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Liu S, Lagos J, Shumlak NM, Largent AD, Lewis ST, Holder U, Du SW, Liu Y, Hou B, Acharya M, Jackson SW. NADPH oxidase exerts a B cell-intrinsic contribution to lupus risk by modulating endosomal TLR signals. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230774. [PMID: 38442270 PMCID: PMC10913815 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have linked loss-of-function mutations in phagocytic NADPH oxidase complex (NOX2) genes, including NCF1 and NCF2, to disease pathogenesis. The prevailing model holds that reduced NOX2 activity promotes SLE via defective efferocytosis, the immunologically silent clearance of apoptotic cells. Here, we describe a parallel B cell-intrinsic mechanism contributing to breaks in tolerance. In keeping with an important role for B cell Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways in lupus pathogenesis, NOX2-deficient B cells exhibit enhanced signaling downstream of endosomal TLRs, increased humoral responses to nucleic acid-containing antigens, and the propensity toward humoral autoimmunity. Mechanistically, TLR-dependent NOX2 activation promotes LC3-mediated maturation of TLR-containing endosomes, resulting in signal termination. CRISPR-mediated disruption of NCF1 confirmed a direct role for NOX2 in regulating endosomal TLR signaling in primary human B cells. Together, these data highlight a new B cell-specific mechanism contributing to autoimmune risk in NCF1 and NCF2 variant carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuozhi Liu
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ursula Holder
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samuel W. Du
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yifan Liu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baidong Hou
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mridu Acharya
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shaun W. Jackson
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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2
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Gomez-Bañuelos E, Yu Y, Li J, Cashman KS, Paz M, Trejo-Zambrano MI, Bugrovsky R, Wang Y, Chida AS, Sherman-Baust CA, Ferris DP, Goldman DW, Darrah E, Petri M, Sanz I, Andrade F. Affinity maturation generates pathogenic antibodies with dual reactivity to DNase1L3 and dsDNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1388. [PMID: 36941260 PMCID: PMC10027674 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-dsDNA antibodies are pathogenically heterogeneous, implying distinct origins and antigenic properties. Unexpectedly, during the clinical and molecular characterization of autoantibodies to the endonuclease DNase1L3 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we identified a subset of neutralizing anti-DNase1L3 antibodies previously catalogued as anti-dsDNA. Based on their variable heavy-chain (VH) gene usage, these antibodies can be divided in two groups. One group is encoded by the inherently autoreactive VH4-34 gene segment, derives from anti-DNase1L3 germline-encoded precursors, and gains cross-reactivity to dsDNA - and some additionally to cardiolipin - following somatic hypermutation. The second group, originally defined as nephritogenic anti-dsDNA antibodies, is encoded by diverse VH gene segments. Although affinity maturation results in dual reactivity to DNase1L3 and dsDNA, their binding efficiencies favor DNase1L3 as the primary antigen. Clinical, transcriptional and monoclonal antibody data support that cross-reactive anti-DNase1L3/dsDNA antibodies are more pathogenic than single reactive anti-dsDNA antibodies. These findings point to DNase1L3 as the primary target of a subset of antibodies classified as anti-dsDNA, shedding light on the origin and pathogenic heterogeneity of antibodies reactive to dsDNA in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gomez-Bañuelos
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Yikai Yu
- Department of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jessica Li
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Kevin S Cashman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Merlin Paz
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | | | - Regina Bugrovsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Youliang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Asiya Seema Chida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Cheryl A Sherman-Baust
- Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Dylan P Ferris
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Daniel W Goldman
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Erika Darrah
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Michelle Petri
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Iñaki Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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3
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Manca E. Autoantibodies in Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (NPSLE): Can They Be Used as Biomarkers for the Differential Diagnosis of This Disease? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2022; 63:194-209. [PMID: 34115263 PMCID: PMC9464150 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a complex immunological disease where both environmental factors and genetic predisposition lead to the dysregulation of important immune mechanisms. Eventually, the combination of these factors leads to the production of self-reactive antibodies that can target any organ or tissue of the human body. Autoantibodies can form immune complexes responsible for both the organ damage and the most severe complications. Involvement of the central nervous system defines a subcategory of the disease, generally known with the denomination of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Neuropsychiatric symptoms can range from relatively mild manifestations, such as headache, to more severe complications, such as psychosis. The evaluation of the presence of the autoantibodies in the serum of these patients is the most helpful diagnostic tool for the assessment of the disease. The scientific progresses achieved in the last decades helped researchers and physicians to discover some of autoepitopes targeted by the autoantibodies, although the majority of them have not been identified yet. Additionally, the central nervous system is full of epitopes that cannot be found elsewhere in the human body, for this reason, autoantibodies that selectively target these epitopes might be used for the differential diagnosis between patients with and without the neuropsychiatric symptoms. In this review, the most relevant data is reported with regard to mechanisms implicated in the production of autoantibodies and the most important autoantibodies found among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with and without the neuropsychiatric manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
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4
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Castleman MJ, Stumpf MM, Therrien NR, Smith MJ, Lesteberg KE, Palmer BE, Maloney JP, Janssen WJ, Mould KJ, Beckham JD, Pelanda R, Torres RM. Autoantibodies elicited with SARS-CoV-2 infection are linked to alterations in double negative B cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:988125. [PMID: 36131937 PMCID: PMC9484582 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.988125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Double negative (DN) B cells (CD27-IgD-) comprise a heterogenous population of DN1, DN2, and the recently described DN3 and DN4 subsets. In autoimmune disease, DN2 cells are reported to be precursors to autoreactive antibody secreting cells and expansion of DN2 cells is linked to elevated interferon levels. Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by elevated systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and serum autoantibodies and expansion of the DN2 subset in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported. However, the activation status, functional capacity and contribution to virally-induced autoantibody production by DN subsets is not established. Here, we validate the finding that severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a reduction in the frequency of DN1 cells coinciding with an increase in the frequency of DN2 and DN3 cells. We further demonstrate that with severe viral infection DN subsets are at a heightened level of activation, display changes in immunoglobulin class isotype frequency and have functional BCR signaling. Increases in overall systemic inflammation (CRP), as well as specific pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IFNγ, IL-1β), significantly correlate with the skewing of DN1, DN2 and DN3 subsets during severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Importantly, the reduction in DN1 cell frequency and expansion of the DN3 population during severe infection significantly correlates with increased levels of serum autoantibodies. Thus, systemic inflammation during SARS-CoV-2 infection drives changes in Double Negative subset frequency, likely impacting their contribution to generation of autoreactive antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah J. Castleman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Megan M. Stumpf
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Therrien
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mia J. Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kelsey E. Lesteberg
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - James P. Maloney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - William J. Janssen
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kara J. Mould
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - J. David Beckham
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans affairs (VA), Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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5
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Dysregulated naïve B cells and de novo autoreactivity in severe COVID-19. Nature 2022; 611:139-147. [PMID: 36044993 PMCID: PMC9630115 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection1 has been associated with highly inflammatory immune activation since the earliest days of the COVID-19 pandemic2–5. More recently, these responses have been associated with the emergence of self-reactive antibodies with pathologic potential6–10, although their origins and resolution have remained unclear11. Previously, we and others have identified extrafollicular B cell activation, a pathway associated with the formation of new autoreactive antibodies in chronic autoimmunity12,13, as a dominant feature of severe and critical COVID-19 (refs. 14–18). Here, using single-cell B cell repertoire analysis of patients with mild and severe disease, we identify the expansion of a naive-derived, low-mutation IgG1 population of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) reflecting features of low selective pressure. These features correlate with progressive, broad, clinically relevant autoreactivity, particularly directed against nuclear antigens and carbamylated proteins, emerging 10–15 days after the onset of symptoms. Detailed analysis of the low-selection compartment shows a high frequency of clonotypes specific for both SARS-CoV-2 and autoantigens, including pathogenic autoantibodies against the glomerular basement membrane. We further identify the contraction of this pathway on recovery, re-establishment of tolerance standards and concomitant loss of acute-derived ASCs irrespective of antigen specificity. However, serological autoreactivity persists in a subset of patients with postacute sequelae, raising important questions as to the contribution of emerging autoreactivity to continuing symptomology on recovery. In summary, this study demonstrates the origins, breadth and resolution of autoreactivity in severe COVID-19, with implications for early intervention and the treatment of patients with post-COVID sequelae. Single-cell B cell repertoire analysis identifies the expansion of a naive-derived population of antibody-secreting cells contributing to de novo autoreactivity in patients with severe COVID-19 and those with post-COVID symptoms.
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6
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Young C, Lau AWY, Burnett DL. B cells in the balance: Offsetting self-reactivity avoidance with protection against foreign. Front Immunol 2022; 13:951385. [PMID: 35967439 PMCID: PMC9364820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.951385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are theoretically limitless in their diversity and specificity to foreign antigens; however they are constrained by the need to avoid binding to self. Germinal centers (GC) allow diversification and maturation of the antibody response towards the foreign antigen. While self-tolerance mechanisms controlling self-reactivity during B cell maturation are well recognized, the mechanisms by which GCs balance self-tolerance and foreign binding especially in the face of cross-reactivity between self and foreign, remain much less well defined. In this review we explore the extent to which GC self-tolerance restricts affinity maturation. We present studies suggesting that the outcome is situationally dependent, affected by affinity and avidity to self-antigen, and the extent to which self-binding and foreign-binding are interdependent. While auto-reactive GC B cells can mutate away from self while maturing towards the foreign antigen, if no mutational trajectories allow for self-reactive redemption, self-tolerance prevails and GC responses to the foreign pathogen are restricted, except when self-tolerance checkpoints are relaxed. Finally, we consider whether polyreactivity is subject to the same level of restriction in GC responses, especially if polyreactivity is linked to an increase in foreign protection, as occurs in certain broadly neutralizing antibodies. Overall, the outcomes for GC B cells that bind self-antigen can range from redemption, transient relaxation in self-tolerance or restriction of the antibody response to the foreign pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Young
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Clara Young, ; Deborah L. Burnett,
| | - Angelica W. Y. Lau
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah L. Burnett
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Clara Young, ; Deborah L. Burnett,
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7
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Novel CD81 Mutations in a Chinese Patient Led to IgA Nephropathy and Impaired BCR Signaling. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:1672-1684. [PMID: 35849269 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CD81 deficiency is an extremely rare primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by severe and recurrent infections, IgA-related nephropathy, and profound hypogammaglobulinemia. Only one patient has been reported so far, and the pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we identified a new case of CD81 deficiency and described its pathogenesis. METHODS We analyzed the clinical, genetic, and immunological features of the patient with CD81 deficiency, and explored the pathogenesis of her antibody deficiencies. RESULTS The major manifestation of this patient was unexpectedly not recurrent infections but IgA nephropathy with aberrant serum galactose-deficient IgA1. Whole-exome sequencing revealed novel biallelic mutations in CD81 gene that abolished the surface expression of CD81. B cells from the patient lack membrane CD19 and showed reduced switched memory B cells and transitional B cells. Decreased expression of key molecules pY and pBTK in BCR signaling were demonstrated by confocal microscopy. RNA sequencing revealed that genes associated with BCR signaling and immunoglobulins were downregulated in CD81-deficient B cells. In addition, the patient showed increased frequency of T follicular helper cells that biased to Th1-like subsets. CONCLUSION We reported the second patient with CD81 deficiency in the world and illustrated aberrant BCR signaling in the patient, therefore helping to unravel the mechanism of antibody deficiency in CD81-deficient patients.
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8
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Ambegaonkar AA, Holla P, Dizon BL, Sohn H, Pierce SK. Atypical B cells in chronic infectious diseases and systemic autoimmunity: puzzles with many missing pieces. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 77:102227. [PMID: 35724448 PMCID: PMC9612402 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The world’s struggle to contain the
SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, primarily through vaccination, has highlighted the
importance of better understanding the biology of B cells that
participate in defense against infectious diseases, both acute and
chronic. Here, we focus on a population of human B cells, termed atypical
B cells (ABCs), that comprise a distinct B-cell lineage that
differentiates from naive B cells in an interferon-γ-driven process, and
are infrequent in healthy individuals but significantly expanded in
chronic infectious diseases, including malaria, as well as in systemic
autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Recent
comparisons of ABCs by single-cell RNAseq provided evidence that ABCs in
diverse chronic infectious diseases and in systemic autoimmune diseases
are highly related and share common drivers of differentiation and
expansion. However, ABCs in different diseases are not identical and also
show discrete disease-specific features. Here, we compare and contrast
key features of two ABC populations, namely those that are expanded in
individuals living in malaria-endemic areas of the world versus those in
SLE patients. This comparison is of interest as it appears that unique
features of these two diseases result in participation of autoreactive
ABCs in parasite-specific responses in malaria but in pathogenic
autoimmune responses in SLE. A better understanding of the commonality
and differences in the ABC responses in these two diseases may provide
critical insights into the development of vaccines that drive
pathogen-specific antibody responses and avoid
autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit A Ambegaonkar
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Prasida Holla
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Brian Lp Dizon
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA; Rheumatology Fellowship and Training Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Haewon Sohn
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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9
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Castleman MJ, Stumpf MM, Therrien NR, Smith MJ, Lesteberg KE, Palmer BE, Maloney JP, Janssen WJ, Mould KJ, Beckham JD, Pelanda R, Torres RM. SARS-CoV-2 infection relaxes peripheral B cell tolerance. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20212553. [PMID: 35420627 PMCID: PMC9014793 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with strong inflammation and autoantibody production against diverse self-antigens, suggesting a system-wide defect in B cell tolerance. BND cells are a B cell subset in healthy individuals harboring autoreactive but anergic B lymphocytes. In vitro evidence suggests inflammatory stimuli can breach peripheral B cell tolerance in this subset. We asked whether SARS-CoV-2-associated inflammation impairs BND cell peripheral tolerance. To address this, PBMCs and plasma were collected from healthy controls, individuals immunized against SARS-CoV-2, or subjects with convalescent or severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. We demonstrate that BND cells from severely infected individuals are significantly activated, display reduced inhibitory receptor expression, and restored BCR signaling, indicative of a breach in anergy during viral infection, supported by increased levels of autoreactive antibodies. The phenotypic and functional BND cell alterations significantly correlate with increased inflammation in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, autoreactive BND cells are released from peripheral tolerance with SARS-CoV-2 infection, likely as a consequence of robust systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah J. Castleman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Megan M. Stumpf
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Nicholas R. Therrien
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Mia J. Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Kelsey E. Lesteberg
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - James P. Maloney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - William J. Janssen
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Kara J. Mould
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - J. David Beckham
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA, Medical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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10
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Chang AJ, Baron S, Hoffman J, Hicar MD. Clonal expansion and markers of directed mutation of IGHV4-34 B cells in plasmablasts during Kawasaki disease. Mol Immunol 2022; 145:67-77. [PMID: 35303530 PMCID: PMC9166636 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children. The cause remains unknown; however, epidemiologic and demographic data support a single preceding infectious agent may lead to KD. A variety of pathophysiologic responses have been proposed, including direct invasion of the coronary arteries, a superantigen response, and a post-infectious autoimmune phenomenon. A role for B cell responses during KD are supported by numerous findings including B cell specific markers identified in genome wide association studies. We have recently published data showing children with KD have similar plasmablast (PB) responses to children with infections. Since during other infections, cells expressing antibodies against the preceding infection are enriched in PBs, we sought to explore the specific antibodies encoded by PBs during KD. In one child we see a massive expansion in IGHV4-34 utilizing antibodies, which has been associated with autoimmunity in the past. We further explored this expansion of IGHV4-34 utilization during the peripheral PB rise with next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis and utilizing newer techniques of chromium chip single cell separation (10x Genomics®). We also utilized peptide array screening to attempt to identify an antigen to the most prolific clones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Baron
- University at Buffalo, Department of Pediatrics, USA
| | | | - Mark D Hicar
- University at Buffalo, Department of Pediatrics, USA.
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11
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Peterson JN, Boackle SA, Taitano SH, Sang A, Lang J, Kelly M, Rahkola JT, Miranda AM, Sheridan RM, Thurman JM, Rao VK, Torres RM, Pelanda R. Elevated Detection of Dual Antibody B Cells Identifies Lupus Patients With B Cell-Reactive VH4-34 Autoantibodies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:795209. [PMID: 35185888 PMCID: PMC8854503 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.795209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
About 5% of B cells in healthy mice and humans are allelically or isotypically included and hence co-express two different antibodies. In mice, dual antibody B cells (B2R) expand with systemic autoimmunity, co-express autoreactive and non-autoreactive antibodies, and participate in immune responses, but this phenomenon is strain dependent. This study was developed with two goals: 1) to establish the contribution of TLR and IFN receptor signaling to the development of germinal center B cells that express two antibodies in MRL/lpr mice; and 2) to determine whether B2R B cells are increased and particularly activated in a subset of adult patients diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Results from the MRL/lpr studies indicate that the enhanced differentiation of dual-κ B cells into germinal center B cells is due to a heightened response to TLR7 and TLR9 signaling, further fueled by an increased response to type II IFN. To understand the clinical and translational implications of our observations in mouse B2R B cells, cohorts of SLE patients and healthy controls were recruited and evaluated for expression of dual BCRs. Results from flow cytometry and microscopy revealed supraphysiological frequencies of κ+λ+ B2R cells in one fourth of the SLE patients. Abnormal numbers of κ+λ+ B cells correlated with higher frequencies of activated naïve B cells and age-associated B cells, and a lower proportion of "B cells that are naïve IgD+" (BND). However, results from single cell V(D)J sequencing demonstrated that these high κ+λ+ SLE patients harbored normal frequencies of κ+λ+ and other B2R B cells. and we further show that their B cells were instead decorated by κ and λ VH4-34 autoantibodies. Thus, our findings indicate that elevated flow cytometric detection of isotypically-included B cells can identify patients with high titers of B cell-reactive VH4-34 autoantibodies and abnormal distribution of B cell subsets relevant to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob N. Peterson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Susan A. Boackle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sophina H. Taitano
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Allison Sang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Julie Lang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Margot Kelly
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeremy T. Rahkola
- Mucosa and Vaccine Research Program Colorado, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anjelica M. Miranda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ryan M. Sheridan
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Joshua M. Thurman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - V. Koneti Rao
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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12
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Stanganelli C, Torres DC, Ortega C, Márquez ME, Remedi V, Cabrera J, Mardaraz C, Galvano C, Krzywinski A, Lang C, Zanella L, Agriello E, Bezares R, Pavlovsky A, Pavlovsky MA, Oppezzo P, Slavutsky I. Somatic hypermutation profiles in stereotyped IGHV4-34 receptors from South American chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Ann Hematol 2022; 101:341-348. [PMID: 34713310 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-021-04703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common mature B-cell neoplasm in the West. IGHV4-34 is one of the most frequently used genes in CLL patients, which usually display an indolent outcome. In this study, we explored the mutational profile of CLL patients expressing IGHV4-34 within different stereotypes and their association with prognostic factors and clinical outcome. A multi-institutional cohort of unselected 1444 CLL patients was analyzed by RT-PCR and bidirectional sequencing. Cytogenetics and molecular cytogenetics analyses were also performed. We identified 144 (10%) IGHV4-34 expressing cases, 119 mutated (M), 44 of them with stereotyped B-cell receptors. Subset #4 was the most frequent (56.8% of cases) followed by subsets #16 (13.6%), #29 (6.8%), and #201 (2.3%), with different distribution among countries. Analysis of somatic hypermutation profile showed significant differences among stereotyped subsets for G28>D/E, P45>S, E55>Q, and S64>I changes (p < 0.01) and high frequency of disruption of the glycosylation motif in the VH CDR2 region. All stereotyped IGHV4-34 cases showed normal karyotypes. Deletion 13q14 as a sole alteration was present in 42.8% of stereotyped cases with a different distribution among subsets. A shorter time to first treatment was found in non-stereotyped vs. stereotyped M-IGHV4-34 patients (p = 0.034). Our results add new information supporting the importance of recurrent amino acid changes at particular positions, contributing to refine the molecular characterization of South American CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Stanganelli
- División Patología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina (ANM), Pacheco de Melo 3081, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Davi Coe Torres
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Río de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Ortega
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Elena Márquez
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Victoria Remedi
- Hospital Maciel, Administración Servicios de Salud del Estado, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juana Cabrera
- División Patología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina (ANM), Pacheco de Melo 3081, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Camila Galvano
- Laboratorio de Genética de Neoplasias Linfoides, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET-ANM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Krzywinski
- Laboratorio de Genética de Neoplasias Linfoides, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET-ANM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Lang
- Laboratorio de Especialidades Bioquímicas, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Lorena Zanella
- Laboratorio de Especialidades Bioquímicas, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | | | - Raimundo Bezares
- Hospital General de Agudos Teodoro Álvarez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Pablo Oppezzo
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Irma Slavutsky
- Laboratorio de Genética de Neoplasias Linfoides, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET-ANM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Bier J, Deenick EK. The role of dysregulated PI3Kdelta signaling in human autoimmunity*. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:134-144. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bier
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst New South Wales Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Elissa K. Deenick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst New South Wales Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
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14
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Braddom AE, Bol S, Gonzales SJ, Reyes RA, Musinguzi K, Nankya F, Ssewanyana I, Greenhouse B, Bunnik EM. B Cell Receptor Repertoire Analysis in Malaria-Naive and Malaria-Experienced Individuals Reveals Unique Characteristics of Atypical Memory B Cells. mSphere 2021; 6:e0072621. [PMID: 34523978 PMCID: PMC8550134 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00726-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus, is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality globally. Chronic Plasmodium falciparum exposure affects the B cell compartment, leading to the accumulation of atypical memory B cells (atMBCs). IgM-positive (IgM+) and IgG+ atMBCs have not been compared in-depth in the context of malaria, nor is it known if atMBCs in malaria-experienced individuals are different from phenotypically similar B cells in individuals with no known history of Plasmodium exposure. To address these questions, we characterized the B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire of naive B cells (NBCs), IgM+ and IgG+ classical MBCs (cMBCs), and IgM+ and IgG+ atMBCs from 13 malaria-naive American adults and 7 malaria-experienced Ugandan adults. Our results demonstrate that P. falciparum exposure mainly drives changes in atMBCs. In comparison to malaria-naive adults, the BCR repertoire of Plasmodium-exposed adults showed increased levels of somatic hypermutation in the heavy chain V region in IgM+ and IgG+ atMBCs, shorter heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) in IgG+ atMBCs, and increased usage of IGHV3-73 in IgG+ cMBCs and both IgM+ and IgG+ atMBCs. Irrespective of Plasmodium exposure, IgM+ atMBCs closely resembled NBCs, while IgG+ atMBCs resembled IgG+ cMBCs. Physicochemical properties of the HCDR3 seemed to be intrinsic to cell type and independent of malaria experience. The resemblance between atMBCs from Plasmodium-exposed and naive adults suggests similar differentiation pathways regardless of chronic antigen exposure. Moreover, these data demonstrate that IgM+ and IgG+ atMBCs are distinct populations that should be considered separately in future analyses. IMPORTANCE Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites, still contributes to a high global burden of disease, mainly in children under 5 years of age. Chronic and recurrent Plasmodium infections affect the development of B cell memory against the parasite and promote the accumulation of atypical memory B cells (atMBCs), which have an unclear function in the immune response. Understanding where these cells originate from and whether they are beneficial in the immune response to Plasmodium will help inform vaccination development efforts. We found differences in B cell receptor (BCR) properties of atMBCs between malaria-naive and malaria-experienced adults that are suggestive of divergent selection processes, resulting in more somatic hypermutation and differential immunoglobulin heavy chain V (IGHV) gene usage. Despite these differences, atMBCs from malaria-naive and malaria-experienced adults also showed many similarities in BCR characteristics, such as physicochemical properties of the HCDR3 region, suggesting that atMBCs undergo similar differentiation pathways in response to different pathogens. Our study provides new insights into the effects of malaria experience on the B cell compartment and the relationships between atMBCs and other B cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E. Braddom
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Sebastiaan Bol
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - S. Jake Gonzales
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Raphael A. Reyes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Isaac Ssewanyana
- Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Evelien M. Bunnik
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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15
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Yu X, Zizzo Z, Kennedy PG. An appraisal of antigen identification and IgG effector functions driving host immune responses in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 56:103328. [PMID: 34666240 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and oligoclonal bands (OCB) are the most characteristic features of multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease with neurodegeneration at chronic stages. OCB are shown to be associated with disease activity and brain atrophy. Despite intensive research over the last several decades, the antigen specificities of the IgG in MS have remained elusive. We present evidence which supports that intrathecal IgG is not driven by antigen-stimulation, therefore provide reasoning for failed MS antigen identification. Further, the presence of co-deposition of IgG and activated complement products in MS lesions suggest that the IgG effector functions may play a critical role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America.
| | - Zoe Zizzo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Peter Ge Kennedy
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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16
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Jenks SA, Wei C, Bugrovsky R, Hill A, Wang X, Rossi FM, Cashman K, Woodruff MC, Aspey LD, Lim SS, Bao G, Drenkard C, Sanz I. B cell subset composition segments clinically and serologically distinct groups in chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2021; 80:1190-1200. [PMID: 34083207 PMCID: PMC8906255 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While the contribution of B-cells to SLE is well established, its role in chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE) remains unclear. Here, we compare B-cell and serum auto-antibody profiles between patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), CCLE, and overlap conditions. METHODS B-cells were compared by flow cytometry amongst healthy controls, CCLE without systemic lupus (CCLE+/SLE-) and SLE patients with (SLE+/CCLE+) or without CCLE (SLE+/CCLE-). Serum was analyed for autoreactive 9G4+, anti-double-stranded DNA, anti-chromatin and anti-RNA antibodies by ELISA and for anti-RNA binding proteins (RBP) by luciferase immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Patients with CCLE+/SLE- share B-cell abnormalities with SLE including decreased unswitched memory and increased effector B-cells albeit at a lower level than SLE patients. Similarly, both SLE and CCLE+/SLE- patients have elevated 9G4+ IgG autoantibodies despite lower levels of anti-nucleic acid and anti-RBP antibodies in CCLE+/SLE-. CCLE+/SLE- patients could be stratified into those with SLE-like B-cell profiles and a separate group with normal B-cell profiles. The former group was more serologically active and more likely to have disseminated skin lesions. CONCLUSION CCLE displays perturbations in B-cell homeostasis and partial B-cell tolerance breakdown. Our study demonstrates that this entity is immunologically heterogeneous and includes a disease segment whose B-cell compartment resembles SLE and is clinically associated with enhanced serological activity and more extensive skin disease. This picture suggests that SLE-like B-cell changes in primary CCLE may help identify patients at risk for subsequent development of SLE. B-cell profiling in CCLE might also indentify candidates who would benefit from B-cell targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Jenks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chungwen Wei
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Regina Bugrovsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aisha Hill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Francesca M Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kevin Cashman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew C Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laura D Aspey
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - S Sam Lim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gaobin Bao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cristina Drenkard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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17
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DiSano KD, Gilli F, Pachner AR. Memory B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: Emerging Players in Disease Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676686. [PMID: 34168647 PMCID: PMC8217754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Once thought to be primarily driven by T cells, B cells are emerging as central players in MS immunopathogenesis. Interest in multiple B cell phenotypes in MS expanded following the efficacy of B cell-depleting agents targeting CD20 in relapsing-remitting MS and inflammatory primary progressive MS patients. Interestingly, these therapies primarily target non-antibody secreting cells. Emerging studies seek to explore B cell functions beyond antibody-mediated roles, including cytokine production, antigen presentation, and ectopic follicle-like aggregate formation. Importantly, memory B cells (Bmem) are rising as a key B cell phenotype to investigate in MS due to their antigen-experience, increased lifespan, and rapid response to stimulation. Bmem display diverse effector functions including cytokine production, antigen presentation, and serving as antigen-experienced precursors to antibody-secreting cells. In this review, we explore the cellular and molecular processes involved in Bmem development, Bmem phenotypes, and effector functions. We then examine how these concepts may be applied to the potential role(s) of Bmem in MS pathogenesis. We investigate Bmem both within the periphery and inside the CNS compartment, focusing on Bmem phenotypes and proposed functions in MS and its animal models. Finally, we review how current immunomodulatory therapies, including B cell-directed therapies and other immunomodulatory therapies, modify Bmem and how this knowledge may be harnessed to direct therapeutic strategies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista D. DiSano
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine & Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
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18
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B Cell Aberrance in Lupus: the Ringleader and the Solution. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:301-323. [PMID: 33534064 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypical autoimmune disease with high heterogeneity but the common characterization of numerous autoantibodies and systemic inflammation which lead to the damage of multiple organs. Aberrance of B cells plays a pivotal role in the immunopathogenesis of SLE via both antibody-dependent and antibody-independent manners. Escape of autoreactive B cells from the central and peripheral tolerance checkpoints, over-activation of B cells and their excessive cytokines release which drive T cells and dendritic cells stimulation, and dysregulated surface molecules, as well as intracellular signal pathways involved in B cell biology, are all contributing to B cell aberrance and participating in the pathogenesis of SLE. Based on that rationale, targeting aberrance of B cells and relevant molecules and pathways is expected to be a promising strategy for lupus control. Multiple approaches targeting B cells through different mechanisms have been attempted, including B-cell depletion via monoclonal antibodies against B-cell-specific molecules, blockade of B-cell survival and activation factors, suppressing T-B crosstalk by interrupting costimulatory molecules and inhibiting intracellular activation signaling cascade by targeting pathway molecules in B cells. Though most attempts ended in failure, the efficacy of B-cell targeting has been encouraged by the FDA approval of belimumab that blocks B cell-activating factor (BAFF) and the recommended use of anti-CD20 as a remedial therapy in refractory lupus. Still, quantities of clinical trials targeting B cells or relevant molecules are ongoing and some of them have displayed promising preliminary results. Additionally, advances in multi-omics studies help deepen our understandings of B cell biology in lupus and may promote the discovery of novel potential therapeutic targets. The combination of real-world data with basic research achievements may pave the road to conquering lupus.
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19
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Lau A, Avery DT, Jackson K, Lenthall H, Volpi S, Brigden H, Russell AJ, Bier J, Reed JH, Smart JM, Cole T, Choo S, Gray PE, Berglund LJ, Hsu P, Wong M, O'Sullivan M, Boztug K, Meyts I, Uzel G, Notarangelo LD, Brink R, Goodnow CC, Tangye SG, Deenick EK. Activated PI3Kδ breaches multiple B cell tolerance checkpoints and causes autoantibody production. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132760. [PMID: 31841125 PMCID: PMC7041712 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients, gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in PIK3CD break tolerance, causing highly penetrant secretion of autoreactive IgM. Mouse models reveal that Pik3cd GOF subverts the response to self-antigen, preventing the induction of anergy and instead stimulating plasmablast and GC formation. Antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases are a major health burden. However, our understanding of how self-reactive B cells escape self-tolerance checkpoints to secrete pathogenic autoantibodies remains incomplete. Here, we demonstrate that patients with monogenic immune dysregulation caused by gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CD, encoding the p110δ catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), have highly penetrant secretion of autoreactive IgM antibodies. In mice with the corresponding heterozygous Pik3cd activating mutation, self-reactive B cells exhibit a cell-autonomous subversion of their response to self-antigen: instead of becoming tolerized and repressed from secreting autoantibody, Pik3cd gain-of-function B cells are activated by self-antigen to form plasmablasts that secrete high titers of germline-encoded IgM autoantibody and hypermutating germinal center B cells. However, within the germinal center, peripheral tolerance was still enforced, and there was selection against B cells with high affinity for self-antigen. These data show that the strength of PI3K signaling is a key regulator of pregerminal center B cell self-tolerance and thus represents a druggable pathway to treat antibody-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Lau
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Danielle T Avery
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine Jackson
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Lenthall
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Clinica Pediatrica e Reumatologia, Centro per le malattie Autoinfiammatorie e Immunodeficienze, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Giannina Gaslini and Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, riabilitazione, oftalmologia, genetica e scienze materno-infantili (DINOGMI), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Henry Brigden
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda J Russell
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia Bier
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne H Reed
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne M Smart
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Theresa Cole
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon Choo
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul E Gray
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lucinda J Berglund
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Immunopathology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Hsu
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melanie Wong
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael O'Sullivan
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Allergy, Princess Margaret Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert Brink
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,UNSW Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elissa K Deenick
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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20
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Romero-Masters JC, Ohashi M, Djavadian R, Eichelberg MR, Hayes M, Zumwalde NA, Bristol JA, Nelson SE, Ma S, Ranheim EA, Gumperz JE, Johannsen EC, Kenney SC. An EBNA3A-Mutated Epstein-Barr Virus Retains the Capacity for Lymphomagenesis in a Cord Blood-Humanized Mouse Model. J Virol 2020; 94:e02168-19. [PMID: 32132242 PMCID: PMC7199417 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02168-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes B cell lymphomas and transforms B cells in vitro The EBV protein EBNA3A collaborates with EBNA3C to repress p16 expression and is required for efficient transformation in vitro An EBNA3A deletion mutant EBV strain was recently reported to establish latency in humanized mice but not cause tumors. Here, we compare the phenotypes of an EBNA3A mutant EBV (Δ3A) and wild-type (WT) EBV in a cord blood-humanized (CBH) mouse model. The hypomorphic Δ3A mutant, in which a stop codon is inserted downstream from the first ATG and the open reading frame is disrupted by a 1-bp insertion, expresses very small amounts of EBNA3A using an alternative ATG at residue 15. Δ3A caused B cell lymphomas at rates similar to their induction by WT EBV but with delayed onset. Δ3A and WT tumors expressed equivalent levels of EBNA2 and p16, but Δ3A tumors in some cases had reduced LMP1. Like the WT EBV tumors, Δ3A lymphomas were oligoclonal/monoclonal, with typically one dominant IGHV gene being expressed. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed small but consistent gene expression differences involving multiple cellular genes in the WT EBV- versus Δ3A-infected tumors and increased expression of genes associated with T cells, suggesting increased T cell infiltration of tumors. Consistent with an impact of EBNA3A on immune function, we found that the expression of CLEC2D, a receptor that has previously been shown to influence responses of T and NK cells, was markedly diminished in cells infected with EBNA3A mutant virus. Together, these studies suggest that EBNA3A contributes to efficient EBV-induced lymphomagenesis in CBH mice.IMPORTANCE The EBV protein EBNA3A is expressed in latently infected B cells and is important for efficient EBV-induced transformation of B cells in vitro In this study, we used a cord blood-humanized mouse model to compare the phenotypes of an EBNA3A hypomorph mutant virus (Δ3A) and wild-type EBV. The Δ3A virus caused lymphomas with delayed onset compared to the onset of those caused by WT EBV, although the tumors occurred at a similar rate. The WT EBV and EBNA3A mutant tumors expressed similar levels of the EBV protein EBNA2 and cellular protein p16, but in some cases, Δ3A tumors had less LMP1. Our analysis suggested that Δ3A-infected tumors have elevated T cell infiltrates and decreased expression of the CLEC2D receptor, which may point to potential novel roles of EBNA3A in T cell and NK cell responses to EBV-infected tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Romero-Masters
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Makoto Ohashi
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Reza Djavadian
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mark R Eichelberg
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mitchell Hayes
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nicholas A Zumwalde
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jillian A Bristol
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Scott E Nelson
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shidong Ma
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Erik A Ranheim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jenny E Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eric C Johannsen
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shannon C Kenney
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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21
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Richardson CT, Slack MA, Dhillon G, Marcus CZ, Barnard J, Palanichamy A, Sanz I, Looney RJ, Anolik JH. Failure of B Cell Tolerance in CVID. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2881. [PMID: 31921145 PMCID: PMC6914825 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) comprises a group of related disorders defined by defects in B cell function and antibody production. Concurrent autoimmune features are common, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of autoimmunity in CVID are poorly understood. Overlap in some clinical and laboratory features suggests a shared pathogenesis, at least in part, with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). One important part of SLE pathogenesis is loss of B cell tolerance, an aspect that warrants further study in CVID. The study of inherently autoreactive 9G4+ B cells has led to a greater understanding of B cell tolerance defects in lupus. Study of these B cells in CVID has yielded conflicting results, largely due to differences in methodological approaches. In this study, we take a comprehensive look at 9G4+ B cells throughout B cell development in CVID patients and compare patients both with and without autoimmune features. Using flow cytometry to examine B cell subpopulations in detail, we show that only those CVID patients with autoimmune features demonstrate significant expansion of 9G4+ B cells, both in naïve and multiple memory populations. Examination of two autoreactive B cell subsets recently characterized in SLE, the activated naïve (aNAV) and double negative 2 (DN2) B cells, reveals an expanded 9G4+ DN2 population to be common among CVID patients. These results reveal that both multiple central and peripheral B cell tolerance defects are related to autoimmunity in CVID. Furthermore, these data suggest that the autoreactive DN2 B cell population, which has not previously been examined in CVID, may play an important role in the development of autoimmunity in patients with CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Richardson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States.,Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Maria A Slack
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Gitika Dhillon
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Carolina Z Marcus
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer Barnard
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Arumugam Palanichamy
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Richard John Looney
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer H Anolik
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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22
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Cashman KS, Jenks SA, Woodruff MC, Tomar D, Tipton CM, Scharer CD, Lee EH, Boss JM, Sanz I. Understanding and measuring human B-cell tolerance and its breakdown in autoimmune disease. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:76-89. [PMID: 31755562 PMCID: PMC6935423 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of immunological tolerance of B lymphocytes is a complex and critical process that must be implemented as to avoid the detrimental development of autoreactivity and possible autoimmunity. Murine models have been invaluable to elucidate many of the key components in B-cell tolerance; however, translation to human homeostatic and pathogenic immune states can be difficult to assess. Functional autoreactive, flow cytometric, and single-cell cloning assays have proven to be critical in deciphering breaks in B-cell tolerance within autoimmunity; however, newer approaches to assess human B-cell tolerance may prove to be vital in the further exploration of underlying tolerance defects. In this review, we supply a comprehensive overview of human immune tolerance checkpoints with associated mechanisms of enforcement, and highlight current and future methodologies which are likely to benefit future studies into the mechanisms that become defective in human autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. Cashman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott A. Jenks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deepak Tomar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher M. Tipton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher D. Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eun-Hyung Lee
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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23
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Tan C, Noviski M, Huizar J, Zikherman J. Self-reactivity on a spectrum: A sliding scale of peripheral B cell tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:37-60. [PMID: 31631352 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Efficient mechanisms of central tolerance, including receptor editing and deletion, prevent highly self-reactive B cell receptors (BCRs) from populating the periphery. Despite this, modest self-reactivity persists in (and may even be actively selected into) the mature B cell repertoire. In this review, we discuss new insights into mechanisms of peripheral B cell tolerance that restrain mature B cells from mounting inappropriate responses to endogenous antigens, and place recent work into historical context. In particular, we discuss new findings that have arisen from application of a novel in vivo reporter of BCR signaling, Nur77-eGFP, expression of which scales with the degree of self-reactivity in both monoclonal and polyclonal B cell repertoires. We discuss new and historical evidence that self-reactivity is not just tolerated, but actively selected into the peripheral repertoire. We review recent progress in understanding how dual expression of the IgM and IgD BCR isotypes on mature naive follicular B cells tunes responsiveness to endogenous antigen recognition, and discuss how this may be integrated with other features of clonal anergy. Finally, we discuss how expression of Nur77 itself couples chronic antigen stimulation with B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Tan
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Noviski
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Huizar
- School of Medicine, HHMI Medical Fellows Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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24
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Young RM, Phelan JD, Wilson WH, Staudt LM. Pathogenic B-cell receptor signaling in lymphoid malignancies: New insights to improve treatment. Immunol Rev 2019; 291:190-213. [PMID: 31402495 PMCID: PMC6693651 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signals emanating from the B-cell receptor (BCR) promote proliferation and survival in diverse forms of B-cell lymphoma. Precision medicine strategies targeting the BCR pathway have been generally effective in treating lymphoma, but often fail to produce durable responses in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), a common and aggressive cancer. New insights into DLBCL biology garnered from genomic analyses and functional proteogenomic studies have identified novel modes of BCR signaling in this disease. Herein, we describe the distinct roles of antigen-dependent and antigen-independent BCR signaling in different subtypes of DLBCL. We highlight mechanisms by which the BCR cooperates with TLR9 and mutant isoforms of MYD88 to drive sustained NF-κB activity in the activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtype of DLBCL. Finally, we discuss progress in detecting and targeting oncogenic BCR signaling to improve the survival of patients with lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Germinal Center/pathology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/etiology
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/therapy
- Lymphoma/diagnosis
- Lymphoma/etiology
- Lymphoma/metabolism
- Lymphoma/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Young
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD. 20892
| | - James D. Phelan
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD. 20892
| | - Wyndham H. Wilson
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD. 20892
| | - Louis M. Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD. 20892
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25
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Tipton CM, Hom JR, Fucile CF, Rosenberg AF, Sanz I. Understanding B-cell activation and autoantibody repertoire selection in systemic lupus erythematosus: A B-cell immunomics approach. Immunol Rev 2019; 284:120-131. [PMID: 29944759 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding antibody repertoires and in particular, the properties and fates of B cells expressing potentially pathogenic antibodies is critical to define the mechanisms underlying multiple immunological diseases including autoimmune and allergic conditions as well as transplant rejection. Moreover, an integrated knowledge of the antibody repertoires expressed by B cells and plasma cells (PC) of different functional properties and longevity is essential to develop new therapeutic strategies, better biomarkers for disease segmentation, and new assays to measure restoration of B-cell tolerance or, at least, of normal B-cell homeostasis. Reaching these goals, however, will require a more precise phenotypic, functional and molecular definition of B-cell and PC populations, and a comprehensive analysis of the antigenic reactivity of the antibodies they express. While traditionally hampered by technical and ethical limitations in human experimentation, new technological advances currently enable investigators to address these questions in a comprehensive fashion. In this review, we shall discuss these concepts as they apply to the study of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Tipton
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jennifer R Hom
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Alexander F Rosenberg
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Inaki Sanz
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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26
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Noviski M, Zikherman J. Control of autoreactive B cells by IgM and IgD B cell receptors: maintaining a fine balance. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 55:67-74. [PMID: 30292928 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A substantial fraction of mature naïve B cells recognize endogenous antigens, and this autoreactivity must be controlled to prevent autoantibody secretion. Selective downregulation of the IgM BCR on autoreactive B cells has long been appreciated, and recent findings illustrate how this might impose tolerance. The BCR isotype maintained on autoreactive B cells, IgD, is less sensitive to endogenous antigens than IgM. This reduced sensitivity may be conferred by structural properties of IgD and/or differential association with activating and inhibitory co-receptors. Once activated, autoreactive B cells are normally excluded from rapid plasma cell responses, but they can enter the germinal center and lose their autoreactivity through a mutation-selection process termed clonal redemption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Noviski
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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27
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Takata K, Miyata-Takata T, Sato Y, Iwamuro M, Okada H, Tari A, Yoshino T. Gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma: Current knowledge and future challenges. Pathol Int 2018; 68:1-6. [PMID: 29292593 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the most commonly involved site of extranodal follicular lymphoma (FL). GI-FL shows very indolent clinical behavior and localized at GI tract without any progression or transformation compared to nodal FL. The most frequently involved site of the GI tract was the duodenum followed by the jejunum and ileum, and only 15% of FL arising in the second part of the duodenum were localized there without scattered very small daughter lesions in other GI tract examined by double-balloon endoscopy. The typical macroscopic appearance of GI-FL was multiple white nodules. Microscopically, neoplastic cells were small- to medium-sized lymphoid cells and formed neoplastic follicles. Most of the cases (>95%) were histologically Grade 1 to 2 (low grade). Several pathological and molecular characteristics were seen in GI-FL (especially duodenal FL) compared with nodal FL: immunoglobulin heavy chain deviation to VH4 and VH5; memory B-cell immunophenotype; and molecular features shared by mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Considering the pathological and molecular uniqueness of this disease, GI-FL should be separately managed from nodal FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyoshi Takata
- Department of Lymphoid Cancer Research, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Miyata-Takata
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Sato
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaya Iwamuro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akira Tari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshino
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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28
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The lactose operon from Lactobacillus casei is involved in the transport and metabolism of the human milk oligosaccharide core-2 N-acetyllactosamine. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7152. [PMID: 29740087 PMCID: PMC5940811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25660-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The lactose operon (lacTEGF) from Lactobacillus casei strain BL23 has been previously studied. The lacT gene codes for a transcriptional antiterminator, lacE and lacF for the lactose-specific phosphoenolpyruvate: phosphotransferase system (PTSLac) EIICB and EIIA domains, respectively, and lacG for the phospho-β-galactosidase. In this work, we have shown that L. casei is able to metabolize N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc), a disaccharide present at human milk and intestinal mucosa. The mutant strains BL153 (lacE) and BL155 (lacF) were defective in LacNAc utilization, indicating that the EIICB and EIIA of the PTSLac are involved in the uptake of LacNAc in addition to lactose. Inactivation of lacG abolishes the growth of L. casei in both disaccharides and analysis of LacG activity showed a high selectivity toward phosphorylated compounds, suggesting that LacG is necessary for the hydrolysis of the intracellular phosphorylated lactose and LacNAc. L. casei (lacAB) strain deficient in galactose-6P isomerase showed a growth rate in lactose (0.0293 ± 0.0014 h−1) and in LacNAc (0.0307 ± 0.0009 h−1) significantly lower than the wild-type (0.1010 ± 0.0006 h−1 and 0.0522 ± 0.0005 h−1, respectively), indicating that their galactose moiety is catabolized through the tagatose-6P pathway. Transcriptional analysis showed induction levels of the lac genes ranged from 130 to 320–fold in LacNAc and from 100 to 200–fold in lactose, compared to cells growing in glucose.
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29
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Chen Y, Bieber MM, Bhat NM, Teng NNH. Ovarian carcinoma glyco-antigen targeted by human IgM antibody. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187222. [PMID: 29267289 PMCID: PMC5739388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC) cells expression of a novel carbohydrate antigen was defined using a human VH4-34 encoded IgM monoclonal antibody (mAb216). MAb216 binds to a poly N-acetyllactosamine epitope expressed on B cells and kills normal and malignant B cells in vitro and in vivo. EOC patient ascites and EOC cell lines were used to study the anti tumor effect of mAb216. Various assays were used to characterize the epitope and demonstrate antibody-mediated binding and cytotoxicity in EOC. Drug and antibody combination effects were determined by calculating the combination index values using the Chou and Talalay method. MAb216 displays direct antibody mediated cytotoxicity on a population of human EOC tumor and ascites samples and EOC cell lines, which express high amounts of poly N-acetyllactosamine epitope, carried by CD147/CD98. Eighty four percent of patient samples, including platin resistant, had a tumor population that bound the monoclonal antibody. The binding pattern of mAb216 and mechanism of cytotoxicity was similar to that seen on normal and malignant B cells with unique general membrane disruption and “pore” formation. In vitro incubation with mAb216 and cisplatin enhanced killing of OVCAR3 cell line. In EOC cell lines percent cytotoxicity correlated with percent expression of epitope. Although in vitro data shows specific EOC cytotoxicity, for possible treatment of EOC MAb216 would need to be evaluated in a clinical trial with or without chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Marcia M. Bieber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Neelima M. Bhat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Nelson N. H. Teng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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30
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Metzler G, Dai X, Thouvenel CD, Khim S, Habib T, Buckner JH, Rawlings DJ. The Autoimmune Risk Variant PTPN22 C1858T Alters B Cell Tolerance at Discrete Checkpoints and Differentially Shapes the Naive Repertoire. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:2249-2260. [PMID: 28801357 PMCID: PMC6791366 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A common genetic variant in the gene encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22 C1858T) has been linked to a wide range of autoimmune disorders. Although a B cell-intrinsic role in promoting disease has been reported, the mechanism(s) through which this variant functions to alter the preimmune B cell repertoire remains unknown. Using a series of polyclonal and transgenic self-reactive models harboring the analogous mutation in murine Ptpn22, we show evidence for enhanced BCR, B cell-activating factor receptor, and CD40 coreceptor programs, leading to broadly enhanced positive selection of B cells at two discrete checkpoints in the bone marrow and spleen. We further identified a bias for selection of B cells into the follicular mature versus marginal zone B cell compartment. Using a biomarker to track a self-reactive H chain in peripheral blood, we found evidence of similarly enhanced positive selection in human carriers of the PTPN22 C1858T variant. Our combined data support a model whereby the risk variant augments the BCR and coreceptor programs throughout B cell development, promoting enrichment of self-reactive specificities into the follicular mature compartment and thereby likely increasing the risk for seeding of autoimmune B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genita Metzler
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Xuezhi Dai
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Christopher D Thouvenel
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Socheath Khim
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Tania Habib
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; and
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; and
| | - David J Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101;
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
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31
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Lupus érythémateux systémique et lymphopénie : aspects cliniques et physiopathologiques. Rev Med Interne 2017; 38:603-613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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32
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Watson CT, Glanville J, Marasco WA. The Individual and Population Genetics of Antibody Immunity. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:459-470. [PMID: 28539189 PMCID: PMC5656258 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) produced by immunoglobulin (IG) genes are the most diverse proteins expressed in humans. While part of this diversity is generated by recombination during B-cell development and mutations during affinity maturation, the germ-line IG loci are also diverse across human populations and ethnicities. Recently, proof-of-concept studies have demonstrated genotype–phenotype correlations between specific IG germ-line variants and the quality of Ab responses during vaccination and disease. However, the functional consequences of IG genetic variation in Ab function and immunological outcomes remain underexplored. In this opinion article, we outline interconnections between IG genomic diversity and Ab-expressed repertoires and structure. We further propose a strategy for integrating IG genotyping with functional Ab profiling data as a means to better predict and optimize humoral responses in genetically diverse human populations, with immediate implications for personalized medicine. Genetic variation in human populations affects how individuals are able to mount functional antibody responses. Different alleles can encode convergent binding motifs that result in successful Ab responses against specific infections and vaccinations. Given the complexity of the IG loci and the diversity of the antibody repertoire, links between IG polymorphism and antibody repertoire variability have not been thoroughly explored. We present a strategy to mine genotype–repertoire–disease associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey T Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Jacob Glanville
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, and Computational and Systems Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Langerak AW, Brüggemann M, Davi F, Darzentas N, van Dongen JJM, Gonzalez D, Cazzaniga G, Giudicelli V, Lefranc MP, Giraud M, Macintyre EA, Hummel M, Pott C, Groenen PJTA, Stamatopoulos K. High-Throughput Immunogenetics for Clinical and Research Applications in Immunohematology: Potential and Challenges. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3765-3774. [PMID: 28416603 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Analysis and interpretation of Ig and TCR gene rearrangements in the conventional, low-throughput way have their limitations in terms of resolution, coverage, and biases. With the advent of high-throughput, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, a deeper analysis of Ig and/or TCR (IG/TR) gene rearrangements is now within reach, which impacts on all main applications of IG/TR immunogenetic analysis. To bridge the generation gap from low- to high-throughput analysis, the EuroClonality-NGS Consortium has been formed, with the main objectives to develop, standardize, and validate the entire workflow of IG/TR NGS assays for 1) clonality assessment, 2) minimal residual disease detection, and 3) repertoire analysis. This concerns the preanalytical (sample preparation, target choice), analytical (amplification, NGS), and postanalytical (immunoinformatics) phases. Here we critically discuss pitfalls and challenges of IG/TR NGS methodology and its applications in hemato-oncology and immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton W Langerak
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands;
| | - Monika Brüggemann
- Second Medical Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Frédéric Davi
- Département d'Hématologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Hopital Pitié-Salpêtrière and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Université Paris IV, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nikos Darzentas
- Molecular Medicine Program, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands;
| | - David Gonzalez
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
| | - Gianni Cazzaniga
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica Università Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | | | | | - Mathieu Giraud
- Centre de Recherche en Informatique Signal et Automatique de Lille, CNRS, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Elizabeth A Macintyre
- Département d'Hématologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Necker-Enfants Malades and Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Michael Hummel
- Institut für Pathologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Pott
- Second Medical Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Patricia J T A Groenen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Identification of autoreactive B cells with labeled nucleosomes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:602. [PMID: 28377609 PMCID: PMC5428865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases has not been completely elucidated yet, and only a few specific treatments have been developed so far. In autoimmune diseases mediated by pathogenic autoantibodies, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, the specific detection and analysis of autoreactive B cells is crucial for a better understanding of the physiopathology. Biological characterization of these cells may help to define new therapeutic targets. Very few techniques allowing the precise detection of autoreactive B cells have been described so far. Herein we propose a new flow cytometry technique for specific detection of anti-nucleosome B cells, which secrete autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus, using labeled nucleosomes. We produced different fluorochrome-labeled nucleosomes, characterized them, and finally tested them in flow cytometry. Nucleosomes labeled via the cysteines present in H3 histone specifically bind to autoreactive B cells in the anti-DNA transgenic B6.56R mice model. The present work validates the use of fluorochrome-labeled nucleosomes via cysteines to identify anti-nucleosome B cells and offers new opportunities for the description of autoreactive B cell phenotype.
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35
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Catera R, Liu Y, Gao C, Yan XJ, Magli A, Allen SL, Kolitz JE, Rai KR, Chu CC, Feizi T, Stamatopoulos K, Chiorazzi N. Binding of CLL subset 4 B-cell receptor immunoglobulins to viable human memory B lymphocytes requires a distinctive IGKV somatic mutation. Mol Med 2017; 23:1-12. [PMID: 28097289 PMCID: PMC5364113 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2017.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid replacement mutations in certain CLL stereotyped B-cell receptor (BCR) immunoglobulins (IGs) at defined positions within antigen-binding sites strongly imply antigen selection. Prime examples of this are CLL subset 4 BCR IGs using IGHV4-34/IGHD5-18/IGHJ6 and IGKV2-30/IGKJ2 rearrangements. Conspicuously and unlike most CLL IGs, subset 4 IGs do not bind apoptotic cells. By testing the (auto)antigenic reactivities of subset 4 IGs toward viable lymphoid-lineage cells and specific autoantigens typically bound by IGHV4-34+ IGs, we found IGs from both subset 4 and non-subset 4 IGHV4-34-expressing CLL cases bind naïve B cells. However, only subset 4 IGs react with memory B cells. Furthermore, subset 4 IGs do not bind DNA nor i or I carbohydrate antigens, common targets of IGHV4-34-utilizing antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus and cold agglutinin disease, respectively. Notably, we found that subset 4 IG binding to memory B lymphocytes depends on an aspartic acid at position 66 of FR3 in the rearranged IGKV2-30 gene; this amino acid residue is acquired by somatic mutation. Our findings illustrate the importance of positive and negative selection criteria for structural elements in CLL IGs and suggest that autoantigens driving normal B cells to become subset 4 CLL cells differ from those driving IGHV4-34+ B cells in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Catera
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Yun Liu
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Chao Gao
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Xiao-Jie Yan
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Amanda Magli
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Steven L Allen
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.,Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Jonathan E Kolitz
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.,Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Kanti R Rai
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.,Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Charles C Chu
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.,Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Ten Feizi
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology-Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.,Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
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Kubagawa H, Skopnik CM, Zimmermann J, Durek P, Chang HD, Yoo E, Bertoli LF, Honjo K, Radbruch A. Authentic IgM Fc Receptor (FcμR). Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 408:25-45. [PMID: 28702710 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the bona fide Fc receptor for IgM antibody (FcµR) was identified eight years ago, much progress has been made in defining its biochemical nature, cellular distribution, and effector function. However, there are clearly conflicting results, especially about the cellular distribution and function of murine FcµR. In this short article, we will discuss recent findings from us and other investigators along with our interpretations and comments that may help to resolve the existing puzzles and should open new avenues of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kubagawa
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum in Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Jakob Zimmermann
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum in Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum in Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum in Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Esther Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Kazuhito Honjo
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35209, USA
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum in Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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37
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Looney RJ, Anolik J, Sanz I. B lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus: lessons from therapy targeting B cells. Lupus 2016; 13:381-90. [PMID: 15230297 DOI: 10.1191/0961203304lu1031oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex disease characterizedby numerous autoantibodies and clinical involvement in multiple organ systems. Autoantibodies are usually present in serum for years before the onset of clinical disease. Autoimmunity begins with a limited number of autoantibodiesand evolves to become progressivelymore diverse. Eventually clinical disease ensues. The immunological events triggering the onset of clinical manifestations have not yet been defined. While undoubtedly T cells and dendritic cells appear to play major roles in SLE, a central role for B cells in the pathogenesis of this disease has been brought to the fore in the last few years by work performed both in mice and humans by multiple laboratories.As a result, there is little doubt about the importance of B cells in the development of SLE. Yet much remains to be learned about their role in the ongoing disease process and the merit of targeting B cells for the treatment of SLE. This article will review the role of B cells in human SLE as well as the currently available data on the treatment of SLE by depleting B cells with anti-CD20 (rituximab).
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Looney
- Allergy Immunology, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642, USA.
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38
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Reed JH, Jackson J, Christ D, Goodnow CC. Clonal redemption of autoantibodies by somatic hypermutation away from self-reactivity during human immunization. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1255-65. [PMID: 27298445 PMCID: PMC4925023 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal anergy is an enigmatic self-tolerance mechanism because no apparent purpose is served by retaining functionally silenced B cells bearing autoantibodies. Human autoantibodies with IGHV4-34*01 heavy chains bind to poly-N-acetyllactosamine carbohydrates (I/i antigen) on erythrocytes and B lymphocytes, cause cold agglutinin disease, and are carried by 5% of naive B cells that are anergic. We analyzed the specificity of three IGHV4-34*01 IgG antibodies isolated from healthy donors immunized against foreign rhesus D alloantigen or vaccinia virus. Each IgG was expressed and analyzed either in a hypermutated immune state or after reverting each antibody to its unmutated preimmune ancestor. In each case, the preimmune ancestor IgG bound intensely to normal human B cells bearing I/i antigen. Self-reactivity was removed by a single somatic mutation that paradoxically decreased binding to the foreign immunogen, whereas other mutations conferred increased foreign binding. These data demonstrate the existence of a mechanism for mutation away from self-reactivity in humans. Because 2.5% of switched memory B cells use IGHV4-34*01 and >43% of these have mutations that remove I/i binding, clonal redemption of anergic cells appears efficient during physiological human antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne H Reed
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Jennifer Jackson
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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39
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Hershberg U, Luning Prak ET. The analysis of clonal expansions in normal and autoimmune B cell repertoires. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0239. [PMID: 26194753 PMCID: PMC4528416 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clones are the fundamental building blocks of immune repertoires. The number of different clones relates to the diversity of the repertoire, whereas their size and sequence diversity are linked to selective pressures. Selective pressures act both between clones and within different sequence variants of a clone. Understanding how clonal selection shapes the immune repertoire is one of the most basic questions in all of immunology. But how are individual clones defined? Here we discuss different approaches for defining clones, starting with how antibodies are diversified during different stages of B cell development. Next, we discuss how clones are defined using different experimental methods. We focus on high-throughput sequencing datasets, and the computational challenges and opportunities that these data have for mining the antibody repertoire landscape. We discuss methods that visualize sequence variants within the same clone and allow us to consider collections of shared mutations to determine which sequences share a common ancestry. Finally, we comment on features of frequently encountered expanded B cell clones that may be of particular interest in the setting of autoimmunity and other chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Hershberg
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Bossone 7-711, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Department of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Bossone 7-711, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 405B Stellar Chance Labs, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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40
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Quách TD, Rodríguez-Zhurbenko N, Hopkins TJ, Guo X, Hernández AM, Li W, Rothstein TL. Distinctions among Circulating Antibody-Secreting Cell Populations, Including B-1 Cells, in Human Adult Peripheral Blood. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1060-9. [PMID: 26740107 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human Ab-secreting cell (ASC) populations in circulation are not well studied. In addition to B-1 (CD20(+)CD27(+)CD38(lo/int)CD43(+)) cell and conventional plasmablast (PB) (CD20-CD27(hi)CD38(hi)) cell populations, in this study, we identified a novel B cell population termed 20(+)38(hi) B cells (CD20(+)CD27(hi)CD38(hi)) that spontaneously secretes Ab. At steady-state, 20(+)38(hi) B cells are distinct from PBs on the basis of CD20 expression, amount of Ab production, frequency of mutation, and diversity of BCR repertoire. However, cytokine treatment of 20(+)38(hi) B cells induces loss of CD20 and acquisition of CD138, suggesting that 20(+)38(hi) B cells are precursors to PBs or pre-PBs. We then evaluated similarities and differences among CD20(+)CD27(+)CD38(lo/int)CD43(+) B-1 cells, CD20(+)CD27(hi)CD38(hi) 20(+)38(hi) B cells, CD20(-)CD27(hi)CD38(hi) PBs, and CD20(+)CD27(+)CD38(lo/int)CD43(-) memory B cells. We found that B-1 cells differ from 20(+)38(hi) B cells and PBs in a number of ways, including Ag expression, morphological appearance, transcriptional profiling, Ab skewing, Ab repertoire, and secretory response to stimulation. In terms of gene expression, B-1 cells align more closely with memory B cells than with 20(+)38(hi) B cells or PBs, but differ in that memory B cells do not express Ab secretion-related genes. We found that B-1 cell Abs use Vh4-34, which is often associated with autoreactivity, 3- to 6-fold more often than other B cell populations. Along with selective production of IgM anti-phosphoryl choline, these data suggest that human B-1 cells might be preferentially selected for autoreactivity/natural specificity. In summary, our results indicate that human healthy adult peripheral blood at steady-state consists of three distinct ASC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tâm D Quách
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Nely Rodríguez-Zhurbenko
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030; Tumor Immunology Direction, Center for Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba; and
| | - Thomas J Hopkins
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Xiaoti Guo
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Ana María Hernández
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030; Tumor Immunology Direction, Center for Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba; and
| | - Wentian Li
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030;
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Kim JY, Kim Y, Chae SC, Lee SS, Lim MK, Sheen DH, Chung HT, Shim SC. ADAM33Polymorphisms Are Associated with Susceptibility to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Korean Population. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2016.23.2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Daejeon Rheumatoid and Degenerative Arthritis Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Daejeon Rheumatoid and Degenerative Arthritis Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Soo-Cheon Chae
- Department of Pathology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
| | - Shin-Seok Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyoung Lim
- Department of Medicine, Eulji Medi-Bio Research Institute, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong-Huyk Sheen
- Department of Medicine, Eulji Medi-Bio Research Institute, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hun-Taeg Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Seung-Cheol Shim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Daejeon Rheumatoid and Degenerative Arthritis Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
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Survival of human lymphoma cells requires B-cell receptor engagement by self-antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:13447-54. [PMID: 26483459 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514944112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) relies on chronic active B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling. BCR pathway inhibitors induce remissions in a subset of ABC DLBCL patients. BCR microclusters on the surface of ABC cells resemble those generated following antigen engagement of normal B cells. We speculated that binding of lymphoma BCRs to self-antigens initiates and maintains chronic active BCR signaling in ABC DLBCL. To assess whether antigenic engagement of the BCR is required for the ongoing survival of ABC cells, we developed isogenic ABC cells that differed solely with respect to the IgH V region of their BCRs. In competitive assays with wild-type cells, substitution of a heterologous V region impaired the survival of three ABC lines. The viability of one VH4-34(+) ABC line and the ability of its BCR to bind to its own cell surface depended on V region residues that mediate the intrinsic autoreactivity of VH4-34 to self-glycoproteins. The BCR of another ABC line reacted with self-antigens in apoptotic debris, and the survival of a third ABC line was sustained by reactivity of its BCR to an idiotypic epitope in its own V region. Hence, a diverse set of self-antigens is responsible for maintaining the malignant survival of ABC DLBCL cells. IgH V regions used by the BCRs of ABC DLBCL biopsy samples varied in their ability to sustain survival of these ABC lines, suggesting a screening procedure to identify patients who might benefit from BCR pathway inhibition.
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Kolhatkar NS, Brahmandam A, Thouvenel CD, Becker-Herman S, Jacobs HM, Schwartz MA, Allenspach EJ, Khim S, Panigrahi AK, Luning Prak ET, Thrasher AJ, Notarangelo LD, Candotti F, Torgerson TR, Sanz I, Rawlings DJ. Altered BCR and TLR signals promote enhanced positive selection of autoreactive transitional B cells in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1663-77. [PMID: 26371186 PMCID: PMC4577851 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked immunodeficiency disorder frequently associated with systemic autoimmunity, including autoantibody-mediated cytopenias. WAS protein (WASp)-deficient B cells have increased B cell receptor (BCR) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, suggesting that these pathways might impact establishment of the mature, naive BCR repertoire. To directly investigate this possibility, we evaluated naive B cell specificity and composition in WASp-deficient mice and WAS subjects (n = 12). High-throughput sequencing and single-cell cloning analysis of the BCR repertoire revealed altered heavy chain usage and enrichment for low-affinity self-reactive specificities in murine marginal zone and human naive B cells. Although negative selection mechanisms including deletion, anergy, and receptor editing were relatively unperturbed, WASp-deficient transitional B cells showed enhanced proliferation in vivo mediated by antigen- and Myd88-dependent signals. Finally, using both BCR sequencing and cell surface analysis with a monoclonal antibody recognizing an intrinsically autoreactive heavy chain, we show enrichment in self-reactive cells specifically at the transitional to naive mature B cell stage in WAS subjects. Our combined data support a model wherein modest alterations in B cell-intrinsic, BCR, and TLR signals in WAS, and likely other autoimmune disorders, are sufficient to alter B cell tolerance via positive selection of self-reactive transitional B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita S Kolhatkar
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Archana Brahmandam
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Christopher D Thouvenel
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Shirly Becker-Herman
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Holly M Jacobs
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Marc A Schwartz
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Eric J Allenspach
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Socheath Khim
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Anil K Panigrahi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Section of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Centre for Immunodeficiency, University College London Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, England, UK
| | | | - Fabio Candotti
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Troy R Torgerson
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 Lowance Center for Human Immunology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - David J Rawlings
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
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Cappelletti F, Clementi N, Mancini N, Clementi M, Burioni R. Virus-induced preferential antibody gene-usage and its importance in humoral autoimmunity. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:138-43. [PMID: 25857210 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is known that even the adaptive components of the immune system are based on genetic traits common to all individuals, and that diversity is shaped by the lifelong contacts with different non-self antigens, including those found on infectious pathogens. Besides the individual differences, some of these common traits may be more prone to react against a given antigen, and this may be exploited by the infectious pathogens. Indeed, viral infections can deregulate immune response by subverting antibody (Ab) gene usage, leading to the overexpression of specific Ab subfamilies. This overexpression often results in a protective antiviral response but, in some cases, also correlates with a higher likelihood of developing humoral autoimmune disorders. These aspects of virus-induced autoimmunity have never been thoroughly reviewed, and this is the main purpose of this review. An accurate examination of virus specific Ab subfamilies elicited during infections may help further characterize the complex interplay between viruses and the humoral immune response, and be useful in the design of future monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based anti-infective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cappelletti
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Burioni
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.
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Sutton LA, Papadopoulos G, Hadzidimitriou A, Papadopoulos S, Kostareli E, Rosenquist R, Tzovaras D, Stamatopoulos K. An entity evolving into a community: defining the common ancestor and evolutionary trajectory of chronic lymphocytic leukemia stereotyped subset #4. Mol Med 2015; 20:720-8. [PMID: 25486132 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) assigned to stereotyped subset #4 express highly homologous B-cell receptor immunoglobulin (BcR IG) sequences with intense intraclonal diversification (ID) in the context of ongoing somatic hypermutation (SHM). Their remarkable biological and clinical similarities strongly support derivation from a common ancestor. We here revisited ID in subset #4 CLL to reconstruct their evolutionary history as a community of related clones. To this end, using specialized bioinformatics tools we assessed both IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ rearrangements (n = 511) and IGKV-IGKJ rearrangements (n = 397) derived from eight subset #4 cases. Due to high sequence relatedness, a number of subclonal clusters from different cases lay very close to one another, forming a core from which clusters exhibiting greater variation stemmed. Minor subclones from individual cases were mutated to such an extent that they now resembled the sequences of another patient. Viewing the entire subset #4 data set as a single entity branching through diversification enabled inference of a common sequence representing the putative ancestral BcR IG expressed by their still elusive common progenitor. These results have implications for improved understanding of the ontogeny of CLL subset #4, as well as the design of studies concerning the antigenic specificity of the clonotypic BcR IGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley-Ann Sutton
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giorgos Papadopoulos
- Information Technologies Institute, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Hadzidimitriou
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavros Papadopoulos
- Information Technologies Institute, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efterpi Kostareli
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dimitrios Tzovaras
- Information Technologies Institute, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Hematology Department and HCT Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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46
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Zhang X, Lindwall E, Gauthier C, Lyman J, Spencer N, Alarakhia A, Fraser A, Ing S, Chen M, Webb-Detiege T, Zakem J, Davis W, Choi YS, Quinet R. Circulating CXCR5+CD4+helper T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus patients share phenotypic properties with germinal center follicular helper T cells and promote antibody production. Lupus 2015; 24:909-17. [PMID: 25654980 DOI: 10.1177/0961203314567750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies. Recently, a specific highly activated T helper cell subset, follicular helper T (Tfh) cell, has emerged as a key immunoregulator of germinal center (GC) formation and high-affinity antibody production. To identify the pathophysiological role of Tfh cells in SLE patients, we compared the phenotypic and functional properties of circulating Tfh-like cells in lupus patients to GC-Tfh cells, and correlated the percentage of Tfh-like cells with autoantibody production and SLE disease activity. METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from 29 lupus patients and 25 healthy controls. Tonsils were obtained surgically from non-SLE controls and used as a source of GC-Tfh cells. Tfh cells were defined by their signature surface markers (CXCR5, ICOS, CD57, PD-1 and BTLA) via flow cytometry. IL-21 expression levels from Tfh cells were measured by real-time PCR and intracellular staining. The function of Tfh cells was carried out by co-culture of Tfh cells and autologous B cells in vitro. IgG in the culture supernatant was detected by ELISA. RESULTS The frequency of circulating Tfh-like cells was significantly increased in SLE patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). The Tfh-like cells not only display similar phenotypes and signature cytokines with GC-Tfh cells, but also are capable of driving B cells to differentiate into IgG-secreting plasma cells in vitro. In addition, the frequency of Tfh-like cells correlated positively with the percentage of circulating plasmablasts, levels of serum anti-dsDNA antibodies and ANA. CONCLUSION The accumulated circulating Tfh-like cells in lupus patients share phenotypic and functional properties with GC-Tfh cells. Tfh-like cells may serve as perpetuators in the pathogenesis of SLE by enhancing the self-reactive B cell clones to further differentiate into auto antibody-producing plasmablasts, and ultimately cause autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - E Lindwall
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - C Gauthier
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - J Lyman
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - N Spencer
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - A Alarakhia
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - A Fraser
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - S Ing
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - M Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - T Webb-Detiege
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA The Univeristy of Queensland, School of Medicine, Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - J Zakem
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - W Davis
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA The Univeristy of Queensland, School of Medicine, Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Y Sung Choi
- Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - R Quinet
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA The Univeristy of Queensland, School of Medicine, Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Honjo K, Kubagawa Y, Kearney JF, Kubagawa H. Unique ligand-binding property of the human IgM Fc receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1975-82. [PMID: 25601920 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The IgM Fc receptor (FcμR) is the newest FcR, and coligation of FcμR and Fas/CD95 on Jurkat cells with agonistic IgM anti-Fas mAb was shown to inhibit Fas-induced apoptosis. The ligand-binding activity of human FcμR was further examined. FcμR-mediated protection from apoptosis was partially blocked by addition of 10(4) molar excess of IgM or its soluble immune complexes, but it could be inhibited by addition of 10-fold excess of IgM anti-CD2 mAb. This suggests that FcμR binds more efficiently to the Fc portion of IgM reactive with plasma-membrane proteins than to the Fc portion of IgM in solution. The former interaction occurred in cis on the same cell surface, but not in trans between neighboring cells. This cis engagement of FcμR resulted in modulation of Ca(2+) mobilization via CD2 on Jurkat cells or BCRs on blood B cells upon cross-linkage with the corresponding IgM mAbs. Several functional changes were observed with FcμR mutants: 1) significant increase in IgM ligand binding in the cytoplasmic tail-deletion mutant, 2) enhanced cap formation in FcμR upon IgM binding at 4°C with a point mutation of the transmembrane His to Phe, and 3) less protective activity of FcμR in IgM anti-Fas mAb-mediated apoptosis assays with a point mutation of the membrane-proximal Tyr to Phe. These findings show the importance of the cis engagement of FcμR and its critical role in receptor function. Hence, FcμR on B, T, and NK cells may modulate the function of surface proteins recognized by natural or immune IgM Abs on the shared membrane cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Honjo
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | - Yoshiki Kubagawa
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Hiromi Kubagawa
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
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Cambridge G, Moura RA, Santos T, Khawaja AA, Polido-Pereira J, Canhão H, Leandro MJ, Fonseca JE. Expression of the inherently autoreactive idiotope 9G4 on autoantibodies to citrullinated peptides and on rheumatoid factors in patients with early and established rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107513. [PMID: 25222933 PMCID: PMC4164660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pre-symptomatic stage of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines and autoantibodies. High levels and epitope spread by Rheumatoid factors (RhF) and autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins signify progression towards disease expression. In established RA, the persistence of high autoantibody levels reflects production by both long-lived plasma cells and short-lived plasmablasts. Neither the relative contributions to pathogenesis by autoantibodies from either source, nor the factors responsible for deciding the fate of autoantigen specific 'parent' B-cells, is understood. Phenotypic markers identifying subsets of autoreactive B-cells are therefore of interest in understanding the origin and perpetuation of the autoimmune response in RA. One such phenotypic marker is the rat monoclonal antibody, 9G4, which recognises an idiotope on immunoglobuins derived from the inherently autoreactive VH-gene, VH4-34. We therefore investigated whether the 9G4 idiotope was expressed on autoantibodies in patients with RA. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Sera from 19 patients with established RA and those with <1year history of untreated polyarthritis either resolving into RA (n = 42) or non-RA diagnosis (n = 31) were included. Autoantibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides (CCP), RhF and co-expression of the 9G4 idiotope were measured by ELISA. 9G4 recognised a population of anti-CCP antibodies in the majority of sera from patients with established disease and also in samples from patients with early disaese. 9G4+RhF levels were generally lower and not associated with positivity for, or levels of 9G4+CCP. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The persistence of 9G4+ immunoglobulins, of any isotype, in serum is rare. We describe here the novel finding of 9G4 expression on anti-CCP antibodies in patients from the earliest symptoms of RA through to established disease. Our results suggest that 9G4 expression on anti-CCP autoantibodies was not due to polyclonal expansion of VH4-34-encoded immunoglobulins. These studies may therefore provide a new focus for investigation into the evolution of the autoimmune response in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Cambridge
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Rita A. Moura
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tania Santos
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Akif A. Khawaja
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joaquim Polido-Pereira
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, EPE, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Canhão
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, EPE, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Leandro
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - João E. Fonseca
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, EPE, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
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Lange MD, Huang L, Yu Y, Li S, Liao H, Zemlin M, Su K, Zhang Z. Accumulation of VH Replacement Products in IgH Genes Derived from Autoimmune Diseases and Anti-Viral Responses in Human. Front Immunol 2014; 5:345. [PMID: 25101087 PMCID: PMC4105631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
VH replacement refers to RAG-mediated secondary recombination of the IgH genes, which renews almost the entire VH gene coding region but retains a short stretch of nucleotides as a VH replacement footprint at the newly generated VH–DH junction. To explore the biological significance of VH replacement to the antibody repertoire, we developed a Java-based VH replacement footprint analyzer program and analyzed the distribution of VH replacement products in 61,851 human IgH gene sequences downloaded from the NCBI database. The initial assignment of the VH, DH, and JH gene segments provided a comprehensive view of the human IgH repertoire. To our interest, the overall frequency of VH replacement products is 12.1%; the frequencies of VH replacement products in IgH genes using different VH germline genes vary significantly. Importantly, the frequencies of VH replacement products are significantly elevated in IgH genes derived from different autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and allergic rhinitis, and in IgH genes encoding various autoantibodies or anti-viral antibodies. The identified VH replacement footprints preferentially encoded charged amino acids to elongate IgH CDR3 regions, which may contribute to their autoreactivities or anti-viral functions. Analyses of the mutation status of the identified VH replacement products suggested that they had been actively involved in immune responses. These results provide a global view of the distribution of VH replacement products in human IgH genes, especially in IgH genes derived from autoimmune diseases and anti-viral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Lange
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
| | - Yangsheng Yu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
| | - Hongyan Liao
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
| | - Michael Zemlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - Kaihong Su
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA ; The Eppley Cancer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA ; The Eppley Cancer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
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50
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Alcéna DC, Kobie JJ, Kaminski DA, Rosenberg AF, Mattiacio JL, Brewer M, Dewhurst S, Dykes C, Jin X, Keefer MC, Sanz I. 9G4+ antibodies isolated from HIV-infected patients neutralize HIV-1 and have distinct autoreactivity profiles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85098. [PMID: 24386452 PMCID: PMC3873436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Potent HIV-1 specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (BNA) are uncommon in HIV infected individuals, and have proven hard to elicit by vaccination. Several, isolated monoclonal BNA are polyreactive and also recognize self-antigens, suggesting a breach of immune tolerance in persons living with HIV (PLWH). Persons with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) often have elevated levels of autoreactive antibodies encoded by the VH4-34 heavy chain immunoglobulin gene whose protein product can be detected by the 9G4 rat monoclonal antibody. We have recently found that levels of these “9G4+” antibodies are also elevated in PLWH. However, the putative autoreactive nature of these antibodies and the relationship of such reactivities with HIV neutralization have not been investigated. We therefore examined the autoreactivity and HIV neutralization potential of 9G4+ antibodies from PLWH. Results show that 9G4+ antibodies from PLWH bound to recombinant HIV-1 envelope (Env) and neutralized viral infectivity in vitro, whereas 9G4+ antibodies from persons with SLE did not bind to Env and failed to neutralize viral infectivity. In addition, while 9G4+ antibodies from PLWH retained the canonical anti-i reactivity that mediates B cell binding, they did not display other autoreactivities common to SLE 9G4+ antibodies, such as binding to cardiolipin and DNA and had much lower reactivity with apoptotic cells. Taken together, these data indicate that the autoreactivity of 9G4+ antibodies from PLWH is distinct from that of SLE patients, and therefore, their expansion is not due to a general breakdown of B cell tolerance but is instead determined in a more disease-specific manner by self-antigens that become immunogenic in the context of, and possibly due to HIV infection. Further studies of 9G4+ B cells may shed light on the regulation of B cell tolerance and interface between the generation of specific autoreactivities and the induction of antiviral immunity in persons living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle C. Alcéna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - James J. Kobie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Denise A. Kaminski
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexander F. Rosenberg
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonelle L. Mattiacio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew Brewer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen Dewhurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Carrie Dykes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Xia Jin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Keefer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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