but not FPR2 and FPR3, during osteoblastic differentiation. fMLP, a specific ligand of FPR1, promotes osteoblastic commitment and suppresses adipogenic commitment under differentiation conditions. Remarkably, fMLP-stimulated osteogenesis is associated with increased expression of osteogenic markers and mineralization, which were blocked by cyclosporine H, a selective FPR1 antagonist. In addition, fMLP inhibited expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ1, a major regulator of adipocytic differentiation. fMLP-stimulated osteogenic differentiation was mediated via FPR1-phospholipase C/phospholipase D-Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent kinase II-ERK-CREB signaling pathways. Finally, fMLP promoted bone formation in zebrafish and rabbits, suggesting its physiological relevance in vivo. Collectively, our findings provide novel insight into the functional role of fMLP in bone biology, with important implications for its potential use as a therapeutic agent for treatment of bone-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyoung Shin
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon Dong, Geumjeong gu, Busan 609-735, Korea
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44
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Chen H, Takahara M, Xie L, Takeuchi S, Tu Y, Nakahara T, Uchi H, Moroi Y, Furue M. Lipoxin A(4), a potential anti-inflammatory drug targeting the skin. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 62:67-9. [PMID: 21334856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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Bizzarro V, Fontanella B, Franceschelli S, Pirozzi M, Christian H, Parente L, Petrella A. Role of Annexin A1 in mouse myoblast cell differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2010; 224:757-65. [PMID: 20578244 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is a calcium- and phospholipid-binding protein involved in a broad range of cellular events. This study used molecular and microscopy approaches to explore the role of ANXA1 in mouse myoblast C2C12 cell differentiation. We report that ANXA1 expression increases during differentiation and that the down-regulation of ANXA1 significantly inhibits the differentiation process. ANXA1 is expressed in vivo in both quiescent and activated satellite cells and is highly localized in the cells that migrate in the lumen of regenerating fibers after an acute injury. Endogenous ANXA1 co-localizes with actin fibers at the protruding ends of undifferentiated but not differentiated cells suggesting a role of the protein in cell migration. Furthermore, ANXA1 neutralizing antibody reduces MyHC expression, decreases myotube formation and significantly inhibits cell migration. The data reported here suggest for the first time that ANXA1 plays a role in myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bizzarro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
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46
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Are formyl peptide receptors novel targets for therapeutic intervention in ischaemia-reperfusion injury? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010; 31:266-76. [PMID: 20483490 PMCID: PMC7112865 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common feature of several diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. The damaged tissue displays cardinal signs of inflammation and microvascular injury that, unless resolved, lead to long-term tissue damage with associated dysfunction. Current therapies are limited and are often associated with many side effects. Increasing evidence suggests that members of the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) family, in particular human FPR2/ALX, might have an important role in the pathophysiology of I/R injury. It was recently demonstrated that several peptides and non-peptidyl small-molecule compounds have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties via their action on members of the FPR family. Here I review this evidence and suggest that FPR ligands, particularly in the brain, could be novel and exciting anti-inflammatory therapeutics for the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions, including stroke.
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47
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Ye N, Wang MW, Qin J, Lin B. Microfluidic devices for characterizing the agonist of formyl peptide receptor in RBL-FPR cells. Biomed Microdevices 2010; 12:513-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-010-9408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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48
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Ahmed SM, Daulat AM, Meunier A, Angers S. G protein betagamma subunits regulate cell adhesion through Rap1a and its effector Radil. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:6538-51. [PMID: 20048162 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.069948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of several G protein-coupled receptors is known to regulate the adhesive properties of cells in different contexts. Here, we reveal that Gbetagamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins regulate cell-matrix adhesiveness by activating Rap1a-dependent inside-out signals and integrin activation. We show that Gbetagamma subunits enter in a protein complex with activated Rap1a and its effector Radil and establish that this complex is required downstream of receptor stimulation for the activation of integrins and the positive modulation of cell-matrix adhesiveness. Moreover, we demonstrate that Gbetagamma and activated Rap1a promote the translocation of Radil to the plasma membrane at sites of cell-matrix contacts. These results add to the molecular understanding of how G protein-coupled receptors impinge on cell adhesion and suggest that the Gbetagamma x Rap1 x Radil complex plays important roles in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
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49
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Strouse JJ, Young SM, Mitchell HD, Ye RD, Prossnitz ER, Sklar LA, Edwards BS. A novel fluorescent cross-reactive formylpeptide receptor/formylpeptide receptor-like 1 hexapeptide ligand. Cytometry A 2009; 75:264-70. [PMID: 19006074 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Formylpeptide receptors (FPRs) are implicated in a variety of immunological and inflammatory response cascades. Further understanding of FPR-family ligand interactions could play an integral role in biological and therapeutic discovery. Fluorescent reporter ligands for the family are desirable experimental tools for increased understanding of ligand/receptor interactions. The ligand binding affinity and fluorescent reporting activity of the peptide WK(FL)YMVm was explored though use of the high throughput HyperCyt flow cytometric platform. Relative binding affinities of several known FPR and FPRL1 peptide ligands were compared in a duplex assay format. The fluorescent W-peptide ligand, WK(FL)YMVm, proved to be a high-affinity, cross-reactive reporter ligand for the FPR/FPRL1 duplex assay. Ligand specificity was demonstrated for each receptor, with known, selective peptide ligands. The binding site specificity of the reporter ligand was further verified by a fluorescent confocal microscopy internalization experiment. The fluorescent peptide ligand WK(FL)YMVm binds with high affinity to both FPR and FPRL1. The differential affinities of known peptide ligands were observed with the use of this fluorescent probe in high throughput screening flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jacob Strouse
- Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, 87131, USA
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50
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Young SM, Bologa CM, Fara D, Bryant BK, Strouse JJ, Arterburn JB, Ye RD, Oprea TI, Prossnitz ER, Sklar LA, Edwards BS. Duplex high-throughput flow cytometry screen identifies two novel formylpeptide receptor family probes. Cytometry A 2009; 75:253-63. [PMID: 18785269 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Of recent, clinical interest have been two related human G-protein coupled receptors: formylpeptide receptor (FPR), linked to antibacterial inflammation and malignant glioma cell metastasis; and FPR like-1 (FPRL1), linked to chronic inflammation in systemic amyloidosis, Alzheimer's disease, and prion diseases. In association with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Molecular Library Screening Network, we implemented a flow-cytometry-based high-throughput screening (HTS) approach for identifying selective small molecule FPR and FPRL1 ligands. The screening assay measured the ability of test compounds to competitively displace a high-affinity, fluorescein- labeled peptide ligand from FPR, FPRL1, or both. U937 cells expressing FPR and rat basophil leukemia (RBL) cells expressing FPRL1 were tested together in a "duplex" format. The U937 cells were color coded with red-fluorescent dye allowing their distinction during analysis. Compounds, cells, and fluorescent ligand were sequentially combined (no wash) in 15 microl assay volumes in 384-well plates. Throughput averaged approximately 11 min per plate to analyze approximately 4,000 cells ( approximately 2,000/receptor) in a 2 microl aspirate from each well. In primary single concentration HTS of 24,304 NIH Small Molecule Repository compounds, 253 resulted in inhibition >30% (181 for FPR, 72 for FPRL1) of which 40 had selective binding inhibition constants (K(i)) < or = 4 microM (34 for FPR and 6 for FPRL1). An additional 1,446 candidate compounds were selected by structure-activity-relationship analysis of the hits and screened to identify novel ligands for FPR (3570-0208, K(i) = 95 +/- 10 nM) and FPRL1 (BB-V-115, K(i) = 270 +/- 51 nM). Each was a selective antagonist in calcium response assays and the most potent small molecule antagonist reported for its respective receptor to date. The duplex assay format reduced assay time, minimized reagent requirements, and provided selectivity information at every screening stage, thus proving to be an efficient means to screen for selective receptor ligand probes.
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