1
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Zhang Z, Shao Z, Xu Z, Wang J. Similarities and differences between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: insights from Mendelian randomization and transcriptome analysis. J Transl Med 2024; 22:851. [PMID: 39304950 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05643-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are often difficult to distinguish in the early stage of the disease. The purpose of this study was to explore the similarities and differences between the two diseases through Mendelian randomization (MR) and transcriptome analysis. METHODS We first performed a correlation analysis of phenotypic data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of OA and RA. Then, we performed functional and pathway enrichment of differentially expressed genes in OA, RA, and normal patients. The infiltration of immune cells in arthritis was analyzed according to gene expression. Finally, MR analysis was performed with inflammatory cytokines and immune cells as exposures and arthritis as the outcome. The same and different key cytokines and immune cells were obtained by the two analysis methods. RESULTS GWAS indicated that there was a genetic correlation between OA and RA. The common function of OA and RA is enriched in their response to cytokines, while the difference is enriched in lymphocyte activation. T cells are the main immune cells that differentiate between OA and RA. MR analysis further revealed that OA is associated with more protective cytokines, and most of the cytokines in RA are pathogenic. In addition, CCR7 on naive CD4 + T cell was positively correlated with OA. SSC-A on CD4 + T cell was negatively correlated with RA, while HLA DR on CD33- HLA DR + was positively correlated with RA. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated the similarities and differences of immune inflammation between OA and RA, allowing us to better understand these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic, Yancheng No.1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, 224000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shao
- Department of Orthopedic, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215008, China
| | - Zonghan Xu
- Department of Orthopedic, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215008, China.
| | - Jiaqian Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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2
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Melgrati S, Gerken OJ, Artinger M, Radice E, Szpakowska M, Chevigné A, D’Uonnolo G, Antonello P, Thelen S, Pelczar P, Legler DF, Thelen M. GPR182 is a broadly scavenging atypical chemokine receptor influencing T-independent immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1242531. [PMID: 37554323 PMCID: PMC10405735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1242531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses highly depend on the effective trafficking of immune cells into and within secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) scavenge chemokines to eliminate them from the extracellular space, thereby generating gradients that guide leukocytes. In contrast to canonical chemokine receptors, ACKRs do not induce classical intracellular signaling that results in cell migration. Recently, the closest relative of ACKR3, GPR182, has been partially deorphanized as a potential novel ACKR. We confirm and extend previous studies by identifying further ligands that classify GPR182 as a broadly scavenging chemokine receptor. We validate the "atypical" nature of the receptor, wherein canonical G-protein-dependent intracellular signaling is not activated following ligand stimulation. However, β-arrestins are required for ligand-independent internalization and chemokine scavenging whereas the C-terminus is in part dispensable. In the absence of GPR182 in vivo, we observed elevated chemokine levels in the serum but also in SLO interstitium. We also reveal that CXCL13 and CCL28, which do not bind any other ACKR, are bound and efficiently scavenged by GPR182. Moreover, we found a cooperative relationship between GPR182 and ACKR3 in regulating serum CXCL12 levels, and between GPR182 and ACKR4 in controlling CCL20 levels. Furthermore, we unveil a new phenotype in GPR182-KO mice, in which we observed a reduced marginal zone (MZ), both in size and in cellularity, and thus in the T-independent antibody response. Taken together, we and others have unveiled a novel, broadly scavenging chemokine receptor, which we propose should be named ACKR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Melgrati
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oliver J. Gerken
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Marc Artinger
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Egle Radice
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Giulia D’Uonnolo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Paola Antonello
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Pawel Pelczar
- University of Basel, Center for Transgenic Models, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F. Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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3
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Al Abadey A, Connor B, Flamme ACL, Robichon K. Clozapine reduces chemokine-mediated migration of lymphocytes by targeting NF-κB and AKT phosphorylation. Cell Signal 2022; 99:110449. [PMID: 36031090 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a disease characterised by demyelination of axons in the central nervous system. The atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine has been shown to attenuate disease severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model that is useful for the study of multiple sclerosis. However, the mechanism of action by which clozapine reduces disease in EAE is poorly understood. To better understand how clozapine exerts its protective effects, we investigated the underlying signalling pathways by which clozapine may reduce immune cell migration by evaluating chemokine and dopamine receptor-associated signalling pathways. We found that clozapine inhibits migration of immune cells by reducing chemokine production in microglia cells by targeting NF-κB phosphorylation and promoting an anti-inflammatory milieu. Furthermore, clozapine directly targets immune cell migration by changing Ca2+ levels within immune cells and reduces the phosphorylation of signalling protein AKT. Linking these pathways to the antagonising effect of clozapine on dopamine and serotonin receptors, we provide insight into how clozapine alters immune cells migration by directly targeting the underlying migration-associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan Al Abadey
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand; Centre for Biodiscovery Wellington, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bronwen Connor
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne Camille La Flamme
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand; Centre for Biodiscovery Wellington, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand; Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Katharina Robichon
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand; Centre for Biodiscovery Wellington, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
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4
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Uetz-von Allmen E, Samson GPB, Purvanov V, Maeda T, Legler DF. CAL-1 as Cellular Model System to Study CCR7-Guided Human Dendritic Cell Migration. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702453. [PMID: 34603281 PMCID: PMC8482423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent and versatile professional antigen-presenting cells and central for the induction of adaptive immunity. The ability to migrate and transport peripherally acquired antigens to draining lymph nodes for subsequent cognate T cell priming is a key feature of DCs. Consequently, DC-based immunotherapies are used to elicit tumor-antigen specific T cell responses in cancer patients. Understanding chemokine-guided DC migration is critical to explore DCs as cellular vaccines for immunotherapeutic approaches. Currently, research is hampered by the lack of appropriate human cellular model systems to effectively study spatio-temporal signaling and CCR7-driven migration of human DCs. Here, we report that the previously established human neoplastic cell line CAL-1 expresses the human DC surface antigens CD11c and HLA-DR together with co-stimulatory molecules. Importantly, if exposed for three days to GM-CSF, CAL-1 cells induce the endogenous expression of the chemokine receptor CCR7 upon encountering the clinically approved TLR7/8 agonist Resiquimod R848 and readily migrate along chemokine gradients. Further, we demonstrate that CAL-1 cells can be genetically modified to express fluorescent (GFP)-tagged reporter proteins to study and visualize signaling or can be gene-edited using CRISPR/Cas9. Hence, we herein present the human CAL-1 cell line as versatile and valuable cellular model system to effectively study human DC migration and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Uetz-von Allmen
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Guerric P B Samson
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Purvanov
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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5
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D'Agostino G, García-Cuesta EM, Gomariz RP, Rodríguez-Frade JM, Mellado M. The multilayered complexity of the chemokine receptor system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:347-358. [PMID: 32145914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The chemokines receptor family are membrane-expressed class A-specific seven-transmembrane receptors linked to G proteins. Through interaction with the corresponding ligands, the chemokines, they induce a wide variety of cellular responses including cell polarization, movement, immune and inflammatory responses, as well as the prevention of HIV-1 infection. Like a Russian matryoshka doll, the chemokine receptor system is more complex than initially envisaged. This review focuses on the mechanisms that contribute to this dazzling complexity and how they modulate the signaling events triggered by chemokines. The chemokines and their receptors exist as monomers, dimers and oligomers, their expression pattern is highly regulated, and the ligands can bind distinct receptors with similar affinities. The use of novel imaging-based technologies, particularly real-time imaging modalities, has shed new light on the very dynamic conformations that chemokine receptors adopt depending on the cellular context, and that affect chemokine-mediated responses. This complex scenario presents both challenging and exciting opportunities for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca D'Agostino
- Dept. Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva M García-Cuesta
- Dept. Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa P Gomariz
- Dept. Cell Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), E-28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miguel Rodríguez-Frade
- Dept. Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Mellado
- Dept. Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Arginine 313 of the putative 8th helix mediates Gα q/14 coupling of human CC chemokine receptors CCR2a and CCR2b. Cell Signal 2018; 53:170-183. [PMID: 30321592 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In man, two CC chemokine receptor isoforms, CCR2a and CCR2b, are present that belong to the rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor family, and couple to Gi and Gq family members. The CCR2 receptors are known to regulate canonical functions of chemokines such as directed migration of leukocytes, and to potentially control non-canonical functions such as differentiation, proliferation, and gene transcription of immune and non-immune cells. We recently reported on the activation of phospholipase C isoenzymes and RhoA GTPases by coupling of the two CCR2 receptors to members of the Gq family, in particular Gαq and Gα14. So far little is known about the structural requirements for the CCR2/Gq/14 interaction. Interestingly, the CCR2 receptor isoforms are identical up to arginine 313 (R313) that is part of the putative 8th helix in CCR2 receptors, and the 8th helix has been implicated in the interaction of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors with Gαq. In the present work we describe that the 8th helix of both CCR2a and CCR2b is critically involved in selectively activating Gαq/14-regulated signaling. Refined analysis using various CCR2a and CCR2b mutants and analyzing their cellular signaling, e.g. ligand-dependent (i) activation of phospholipase C isoenzymes, (ii) stimulation of serum response factor-mediated gene transcription, (iii) activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, (iv) internalization, and (v) changes in intracellular calcium concentrations, identified arginine 313 within the amino terminal portion of helix 8 to play a role for the agonist-mediated conformational changes and the formation of a Gαq/14 binding surface. We show that R313 determines Gαq/14 protein-dependent but not Gi protein-dependent cellular signaling, and plays no role in Gq/Gi-independent receptor internalization, indicating a role of R313 in biased signaling of CCR2 receptors.
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7
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Uetz-von Allmen E, Rippl AV, Farhan H, Legler DF. A unique signal sequence of the chemokine receptor CCR7 promotes package into COPII vesicles for efficient receptor trafficking. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:375-389. [PMID: 29603364 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2vma1217-492r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are considered to belong to the group of G protein-coupled receptors that use the first transmembrane domain as signal anchor sequence for membrane insertion instead of a cleavable N-terminal signal sequence. Chemokine recognition is determined by the N-termini of chemokine receptors. Here, we show that the chemokine receptor CCR7, which is essential for directed migration of adaptive immune cells, possesses a 24 amino acids long N-terminal signal sequence that is unique among chemokine receptors. This sequence is cleaved off the mature human and mouse protein. Introducing single point mutations in the hydrophobic core h-region or in the polar C-terminal segment (c-region) of the signal sequence to interfere with its cleavage retained CCR7 in the ER and prevented its surface expression. Furthermore, we demonstrate the correct topology of the 35 amino acids short extracellular N-tail of CCR7 in a deletion mutant lacking the natural signal sequence. This signal sequence deletion mutant of CCR7 is fully functional as it efficiently binds its ligand, elicits chemokine-induced calcium mobilization, and directs cell migration. However, we show that the signal sequence promotes efficient recruitment of the GPCR to ER exit sites, thereby controlling efficient ER to Golgi trafficking of CCR7 on its way to reach the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Uetz-von Allmen
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra V Rippl
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
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8
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Abstract
Chemokine signaling is essential for coordinated cell migration in health and disease to specifically govern cell positioning in space and time. Typically, chemokines signal through heptahelical, G protein-coupled receptors to orchestrate cell migration. Notably, chemokine receptors are highly dynamic structures and signaling efficiency largely depends on the discrete contact with the ligand. Promiscuity of both chemokines and chemokine receptors, combined with biased signaling and allosteric modulation of receptor activation, guarantees a tightly controlled recruitment and positioning of individual cells within the local environment at a given time. Here, we discuss recent insights in understanding chemokine gradient formation by atypical chemokine receptors and how typical chemokine receptors can transmit distinct signals to translate guidance cues into coordinated cell locomotion in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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9
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Collins PJ, McCully ML, Martínez-Muñoz L, Santiago C, Wheeldon J, Caucheteux S, Thelen S, Cecchinato V, Laufer JM, Purvanov V, Monneau YR, Lortat-Jacob H, Legler DF, Uguccioni M, Thelen M, Piguet V, Mellado M, Moser B. Epithelial chemokine CXCL14 synergizes with CXCL12 via allosteric modulation of CXCR4. FASEB J 2017; 31:3084-3097. [PMID: 28360196 PMCID: PMC5472405 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700013r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor, CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), is selective for CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), is broadly expressed in blood and tissue cells, and is essential during embryogenesis and hematopoiesis. CXCL14 is a homeostatic chemokine with unknown receptor selectivity and preferential expression in peripheral tissues. Here, we demonstrate that CXCL14 synergized with CXCL12 in the induction of chemokine responses in primary human lymphoid cells and cell lines that express CXCR4. Combining subactive concentrations of CXCL12 with 100–300 nM CXCL14 resulted in chemotaxis responses that exceeded maximal responses that were obtained with CXCL12 alone. CXCL14 did not activate CXCR4-expressing cells (i.e., failed to trigger chemotaxis and Ca2+ mobilization, as well as signaling via ERK1/2 and the small GTPase Rac1); however, CXCL14 bound to CXCR4 with high affinity, induced redistribution of cell-surface CXCR4, and enhanced HIV-1 infection by >3-fold. We postulate that CXCL14 is a positive allosteric modulator of CXCR4 that enhances the potency of CXCR4 ligands. Our findings provide new insights that will inform the development of novel therapeutics that target CXCR4 in a range of diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, and HIV.—Collins, P. J., McCully, M. L., Martínez-Muñoz, L., Santiago, C., Wheeldon, J., Caucheteux, S., Thelen, S., Cecchinato, V., Laufer, J. M., Purvanov, V., Monneau, Y. R., Lortat-Jacob, H., Legler, D. F., Uguccioni, M., Thelen, M., Piguet, V., Mellado, M., Moser, B. Epithelial chemokine CXCL14 synergizes with CXCL12 via allosteric modulation of CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Collins
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle L McCully
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Martínez-Muñoz
- Department Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - César Santiago
- Department Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - James Wheeldon
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Caucheteux
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Cecchinato
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Julia M Laufer
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Vladimir Purvanov
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Yoan R Monneau
- Institute de Biologie Structurale, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 5075, University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Grenoble, France
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Institute de Biologie Structurale, Unité Mixtes de Recherche 5075, University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Mariagrazia Uguccioni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Piguet
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Mellado
- Department Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom;
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10
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Legler DF, Matti C, Laufer JM, Jakobs BD, Purvanov V, Uetz-von Allmen E, Thelen M. Modulation of Chemokine Receptor Function by Cholesterol: New Prospects for Pharmacological Intervention. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 91:331-338. [PMID: 28082305 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.107151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are seven transmembrane-domain receptors belonging to class A of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The receptors together with their chemokine ligands constitute the chemokine system, which is essential for directing cell migration and plays a crucial role in a variety of physiologic and pathologic processes. Given the importance of orchestrating cell migration, it is vital that chemokine receptor signaling is tightly regulated to ensure appropriate responses. Recent studies highlight a key role for cholesterol in modulating chemokine receptor activities. The steroid influences the spatial organization of GPCRs within the membrane bilayer, and consequently can tune chemokine receptor signaling. The effects of cholesterol on the organization and function of chemokine receptors and GPCRs in general include direct and indirect effects (Fig. 1). Here, we review how cholesterol and some key metabolites modulate functions of the chemokine system in multiple ways. We emphasize the role of cholesterol in chemokine receptor oligomerization, thereby promoting the formation of a signaling hub enabling integration of distinct signaling pathways at the receptor-membrane interface. Moreover, we discuss the role of cholesterol in stabilizing particular receptor conformations and its consequence for chemokine binding. Finally, we highlight how cholesterol accumulation, its deprivation, or cholesterol metabolites contribute to modulating cell orchestration during inflammation, induction of an adaptive immune response, as well as to dampening an anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L., B.D.J, V.P., E.U.A.); Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L); and Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland (M.T.)
| | - Christoph Matti
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L., B.D.J, V.P., E.U.A.); Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L); and Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland (M.T.)
| | - Julia M Laufer
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L., B.D.J, V.P., E.U.A.); Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L); and Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland (M.T.)
| | - Barbara D Jakobs
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L., B.D.J, V.P., E.U.A.); Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L); and Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland (M.T.)
| | - Vladimir Purvanov
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L., B.D.J, V.P., E.U.A.); Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L); and Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland (M.T.)
| | - Edith Uetz-von Allmen
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L., B.D.J, V.P., E.U.A.); Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L); and Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland (M.T.)
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L., B.D.J, V.P., E.U.A.); Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany (D.F.L., C.M., J.M.L); and Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland (M.T.)
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11
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Karin N, Wildbaum G, Thelen M. Biased signaling pathways via CXCR3 control the development and function of CD4+ T cell subsets. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:857-62. [PMID: 26657511 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2mr0915-441r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Structurally related chemotactic cytokines (chemokines) regulate cell trafficking through interactions with 7-transmembrane domain, G protein-coupled receptors. Biased signaling or functional selectivity is a concept that describes a situation where a 7-transmembrane domain receptor preferentially activates one of several available cellular signaling pathways. It can be divided into 3 distinct cases: ligand bias, receptor bias, and tissue or cell bias. Many studies, including those coming from our lab, have shown that only a limited number of chemokines are key drivers of inflammation. We have referred to them as "driver chemokines." They include the CXCR3 ligands CXCL9 and CXCL10, the CCR2 ligand CCL2, all 3 CCR5 ligands, and the CCR9 ligand CCL25. As for CXCR3, despite the proinflammatory nature of CXCL10 and CXCL9, transgenic mice lacking CXCR3 display an aggravated manifestation of different autoimmune disease, including Type I diabetes and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Recently, we showed that whereas CXCL9 and CXCL10 induce effector Th1/Th17 cells to promote inflammation, CXCL11, with a relatively higher binding affinity to CXCR3, drives the development of the forkhead box P3-negative IL-10(high) T regulatory 1 cell subset and hence, dampens inflammation. We also showed that CXCL9/CXCL10 activates a different signaling cascade than CXCL11, despite binding to the same receptor, CXCR3, which results in these diverse biologic activities. This provides new evidence for the role of biased signaling in regulating biologic activities, in which CXCL11 induces ligand bias at CXCR3 and receptor-biased signaling via atypical chemokine receptor 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Karin
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel; and
| | - Gizi Wildbaum
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel; and
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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12
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Steen A, Larsen O, Thiele S, Rosenkilde MM. Biased and g protein-independent signaling of chemokine receptors. Front Immunol 2014; 5:277. [PMID: 25002861 PMCID: PMC4066200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Biased signaling or functional selectivity occurs when a 7TM-receptor preferentially activates one of several available pathways. It can be divided into three distinct forms: ligand bias, receptor bias, and tissue or cell bias, where it is mediated by different ligands (on the same receptor), different receptors (with the same ligand), or different tissues or cells (for the same ligand–receptor pair). Most often biased signaling is differentiated into G protein-dependent and β-arrestin-dependent signaling. Yet, it may also cover signaling differences within these groups. Moreover, it may not be absolute, i.e., full versus no activation. Here we discuss biased signaling in the chemokine system, including the structural basis for biased signaling in chemokine receptors, as well as in class A 7TM receptors in general. This includes overall helical movements and the contributions of micro-switches based on recently published 7TM crystals and molecular dynamics studies. All three forms of biased signaling are abundant in the chemokine system. This challenges our understanding of “classic” redundancy inevitably ascribed to this system, where multiple chemokines bind to the same receptor and where a single chemokine may bind to several receptors – in both cases with the same functional outcome. The ubiquitous biased signaling confers a hitherto unknown specificity to the chemokine system with a complex interaction pattern that is better described as promiscuous with context-defined roles and different functional outcomes in a ligand-, receptor-, or cell/tissue-defined manner. As the low number of successful drug development plans implies, there are great difficulties in targeting chemokine receptors; in particular with regard to receptor antagonists as anti-inflammatory drugs. Un-defined and putative non-selective targeting of the complete cellular signaling system could be the underlying cause of lack of success. Therefore, biased ligands could be the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Steen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Olav Larsen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Stefanie Thiele
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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13
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Bias in chemokine receptor signalling. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:243-52. [PMID: 24679437 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are widely expressed on a variety of immune cells and play a crucial role in normal physiology as well as in inflammatory and infectious diseases. The existence of 23 chemokine receptors and 48 chemokine ligands guarantees a tight control and fine-tuning of the immune system. Here, we discuss the multiple regulatory mechanisms of chemokine signalling at a systemic, cellular, and molecular level. In particular, we focus on the impact of biased signalling at the receptor level; an emerging concept in molecular pharmacology. An improved understanding of these mechanisms may provide a framework for more effective drug discovery and development at a target class that is so relevant for immune function.
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14
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Méndez-Enríquez E, Medina-Tamayo J, Soldevila G, Fortoul TI, Anton B, Flores-Romo L, García-Zepeda EA. A CCL chemokine-derived peptide (CDIP-2) exerts anti-inflammatory activity via CCR1, CCR2 and CCR3 chemokine receptors: Implications as a potential therapeutic treatment of asthma. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 20:1-11. [PMID: 24560857 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of eosinophils, Th2 cells and mononuclear cells in the airways, leading to changes in lung architecture and subsequently reduced respiratory function. We have previously demonstrated that CDIP-2, a chemokine derived peptide, reduced in vitro chemotaxis and decreased cellular infiltration in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. However, the mechanisms involved in this process have not been identified yet. Now, we found that CDIP-2 reduces chemokine-mediated functions via interactions with CCR1, CCR2 and CCR3. Moreover, using bone marrow-derived eosinophils, we demonstrated that CDIP-2 modifies the calcium fluxes induced by CCL11 and down-modulated CCR3 expression. Finally, CDIP-2 treatment in a murine model of OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation reduced leukocyte recruitment and decreases production of cytokines. These data suggest that chemokine-derived peptides represent new therapeutic tools to generate more effective antiinflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Méndez-Enríquez
- CBRL, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, Mexico; Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - J Medina-Tamayo
- CBRL, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, Mexico; Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - G Soldevila
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - T I Fortoul
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - B Anton
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Neuroquímica de Adicciones, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, México, D.F., México
| | - L Flores-Romo
- Departmento de Biología Celular, CINVESTAV-IPN, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - E A García-Zepeda
- CBRL, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, Mexico; Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, Mexico.
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15
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Bachelerie F, Ben-Baruch A, Burkhardt AM, Combadiere C, Farber JM, Graham GJ, Horuk R, Sparre-Ulrich AH, Locati M, Luster AD, Mantovani A, Matsushima K, Murphy PM, Nibbs R, Nomiyama H, Power CA, Proudfoot AEI, Rosenkilde MM, Rot A, Sozzani S, Thelen M, Yoshie O, Zlotnik A. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [corrected]. LXXXIX. Update on the extended family of chemokine receptors and introducing a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:1-79. [PMID: 24218476 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen years ago, the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology approved a system for naming human seven-transmembrane (7TM) G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, the large family of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors that regulates immune system development and function, in large part by mediating leukocyte trafficking. This was announced in Pharmacological Reviews in a major overview of the first decade of research in this field [Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF, Hébert CA, Horuk R, Matsushima K, Miller LH, Oppenheim JJ, and Power CA (2000) Pharmacol Rev 52:145-176]. Since then, several new receptors have been discovered, and major advances have been made for the others in many areas, including structural biology, signal transduction mechanisms, biology, and pharmacology. New and diverse roles have been identified in infection, immunity, inflammation, development, cancer, and other areas. The first two drugs acting at chemokine receptors have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), maraviroc targeting CCR5 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, and plerixafor targeting CXCR4 for stem cell mobilization for transplantation in cancer, and other candidates are now undergoing pivotal clinical trials for diverse disease indications. In addition, a subfamily of atypical chemokine receptors has emerged that may signal through arrestins instead of G proteins to act as chemokine scavengers, and many microbial and invertebrate G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and soluble chemokine-binding proteins have been described. Here, we review this extended family of chemokine receptors and chemokine-binding proteins at the basic, translational, and clinical levels, including an update on drug development. We also introduce a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors with the stem ACKR (atypical chemokine receptor) approved by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology and the Human Genome Nomenclature Committee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francoise Bachelerie
- Chair, Subcommittee on Chemokine Receptors, Nomenclature Committee-International Union of Pharmacology, Bldg. 10, Room 11N113, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
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16
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Koenig C, Fischer-Posovszky P, Rojewski MT, Tews D, Schrezenmeier H, Wabitsch M, Gierschik P, Moepps B. Absence of CC chemokine receptors 2a and 2b from human adipose lineage cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 369:72-85. [PMID: 23376609 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous results have suggested the existence of receptors for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), CC chemokine receptors 2 (CCR2), in human adipocytes and their involvement in mediating effects of MCP-1 on adipocyte functions. However, the presence of CCR2 present on non-adipose-lineage cells of adipose tissue has not been excluded. We have used human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel-Syndrome (SGBS) preadipocytes and in-vitro-differentiated mature adipocytes to investigate the expression of CCR2 in human (pre)adipocytes. We found that the cells are devoid of CCR2 receptor protein and mRNA expression and fail to respond to treatment with all known CCR2 chemokine agonists. CCR2 is also absent from (pre)adipocytes prepared in vitro from human multipotent adipose-derived stem cells, bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, or from primary (pre)adipocytes. Conditions mimicking proinflammatory changes in adipose tissue did not induce CCR2 receptor expression. We conclude that CCR2 is absent from human adipose lineage cells. Functional effects previously described for MCP-1 in human adipose tissue may be mediated indirectly through paracrine effects on non-adipose-lineage cells or by a (pre)adipocyte receptor for MCP-1 distinct from CCR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Koenig
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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17
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Muñoz LM, Lucas P, Holgado BL, Barroso R, Vega B, Rodríguez-Frade JM, Mellado M. Receptor oligomerization: a pivotal mechanism for regulating chemokine function. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:351-8. [PMID: 21600920 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the first reports on chemokine function, much information has been generated on the implications of these molecules in numerous physiological and pathological processes, as well as on the signaling events activated through their binding to receptors. Despite these extensive studies, no chemokine-related drugs have yet been approved for use in patients with inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. This discrepancy between efforts and results has forced a re-evaluation of the chemokine field. We have explored chemokine receptor conformations at the cell surface and found that, as is the case for other G protein-coupled receptors, chemokine receptors are not isolated entities that are activated following ligand binding; rather, they are found as dimers and/or higher order oligomers at the cell surface, even in the absence of ligands. These complexes form organized arrays that can be modified by receptor expression and ligand levels, indicating that they are dynamic structures. The way in which these receptor complexes are stabilized modulates ligand binding, as well as their pharmacological properties and the signaling events activated. These conformations thus represent a mechanism that increases the broad variety of chemokine functions. Understanding these receptor interactions and their dynamics at the cell surface is thus critical for influencing chemokine function and could open up new possibilities for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martínez Muñoz
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco. Madrid E-28049, Spain
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18
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Berchiche YA, Gravel S, Pelletier ME, St-Onge G, Heveker N. Different effects of the different natural CC chemokine receptor 2b ligands on beta-arrestin recruitment, Gαi signaling, and receptor internalization. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 79:488-98. [PMID: 21088225 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.068486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR2, which has been implicated in a variety of inflammatory, autoimmune, and cardiovascular conditions, binds several natural chemokine ligands. Here, we assessed the recruitment of β-arrestin to CCR2 in response to these ligands using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer technology. Compared with CCL2, which was considered as a full agonist, other CCR2 ligands were partial agonists with reduced efficacy and potency. Agonist potencies were not a function of their affinity for CCR2. Efficacy of arrestin recruitment matched that of agonist-induced CCR2 internalization. Although the potency and efficacy rank orders of the ligands in arrestin recruitment were similar to those observed for Gα(i1) activation, arrestin recruitment was at least in part resistant to Gα(i/o)-inactivating pertussis toxin, suggesting partial independence from Gα(i/o). The degree of pertussis toxin resistance of arrestin recruitment was different between the chemokines. Moreover, qualitative differences between the arrestin responses to the different ligands were identified in the stability of the response: although CCL7-induced arrestin recruitment had a half-life of less than 15 min, CCL8 and CCL13 induced stable CCR2-arrestin interactions. Finally, the ligands stabilized different conformations of the CCR2 homodimer. Our results support the validity of models for receptor-ligand interactions in which different ligands stabilize different receptor conformations also for endogenous receptor ligands, with corresponding implications for drug development targeting CCR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamina A Berchiche
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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19
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Volpe S, Thelen S, Pertel T, Lohse MJ, Thelen M. Polarization of migrating monocytic cells is independent of PI 3-kinase activity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10159. [PMID: 20419163 PMCID: PMC2855346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Migration of mammalian cells is a complex cell type and environment specific process. Migrating hematopoietic cells assume a rapid amoeboid like movement when exposed to gradients of chemoattractants. The underlying signaling mechanisms remain controversial with respect to localization and distribution of chemotactic receptors within the plasma membrane and the role of PI 3-kinase activity in cell polarization. Methodology/Principal Findings We present a novel model for the investigation of human leukocyte migration. Monocytic THP-1 cells transfected with the α2A-adrenoceptor (α2AAR) display comparable signal transduction responses, such as calcium mobilization, MAP-kinase activation and chemotaxis, to the noradrenaline homlogue UK 14'304 as when stimulated with CCL2, which binds to the endogenous chemokine receptor CCR2. Time-lapse video microcopy reveals that chemotactic receptors remain evenly distributed over the plasma membrane and that their internalization is not required for migration. Measurements of intramolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) of α2AAR-YFP/CFP suggest a uniform activation of the receptors over the entire plasma membrane. Nevertheless, PI 3-kinse activation is confined to the leading edge. When reverting the gradient of chemoattractant by moving the dispensing micropipette, polarized monocytes – in contrast to neutrophils – rapidly flip their polarization axis by developing a new leading edge at the previous posterior side. Flipping of the polarization axis is accompanied by re-localization of PI-3-kinase activity to the new leading edge. However, reversal of the polarization axis occurs in the absence of PI 3-kinase activation. Conclusions/Significance Accumulation and internalization of chemotactic receptors at the leading edge is dispensable for cell migration. Furthermore, uniformly distributed receptors allow the cells to rapidly reorient and adapt to changes in the attractant cue. Polarized monocytes, which display typical amoeboid like motility, can rapidly develop a new leading edge facing the highest chemoattractant concentration at any site of the plasma membrane, including the uropod. The process appears to be independent of PI 3-kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Volpe
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pertel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin J. Lohse
- Rudolf Virchow Center and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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20
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Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a major chemoattractant for monocytes and memory T cells by means of their binding to its specific cell-surface receptor, CC-chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2). CCR2 belongs to the G-protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptor superfamily. The evidence in favor of CCR2 and MCP-1 having dominant roles in monocyte chemotaxis and chronic inflammation was provided by CCR2 and MCP-1 knockout mice. It has been recognized that CCR2 antagonists are potential therapeutic agents in preventing, treating, or ameliorating a CCR2-mediated inflammatory syndrome or disease such as psoriasis, uveitis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, obesity, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This review summarizes recent developments in small-molecule CCR2 antagonists disclosed by patent applications published between 2005 and 2008 and related publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingde Xia
- Drug Discovery, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development LLC, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA.
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21
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Hall AA, Herrera Y, Ajmo CT, Cuevas J, Pennypacker KR. Sigma receptors suppress multiple aspects of microglial activation. Glia 2009; 57:744-54. [PMID: 19031439 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
During brain injury, microglia become activated and migrate to areas of degenerating neurons. These microglia release proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species causing additional neuronal death. Microglia express high levels of sigma receptors, however, the function of these receptors in microglia and how they may affect the activation of these cells remain poorly understood. Using primary rat microglial cultures, it was found that sigma receptor activation suppresses the ability of microglia to rearrange their actin cytoskeleton, migrate, and release cytokines in response to the activators adenosine triphosphate (ATP), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Next, the role of sigma receptors in the regulation of calcium signaling during microglial activation was explored. Calcium fluorometry experiments in vitro show that stimulation of sigma receptors suppressed both transient and sustained intracellular calcium elevations associated with the microglial response to these activators. Further experiments showed that sigma receptors suppress microglial activation by interfering with increases in intracellular calcium. In addition, sigma receptor activation also prevented membrane ruffling in a calcium-independent manner, indicating that sigma receptors regulate the function of microglia via multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Hall
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612-4799, USA
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22
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Abstract
A prominent activity of the chemokine system is the regulation of leukocyte trafficking. Here we summarize recent findings on the initial steps in chemokine receptor-induced signal transduction in leukocytes. In particular, we discuss the potential influences of the formation of oligomers of ligand and receptor and of coupling between chemokine signals and regulators of the cytoskeleton, such as small GTPases.
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23
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Brühl H, Cihak J, Plachý J, Kunz-Schughart L, Niedermeier M, Denzel A, Rodriguez Gomez M, Talke Y, Luckow B, Stangassinger M, Mack M. Targeting of Gr-1+,CCR2+ monocytes in collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:2975-85. [PMID: 17763443 DOI: 10.1002/art.22854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The chemokine receptor CCR2 is highly expressed on monocytes and considered a promising target for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. However, blockade of CCR2 with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) during progression of collagen-induced arthritis results in a massive aggravation of the disease. In this study we investigated why CCR2 antibodies have proinflammatory effects, how these effects can be avoided, and whether CCR2+ monocytes are useful targets in the treatment of arthritis. METHODS Arthritis was induced in DBA/1 mice by immunization with type II collagen. Mice were treated with mAb against CCR2 (MC-21), IgE, or isotype control antibodies at various time points. Activation of basophils and depletion of monocyte subsets were determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Crosslinkage of CCR2 activated basophils to release interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-4. In vivo, IL-6 release occurred only after exposure to high doses of MC-21, whereas application of low doses of the mAb circumvented the release of IL-6. Regardless of the dose level used, the antibody MC-21 efficiently depleted Gr-1+,CCR2+ monocytes from the synovial tissue, peripheral blood, and spleen of DBA/1 mice. Activation of basophils with high doses of MC-21 or with antibodies against IgE resulted in a marked aggravation of collagen-induced arthritis and an increased release of IL-6. In contrast, low-dose treatment with MC-21 in this therapeutic setting had no effect on IL-6 and led to marked improvement of arthritis. CONCLUSION These results show that depletion of CCR2+ monocytes may prove to be a therapeutic option in inflammatory arthritis, as long as the dose-dependent proinflammatory effects of CCR2 mAb are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilke Brühl
- Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
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24
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Xia M, Hou C, DeMong DE, Pollack SR, Pan M, Brackley JA, Jain N, Gerchak C, Singer M, Malaviya R, Matheis M, Olini G, Cavender D, Wachter M. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship and in vivo antiinflammatory efficacy of substituted dipiperidines as CCR2 antagonists. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5561-3. [PMID: 17929797 DOI: 10.1021/jm070902b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of substituted dipiperidine compounds have been synthesized and identified as selective CCR2 antagonists. Combining the most favorable substituents led to the discovery of remarkably potent CCR2 antagonists displaying IC50 values in the nanomolar range. Compound 7a had outstanding selectivity over CCR1, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, and CCR8 and showed excellent efficacy in adjuvant-induced arthritis model, collagen-induced arthritis model, and allergic asthma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingde Xia
- Drug Discovery, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., 8 Clarke Drive, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512, USA.
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25
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Basu S, Jala VR, Mathis S, Rajagopal ST, Del Prete A, Maturu P, Trent JO, Haribabu B. Critical role for polar residues in coupling leukotriene B4 binding to signal transduction in BLT1. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:10005-10017. [PMID: 17237498 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609552200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) mediates a variety of inflammatory diseases such as asthma, arthritis, atherosclerosis, and cancer through activation of the G-protein-coupled receptor, BLT1. Using in silico molecular dynamics simulations combined with site-directed mutagenesis we characterized the ligand binding site and activation mechanism for BLT1. Mutation of residues predicted as potential ligand contact points in transmembrane domains (TMs) III (H94A and Y102A), V (E185A), and VI (N241A) resulted in reduced binding affinity. Analysis of arginines in extracellular loop 2 revealed that mutating arginine 156 but not arginine 171 or 178 to alanine resulted in complete loss of LTB(4) binding to BLT1. Structural models for the ligand-free and ligand-bound states of BLT1 revealed an activation core formed around Asp-64, displaying multiple dynamic interactions with Asn-36, Ser-100, and Asn-281 and a triad of serines, Ser-276, Ser-277, and Ser-278. Mutagenesis of many of these residues in BLT1 resulted in loss of signaling capacity while retaining normal LTB(4) binding function. Thus, polar residues within TMs III, V, and VI and extracellular loop 2 are critical for ligand binding, whereas polar residues in TMs II, III, and VII play a central role in transducing the ligand-induced conformational change to activation. The delineation of a validated binding site and activation mechanism should facilitate structure-based design of inhibitors targeting BLT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Basu
- Tumor Immunobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Venkatakrishna R Jala
- Tumor Immunobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Steven Mathis
- Tumor Immunobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | | | - Annalisa Del Prete
- Tumor Immunobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Paramahamsa Maturu
- Tumor Immunobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - John O Trent
- Tumor Immunobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences, Louisville, Kentucky 40202.
| | - Bodduluri Haribabu
- Tumor Immunobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisville, Kentucky 40202.
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26
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Penkowa M, Cáceres M, Borup R, Nielsen FC, Poulsen CB, Quintana A, Molinero A, Carrasco J, Florit S, Giralt M, Hidalgo J. Novel roles for metallothionein-I + II (MT-I + II) in defense responses, neurogenesis, and tissue restoration after traumatic brain injury: Insights from global gene expression profiling in wild-type and MT-I + II knockout mice. J Neurosci Res 2006; 84:1452-74. [PMID: 16941634 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the brain is one of the leading causes of injury-related death or disability, especially among young people. Inflammatory processes and oxidative stress likely underlie much of the damage elicited by injury, but the full repertoire of responses involved is not well known. A genomic approach, such as the use of microarrays, provides much insight in this regard, especially if combined with the use of gene-targeted animals. We report here the results of one of these studies comparing wild-type and metallothionein-I + II knockout mice subjected to a cryolesion of the somatosensorial cortex and killed at 0, 1, 4, 8, and 16 days postlesion (dpl) using Affymetrix genechips/oligonucleotide arrays interrogating approximately 10,000 different murine genes (MG_U74Av2). Hierarchical clustering analysis of these genes readily shows an orderly pattern of gene responses at specific times consistent with the processes involved in the initial tissue injury and later regeneration of the parenchyma, as well as a prominent effect of MT-I + II deficiency. The results thoroughly confirmed the importance of the antioxidant proteins MT-I + II in the response of the brain to injury and opened new avenues that were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Data in KO, MT-I-overexpressing, and MT-II-injected mice strongly suggest a role of these proteins in postlesional activation of neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Penkowa
- Section of Neuroprotection, Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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O'Boyle G, Brain JG, Kirby JA, Ali S. Chemokine-mediated inflammation: Identification of a possible regulatory role for CCR2. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:1944-53. [PMID: 17081610 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR2 binds four pro-inflammatory monocyte chemoattractant proteins, designated MCP1/CCL2, MCP2/CCL8, MCP3/CCL7 and MCP4/CCL13. This study demonstrates the important biology of this receptor during the response to the chemokine milieu. Competitive chemotaxis and calcium flux assays were performed utilising mixtures of chemokines to assess a hierarchal arrangement of chemokine prepotency; these demonstrated that the MCP2-CCR2 interaction is able to supersede signals generated by RANTES, another pro-inflammatory chemokine, or the homeostatic chemokine SDF1. These observations were validated using three physiologically relevant monocytic cell lines. Having identified the importance of CCR2, experiments were then performed to examine the signal transduction processes coupled to this receptor. G protein coupling was initially examined; Cholera toxin reduced the chemotactic response to MCP2 (p<0.001), whilst the response to the other MCP chemokines remained normal. The response to MCP2 was uniquely inhibited by elevated concentrations of cAMP and, unlike MCP1, 3 and 4 (p<0.05), MCP2 failed to inhibit adenylate cyclase. Expression of dominant negative H-ras demonstrated that each MCP chemokine required active ras in order to elicit ERK activation and a chemotactic response. Unlike MCP1, MCP2 failed to induce nuclear translocation of activated ERK1 or subsequent induction of c-Myc expression. Akt activation also showed ligand-specific differences, with MCP2 producing a delayed response compared to the other MCP chemokines. Together these data highlight the importance of CCR2 and suggest that it is a powerful tool for fine tuning the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme O'Boyle
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
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28
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Abstract
Studies of two antibodies, efalizumab and natalizumab, have recently demonstrated that the blockade of leukocyte migration is of therapeutic benefit for the treatment of diseases such as psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. The role of chemokines in the control of cell traffic led to their receptors being considered one of the most promising family of targets aimed at disrupting cell recruitment in chronic inflammatory processes. Choosing the appropriate chemokine receptor for each disease was not easy, and the interpretation of target validation studies proved to be extremely difficult. Despite an intense effort in the search for chemokine receptor antagonists in the last decade, no compounds in advanced clinical trials exist as such. The inherent complexity of the family, the differences between the chemokine system in mice and men, and the species selectivity of small-molecule compounds could account for this fact. Pharmaceutical companies still believe in chemokine receptors as therapeutic targets, as demonstrated by the number of compounds reported to be in development. In the next years, the developmental progression of these compounds will reveal which target within the chemokine family is of real therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Godessart
- Department of Biology, Almirall Research Center, Cardener 68-74, 08024 Barcelona, Spain.
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29
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Palmesino E, Moepps B, Gierschik P, Thelen M. Differences in CXCR4-mediated signaling in B cells. Immunobiology 2006; 211:377-89. [PMID: 16716807 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Among all chemokine receptors CXCR4 possesses a unique response profile and distinguishes itself through a prolonged signaling capacity. Here, we investigated the signaling capacity of CXCR4 to its so far known unique ligand CXCL12 in B cell lines and primary CD19(+) B lymphocytes. During lymphopoiesis, CXCR4 is continuously expressed on the surface of B cells. However, its signaling profile changes inasmuch preB and proB cells migrate towards CXCL12, mobilize intracellular calcium and activate the small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42, whereas mature B cells do not show these responses, albeit the cells retain the capability to migrate in response to CXCL13 and CCL21. By contrast, stimulation of B cells with CXCL12 at all stages of development results in the activation of the MAP-kinase cascade and in rapid CXCR4 internalization. The pathways leading to ERK1/2 activation are different in preB and mature B cell lines. In either case, ERK1/2 activation is pertussis toxin sensitive, but only in mature B-cells inhibition of PI3-kinase causes an almost complete block of ERK1/2 activation. Taken together, the results show that CXCR4 changes its coupling to downstream signal-transduction pathways in B cells, suggesting that receptor activity may depend on accessory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Palmesino
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
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30
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Arefieva TI, Kukhtina NB, Antonova OA, Krasnikova TL. MCP-1-stimulated chemotaxis of monocytic and endothelial cells is dependent on activation of different signaling cascades. Cytokine 2005; 31:439-46. [PMID: 16105742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2005.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Revised: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is important in attracting monocytes to sites of inflammation. Besides induction of monocyte recruitment, MCP-1 can also affect chemotactic response of endothelial cells. The molecular mechanisms involved in MCP-1-induced cell migration are poorly understood. In the current investigation, we demonstrate activation of p42/44(ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), phosphatydilinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and Src-kinases in both monocytes and endothelial cells stimulated with MCP-1 in vitro. The response was rapid and time-dependent, detectable within 3 min of MCP-1 stimulation. MCP-1-induced phosphorylation of p42/44(ERK1/2) MAPKs was partially blocked by inhibitor of PI3K LY294002, while phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was diminished to a greater extent in presence of Src-kinase inhibitor PP2. There was a substantial inhibition of monocyte migration upon treatment with inhibitors of p38 MAPK, at the same time inhibition of p42/44(ERK1/2) MAPK activation had no effect. On the contrary, the MCP-1-stimulated chemotaxis of endothelial cells was completely abolished by inhibitors of PI3K and p42/44(ERK1/2), but not by p38 MAPK inhibitors. These results suggest that parallel signal transduction pathways are activated by MCP-1, and that depending on the cell type these pathways differentially contribute to cell chemotactic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana I Arefieva
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
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31
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Simões RL, Fierro IM. Involvement of the Rho-kinase/myosin light chain kinase pathway on human monocyte chemotaxis induced by ATL-1, an aspirin-triggered lipoxin A4 synthetic analog. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1843-50. [PMID: 16034127 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxins (LX) are arachidonic acid metabolites able to induce monocyte chemotaxis in vitro and in vivo. Nonetheless, the signaling pathways mediating this process are yet unclear. In this study, we have investigated the mechanisms associated with human monocyte activation in response to 15-epi-16-(para-fluoro)-phenoxy-LXA4 (ATL-1), a stable 15-epi-LXA4 analog. Our results demonstrate that ATL-1-induced monocyte chemotaxis (10-300 nM) is inhibited by pertussis toxin, suggesting an effect via the G-protein-linked LXA4 receptor. Monocytes stimulated with the analog presented an increased ERK-2 phosphorylation, which was reduced by PD98059, a selective inhibitor of the MEK 1/2 pathway. After exposure of the cells to ATL-1, myosin L chain kinase (MLCK) phosphorylation was evident and this effect was inhibited by PD98059 or Y-27632, a specific inhibitor of Rho kinase. In addition, Y-27632 abolished ERK-2 activation, suggesting that the MAPK pathway is downstream of Rho/Rho kinase in MLCK activation induced by ATL-1. The specific MLCK inhibitor ML-7, as well as Y-27632, abrogated monocyte chemotaxis stimulated by the analog, confirming the central role of the Rho kinase/MLCK pathway on ATL-1 action. Together, these results indicate that ATL-1 acts as a potent monocyte chemoattractant via Rho kinase and MLCK. The present study clarifies some of the mechanisms involved on the activation of monocytes by LXs and opens new avenues for investigation of these checkpoint controllers of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael L Simões
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Psicobiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcāntara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Fulkerson PC, Zhu H, Williams DA, Zimmermann N, Rothenberg ME. CXCL9 inhibits eosinophil responses by a CCR3- and Rac2-dependent mechanism. Blood 2005; 106:436-43. [PMID: 15802529 PMCID: PMC1895169 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-02-0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, inhibitory cytokine pathways for leukocyte chemoattraction and activation have been identified, but there is little insight into the operational mechanisms except for models that rely on simple receptor antagonism. We have previously identified the existence of a murine eosinophil inhibitory pathway mediated by the CXC chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9, Mig [monokine induced by interferon-gamma]) that impressively blocks eosinophil chemoattraction and function, but the mechanism has remained elusive. We now demonstrate that Mig's inhibitory action extends beyond receptor antagonism alone. Notably, in addition to inhibiting eotaxin-induced filamentous actin (F-actin) formation and chemoattraction, Mig potently blocks platelet activating factor (PAF)- and leukotriene B4 (LTB4)-induced responses. Remarkably, Mig-treated eosinophils display an abnormal F-actin assembly in the absence of agonist stimulation. Additionally, Mig pretreatment inhibits eotaxin-induced activation of the Rho-guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rac, and Rac2-deficient eosinophils demonstrate an impaired transmigration and actin polymerization response to eotaxin stimulation. Furthermore, Mig was unable to inhibit eotaxin-induced responses in Rac2-deficient eosinophils. Finally, using CCR3 gene-targeted cells, Mig's inhibitory activity is demonstrated to be mediated by CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3). Thus, by altering agonist-induced signaling and abrogating cytoskeletal reorganization by a Rac2-dependent mechanism, Mig markedly inhibits eosinophil responses to diverse stimuli. These results establish evidence that distinct chemokines can use CCR3 to induce opposing signals in eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Fulkerson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45229-3039, USA
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33
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Terricabras E, Benjamim C, Godessart N. Drug discovery and chemokine receptor antagonists: eppur si muove! Autoimmun Rev 2005; 3:550-6. [PMID: 15546804 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2004.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The blockade of leukocyte migration has been demonstrated to be a valid option for the treatment of several autoimmune diseases. Chemokines play an active role in regulating cell infiltration into inflammatory sites and disrupting chemokine-receptor interactions has emerged as an alternative therapeutic approach. Pharmaceutical companies have developed an intense activity in the drug discovery of chemokine receptor antagonists in the last 10 years. Potent and selective compounds have been obtained and some of them are currently being evaluated in the clinic. The success of these trials will demonstrate whether the blockade of a single receptor is of therapeutic benefit. Alternative approaches, such as pan-receptor antagonists or inhibitors of the signalling pathways evoked by chemokines, are also being explored. In the meantime, new relationships between chemokines and receptors will be revealed, increasing our knowledge of such a fascinating field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Terricabras
- Department of Biology, Almirall Research Center, Cardener 68-74, 08024 Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Comerford I, Nibbs RJB. Post-translational control of chemokines: a role for decoy receptors? Immunol Lett 2005; 96:163-74. [PMID: 15585320 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2004] [Revised: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It is well-established that chemokines play a critical role in the orchestration of inflammation and immunity. Interactions between chemokines and their receptors are essential for the homing of specific subsets of leukocytes to their functional microenvironments. They also influence other diverse biological processes such as development, leukocyte activation, Th1/Th2 polarisation, tumour metastasis, angiogenesis, and HIV pathogenesis. However, despite their importance, only now are we beginning to understand the complex regulation brought to bear on these molecules. In this review, we discuss a number of these key chemokine regulators that exert their influence once these proteins have been synthesised. We examine (i) chemokine storage, release, and presentation, (ii) protease regulation, (iii) viral manipulation of host chemokines, and (iv) natural mammalian receptor antagonists. Principally, the growing evidence for a role for decoy receptors in the chemokine system is discussed. In particular, the potential decoy function of the 'silent' pro-inflammatory chemokine receptor D6 is described alongside two other candidate decoy receptor molecules, DARC, and CCX-CKR. Dissecting the biological and pathological function of these chemokine controllers will lead to a deeper understanding of chemokine regulation, and may reveal novel strategies to therapeutically modify the chemokine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Comerford
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Laboratories, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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