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Fonseca A, Szysz M, Ly HT, Cordeiro C, Sepúlveda N. IgG Antibody Responses to Epstein-Barr Virus in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Their Effective Potential for Disease Diagnosis and Pathological Antigenic Mimicry. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:161. [PMID: 38256421 PMCID: PMC10820613 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The diagnosis and pathology of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) remain under debate. However, there is a growing body of evidence for an autoimmune component in ME/CFS caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and other viral infections. Materials and Methods: In this work, we analyzed a large public dataset on the IgG antibodies to 3054 EBV peptides to understand whether these immune responses could help diagnose patients and trigger pathological autoimmunity; we used healthy controls (HCs) as a comparator cohort. Subsequently, we aimed at predicting the disease status of the study participants using a super learner algorithm targeting an accuracy of 85% when splitting data into train and test datasets. Results: When we compared the data of all ME/CFS patients or the data of a subgroup of those patients with non-infectious or unknown disease triggers to the data of the HC, we could not find an antibody-based classifier that would meet the desired accuracy in the test dataset. However, we could identify a 26-antibody classifier that could distinguish ME/CFS patients with an infectious disease trigger from the HCs with 100% and 90% accuracies in the train and test sets, respectively. We finally performed a bioinformatic analysis of the EBV peptides associated with these 26 antibodies. We found no correlation between the importance metric of the selected antibodies in the classifier and the maximal sequence homology between human proteins and each EBV peptide recognized by these antibodies. Conclusions: In conclusion, these 26 antibodies against EBV have an effective potential for disease diagnosis in a subset of patients. However, the peptides associated with these antibodies are less likely to induce autoimmune B-cell responses that could explain the pathogenesis of ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Fonseca
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (A.F.); (C.C.)
- CEAUL—Centre of Statistics and its Applications, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mateusz Szysz
- Faculty of Mathematics & Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (H.T.L.)
| | - Hoang Thien Ly
- Faculty of Mathematics & Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (H.T.L.)
| | - Clara Cordeiro
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (A.F.); (C.C.)
- CEAUL—Centre of Statistics and its Applications, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sepúlveda
- CEAUL—Centre of Statistics and its Applications, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Mathematics & Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (H.T.L.)
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Rabatscher PA, Trendelenburg M. Anti-C1q autoantibodies from systemic lupus erythematosus patients enhance CD40-CD154-mediated inflammation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1408. [PMID: 35928801 PMCID: PMC9345742 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a clinically heterogeneous autoimmune disease with complex pathogenic mechanisms. Complement C1q has been shown to play a major role in SLE, and autoantibodies against C1q (anti‐C1q) are strongly associated with SLE disease activity and severe lupus nephritis suggesting a pathogenic role for anti‐C1q. Whereas C1q alone has anti‐inflammatory effects on human monocytes and macrophages, C1q/anti‐C1q complexes favor a pro‐inflammatory phenotype. This study aimed to elucidate the inflammatory effects of anti‐C1q on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods Isolated monocytes, isolated T cells and bulk PBMCs of healthy donors with or without concomitant T cell activation were exposed to C1q or complexes of C1q and SLE patient‐derived anti‐C1q (C1q/anti‐C1q). Functional consequences of C1q/anti‐C1q on cells were assessed by determining cytokine secretion, monocyte surface marker expression, T cell activation and proliferation. Results Exposure of isolated T cells to C1q or C1q/anti‐C1q did not affect their activation and proliferation. However, unspecific T cell activation in PBMCs in the presence of C1q/anti‐C1q resulted in increased TNF, IFN‐γ and IL‐10 secretion compared with C1q alone. Co‐culture and inhibition experiments showed that the inflammatory effect of C1q/anti‐C1q on PBMCs was due to a direct CD40–CD154 interaction between activated T cells and C1q/anti‐C1q‐primed monocytes. The CD40‐mediated inflammatory reaction of monocytes involves TRAF6 and JAK3‐STAT5 signalling. Conclusion In conclusion, C1q/anti‐C1q have a pro‐inflammatory effect on monocytes that depends on T cell activation and CD40–CD154 signalling. This signalling pathway could serve as a therapeutic target for anti‐C1q‐mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marten Trendelenburg
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland.,Division of Internal Medicine University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland
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Koo J, Hayashi M, Verneris MR, Lee-Sherick AB. Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages in the Pediatric Sarcoma Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2020; 10:581107. [PMID: 33381449 PMCID: PMC7769312 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.581107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For many pediatric sarcoma patients, multi-modal therapy including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery is sufficient to cure their disease. However, event-free and overall survival rates for patients with more advanced disease are grim, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Within many pediatric sarcomas, the normal immune response, including recognition and destruction of cancer cells, is lost due to the highly immune suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In this setting, tumor cells evade immune detection and capitalize on the immune suppressed microenvironment, leading to unchecked proliferation and metastasis. Recent preclinical and clinical approaches are aimed at understanding this immune suppressive microenvironment and employing cancer immunotherapy in an attempt to overcome this, by renewing the ability of the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. While there are several factors that drive the attenuation of immune responses in the sarcoma TME, one of the most remarkable are tumor associated macrophage (TAMs). TAMs suppress immune cytolytic function, promote tumor growth and metastases, and are generally associated with a poor prognosis in most pediatric sarcoma subtypes. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying TAM-facilitated immune evasion and tumorigenesis and discuss the potential therapeutic application of TAM-focused drugs in the treatment of pediatric sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Koo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Masanori Hayashi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michael R Verneris
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Alisa B Lee-Sherick
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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4
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CD40 Receptor Knockout Protects against Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) Prolongation and Exacerbation of Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-Induced Colitis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8060149. [PMID: 32498446 PMCID: PMC7345682 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is one of the most common gastrointestinal (GI) disorders around the world, and includes diagnoses such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The etiology of IBD is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. One environmental perturbagen that is not well studied within the intestines is microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR), which is a toxin produced by cyanobacteria in freshwater environments around the world. We recently reported that MC-LR has limited effects within the intestines of healthy mice, yet interestingly has significant toxicity within the intestines of mice with pre-existing colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). MC-LR was found to prolong DSS-induced weight loss, prolong DSS-induced bloody stools, exacerbate DSS-induced colonic shortening, exacerbate DSS-induced colonic ulceration, and exacerbate DSS-induced inflammatory cytokine upregulation. In addition, we previously reported a significant increase in expression of the pro-inflammatory receptor CD40 in the colons of these mice, along with downstream products of CD40 activation, including plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). In the current study, we demonstrate that knocking out CD40 attenuates the effects of MC-LR in mice with pre-existing colitis by decreasing the severity of weight loss, allowing a full recovery in bloody stools, preventing the exacerbation of colonic shortening, preventing the exacerbation of colonic ulceration, and preventing the upregulation of the pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines IL-1β, MCP-1, and PAI-1. We also demonstrate the promising efficacy of a CD40 receptor blocking peptide to ameliorate the effects of MC-LR exposure in a proof-of-concept study. Our findings suggest for the first time that MC-LR acts through a CD40-dependent mechanism to exacerbate colitis.
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Patra MC, Shah M, Choi S. Toll-like receptor-induced cytokines as immunotherapeutic targets in cancers and autoimmune diseases. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 64:61-82. [PMID: 31054927 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells of the myeloid and lymphoid lineages express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to recognize pathogenic components or cellular debris and activate the immune system through the secretion of cytokines. Cytokines are signaling molecules that are structurally and functionally distinct from one another, although their secretion profiles and signaling cascades often overlap. This situation gives rise to pleiotropic cell-to-cell communication pathways essential for protection from infections as well as cancers. Nonetheless, deregulated signaling can have detrimental effects on the host, in the form of inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. Because cytokines are associated with numerous autoimmune and cancerous conditions, therapeutic strategies to modulate these molecules or their biological responses have been immensely beneficial over the years. There are still challenges in the regulation of cytokine function in patients, even in those who take approved biological therapeutics. In this review, our purpose is to discuss the differential expression patterns of TLR-regulated cytokines and their cell type specificity that is associated with cancers and immune-system-related diseases. In addition, we highlight key structural features and molecular recognition of cytokines by receptors; these data have facilitated the development and approval of several biologics for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Chandra Patra
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Masaud Shah
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Early JO, Menon D, Wyse CA, Cervantes-Silva MP, Zaslona Z, Carroll RG, Palsson-McDermott EM, Angiari S, Ryan DG, Corcoran SE, Timmons G, Geiger SS, Fitzpatrick DJ, O'Connell D, Xavier RJ, Hokamp K, O'Neill LAJ, Curtis AM. Circadian clock protein BMAL1 regulates IL-1β in macrophages via NRF2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8460-E8468. [PMID: 30127006 PMCID: PMC6130388 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800431115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of innate immune responses and functions are dependent on time of day, and many inflammatory conditions are associated with dysfunctional molecular clocks within immune cells. However, the functional importance of these innate immune clocks has yet to be fully characterized. NRF2 plays a critical role in the innate immune system, limiting inflammation via reactive oxygen species (ROS) suppression and direct repression of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-6. Here we reveal that the core molecular clock protein, BMAL1, controls the mRNA expression of Nrf2 via direct E-box binding to its promoter to regulate its activity. Deletion of Bmal1 decreased the response of NRF2 to LPS challenge, resulting in a blunted antioxidant response and reduced synthesis of glutathione. ROS accumulation was increased in Bmal1-/- macrophages, facilitating accumulation of the hypoxic response protein, HIF-1α. Increased ROS and HIF-1α levels, as well as decreased activity of NRF2 in cells lacking BMAL1, resulted in increased production of the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β. The excessive prooxidant and proinflammatory phenotype of Bmal1-/- macrophages was rescued by genetic and pharmacological activation of NRF2, or through addition of antioxidants. Our findings uncover a clear role for the molecular clock in regulating NRF2 in innate immune cells to control the inflammatory response. These findings provide insights into the pathology of inflammatory conditions, in which the molecular clock, oxidative stress, and IL-1β are known to play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O Early
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Tissue Engineering Regenerative Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Deepthi Menon
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Cathy A Wyse
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Tissue Engineering Regenerative Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mariana P Cervantes-Silva
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Tissue Engineering Regenerative Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Zbigniew Zaslona
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Richard G Carroll
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Tissue Engineering Regenerative Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eva M Palsson-McDermott
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Stefano Angiari
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dylan G Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sarah E Corcoran
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - George Timmons
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Tissue Engineering Regenerative Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sarah S Geiger
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Darren J Fitzpatrick
- Department of Genetics, Smurfit Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Daniel O'Connell
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- Department of Genetics, Smurfit Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Annie M Curtis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Tissue Engineering Regenerative Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland;
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Interleukin-1β as emerging therapeutic target in hematological malignancies and potentially in their complications. Blood Rev 2017; 31:306-317. [PMID: 28495184 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pleiotropic cytokine that exerts multiple roles in both physiological and pathological conditions. It is produced by different cell subsets, and drives a wide range of inflammatory responses in numerous target cells. Enhanced IL-1β signaling is a common event in patients of hematological malignancies. Recent body of evidence obtained in preclinical models shows the pathogenic role of these alterations, and the promising therapeutic value of IL-1 targeting. In this review, we further highlight a potential contribution of IL-1β linking to complications and autoimmune disease that should be investigated in future studies. Hence, drugs that target IL-1 may be helpful to improve outcome or reduce morbidity in patients. Some of them are FDA-approved, and used efficiently against autoimmune diseases, like IL-1 receptor antagonist. In the clinic, however, this agent seems to have limited properties. Current improved drugs will allow to determine the true potential of IL-1 and IL-1β targeting as therapy in hematological malignancies and their related complications.
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8
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The prognostic value of plasma soluble CD40 ligand levels following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Thromb Res 2015; 136:24-9. [PMID: 25944664 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased circulating soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) levels have been reported to be associated with severity and mortality of severe traumatic brain injury. The current study tested the hypothesis that elevated plasma sCD40L levels are predictive of clinical outcomes of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). METHODS Plasma sCD40L concentrations of 120 aSAH patients and 120 healthy volunteers were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An unfavorable outcome was defined as Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 1-3. RESULTS Plasma sCD40L levels were significantly elevated in aSAH patients compared with healthy controls; plasma sCD40L levels were highly associated with clinical severity reflected by World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) score and Fisher score; sCD40L emerged as an independent predictor of 6-month mortality and unfavorable outcome and 6-month overall survival; although a combined logistic-regression model did not demonstrate the additive benefit of sCD40L to WFNS score and Fisher score, sCD40L possessed similar predictive value to WFNS score and Fisher score based on receiver operating characteristic curves. CONCLUSIONS Higher plasma sCD40L levels on presentation are associated with clinical severity and have potential to be a good prognostic biomarker of aSAH.
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Yang J, Ikezoe T, Nishioka C, Nobumoto A, Yokoyama A. IL-1β inhibits self-renewal capacity of dormant CD34⁺/CD38⁻ acute myelogenous leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:1967-81. [PMID: 23564444 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that CD34⁺/CD38⁻ acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells, which contain leukemia stem cells, expressed a greater amount of the phosphorylated forms of JAK2 and STAT5 (p-JAK2 and p-STAT5) than their CD34⁺/CD38⁺ counterparts. To identify candidate cytokines that are involved in the activation of JAK2/STAT5 in CD34⁺/CD38⁻ AML cells, we compared the cytokine expression profiles of CD34⁺/CD38⁻ AML cells and their CD34⁺/CD38⁺ counterparts. Interestingly, freshly isolated CD34⁺/CD38⁻ AML cells from patients (n = 17) expressed less interleukin-1β (IL-1β) than their CD34⁺/CD38⁺ counterparts and CD34⁺ normal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from healthy volunteers (n = 6), as measured by real-time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Methylation-specific PCR found that IL-1B gene expression was silenced by methylation of the promoter region. Importantly, exposure of CD34⁺/CD38⁻ AML cells to IL-1β (100 ng/ml) stimulated cell-cycle progression, induced apoptosis and sensitized these cells to growth inhibition by antileukemia agents. These changes occurred in conjunction with the downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21waf1, antiapoptotic proteins and p-STAT5. Forced expression of IL-1β in CD34⁺/CD38⁻ AML cells by lentiviral transduction significantly impaired the self-renewal capacity of the cells and induced apoptosis. Additionally, when these CD34⁺/CD38⁻ AML cells with forced expression of IL-1β were transplanted into severely immunocompromised mice, the engraftment of the cells and reconstitution of AML were significantly impaired. Taken together, our results indicate that the inhibition of STAT5 by IL-1β may be a promising treatment strategy to eradicate leukemia stem cells in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Hematology and Respiratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
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10
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Lai WQ, Melendez AJ, Leung BP. Role of sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate in inflammatory arthritis. World J Biol Chem 2010; 1:321-6. [PMID: 21537466 PMCID: PMC3083938 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v1.i11.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of sphingosine kinase (SphK) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in inflammation has been extensively demonstrated. As an intracellular second messenger, S1P plays an important role in calcium signaling and mobilization, and cell proliferation and survival. Activation of various plasma membrane receptors, such as the formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine receptor, C5a receptor, and tumor necrosis factor α receptor, leads to a rapid increase in intracellular S1P level via SphK stimulation. SphK and S1P are implicated in various chronic autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, primary Sjögren’s syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. Recent studies have demonstrated the important role of SphK and S1P in the development of arthritis by regulating the pro-inflammatory responses. These novel pathways represent exciting potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qi Lai
- Wen-Qi Lai, Alirio J Melendez, Bernard P Leung, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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Carpintero R, Gruaz L, Brandt KJ, Scanu A, Faille D, Combes V, Grau GE, Burger D. HDL interfere with the binding of T cell microparticles to human monocytes to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11869. [PMID: 20686620 PMCID: PMC2912329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Direct cellular contact with stimulated T cells is a potent mechanism that induces cytokine production in human monocytes in the absence of an infectious agent. This mechanism is likely to be relevant to T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Microparticles (MP) generated by stimulated T cells (MPT) display similar monocyte activating ability to whole T cells, isolated T cell membranes, or solubilized T cell membranes. We previously demonstrated that high-density lipoproteins (HDL) inhibited T cell contact- and MPT-induced production of IL-1β but not of its natural inhibitor, the secreted form of IL-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-1Ra). Methodology/Principal Findings Labeled MPT were used to assess their interaction with monocytes and T lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Similarly, interactions of labeled HDL with monocytes and MPT were assessed by flow cytometry. In parallel, the MPT-induction of IL-1β and sIL-1Ra production in human monocytes and the effect of HDL were assessed in cell cultures. The results show that MPT, but not MP generated by activated endothelial cells, bond monocytes to trigger cytokine production. MPT did not bind T cells. The inhibition of IL-1β production by HDL correlated with the inhibition of MPT binding to monocytes. HDL interacted with MPT rather than with monocytes suggesting that they bound the activating factor(s) of T cell surface. Furthermore, prototypical pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF, IL-6, IL-8, CCL3 and CCL4 displayed a pattern of production induced by MPT and inhibition by HDL similar to IL-1β, whereas the production of CCL2, like that of sIL-1Ra, was not inhibited by HDL. Conclusions/Significance HDL inhibit both MPT binding to monocytes and the MPT-induced production of some but not all cytokines, shedding new light on the mechanism by which HDL display their anti-inflammatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakel Carpintero
- Hans Wilsdorf Laboratory, Inflammation and Allergy Research Group, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lyssia Gruaz
- Hans Wilsdorf Laboratory, Inflammation and Allergy Research Group, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karim J. Brandt
- Hans Wilsdorf Laboratory, Inflammation and Allergy Research Group, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna Scanu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Dorothée Faille
- Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Valery Combes
- Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Georges E. Grau
- Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Danielle Burger
- Hans Wilsdorf Laboratory, Inflammation and Allergy Research Group, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Glatiramer acetate increases IL-1 receptor antagonist but decreases T cell-induced IL-1beta in human monocytes and multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:4355-9. [PMID: 19255448 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812183106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of action as well as cellular targets of glatiramer acetate (GA) in multiple sclerosis (MS) are still not entirely understood. IL-1beta is present in CNS-infiltrating macrophages and microglial cells and is an important mediator of inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), the MS animal model. A natural inhibitor of IL-1beta, the secreted form of IL-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-1Ra) improves EAE disease course. In this study we examined the effects of GA on the IL-1 system. In vivo, GA treatment enhanced sIL-1Ra blood levels in both EAE mice and patients with MS, whereas IL-1beta levels remained undetectable. In vitro, GA per se induced the transcription and production of sIL-1Ra in isolated human monocytes. Furthermore, in T cell contact-activated monocytes, a mechanism relevant to chronic inflammation, GA strongly diminished the expression of IL-1beta and enhanced that of sIL-1Ra. This contrasts with the effect of GA in monocytes activated upon acute inflammatory conditions. Indeed, in LPS-activated monocytes, IL-1beta and sIL-1Ra production were increased in the presence of GA. These results demonstrate that, in chronic inflammatory conditions, GA enhances circulating sIL-1Ra levels and directly affects monocytes by triggering a bias toward a less inflammatory profile, increasing sIL-1Ra while diminishing IL-1beta production. This study sheds light on a mechanism that is likely to participate in the therapeutic effects of GA in MS.
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Almerighi C, Sinistro A, Cavazza A, Ciaprini C, Rocchi G, Bergamini A. 1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits CD40L-induced pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity in human monocytes. Cytokine 2009; 45:190-7. [PMID: 19186073 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CD40 ligand (CD40L) stimulation induces proinflammatory and immunomodulatory activity in monocytes. Here, we report on the effects of the steroid hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) on human blood monocytes that have been stimulated with the CD40L ligand. Co-treatment of CD40L-stimulated monocytes with 1,25D3 resulted in reduced production and secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta, as well as in reduced expression of the surface co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. In addition, costimulation of CD4+ T lymphocytes by monocytes co-treated with CD40L and 1,25D3 resulted in reduced cell proliferation and diminished interferon (IFN)-gamma but enhanced IL-10 production by CD4+ T cells. Finally, 1,25D3 interfered with the ability of CD40L to rescue monocytes from apoptosis induced by serum withdrawal. These findings suggest that 1,25D3 may regulate the interaction of monocytes with T cells or other cell types that express CD40L, thus influencing the outcome of the immune or inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Almerighi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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14
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Drexler SK, Kong PL, Wales J, Foxwell BM. Cell signalling in macrophages, the principal innate immune effector cells of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:216. [PMID: 18947379 PMCID: PMC2592774 DOI: 10.1186/ar2481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a multisystemic auto-inflammatory disease affecting up to 1% of the population and leading to the destruction of the joints. Evidence exists for the involvement of the innate as well as the adaptive immune systems in the pathology of the disease. The success of anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha indicates the importance of pro-inflammatory mediators produced by innate immune cells in rheumatoid arthritis progression. Therefore, considerable efforts have been made in elucidating the signalling pathways leading to the expression of those mediators. This review will concentrate on the role of signalling pathways in innate immune cells in the context of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan K Drexler
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, 65 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London, W6 8LH, UK
| | - Philip L Kong
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, 65 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London, W6 8LH, UK
| | - Jeremy Wales
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, 65 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London, W6 8LH, UK
| | - Brian M Foxwell
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, 65 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London, W6 8LH, UK
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15
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Molnarfi N, Brandt KJ, Gruaz L, Dayer JM, Burger D. Differential regulation of cytokine production by PI3Kdelta in human monocytes upon acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3419-27. [PMID: 18471882 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Deregulated production of cytokines, including IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF plays an important role in chronic inflammation. Relevant to this condition, direct cellular contact with stimulated T cells is a potent inducer of cytokine production in human monocytes/macrophages. We previously demonstrated that PI3Ks regulate differential production of IL-1beta and its specific inhibitor secreted IL-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-1Ra) by human monocytes. Here we show that in contrast with PI3Kalpha, beta and gamma, PI3Kdelta accounts for most of the PI3K-dependent signaling ruling the production of IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF and sIL-1Ra in monocytes activated by cellular contact with stimulated T cells (mimicked by CHAPS-solubilized membranes of stimulated T cells, CE sHUT) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS); the latter stimuli being relevant to chronic/sterile and acute/infectious inflammation, respectively. Interestingly, PI3Kdelta activity dampened the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-activated monocytes, but induced it in CE sHUT-activated cells. In both CE sHUT- and LPS-activated monocytes PI3Kdelta regulated cytokine transcript expression through the phosphorylation/inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta). The blockade of GSK3beta displayed inverse effects to those of PI3Kdelta blockade. Thus, by displaying opposite functions in conditions mimicking chronic/sterile and acute/infectious inflammation, i.e., by repressing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in LPS-activated monocytes but inducing such mediators in T cell contact-activated monocytes, PI3Kdelta represents a potential therapeutic target specific to chronic/sterile inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Molnarfi
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Clinical Immunology Unit, Hans Wilsdorf Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Geneva, 24 rue Micheli-du-Crest, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
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16
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Bas S, Neff L, Vuillet M, Spenato U, Seya T, Matsumoto M, Gabay C. The proinflammatory cytokine response to Chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies in human macrophages is partly mediated by a lipoprotein, the macrophage infectivity potentiator, through TLR2/TLR1/TLR6 and CD14. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1158-68. [PMID: 18178856 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydiae components and signaling pathway(s) responsible for the production of proinflammatory cytokines by human monocytes/macrophages are not clearly identified. To this aim, Chlamydia trachomatis-inactivated elementary bodies (EB) as well as the following seven individual Ags were tested for their ability to induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines by human monocytes/macrophages and THP-1 cells: purified LPS, recombinant heat shock protein (rhsp)70, rhsp60, rhsp10, recombinant polypeptide encoded by open reading frame 3 of the plasmid (rpgp3), recombinant macrophage infectivity potentiator (rMip), and recombinant outer membrane protein 2 (rOmp2). Aside from EB, rMip displayed the highest ability to induce release of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8. rMip proinflammatory activity could not be attributed to Escherichia coli LPS contamination as determined by the Limulus Amoebocyte lysate assay, insensitivity to polymyxin B (50 microg/ml), and different serum requirement. We have recently demonstrated that Mip is a "classical" bacterial lipoprotein, exposed at the surface of EB. The proinflammatory activity of EB was significantly attenuated in the presence of polyclonal Ab to rMip. Native Mip was able to induce TNF-alpha and IL-8 secretion, whereas a nonlipidated C20A rMip variant was not. Proinflammatory activity of rMip was unaffected by heat or proteinase K treatments but was greatly reduced by treatment with lipases, supporting a role of lipid modification in this process. Stimulating pathways appeared to involve TLR2/TLR1/TLR6 with the help of CD14 but not TLR4. These data support a role of Mip lipoprotein in pathogenesis of C. trachomatis-induced inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvette Bas
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Medical School, Switzerland.
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17
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Meers S, Kasran A, Boon L, Lemmens J, Ravoet C, Boogaerts M, Verhoef G, Verfaillie C, Delforge M. Monocytes are activated in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and can contribute to bone marrow failure through CD40–CD40L interactions with T helper cells. Leukemia 2007; 21:2411-9. [PMID: 17805323 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune mechanisms have been shown to contribute to the process of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)-related bone marrow (BM) failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible contribution of activated monocytes through CD40-CD40L(CD154) interactions with activated T helper cells. We demonstrated in 77 predominantly lower risk MDS patients that the CD40 receptor was expressed significantly higher on monocytes and that CD40L was expressed significantly higher on T helper cells in peripheral blood (PB) and BM. Increased levels of CD40 and CD40L were detected in the same patients. In addition, stimulation of the CD40 receptor on purified PB monocytes led to a significantly higher tumor necrosis factor alpha production in patients. Co-culture of BM mononuclear cells of 21 patients in the presence of a blocking CD40 monoclonal antibody (ch5D12) led to a significant increase in the number of colony-forming units. A correlation was seen between increased CD40 expression on monocytes with patients' age below 60 years and with the cytogenetic abnormality trisomy 8. These results demonstrate that CD40 expression on monocytes may identify a subgroup of MDS patients in whom immune-mediated hematopoietic failure is part of the disease process. As such, the CD40-CD40L-based activation of monocytes might be a target to counteract MDS-related BM failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meers
- Department of Hematology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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18
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Rossol M, Meusch U, Pierer M, Kaltenhäuser S, Häntzschel H, Hauschildt S, Wagner U. Interaction between Transmembrane TNF and TNFR1/2 Mediates the Activation of Monocytes by Contact with T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4239-48. [PMID: 17785864 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.4239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes and monocytic cells produce proinflammatory cytokines upon direct cell contact with activated T cells. In the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis, the pivotal role of TNF-alpha implies that the interaction between transmembrane TNF-alpha (mTNF) and the TNF receptors (TNFR1 and TNFR2) might participate in the T cell contact-dependent activation of monocytes. Accordingly, treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by administration of a TNF-alpha-blocking Ab was found to significantly decrease TNF-alpha production by monocytes. Several lines of evidence indicated that signaling through TNFR1/2 and through mTNF (reverse signaling) is involved in TNF-alpha production by monocytes after T cell contact: 1) blocking mTNF on activated T cells leads to a significant reduction in TNF-alpha production; 2) down-regulation of TNFR1/2 on monocytes by transfection with small interfering RNA results in diminished TNF-alpha production; 3) blocking or down-regulating TNFR2 on activated T cells inhibits TNF-alpha production, indicating that mTNF on the monocyte surface mediates signaling; 4) ligation of mTNF on monocytes by surface TNFR2 transfected into resting T cells induces TNF-alpha production due to reverse signaling by mTNF; and 5) ligation of mTNF on monocytes by a soluble TNFR2:Ig receptor construct induces TNF-alpha production due to reverse signaling. In conclusion, we identified mTNF and TNFR1/2 as interaction partners contributing to TNF-alpha production in monocytes. Both pathways initiated by mTNF-TNFR interaction are likely to be inhibited by treatment with anti-TNF-alpha Abs.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Blocking/administration & dosage
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Monocytes/cytology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/physiology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Rossol
- Department of Medicine IV, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Molnarfi N, Gruaz L, Dayer JM, Burger D. Opposite Regulation of IL-1β and Secreted IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Production by Phosphatidylinositide-3 Kinases in Human Monocytes Activated by Lipopolysaccharides or Contact with T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 178:446-54. [PMID: 17182583 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The unbalanced production of IL-1beta and its natural, specific inhibitor, the secreted IL-1R antagonist (sIL-1Ra), plays an important role in chronic/sterile inflammation. Relevant to this condition is direct cellular contact with stimulated T cells which is a potent inducer of cytokine production in human monocytes/macrophages. We previously demonstrated that activation of PI3Ks is a prerequisite of the transcription of the sIL-1Ra gene in human monocytes activated by IFN-beta. In this study, we addressed the question of PI3K involvement in the production of IL-1beta and sIL-1Ra in monocytes activated by cellular contact with stimulated T cells (mimicked by CHAPS-solubilized membranes of stimulated T cells (CE(sHUT))), and a crude preparation of LPS, to compare stimuli relevant to chronic/sterile and acute/infectious inflammation, respectively. In monocytes activated by either CE(sHUT) or LPS, the inhibition of PI3Ks abrogated sIL-1Ra transcript expression and sIL-1Ra production, demonstrating that PI3Ks control the induction of sIL-1Ra gene transcription. In contrast, PI3K inhibition increased the production of IL-1beta protein in both CE(sHUT)- and LPS-activated monocytes, the enhancement being drastically higher in the former. This was not due to changes in IL-1beta mRNA steady-state levels or transcript stability, but to the involvement of PI3Ks in the repression of IL-1beta secretion. The downstream PI3K effector, Akt, was implicated in this process. The present results demonstrate that PI3Ks are involved in the inhibition of IL-1beta secretion and in the induction of sIL-1Ra production in human blood monocytes by controlling different mechanisms in conditions mimicking chronic/sterile (CE(sHUT)) and acute/infectious (LPS) inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Molnarfi
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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20
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Lum HD, Buhtoiarov IN, Schmidt BE, Berke G, Paulnock DM, Sondel PM, Rakhmilevich AL. Tumoristatic effects of anti-CD40 mAb-activated macrophages involve nitric oxide and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Immunology 2006; 118:261-70. [PMID: 16771862 PMCID: PMC1782283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector cells of the innate immune system have diverse functions that can result in tumour inhibition or tumour progression. Activation of macrophages by CD40 ligation has been shown to induce antitumour effects in vitro and in vivo. Here we investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) as mediators in the tumoristatic effects of murine peritoneal macrophages activated with agonistic anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (alphaCD40) alone and following further stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that macrophages activated in vivo by alphaCD40 exhibited tumoristatic activity in vitro against B16 melanoma cells; the tumoristatic effect correlated with the level of NO production and was enhanced by LPS. Use of the NO inhibitor L-nitro-arginine-methyl esterase (L-NAME) and evaluation of macrophages from inducible NO synthase (iNOS)-knockout (KO) mice following alphaCD40 activation showed reduced tumoristatic activity. CD40 ligation enhanced expression of TNF-alpha. Macrophage tumoristatic activity following alphaCD40 treatment was reduced by TNF-alpha mAb or use of macrophages from TNF-alpha-KO mice. However, further stimulation of alphaCD40-activated macrophages with LPS resulted in strong tumoristatic activity that was much less dependent on NO or TNF-alpha. Taken together, these results suggest that NO and TNF-alpha are involved in, but not solely responsible for, the antitumour effects of macrophages after activation by CD40 ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary D Lum
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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21
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Danese S, Sans M, Scaldaferri F, Sgambato A, Rutella S, Cittadini A, Piqué JM, Panes J, Katz JA, Gasbarrini A, Fiocchi C. TNF-alpha blockade down-regulates the CD40/CD40L pathway in the mucosal microcirculation: a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of infliximab in Crohn's disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:2617-24. [PMID: 16456024 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.4.2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The CD40/CD40 ligand (CD40L) pathway is involved in Crohn's disease (CD) pathogenesis. In the patients' circulation, soluble CD40L (sCD40L) levels are elevated and surface CD40L is increased in platelets and T cells, whereas in the intestine CD40 is overexpressed in the microvasculature and CD40L in platelets and T cells. The therapeutic effects of infliximab in CD are attributed to its systemic anti-TNF-alpha action, but because TNF-alpha modulates both CD40 and CD40L, we investigated whether infliximab affects the CD40/CD40L pathway in the intestine. Eighteen CD patients were evaluated before and after infliximab therapy. Plasma sCD40L was measured by ELISA and platelet and peripheral blood T cell (PBT) CD40L expression by flow cytometry. Microvascular CD40 and VCAM-1 expression were assessed in mucosal biopsies by immunohistochemistry and by flow cytometry in human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC). Cell cultures were performed in the presence and absence of infliximab. Infliximab treatment significantly reduced plasma sCD40L levels and eliminated CD40 and VCAM-1 from mucosal microvessels. In vitro infliximab prevented TNF-alpha-induced CD40 and VCAM-1 expression by HIMEC, and reduced PBT, but not platelet, surface CD40L expression and sCD40L release. In addition, infliximab decreased T cell-induced VCAM-1 expression in HIMEC by down-regulating CD40L in T cells and promoting T cells apoptosis. These findings point to a novel mechanism of action of infliximab, i.e., the disruption of CD40/CD40L-dependent cognate interactions between intestinal microvessels and T cells. Thus, in addition to neutralizing TNF-alpha and inducing T cell death, the therapeutic effects of infliximab in CD appear to be also mediated by inhibition of vascular inflammation in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Danese
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
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22
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Wang C, Wang MW, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. IL-1beta acts in synergy with endogenous IL-1beta in A375-S2 human melanoma cell apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway. J Korean Med Sci 2005; 20:555-61. [PMID: 16100443 PMCID: PMC2782147 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2005.20.4.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is a pivotal proinflammatory cytokine. To investigate the mechanism of IL-1beta-induced cell death in human malignant melanoma A375-S2 cells, MTT assay, photomicroscopical observation, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis, radioimmunoassay and Western blot analysis were carried out. IL-1beta did not only induce nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation, but also increased degradation of two substrates of caspase-3, poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (ICAD). Simultaneously, release of precursor of IL-1beta (pro-IL-1beta) and endogenous IL-1beta production were involved in the apoptotic process. IL-1beta enhanced the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and Bax/Bcl-xL expression and up-regulated apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) expression, which required the activation of downstream caspases. These results suggest that IL-1beta induces endogenous IL-1beta production, enhances cleavage of caspase downstream substrates and promotes mitochondria mediated apoptosis in A375-S2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Wang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China
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