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Kenison JE, Stevens NA, Quintana FJ. Therapeutic induction of antigen-specific immune tolerance. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:338-357. [PMID: 38086932 PMCID: PMC11145724 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic approaches for the induction of robust, long-lasting and antigen-specific immune tolerance remains an important unmet clinical need for the management of autoimmunity, allergy, organ transplantation and gene therapy. Recent breakthroughs in our understanding of immune tolerance mechanisms have opened new research avenues and therapeutic opportunities in this area. Here, we review mechanisms of immune tolerance and novel methods for its therapeutic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Kenison
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikolas A Stevens
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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2
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Oktem EK, Yazar M. Drug Repositioning Identifies Six Drug Candidates for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases by Integrative Analyses of Transcriptomes from Scleroderma, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Sjogren's Syndrome. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2022; 26:683-693. [PMID: 36378860 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2022.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of systemic autoimmune diseases (ADs) are still not clearly understood. Understanding the etiology of systemic ADs and identifying new therapeutic targets require a systems science approach. Using publicly available transcriptome data and bioinformatic analysis, we investigated the differential gene expression profiles of patients with scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Sjogren's syndrome. Of these common differentially expressed gene signatures, 208 were regulated in the same direction (either upregulated or downregulated in all datasets) and used for drug repositioning. Six small molecule drug candidates (KU-0063794, YM-155 [sepantronium bromide], MST-312 [telomerase inhibitor IX], PLX-4720, ZM 336372, and 528116.cdx [PIK-75]) were discovered by drug repositioning as potential therapeutics for systemic ADs. The Search Tool for Chemical Interactions was used to find the anticipated target genes of the repositioned molecules. The PI3K/AKT pathway topped the list of common enriched pathways with the most anticipated target genes of the six repositioned small molecules. We also report here the molecular docking findings on the binding affinity between the repositioned drug candidates and genes from the protein-protein interaction network modules of anticipated target genes. Taken together, this study provides new insights and opens up new possibilities on both pathogenesis and treatment of systemic ADs through drug repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Kubat Oktem
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Metin Yazar
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Malik JA, Lone R. Heat shock proteins with an emphasis on HSP 60. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6959-6969. [PMID: 34498161 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06676-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock phenomenon is a process by which cells express a set of proteins called heat shock proteins (HSPs) against heat stress. HSPs include several families depending upon the molecular weight of the respective protein. Among the different HSPs, The HSP60 is one of the main components representing the framework of chaperone system. HSP60 plays a myriad number of roles like chaperoning, thermotolerance, apoptosis, cancer, immunology and embryonic development. In this review we discussed briefly the general knowledge and focussed on HSP60 in terms of structure, regulation and function in various physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Ahmad Malik
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Rafiq Lone
- Department of Botany, Central University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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4
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Moudgil KD. Viewing Autoimmune Pathogenesis from the Perspective of Antigen Processing and Determinant Hierarchy. Crit Rev Immunol 2021; 40:329-339. [PMID: 33426821 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2020034603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity results from the breakdown of immune tolerance to defined target self antigens. Like any foreign antigen, a self antigen is continuously processed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and its epitopes are displayed by the major histocompatibility complex on the cell surface (dominant epitopes). However, this self antigen fails to induce a T cell response as the T cells against its dominant epitopes have been purged in the thymus during negative selection. In contrast, the T cells against poorly processed (cryptic) self epitopes escape tolerance induction in the thymus and make it to the periphery. Such T cells are generally harmless as their cognate epitopes in the periphery are not presented efficiently. But, under conditions of inflammation and immune activation, previously cryptic epitopes can be revealed on the APC surface for activation of ambient T cells. This can initiate autoimmunity in individuals who are susceptible owing to their genetic and environmental constellation. Subsequent waves of enhanced processing of other epitopes on the same or different self antigens then cause "diversification" or "spreading" of the initial T cell response, resulting in propagation of autoimmunity. However, depending on the disease process and the self antigen involved, "epitope spreading" may instead contribute to natural regression of autoimmunity. This landmark conceptual framework developed by Eli Sercarz and his team ties together determinant hierarchy, selection of epitope-specific T cells, and the induction/progression of autoimmunity. I am extremely fortunate to have worked with Eli and to have been a part of this fascinating research endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal D Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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5
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Krishnan-Sivadoss I, Mijares-Rojas IA, Villarreal-Leal RA, Torre-Amione G, Knowlton AA, Guerrero-Beltrán CE. Heat shock protein 60 and cardiovascular diseases: An intricate love-hate story. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:29-71. [PMID: 32808366 PMCID: PMC9290735 DOI: 10.1002/med.21723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the result of complex pathophysiological processes in the tissues comprising the heart and blood vessels. Inflammation is the main culprit for the development of cardiovascular dysfunction, and it may be traced to cellular stress events including apoptosis, oxidative and shear stress, and cellular and humoral immune responses, all of which impair the system's structure and function. An intracellular chaperone, heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is an intriguing example of a protein that may both be an ally and a foe for cardiovascular homeostasis; on one hand providing protection against cellular injury, and on the other triggering damaging responses through innate and adaptive immunity. In this review we will discuss the functions of HSP60 and its effects on cells and the immune system regulation, only to later address its implications in the development and progression of CVD. Lastly, we summarize the outcome of various studies targeting HSP60 as a potential therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indumathi Krishnan-Sivadoss
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Iván A Mijares-Rojas
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Ramiro A Villarreal-Leal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Guillermo Torre-Amione
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.,Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Anne A Knowlton
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - C Enrique Guerrero-Beltrán
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, TecSalud, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, México
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6
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Pockley AG, Henderson B. Extracellular cell stress (heat shock) proteins-immune responses and disease: an overview. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2016.0522. [PMID: 29203707 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular cell stress proteins are highly conserved phylogenetically and have been shown to act as powerful signalling agonists and receptors for selected ligands in several different settings. They also act as immunostimulatory 'danger signals' for the innate and adaptive immune systems. Other studies have shown that cell stress proteins and the induction of immune reactivity to self-cell stress proteins can attenuate disease processes. Some proteins (e.g. Hsp60, Hsp70, gp96) exhibit both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties, depending on the context in which they encounter responding immune cells. The burgeoning literature reporting the presence of stress proteins in a range of biological fluids in healthy individuals/non-diseased settings, the association of extracellular stress protein levels with a plethora of clinical and pathological conditions and the selective expression of a membrane form of Hsp70 on cancer cells now supports the concept that extracellular cell stress proteins are involved in maintaining/regulating organismal homeostasis and in disease processes and phenotype. Cell stress proteins, therefore, form a biologically complex extracellular cell stress protein network having diverse biological, homeostatic and immunomodulatory properties, the understanding of which offers exciting opportunities for delivering novel approaches to predict, identify, diagnose, manage and treat disease.This article is part of the theme issue 'Heat shock proteins as modulators and therapeutic targets of chronic disease: an integrated perspective'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Brian Henderson
- Division of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London WC1X 8LD, UK
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7
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Kim EY, Durai M, Mia Y, Kim HR, Moudgil KD. Modulation of Adjuvant Arthritis by Cellular and Humoral Immunity to Hsp65. Front Immunol 2016; 7:203. [PMID: 27379088 PMCID: PMC4904002 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are highly conserved, and their expression is upregulated in cells by heat and other stressful stimuli. These proteins play a vital role in preserving the structural and functional integrity of cells under stress. Despite the ubiquitous expression of Hsps in an individual, the immune system is not fully tolerant to them. In fact, Hsps are highly immunogenic in nature, and immune response to these proteins is observed in various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Studies on the immunopathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis in the rat adjuvant arthritis (AA) model of human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as well as observations in patients with RA and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) have unraveled immunoregulatory attributes of self-Hsp65-directed immunity. Notable features of Hsp65 immunity in AA include protection rather than disease induction following immunization of Lewis rats with self (rat)-Hsp65; the diversification of T cell response to mycobacterial Hsp65 during the course of AA and its association with spontaneous induction of response to self-Hsp65; the cross-reactive T cells recognizing foreign and self homologs of Hsp65 and their role in disease suppression in rats; the suppressive effect of antibodies to Hsp65 in AA; and the use of Hsp65, its peptides, or altered peptide ligands in controlling autoimmune pathology. The results of studies in the AA model have relevance to RA and JIA. We believe that these insights into Hsp65 immunity would not only advance our understanding of the disease process in RA/JIA, but also lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Y Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Malarvizhi Durai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Younus Mia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hong R Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Institute, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - Kamal D Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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8
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Vaccines for TB: Lessons from the Past Translating into Future Potentials. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:916780. [PMID: 26146643 PMCID: PMC4469767 DOI: 10.1155/2015/916780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of vaccines for infectious diseases has come a long way with recent advancements in adjuvant developments and discovery of new antigens that are capable of eliciting strong immunological responses for sterile eradication of disease. Tuberculosis (TB) that kills nearly 2 million of the population every year is also one of the highlights of the recent developments. The availability or not of diagnostic methods for infection has implications for the control of the disease by the health systems but is not related to the immune surveillance, a phenomenon derived from the interaction between the bacteria and their host. Here, we will review the immunology of TB and current vaccine candidates for TB. Current strategies of developing new vaccines against TB will also be reviewed in order to further discuss new insights into immunotherapeutic approaches involving adjuvant and antigens combinations that might be of potential for the control of TB.
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Lorenzo N, Cantera D, Barberá A, Alonso A, Chall E, Franco L, Ancizar J, Nuñez Y, Altruda F, Silengo L, Padrón G, Del Carmen Dominguez M. APL-2, an altered peptide ligand derived from heat-shock protein 60, induces interleukin-10 in peripheral blood mononuclear cell derived from juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients and downregulates the inflammatory response in collagen-induced arthritis model. Clin Exp Med 2014; 15:31-9. [PMID: 24474501 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-014-0273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by autoimmune arthritis of unknown cause with onset before age of 16 years. Methotrexate provides clinical benefits in JIA. For children who do not respond to methotrexate, treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is an option. However, some patients do not respond or are intolerant to anti-TNF therapy. Induction of peripheral tolerance has long been considered a promising approach to the treatment of chronic autoimmune diseases. We aimed to evaluate the potentialities of two altered peptide ligands (APLs) derived from human heat-shock protein 60, an autoantigen involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis, in JIA patients. Interferon (IFN)-γ, TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-10 levels were determined in ex vivo assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from these patients. Wild-type peptide and one of these APLs increased IFN-γ and TNF-α levels. Unlike, the other APLs (called APL2) increased the IL-10 level without affecting IFN-γ and TNF-α levels. On the other hand, APL2 induces a marked activation of T cells since it transforms cell cycle phase's distribution of CD4+ T cells from these patients. In addition, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of APL2 in collagen-induced arthritis model. Therapy with APL2 reduced arthritis scores and histological lesions in mice. This effect was associated to a decrease in TNF-α and IL-17 levels. These results indicate a therapeutic potentiality of APL2 for JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norailys Lorenzo
- Biomedical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, 10600, Havana, Cuba,
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10
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Silva CL, Bonato VLD, dos Santos-Júnior RR, Zárate-Bladés CR, Sartori A. Recent advances in DNA vaccines for autoimmune diseases. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:239-52. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.8.2.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Zorzella-Pezavento SFG, Chiuso-Minicucci F, França TGD, Ishikawa LLW, da Rosa LC, Colavite PM, Marques C, Ikoma MRV, Silva CL, Sartori A. Downmodulation of peripheral MOG-specific immunity by pVAXhsp65 treatment during EAE does not reach the CNS. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 268:35-42. [PMID: 24439542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most of the therapeutic strategies to control multiple sclerosis are directed to immune modulation and inflammation control. As heat shock proteins are able to induce immunoregulatory T cells, we investigated the therapeutic effect of a genetic vaccine containing the mycobacterial hsp65 gene on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Although pVAXhsp65 was immunogenic for mice with EAE and downmodulated specific cytokine induction by MOG, therapy was not able to decrease clinical severity nor to modify immunologic parameters in the CNS. These results indicate that hsp65, administered as a DNA vaccine, was not therapeutic for EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda Chiuso-Minicucci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Graziela Donegá França
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Lumi Watanabe Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Camargo da Rosa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Maria Colavite
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Marques
- Laboratório de Citometria de Fluxo - Fundação Dr. Amaral Carvalho, Jaú, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Célio Lopes Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandrina Sartori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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12
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Péchiné S, Hennequin C, Boursier C, Hoys S, Collignon A. Immunization using GroEL decreases Clostridium difficile intestinal colonization. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81112. [PMID: 24303034 PMCID: PMC3841151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a pathogen which is responsible for diarrhea and colitis, particularly after treatment with antibiotics. Clinical signs are mainly due to two toxins, TcdA and TcdB. However, the first step of pathogenesis is the colonization process. We evaluated C. difficile surface proteins as vaccine antigens in the hamster model to prevent intestinal colonization. This vaccination induced a partial protection of hamsters against death after a C. difficile challenge. A proteomic analysis of animal sera allowed us to identify proteins which could be responsible for the protection observed. Among these proteins, we identified the GroEL heat shock protein. To confirm the role of the specific GroEL antibodies in the delayed C. difficile colonization of hamsters, we performed an immunization assay in a mouse model. After intranasal immunization with the recombinant protein GroEL, we observed a lower C. difficile intestinal colonization in the immunized group as compared to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Péchiné
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Equipe d’Accueil 4043, Unité Sous Contrat Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Claire Hennequin
- Clermont Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome Environnement, Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Céline Boursier
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, plate-forme TransProt, Institut Paris-Sud d'innovation thérapeutique, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sandra Hoys
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Equipe d’Accueil 4043, Unité Sous Contrat Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Anne Collignon
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Equipe d’Accueil 4043, Unité Sous Contrat Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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13
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da Rosa LC, Chiuso-Minicucci F, Zorzella-Pezavento SFG, França TGD, Ishikawa LLW, Colavite PM, Balbino B, Tavares LCB, Silva CL, Marques C, Ikoma MRV, Sartori A. Bacille Calmette-Guérin/DNAhsp65 prime-boost is protective against diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice but not in the streptozotocin model of type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:430-7. [PMID: 23692306 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I diabetes is a disease caused by autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas that leads to a deficiency in insulin production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prophylactic potential of a prime-boost strategy involving bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and the pVAXhsp65 vaccine (BCG/DNAhsp65) in diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in C57BL/6 mice and also in spontaneous type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. BCG/DNAhsp65 vaccination in NOD mice determined weight gain, protection against hyperglycaemia, decreased islet inflammation, higher levels of cytokine production by the spleen and a reduced number of regulatory T cells in the spleen compared with non-immunized NOD mice. In the STZ model, however, there was no significant difference in the clinical parameters. Although this vaccination strategy did not protect mice in the STZ model, it was very effective in NOD mice. This is the first report demonstrating that a prime-boost strategy could be explored as an immunomodulatory procedure in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C da Rosa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Cohen IR. Autoantibody repertoires, natural biomarkers, and system controllers. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:620-5. [PMID: 23768955 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is composed of networks of interacting cells and molecules; therefore, to understand and control immune behavior we need to adopt the thinking and tools of systems immunology. This review describes the use of an antigen microarray device and informatics to profile the repertoires of autoantibodies in health and disease. Autoantibody profiling provides an insight into the biomarkers used by the immune system in its dialog with the body. Heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and HSP70 are cited as examples of key hubs in physiological regulatory networks; HSP molecules and peptides can be viewed as natural regulators because the immune system itself deploys them to modulate inflammatory reactions. The discovery of such natural biomarkers paves the way towards natural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irun R Cohen
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune response involves the activation of heterogeneous populations of T cells and B cells that show different degrees of affinity and specificity for target antigens. Although several techniques have been developed to study the molecular pathways that control immunity, there is a need for high-throughput assays to monitor the specificity of the immune response. CONTENT Antigen microarrays provide a new tool to study the immune response. We reviewed the literature on antigen microarrays and their advantages and limitations, and we evaluated their use for the study of autoimmune diseases. Antigen arrays have been successfully used for several purposes in the investigation of autoimmune disorders: for disease diagnosis, to monitor disease progression and response to therapy, to discover mechanisms of pathogenesis, and to tailor antigen-specific therapies to the autoimmune response of individual patients. In this review we discuss the use of antigen microarrays for the study of 4 common autoimmune diseases and their animal models: type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Antigen microarrays constitute a new tool for the investigation of the immune response in autoimmune disorders and also in other conditions such as tumors and allergies. Once current limitations are overcome, antigen microarrays have the potential to revolutionize the investigation and management of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Yeste
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Yu H, Venkatesha SH, Nanjundaiah S, Tong L, Moudgil KD. Celastrus treatment modulates antigen-induced gene expression in lymphoid cells of arthritic rats. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012; 25:455-66. [PMID: 22697077 DOI: 10.1177/039463201202500215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating autoimmune disease of global prevalence and the disease process primarily targets the synovial joints. Despite improvements in the treatment of RA over the past decade, there still is a need for new therapeutic agents that are efficacious, less expensive, and free of severe adverse reactions. Celastrus has been used in China for centuries for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Furthermore, we previously reported that ethanol extract of Celastrus aculeatus Merr. (Celastrus) attenuates adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) in rats. However, the mechanisms underlying the anti-arthritic activity of Celastrus have not yet been fully defined. We reasoned that microarray analysis might offer useful insights into the pathways and molecules targeted by Celastrus. We compared the gene expression profiles of the draining lymph node cells (LNC) of Celastrus-treated (Tc) versus water-treated (Tw) rats, and each group with untreated arthritic rats (T(0)). LNC were restimulated with mycobacterial heat shock protein-65 (Bhsp65). We identified 104 differentially expressed genes (DEG) (8 upregulated, 96 downregulated) when comparing Tc with T(0) rats, in contrast to 28 (12 upregulated, 16 downregulated) when comparing Tw and T(0) rats. Further, 20 genes (6 upregulated, 14 downregulated) were shared by both Tw and Tc groups. Thus, Celastrus treatment (Tc) significantly downregulated a large proportion of genes compared to controls (Tw). The DEG were mainly associated with the processes of immune response, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and cell signaling. These results provide novel insights into the mechanism of Celastrus anti-arthritic activity, and unravel potential therapeutic targets for arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Lorenzo N, Barberá A, Domínguez MC, Torres AM, Hernandez MV, Hernandez I, Gil R, Ancizar J, Garay H, Reyes O, Altruda F, Silengo L, Padrón G. Therapeutic effect of an altered peptide ligand derived from heat-shock protein 60 by suppressing of inflammatory cytokines secretion in two animal models of rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmunity 2012; 45:449-59. [PMID: 22686732 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.697592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disease mediated by T cells. Productive engagement of T cell receptors by major histocompatibility complex-peptide leads to proliferation, differentiation and the definition of effector functions. Altered peptide ligands (APL) generated by amino acid substitutions in the antigenic peptide have diverse effects on T cell response. We predicted a novel T cell epitope from human heat-shock protein 60, an autoantigen involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Three APLs were designed from this epitope and it was demonstrated that these peptides induce the activation of T cells through their ability to modify cell cycle phase's distribution of CD4+T cells from RA patients. Also, IL-17, TNF-α and IL-10 levels were determined in PBMC from these patients. Unlike the wild-type peptide and the other two APLs, APL2 increased the IL-10 level and suppressed IL-17 secretion in these assays. Therapeutic effect of this APL in adjuvant arthritis (AA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) models was also evaluated. Clinical score, histopathology, inflammatory and regulatory cytokine concentration were monitored in the animals. APL2 efficiently inhibited the progression of AA and CIA with a significant reduction of the clinical and histopathologic score. Therapeutic effect of APL2 on CIA was similar to that obtained with MTX; the standard treatment for RA. This effect was associated with a decrease of TNF-α and IL-17 levels. These results suggest that the therapeutic effect of APL2 is mediated in part by down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines and support the potential use of APL2 as a therapeutic drug in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lorenzo
- Biomedical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
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18
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Nanoparticle-mediated codelivery of myelin antigen and a tolerogenic small molecule suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:11270-5. [PMID: 22745170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120611109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response is normally controlled by regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, Treg deficits are found in autoimmune diseases, and therefore the induction of functional Tregs is considered a potential therapeutic approach for autoimmune disorders. The activation of the ligand-activated transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor by 2-(1'H-indole-3'-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE) or other ligands induces dendritic cells (DCs) that promote FoxP3(+) Treg differentiation. Here we report the use of nanoparticles (NPs) to coadminister ITE and a T-cell epitope from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)(35)(-55) to promote the generation of Tregs by DCs. NP-treated DCs displayed a tolerogenic phenotype and promoted the differentiation of Tregs in vitro. Moreover, NPs carrying ITE and MOG(35-55) expanded the FoxP3(+) Treg compartment and suppressed the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an experimental model of multiple sclerosis. Thus, NPs are potential new tools to induce functional Tregs in autoimmune disorders.
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Giuliano JS, Lahni PM, Wong HR, Wheeler DS. Pediatric Sepsis - Part V: Extracellular Heat Shock Proteins: Alarmins for the Host Immune System. THE OPEN INFLAMMATION JOURNAL 2011; 4:49-60. [PMID: 24765217 PMCID: PMC3995031 DOI: 10.2174/1875041901104010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that facilitate the proper folding and assembly of nascent polypeptides and assist in the refolding and stabilization of damaged polypeptides. Through these largely intracellular functions, the HSPs maintain homeostasis and assure cell survival. However, a growing body of literature suggests that HSPs have important effects in the extracellular environment as well. Extracellular HSPs are released from damaged or stressed cells and appear to act as local "danger signals" that activate stress response programs in surrounding cells. Importantly, extracellular HSPs have been shown to activate the host innate and adaptive immune response. With this in mind, extracellular HSPs are commonly included in a growing list of a family of proteins known as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or alarmins, which trigger an immune response to tissue injury, such as may occur with trauma, ischemia-reperfusion injury, oxidative stress, etc. Extracellular HSPs, including Hsp72 (HSPA), Hsp27 (HSPB1), Hsp90 (HSPC), Hsp60 (HSPD), and Chaperonin/Hsp10 (HSPE) are especially attractrive candidates for DAMPs or alarmins which may be particularly relevant in the pathophysiology of the sepsis syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Giuliano
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT
| | - Patrick M. Lahni
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati, OH
| | - Hector R. Wong
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati, OH
| | - Derek S. Wheeler
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati, OH
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Parada CA, Portaro F, Marengo EB, Klitzke CF, Vicente EJ, Faria M, Sant’Anna OA, Fernandes BL. Autolytic Mycobacterium leprae Hsp65 fragments may act as biological markers for autoimmune diseases. Microb Pathog 2011; 51:268-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yu H, Lu C, Tan MT, Moudgil KD. The gene expression profile of preclinical autoimmune arthritis and its modulation by a tolerogenic disease-protective antigenic challenge. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R143. [PMID: 21914168 PMCID: PMC3308071 DOI: 10.1186/ar3457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autoimmune inflammation is a characteristic feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune diseases. In the natural course of human autoimmune diseases, it is rather difficult to pinpoint the precise timing of the initial event that triggers the cascade of pathogenic events that later culminate into clinically overt disease. Therefore, it is a challenge to examine the early preclinical events in these disorders. Animal models are an invaluable resource in this regard. Furthermore, considering the complex nature of the pathogenic immune events in arthritis, microarray analysis offers a versatile tool to define the dynamic patterns of gene expression during the disease course. Methods In this study, we defined the profiles of gene expression at different phases of adjuvant arthritis (AA) in Lewis rats and compared them with those of antigen mycobacterial heat shock protein 65 (Bhsp65)-tolerized syngeneic rats. Purified total RNA (100 ng) extracted from the draining lymph node cells was used to generate biotin-labeled fragment cRNA, which was then hybridized with an oligonucleotide-based DNA microarray chip. Significance analysis of microarrays was used to compare gene expression levels between the two different groups by limiting the false discovery rate to < 5%. Some of the data were further analyzed using a fold change ≥2.0 as the cutoff. The gene expression of select genes was validated by quantitative real-time PCR. Results Intriguingly, the most dramatic changes in gene expression in the draining lymphoid tissue ex vivo were observed at the preclinical (incubation) phase of the disease. The affected genes represented many of the known proteins that participate in the cellular immune response. Interestingly, the preclinical gene expression profile was significantly altered by a disease-modulating, antigen-based tolerogenic regimen. The changes mostly included upregulation of several genes, suggesting that immune tolerance suppressed disease by activating disease-regulating pathways. We identified a molecular signature comprising at least 12 arthritis-related genes altered by Bhsp65-induced tolerance. Conclusions This is the first report of microarray analysis in the rat AA model. The results of this study not only advance our understanding of the early phase events in autoimmune arthritis but also help in identifying potential targets for the immunomodulation of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Suite 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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22
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Rodríguez-Narciso C, Pérez-Tapia M, Rangel-Cano RM, Silva CL, Meckes-Fisher M, Salgado-Garciglia R, Estrada-Parra S, López-Gómez R, Estrada-García I. Expression of Mycobacterium leprae HSP65 in tobacco and its effectiveness as an oral treatment in adjuvant-induced arthritis. Transgenic Res 2011; 20:221-9. [PMID: 20526808 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic plants are able to express molecules with antigenic properties. In recent years, this has led the pharmaceutical industry to use plants as alternative systems for the production of recombinant proteins. Plant-produced recombinant proteins can have important applications in therapeutics, such as in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, the mycobacterial HSP65 protein expressed in tobacco plants was found to be effective as a treatment for adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). We cloned the hsp65 gene from Mycobacterium leprae into plasmid pCAMBIA 2301 under the control of the double 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus. Agrobacterium tumefaciens bearing the pChsp65 plasmid was used to transform tobacco plants. Incorporation of the hsp65 gene was confirmed by PCR, reverse transcription-PCR, histochemistry, and western blot analyses in several transgenic lines of tobacco plants. Oral treatment of AIA rats with the HSP65 protein allowed them to recover body weight and joint inflammation was reduced. Our results suggest a synergistic effect between the HSP65 expressed protein and metabolites presents in tobacco plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Rodríguez-Narciso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B1, Francisco J Mújica S/N Col. Felicitas del Rio, CP 58060, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
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23
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Margel D, Pesvner-Fischer M, Baniel J, Yossepowitch O, Cohen IR. Stress Proteins and Cytokines are Urinary Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Staging of Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol 2011; 59:113-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Quintana FJ, Cohen IR. The HSP60 immune system network. Trends Immunol 2010; 32:89-95. [PMID: 21145789 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) were initially discovered as participants in the cellular response to stress. It is now clear, however, that self and microbial HSPs also play an important role in the control of the immune response. Here, we focus on HSP60 and its interactions with both the innate and adaptive immune system in mammals. We also consider that circulating HSP60 and the quantities and specificities of serum antibodies to HSP60 provide a biomarker to monitor the immune status of the individual. Thus, the dual role of HSP60 as an immune modulator and a biomarker, provides an opportunity to modulate immunity for therapeutic purposes, and to monitor the immune response in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Quintana
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA.
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25
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Sinha K, Bhatnagar R. GroEL provides protection against Bacillus anthracis infection in BALB/c mice. Mol Immunol 2010; 48:264-71. [PMID: 20832865 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) of the HSP60 and HSP70 family are highly conserved and essential to all living organisms. Hsps are immunodominant in numerous microbial infections and have been investigated for their vaccine potential. We investigated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of GroEL and DnaK of B. anthracis in murine model. Both Hsps were found to be highly immunogenic with mixed antibody response (both IgG1 and IgG2a), indicating stimulation of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Cytokine profile also confirmed robust T-cell response with increase in lymphocyte proliferation. Immunization with GroEL conferred 100% protection to mice against B. anthracis infection whereas DnaK couldn't provide protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Sinha
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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26
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Henderson B, Pockley AG. Molecular chaperones and protein-folding catalysts as intercellular signaling regulators in immunity and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:445-62. [PMID: 20445014 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1209779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review critically examines the hypothesis that molecular chaperones and protein-folding catalysts from prokaryotes and eukaryotes can be secreted by cells and function as intercellular signals, principally but not exclusively, for leukocytes. A growing number of molecular chaperones have been reported to function as ligands for selected receptors and/or receptors for specific ligands. Molecular chaperones initially appeared to act primarily as stimulatory signals for leukocytes and thus, were seen as proinflammatory mediators. However, evidence is now emerging that molecular chaperones can have anti-inflammatory actions or, depending on the protein and concentration, anti- and proinflammatory functions. Recasting the original hypothesis, we propose that molecular chaperones and protein-folding catalysts are "moonlighting" proteins that function as homeostatic immune regulators but may also under certain circumstances, contribute to tissue pathology. One of the key issues in the field of molecular chaperone biology relates to the role of microbial contaminants in their signaling activity; this too will be evaluated critically. The most fascinating aspect of molecular chaperones probably relates to evidence for their therapeutic potential in human disease, and ongoing studies are evaluating this potential in a range of clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Henderson
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL-Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Rd., London, WC1X 8LD, UK.
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27
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Park CS, Lee JY, Kim SJ, Choi JI. Identification of immunological parameters associated with the alveolar bone level in periodontal patients. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2010; 40:61-8. [PMID: 20498762 PMCID: PMC2872810 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2010.40.2.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study was performed to clarify the relationship between periodontal disease severity and selected immunological parameters consisting of serum IgG titer against periodontopathogenic bacteria, the expression of the helper T-cell cytokine by gingival mononuclear cells, and patients' immunoreactivity to cross-reactive heat shock protein (HSP) epitope peptide from P. gingivalis HSP60. Methods Twenty-five patients with moderate periodontitis had their gingival connective tissue harvested of gingival mononuclear cells during an open flap debridement procedure and peripheral blood was drawn by venipuncture to collect serum. The mean level of interproximal alveolar bone was calculated to be used as an index for periodontal disease severity for a given patient. Each of selected immunologic parameters was subject to statistical management to seek their correlations with the severity of periodontal disease. Results A significant correlation could not be identified between serum IgG titers against specific bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Streptococcus mutans) and the severity of periodontal disease. Expression of interleukin (IL)-10 by gingival mononuclear cells was statistically significant in the group of patients who had higher levels of alveolar bone height. However, a similar correlation could not be demonstrated in cases for IL-4 or interferon-γ. Patients' serum reactivity to cross-reactive epitope peptide showed a significant correlation with the amount of alveolar bone. Conclusions It was concluded that expression of IL-10 by gingival mononuclear cells and patients' sero-reactivity to the cross-reactive HSP peptide of P. gingivalis HSP60 were significantly correlated with alveolar bone height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Seo Park
- Department of Periodontology, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, Korea
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Gershoni-Yahalom O, Landes S, Kleiman-Shoval S, Ben-Nathan D, Kam M, Lachmi BE, Khinich Y, Simanov M, Samina I, Eitan A, Cohen IR, Rager-Zisman B, Porgador A. Chimeric vaccine composed of viral peptide and mammalian heat-shock protein 60 peptide protects against West Nile virus challenge. Immunology 2010; 130:527-35. [PMID: 20331473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective efficacy and immunogenicity of a chimeric peptide against West Nile virus (WNV) was evaluated. This virus is the aetiological agent of West Nile fever, which has recently emerged in the western hemisphere. The rapid spread of WNV throughout North America, as well as the constantly changing epidemiology and transmission of the virus by blood transfusion and transplantation, have raised major public-health concerns. Currently, there are no effective treatments for WNV or vaccine for human use. We previously identified a novel, continuous B-cell epitope from domain III of the WNV envelope protein, termed Ep15. To test whether this epitope can protect against WNV infection, we synthesized a linear chimeric peptide composed of Ep15 and the heat-shock protein 60 peptide, p458. The p458 peptide is an effective carrier peptide for subunit vaccines against other infectious agents. We now report that mice immunized with the chimeric peptide, p458-Ep15, were resistant to lethal challenges with three different WNV strains. Moreover, their brains were free of viral genome and infectious virus. Mice immunized with Ep15 alone or with p431-Ep15, a control conjugate, were not protected. The chimeric p458-Ep15 peptide induced WNV-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies that neutralized the virus and induced the secretion of interferon-gammain vitro. Challenge of chimeric peptide-immunized mice considerably enhanced WNV-specific neutralizing antibodies. We conclude that this chimeric peptide can be used for formulation of a human vaccine against WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Gershoni-Yahalom
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Effect of adjuvants on immune response and protective immunity elicited by recombinant Hsp60 (GroEL) of Salmonella typhi against S. typhi infection. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 337:213-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Durai M, Huang MN, Moudgil KD. Self heat-shock protein 65-mediated regulation of autoimmune arthritis. J Autoimmun 2009; 33:208-13. [PMID: 19800761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (Hsps) have been invoked in the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune diseases. The mycobacterial heat-shock protein 65 (Bhsp65) has been studied extensively as one of the antigenic triggers of autoimmunity in experimental models of, as well as patients with, rheumatoid arthritis. As Hsps are highly conserved and immunogenic, it is generally anticipated that self Hsps might serve as the endogenous targets of the immune response initiated by the homologous foreign Hsps. Contrary to this expectation, studies in the rat adjuvant arthritis (AA) model have revealed that priming of the self (rat) hsp65 (Rhsp65)-directed T cells in the Lewis rat leads to protection against AA instead of disease induction or aggravation. The arthritis-protective attribute of the self hsp65 is also evident following spontaneous priming of the anti-Rhsp65 T cells during the natural course of AA. Furthermore, immunization of rats with human hsp60, or with Bhsp65 peptides that are crossreactive with the corresponding self hsp65 peptides, leads to protection against AA. Importantly, high levels of T cell reactivity against self hsp60 in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis positively correlate with a favorable outcome of the disease. Thus, immune response against self hsp65 in autoimmune arthritis is protective rather than being pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malarvizhi Durai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Howard Hall Room 323 C, 660 West Redwood St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Abstract
Adjuvant arthritis (AA) serves as an excellent model for human rheumatoid arthritis. AA is readily inducible in certain rat strains, but not in others. Susceptibility/resistance to AA is determined by multiple factors. Among the genetic factors, both MHC and non-MHC genes contribute to arthritis susceptibility, and specific quantitative trait loci show association with the severity of the disease. Differential T-cell proliferative and cytokine responses, as well as antibody responses, to heat-shock proteins are evident when comparing AA-susceptible and AA-resistant rats. In addition, neuroendocrine factors and the housing environment can further modulate arthritis susceptibility/severity in particular rat strains.
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Cohen-Sfady M, Pevsner-Fischer M, Margalit R, Cohen IR. Heat shock protein 60, via MyD88 innate signaling, protects B cells from apoptosis, spontaneous and induced. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:890-6. [PMID: 19561102 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) via TLR4 signaling activates B cells and induces them to proliferate and secrete IL-10. We now report that HSP60 inhibits mouse B cell apoptosis, spontaneous or induced by dexamethasone or anti-IgM activation. Unlike HSP60 enhancement of B cell proliferation and IL-10 secretion, TLR4 signaling was not required for the inhibition of apoptosis by HSP60; nevertheless, MyD88 was essential. Inhibition of apoptosis by HSP60 was associated with up-regulation of the antiapoptotic molecules Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L), and survivin, maintenance of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and inhibition of caspase-3 activation. Moreover, B cells incubated with HSP60 manifested prolonged survival following transfer into recipient mice. These results extend the varied role of HSP60 in the innate regulation of the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Cohen-Sfady
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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33
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Moudgil KD, Durai M. Regulation of autoimmune arthritis by self-heat-shock proteins. Trends Immunol 2009; 29:412-8. [PMID: 18675587 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (hsps) are highly conserved and immunogenic, and they are generally perceived to be attractive initiators or targets of a pathogenic immune response, and as such, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis. However, studies in animal models and arthritis patients have unraveled the disease-regulating attributes of self-hsp65. We propose that the self-hsp65 induces a protective and beneficial immune response because of its ubiquitous distribution, stress inducibility and participation in tolerogenic processes. By contrast, the foreign hsp65 that does not influence the above processes and that resides admixed with microbial ligands for innate receptors generates an inflammatory pathogenic response. The regulatory properties of self-hsps need be fully explored and might be used for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal D Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Quintana FJ, Mimran A, Carmi P, Mor F, Cohen IR. HSP60 as a target of anti-ergotypic regulatory T cells. PLoS One 2008; 3:e4026. [PMID: 19107191 PMCID: PMC2602852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 60 kDa heat shock protein (HSP60) has been reported to influence T-cell responses in two ways: as a ligand of toll-like receptor 2 signalling and as an antigen. Here we describe a new mechanism of T-cell immuno-regulation focused on HSP60: HSP60 is up-regulated and presented by activated T cells (HSP60 is an ergotope) to regulatory (anti-ergotypic) T cells. Presentation of HSP60 by activated T cells was found to be MHC-restricted and dependent on accessory molecules - CD28, CD80 and CD86. Anti-ergotypic T cells responded to T-cell HSP60 by proliferation and secreted IFNγ and TGFβ1. In vitro, the anti-ergotypic T cells inhibited IFNγ production by their activated T-cell targets. In vivo, adoptive transfer of an anti-ergotypic HSP60-specific T-cell line led to decreased secretion of IFNγ by arthritogenic T cells and ameliorated adjuvant arthritis (AA). Thus, the presentation of HSP60 by activated T cells turns them into targets for anti-ergotypic regulatory T cells specific for HSP60. However, the direct interaction between the anti-ergotypic T regulators (anti-HSP60) and the activated T cells also down-regulated the regulators. Thus, by functioning as an ergotope, HSP60 can control both the effector T cells and the regulatory HSP60-specific T cells that control them.
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Satpute SR, Durai M, Moudgil KD. Antigen-specific tolerogenic and immunomodulatory strategies for the treatment of autoimmune arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2008; 38:195-207. [PMID: 18177689 PMCID: PMC2723747 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review various antigen-specific tolerogenic and immunomodulatory approaches for arthritis in animal models and patients in regard to their efficacy, mechanisms of action, and limitations. METHODS We reviewed the published literature in Medline (PubMed) on the induction of antigen-specific tolerance and its effect on autoimmune arthritis, as well as the recent work on B-cell-mediated tolerance from our laboratory. The prominent key words used in different combinations included arthritis, autoimmunity, immunotherapy, innate immunity, tolerance, treatment, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although this search spanned the years 1975 to 2007, the majority of the short-listed articles belonged to the period 1990 to 2007. The relevant primary as well as cross-referenced articles were then collected from links within PubMed and reviewed. RESULTS Antigen-specific tolerance has been successful in the prevention and/or treatment of arthritis in animal models. The administration of soluble native antigen or an altered peptide ligand intravenously, orally, or nasally, and the delivery of the DNA encoding a particular antigen by gene therapy have been the mainstay of immunomodulation. Recently, the methods for in vitro expansion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells have been optimized. Furthermore, interleukin-17 has emerged as a promising new therapeutic target in arthritis. However, in RA patients, non-antigen-specific therapeutic approaches have been much more successful than antigen-specific tolerogenic regimens. CONCLUSION An antigen-specific treatment against autoimmune arthritis is still elusive. However, insights into newly emerging mechanisms of disease pathogenesis provide hope for the development of effective and safe immunotherapeutic strategies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh R. Satpute
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Malarvizhi Durai
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kamal D. Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Kim HR, Rajaiah R, Wu QL, Satpute SR, Tan MT, Simon JE, Berman BM, Moudgil KD. Green tea protects rats against autoimmune arthritis by modulating disease-related immune events. J Nutr 2008; 138:2111-6. [PMID: 18936206 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.089912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Green tea, a product of the dried leaves of Camellia sinensis, is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. The polyphenolic compounds from green tea (PGT) possess antiinflammatory properties. We investigated whether PGT can afford protection against autoimmune arthritis and also examined the immunological basis of this effect using the rat adjuvant arthritis (AA) model of human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). AA can be induced in Lewis rats (RT.1(l)) by immunization with heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (Mtb), and arthritic rats raise a T cell response to the mycobacterial heat-shock protein 65 (Bhsp65). Rats consumed green tea (2-12 g/L) in drinking water for 1-3 wk and then were injected with Mtb to induce disease. Thereafter, they were observed regularly and graded for signs of arthritis. Subgroups of these rats were killed at defined time points and their draining lymph node cells were harvested and tested for T cell proliferative and cytokine responses. Furthermore, the sera collected from these rats were tested for anti-Bhsp65 antibodies. Feeding 8 g/L PGT to Lewis rats for 9 d significantly reduced the severity of arthritis compared with the water-fed controls. Interestingly, PGT-fed rats had a lower concentration of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-17 but a greater concentration of the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10 than controls. PGT feeding also suppressed the anti-Bhsp65 antibody response. Thus, green tea induced changes in arthritis-related immune responses. We suggest further systematic exploration of dietary supplementation with PGT as an adjunct nutritional strategy for the management of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ro Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Vaccination with heat shock protein 60 induces a protective immune response against experimental Paracoccidioides brasiliensis pulmonary infection. Infect Immun 2008; 76:4214-21. [PMID: 18625731 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00753-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes a chronic granulomatous mycosis prevalent in Latin America. The successful resolution of infection with this fungus is dependent on the activation of cellular immunity. We previously identified heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) as a target of the humoral response in paracoccidioidomycosis. Herein we expressed the gene encoding HSP60 in Escherichia coli and analyzed the immunological activity of this recombinant antigen. The immunization of BALB/c mice with recombinant protein emulsified in adjuvant stimulated a cellular immune response. Splenocytes from immunized mice proliferated in response to antigen and released interleukin-12 and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). Vaccination with HSP60 reduced the fungal burden in mice given 10(6) or 10(7) yeasts and protected mice from a lethal challenge. The efficacy of the vaccination was blunted by the neutralization of IFN-gamma. CD4(+) cells were necessary for the efficacy of the vaccination in both the afferent and efferent phases. Thus, we have demonstrated that this immunodominant antigen is a candidate for the development of a vaccine against this fungus.
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS, characterized pathologically by a perivascular infiltrate consisting predominantly of T cells and macrophages. Although its aetiology remains unknown, several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that autoimmune mechanisms play a major role in the development of the disease. Several widely used disease-modifying agents are approved for the treatment of MS. However, these agents are only partially effective and their ability to attenuate the more progressive phases of the disease is not clear at this time. Therefore, there is a need to develop improved treatment options for MS. This article reviews the role of several novel, selective vaccine strategies that are currently under investigation, including: (i) T-cell vaccination (TCV); (ii) T-cell receptor (TCR) peptide vaccination; (iii) DNA vaccination; and (iv) altered peptide ligand (APL) vaccination. The administration of attenuated autoreactive T cells induces regulatory networks to specifically suppress pathogenic T cells in MS, a strategy named TCV. The concept of TCV was based on the experience of vaccination against aetiological agents of infectious diseases in which individuals are purposely exposed to an attenuated microbial pathogen, which then instructs the immune system to recognize and neutralize it in its virulent form. In regard to TCV, attenuated, pathogenic T cells are similarly used to instruct the immune system to recognize and neutralize disease-inducing T cells. In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for MS, pathogenic T cells use a strikingly limited number of variable-region elements (V region) to form TCR specific for defined autoantigens. Thus, vaccination with peptides directed against these TCR structures may induce immunoregulatory mechanisms, thereby preventing EAE. However, unlike EAE, myelin-reactive T cells derived from MS patients utilize a broad range of different V regions, challenging the clinical utility of this approach. Subsequently, the demonstration that injection of plasmid DNA encoding a reporter gene into skeletal muscle results in expression of the encoded proteins, as well as in the induction of immune responses in animal models of autoimmunity, was explored as another strategy to re-establish self-tolerance. This approach has promise for the treatment of MS and, therefore, warrants further investigation. APLs are molecules in which the native encephalitogenic peptides are modified by substitution(s) of one or a few amino acids critical for contact with the TCR. Depending on the substitution(s) at the TCR contact residues of the cognate peptide, an APL can induce immune responses that can protect against or reverse EAE. However, the heterogeneity of the immune response in MS patients requires further study to determine which patients are most likely to benefit from APL therapy. Other potential approaches for vaccines in MS include vaccination against axonal growth inhibitors associated with myelin, use of dendritic cells pulsed with specific antigens, and active vaccination against proinflammatory cytokines. Overall, vaccines for MS represent promising approaches for the treatment of this devastating disease, as well as other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Tong L, Moudgil KD. Celastrus aculeatus Merr. suppresses the induction and progression of autoimmune arthritis by modulating immune response to heat-shock protein 65. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 9:R70. [PMID: 17645785 PMCID: PMC2206370 DOI: 10.1186/ar2268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine products are increasingly being used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanisms of action of these agents are not fully defined. Using the rat adjuvant arthritis (AA) model of human rheumatoid arthritis, we determined whether the ethanol extract of Celastrus aculeatus Merr. (Celastrus), a Chinese herb, can down-modulate the severity of AA, and also examined the Celastrus-induced changes in immune responses to the disease-related antigen mycobacterial heat-shock protein 65 (Bhsp65). AA was induced in the Lewis (LEW; RT.1l) rat by immunization subcutaneously with heat-killed M. tuberculosis H37Ra (Mtb). Celastrus was fed to LEW rats by gavage daily, beginning either before Mtb challenge (preventive regimen) or after the onset of AA (therapeutic regimen). An additional group of rats was given methotrexate for comparison. All rats were graded regularly for the signs of arthritis. In parallel, the draining lymph node cells of Celastrus-treated rats were tested for proliferative and cytokine responses, whereas their sera were tested for the inflammatory mediator nitric oxide. Celastrus feeding suppressed both the induction as well as the progression of AA, and the latter effect was comparable to that of methotrexate. Celastrus treatment induced relative deviation of the cytokine response to anti-inflammatory type and enhanced the production of anti-Bhsp65 antibodies, which are known to be protective against AA. Celastrus feeding also reduced the levels of nitric oxide. On the basis of our results, we suggest further systematic exploration of Celastrus as an adjunct therapeutic modality for rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kamal D Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Coelho V, Broere F, Binder RJ, Shoenfeld Y, Moudgil KD. Heat-shock proteins: inflammatory versus regulatory attributes. Cell Stress Chaperones 2008; 13:119-25. [PMID: 18758999 PMCID: PMC2673889 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-008-0018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Verônica Coelho
- Heart Institute (InCor) University of São Paulo Medical School, and Institute for Investigation in Immunology-Millennium Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J. Binder
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Department of Medicine ‘B’ and Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center (affiliated to Tel-Aviv University), Israelheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Kamal D. Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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Pockley AG, Muthana M, Calderwood SK. The dual immunoregulatory roles of stress proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 2008; 33:71-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Paliwal PK, Bansal A, Sagi SS, Mustoori S, Govindaswamy I. Cloning, expression and characterization of heat shock protein 60 (groEL) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and its role in protective immunity against lethal Salmonella infection in mice. Clin Immunol 2008; 126:89-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 08/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jacq L, Teixeira VH, Garnier S, Michou L, Dieudé P, Rocha D, Pierlot C, Lemaire I, Quillet P, Hilliquin P, Mbarek H, Petit-Teixeira E, Cornélis F. HSPD1 is not a major susceptibility gene for rheumatoid arthritis in the French Caucasian population. J Hum Genet 2007; 52:1036-1039. [PMID: 17925998 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-007-0201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The heat shock 60-kDa protein 1 (HSP60) is involved in immune and inflammatory reactions, which are hallmarks of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). HSP60 is encoded by the HSPD1 gene located on 2q33, one of the suggested RA susceptibility loci in the French Caucasian population. Our aim was to test whether HSPD1 is a major susceptibility gene by studing families from the French Caucasian population. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were studied in 100 RA trio families, and 100 other families were used for replication. Genetic analyses were performed by comparing allelic frequencies, by applying the transmission disequilibrium test, and by assessing the genotype relative risk. We observed a significant RA association for the C/C genotype of rs2340690 in the first sample. However, this association was not confirmed when the second sample was added. The two other SNPs and the haplotype analysis did not give any significant results. We conclude that HSPD1 is not a major RA susceptibility gene in the French Caucasian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Jacq
- GenHotel-EA3886, Evry-Paris VII Universities, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057, Evry-Genopole cedex, France. .,Hôpital Sud Francilien, 59 bd Henri Dunant, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France.
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- GenHotel-EA3886, Evry-Paris VII Universities, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057, Evry-Genopole cedex, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sophie Garnier
- GenHotel-EA3886, Evry-Paris VII Universities, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057, Evry-Genopole cedex, France
| | - Laëtitia Michou
- GenHotel-EA3886, Evry-Paris VII Universities, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057, Evry-Genopole cedex, France
| | - Philippe Dieudé
- GenHotel-EA3886, Evry-Paris VII Universities, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057, Evry-Genopole cedex, France.,Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, 46 rue Henri Huchart, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Rocha
- GenHotel-EA3886, Evry-Paris VII Universities, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057, Evry-Genopole cedex, France
| | - Céline Pierlot
- GenHotel-EA3886, Evry-Paris VII Universities, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057, Evry-Genopole cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Lemaire
- GenHotel-EA3886, Evry-Paris VII Universities, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057, Evry-Genopole cedex, France.,Hôpital Sud Francilien, 59 bd Henri Dunant, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Patrick Quillet
- GenHotel-EA3886, Evry-Paris VII Universities, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057, Evry-Genopole cedex, France.,Hôpital Sud Francilien, 59 bd Henri Dunant, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Pascal Hilliquin
- Hôpital Sud Francilien, 59 bd Henri Dunant, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- GenHotel-EA3886, Evry-Paris VII Universities, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057, Evry-Genopole cedex, France
| | - Elisabeth Petit-Teixeira
- GenHotel-EA3886, Evry-Paris VII Universities, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057, Evry-Genopole cedex, France
| | - François Cornélis
- GenHotel-EA3886, Evry-Paris VII Universities, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057, Evry-Genopole cedex, France.,Hôpital Sud Francilien, 59 bd Henri Dunant, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France.,Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, 2 rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France
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Huang CY, Chen CA, Lee CN, Chang MC, Su YN, Lin YC, Hsieh CY, Cheng WF. DNA vaccine encoding heat shock protein 60 co-linked to HPV16 E6 and E7 tumor antigens generates more potent immunotherapeutic effects than respective E6 or E7 tumor antigens. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 107:404-12. [PMID: 17905417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vaccination based on tumor antigen is an attractive strategy for cancer prevention and therapy. Cervical cancer is highly associated with human papillomavirus, especially type 16. We developed DNA vaccines encoding heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) linked to HPV16 E6 or E7 to test if HSP60 chimeric DNA vaccines may generate strong E6 and/or E7-specific immune response and anti-tumor effects in vaccinated mice. METHODS In vivo antitumor effects such as preventive, therapeutic, and antibody depletion experiments were performed. In vitro assays such as intracellular cytokine stainings, ELISA for Ab responses, and direct and cross-priming effects, were also performed. RESULTS HSP60 chimeric DNA vaccines generated strong E6- or E7-specific immune responses and anti-tumor effects in vaccinated mice via direct and cross-priming effects. HSP60 was also linked with both E6 and E7 antigens and the HSP60/E6/E7 chimeric DNA vaccine generated more potent immunotherapeutic effects on E6- and E7-expressing tumors than HSP60/E6 or HSP60/E7 chimeric DNA vaccine alone. CONCLUSION Utilization of both E6 and E7 tumor antigens can advance the therapy of tumors associated with HPV-infections. The DNA vaccine encoding heat shock protein 60 co-linked to HPV16 E6 and E7 tumor antigens can generate more potent immunotherapeutic effects than E6 or E7 tumor antigens alone.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chaperonin 60/genetics
- Chaperonin 60/immunology
- DNA/administration & dosage
- DNA/genetics
- DNA/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/immunology
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins
- Papillomavirus Infections/genetics
- Papillomavirus Infections/immunology
- Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transfection
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yen Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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45
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Luna E, Postol E, Caldas C, Mundel LR, Porto G, Iwai LK, Ho PL, Kalil J, Coelho V. Diversity of physiological cell reactivity to heat shock protein 60 in different mouse strains. Cell Stress Chaperones 2007; 12:112-22. [PMID: 17688190 PMCID: PMC1949334 DOI: 10.1379/csc-209r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are families of highly conserved molecules and immunodominant antigens in some infections and in autoimmune diseases. Some reports suggest that different regions of the Hsp60 molecule induce distinct immune responses. However, there are no reports comparing physiological T-cell reactivity to Hsp60 in mice. In this study, we have analyzed T-cell proliferation and cytokine production induced by Hsp60, under physiological conditions, in three mouse strains bearing distinct major histocompatibility complex (MHC) backgrounds. Proliferative response predominantly was found in C57BL/6 mice, mostly induced by N-terminal and intermediate Hsp60 peptides (P < 0.0001). Interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) production was broadly induced by different regions of Hsp60 in all three mouse strains, although response was focused in different peptide groups in each strain. We did not observe an exclusive Th1 or Th2 cytokine profile induced by any particular region of Hsp60. However, we identified a strain hierarchy in IL-10 production induced by Hsp60 peptides from different regions, mostly detected in C3H/HePas, and in BALB/c, but not in C57BL/6 mice. In contrast, IL-4 production only was induced by the intermediate and C-terminal region peptides in both C3H/HePas and BALB/c mice. Our data give original information on physiological cellular reactivity to Hsp60. We also have identified peptides with the capacity to induce the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, bringing perspectives for their use in immunotherapy of chronic inflammatory diseases and allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Luna
- Heart Institute (InCor) University of Săo Paulo Medical School, Săo Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-000, Brazil
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Abstract
Here I present the idea that the immune system uses a computational strategy to carry out its many functions in protecting and maintaining the body. Along the way, I define the concepts of computation, Turing machines and system states. I attempt to show that reframing our view of the immune system in computational terms is worth our while.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irun R Cohen
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Quintana FJ, Gerber D, Bloch I, Cohen IR, Shai Y. A Structurally Altered d,l-Amino Acid TCRα Transmembrane Peptide Interacts with the TCRα and Inhibits T-Cell Activation in Vitro and in an Animal Model. Biochemistry 2007; 46:2317-25. [PMID: 17288453 DOI: 10.1021/bi061849g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions in the membrane are pivotal for the cellular response to receptor-sensed stimuli. Recently, it has been demonstrated that an all-d-amino acids analogue of the TCRalpha transmembrane peptide (CP) is recruited to the TCR complex and inhibits T-cell activation in vitro and in vivo, similarly to the wild-type CP peptide. Here we investigated the relative contributions of the secondary structure of CP compared to its side chains in the association of CP with the TCR. We disrupted the secondary structure of CP by replacing two positive residues, needed for the interaction of CP with the TCR complex, by their d-enantiomers (2D-CP). Structure disruption was demonstrated by CD and FTIR spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulation in a bilayer environment. In vitro, 2D-CP colocalized with the TCR (visualized with confocal microscopy), immunoprecipitated with TCR but not MHC I, and inhibited T-cell activation. The peptide was effective also in vivo: it inhibited adjuvant arthritis in rats and delayed type hypersensitivity in BALB/c mice. Moreover, 2D-CP manifested greater immunosuppressive activity than wild-type CP, both in vivo and in vitro, which can be attributed to the greater solubility and resistance to degradation of 2D-CP. In molecular terms, these findings suggest that, under certain conditions, protein-protein interactions within the membrane might be more dependent on side chain interactions than on a specific secondary structure. The new altered secondary structure probably determines how the Lys and the Arg are positioned with respect to each other, so they can interact with the TM domain of the receptor. In clinical terms, the increased solubility and resistance to degradation of d-stereoisomers might be exploited in the targeted inactivation of pathogenic signaling pathways such as those arising from TCR-triggered activation of T-cells in immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Quintana
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
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Kim HR, Kim EY, Cerny J, Moudgil KD. Antibody responses to mycobacterial and self heat shock protein 65 in autoimmune arthritis: epitope specificity and implication in pathogenesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:6634-41. [PMID: 17082575 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.6634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many autoimmune diseases are believed to involve primarily T cell-mediated effector mechanisms. There is increasing realization, however, that Abs may also play a vital role in the propagation of T cell-driven disorders. In this study, on the rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) model of human rheumatoid arthritis, we examined the characteristics of serum Ab response to mycobacterial heat shock protein (hsp) 65 (Bhsp65), self (rat) hsp65 (Rhsp65), and linear peptides spanning these two molecules. The AA-resistant WKY (RT.1(l)) rat responded to the heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunization with a rapid burst of Abs to both Bhsp65 and Rhsp65. These Abs reacted with numerous peptide epitopes; however, this response was reduced to a few epitopes with time. On the contrary, the susceptible Lewis (RT.1(l)) rat developed a relatively lower Ab response to Bhsp65, and Abs to Rhsp65 did not appear until the recovery from the disease. The Ab response in Lewis rats diversified with progression of AA, and there was an intriguing overlap between the repertoire of Bhsp65-reactive B and T cells during the recovery phase of AA. Nonetheless, subsets of the repertoire of the late Abs in both rat strains became focused on the same epitope regions of Bhsp65 and Rhsp65. The functional relevance of these Abs was evident from the results showing that sera from recovery phase Lewis or WKY rats, but not that of naive rats, afforded protection against subsequent AA. These results are of significance in further understanding of the role of humoral immunity in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ro Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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49
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Bloch I, Quintana FJ, Gerber D, Cohen T, Cohen IR, Shai Y. T-cell inactivation and immunosuppressive activity induced by HIV gp41 via novel interacting motif. FASEB J 2006; 21:393-401. [PMID: 17185749 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-7061com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fusion peptide (FP) of the HIV gp41 molecule inserts into the T cell membrane during virus-cell fusion. FP also blocks the TCR/CD3 interaction needed for antigen-triggered T cell activation. Here we used in vitro (fluorescence and immunoprecipitation), in vivo (T cell mediated autoimmune disease adjuvant arthritis), and in silico methods to identify the FP-TCR novel interaction motif: the alpha-helical transmembrane domain (TMD) of the TCR alpha chain, and the beta-sheet 5-13 region of the 16 N-terminal aa of FP (FP(1-16)). Deciphering the molecular mechanism of the immunosuppressive activity of FP provides a new potential target to overcome the immunosuppressant activity of HIV, and in addition a tool for down-regulating immune mediated inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
- HIV Envelope Protein gp41/chemistry
- HIV Envelope Protein gp41/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp41/metabolism
- Immunosuppressive Agents/chemistry
- Immunosuppressive Agents/metabolism
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rats
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thermodynamics
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Bloch
- Department of Biological Chemistry, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
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Subklewe M, Marquis R, Choquet S, Leblond V, Garnier JL, Hetzer R, Swinnen LJ, Oertel S, Papp-Vary M, Gonzalez-Barca E, Hepkema BG, Schoenemann C, May J, Pezzutto A, Riess H. Association of human leukocyte antigen haplotypes with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease after solid organ transplantation. Transplantation 2006; 82:1093-100. [PMID: 17060859 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000235889.05171.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) after solid organ transplantation (SOT) is commonly characterized by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven proliferation of recipient B cells due to impaired immune surveillance in the context of immunosuppression. Because EBV-specific T-cell responses are focused on the level of EBV antigen and epitope choice depending on the individual human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, we hypothesized that certain HLA alleles or a distinct HLA haplotype may influence the risk of development of PTLD after SOT. METHODS A multicenter case-control study was performed comparing a group of 155 recipients after SOT with development of PTLD with a group of 1996 recipients after SOT without development of PTLD. Alleles, genotypes, and three locus haplotypes were compared of SOT recipients with and without PTLD. RESULTS The bivariate analysis showed that carrying HLA-A03 was negatively associated (odds ratio [OR] 0.61, confidence interval [CI] 0.40-0.92, P < 0.02) whereas carrying of HLA-B18 (OR 1.79, CI 1.18-2.73, P < 0.006) and HLA-B21 (OR 2.08, CI 1.14-3.77, P < 0.02) were positively associated with PTLD after SOT. HLA-DR analysis demonstrated a significant negative association between the expression of HLA-DR7 (OR 0.46, CI 0.28-0.78, P < 0.004) and PTLD. Three locus haplotype analysis underlined the relevance of a dominant protective effect of HLA-DR7 expression concerning the risk of PTLD development. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest an influence of HLA variants on the risk of the development of PTLD. We hypothesize that HLA genes or non-HLA genes within the HLA loci confer a risk modification for the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Subklewe
- Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Med. Klinik m. S. Haematologie/Onkologie, Berlin, Germany.
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