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Zebertavage L, Schopf A, Nielsen M, Matthews J, Erbe AK, Aiken TJ, Katz S, Sun C, Witt CM, Rakhmilevich AL, Sondel PM. Evaluation of a Combinatorial Immunotherapy Regimen That Can Cure Mice Bearing MYCN-Driven High-Risk Neuroblastoma That Resists Current Clinical Therapy. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2561. [PMID: 38731089 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Incorporating GD2-targeting monoclonal antibody into post-consolidation maintenance therapy has improved survival for children with high-risk neuroblastoma. However, ~50% of patients do not respond to, or relapse following, initial treatment. Here, we evaluated additional anti-GD2-based immunotherapy to better treat high-risk neuroblastoma in mice to develop a regimen for patients with therapy-resistant neuroblastoma. Methods: We determined the components of a combined regimen needed to cure mice of established MYCN-amplified, GD2-expressing, murine 9464D-GD2 neuroblastomas. Results: First, we demonstrate that 9464D-GD2 is nonresponsive to a preferred salvage regimen: anti-GD2 with temozolomide and irinotecan. Second, we have previously shown that adding agonist anti-CD40 mAb and CpG to a regimen of radiotherapy, anti-GD2/IL2 immunocytokine and anti-CTLA-4, cured a substantial fraction of mice bearing small 9464D-GD2 tumors; here, we further characterize this regimen by showing that radiotherapy and hu14.18-IL2 are necessary components, while anti-CTLA-4, anti-CD40, or CpG can individually be removed, and CpG and anti-CTLA-4 can be removed together, while maintaining efficacy. Conclusions: We have developed and characterized a regimen that can cure mice of a high-risk neuroblastoma that is refractory to the current clinical regimen for relapsed/refractory disease. Ongoing preclinical work is directed towards ways to potentially translate these findings to a regimen appropriate for clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Zebertavage
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Allison Schopf
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Megan Nielsen
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Joel Matthews
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Amy K Erbe
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Taylor J Aiken
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Sydney Katz
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Claire Sun
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Cole M Witt
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Pieper AA, Stowe NA, Periyasamy S, Burkel BM, Tsarovsky NW, Singh AP, Rakhmilevich AL, Sondel PM, Ponik SM, Laeseke PF, Yu JPJ. Histoplasty Modification of the Tumor Microenvironment in a Murine Preclinical Model of Breast Cancer. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2024:S1051-0443(24)00234-3. [PMID: 38508448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a noninvasive therapeutic approach able to alter the biophysical organization and physiology of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a 4T1 murine model of breast cancer, histoplasty treatment with a proprietary 700-kHz multielement therapy transducer using a coaxially aligned ultrasound (US) imaging probe was used to target the center of an ex vivo tumor and deliver subablative acoustic energy. Tumor collagen morphology was qualitatively evaluated before and after histoplasty with second harmonic generation. Separately, mice bearing bilateral 4T1 tumors (n = 4; total tumors = 8) were intravenously injected with liposomal doxorubicin. The right flank tumor was histoplasty-treated, and tumors were fluorescently imaged to detect doxorubicin uptake after histoplasty treatment. Next, 4T1 tumor-bearing mice were randomized into 2 treatment groups (sham vs histoplasty, n = 3 per group). Forty-eight hours after sham/histoplasty treatment, tumors were harvested and analyzed using flow cytometry. RESULTS Histoplasty significantly increased (P = .0023) liposomal doxorubicin diffusion into 4T1 tumors compared with untreated tumors (2.12- vs 1.66-fold increase over control). Flow cytometry on histoplasty-treated tumors (n = 3) demonstrated a significant increase in tumor macrophage frequency (42% of CD45 vs 33%; P < .05) and a significant decrease in myeloid-derived suppressive cell frequency (7.1% of CD45 vs 10.3%; P < .05). Histoplasty-treated tumors demonstrated increased CD8+ (5.1% of CD45 vs 3.1%; P = .117) and CD4+ (14.1% of CD45 vs 11.8%; P = .075) T-cell frequency. CONCLUSIONS Histoplasty is a nonablative focused US approach to noninvasively modify the tumor ECM, increase chemotherapeutic uptake, and alter the tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Pieper
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nicholas A Stowe
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sarvesh Periyasamy
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Brian M Burkel
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Noah W Tsarovsky
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ajay P Singh
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Alexander L Rakhmilevich
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Suzanne M Ponik
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Paul F Laeseke
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - John-Paul J Yu
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Neuroscience Training Program, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
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Jin WJ, Jagodinsky JC, Vera JM, Clark PA, Zuleger CL, Erbe AK, Ong IM, Le T, Tetreault K, Berg T, Rakhmilevich AL, Kim K, Newton MA, Albertini MR, Sondel PM, Morris ZS. NK cells propagate T cell immunity following in situ tumor vaccination. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113556. [PMID: 38096050 PMCID: PMC10843551 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We report an in situ vaccination, adaptable to nearly any type of cancer, that combines radiotherapy targeting one tumor and intratumoral injection of this site with tumor-specific antibody and interleukin-2 (IL-2; 3xTx). In a phase I clinical trial, administration of 3xTx (with an immunocytokine fusion of tumor-specific antibody and IL-2, hu14.18-IL2) to subjects with metastatic melanoma increases peripheral CD8+ T cell effector polyfunctionality. This suggests the potential for 3xTx to promote antitumor immunity against metastatic tumors. In poorly immunogenic syngeneic murine melanoma or head and neck carcinoma models, 3xTx stimulates CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor responses at targeted and non-targeted tumors. During 3xTx treatment, natural killer (NK) cells promote CTLA4+ regulatory T cell (Treg) apoptosis in non-targeted tumors. This is dependent on NK cell expression of CD86, which is upregulated downstream of KLRK1. NK cell depletion increases Treg infiltration, diminishing CD8+ T cell-dependent antitumor response. These findings demonstrate that NK cells sustain and propagate CD8+ T cell immunity following 3xTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jong Jin
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Justin C Jagodinsky
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Jessica M Vera
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Paul A Clark
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Cindy L Zuleger
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Amy K Erbe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Irene M Ong
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Trang Le
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Kaitlin Tetreault
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Tracy Berg
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Alexander L Rakhmilevich
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - KyungMann Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Michael A Newton
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Mark R Albertini
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; The Medical Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Zachary S Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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Tsarovsky N, Felder M, Heck M, Slowinski J, Rasmussen K, VandenHeuvel S, Zaborek J, Morris ZS, Erbe AK, Sondel PM, Rakhmilevich AL. Cyclophosphamide augments the efficacy of in situ vaccination in a mouse melanoma model. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1200436. [PMID: 37746303 PMCID: PMC10516537 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1200436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We have previously shown that an intratumoral (IT) injection of the hu14.18-IL2 immunocytokine (IC), an anti-GD2 antibody linked to interleukin 2, can serve as an in situ vaccine and synergize with local radiotherapy (RT) to induce T cell-mediated antitumor effects. We hypothesized that cyclophosphamide (CY), a chemotherapeutic agent capable of depleting T regulatory cells (Tregs), would augment in situ vaccination. GD2+ B78 mouse melanoma cells were injected intradermally in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. Methods Treatments with RT (12Gy) and/or CY (100 mg/kg i.p.) started when tumors reached 100-300 mm3 (day 0 of treatment), followed by five daily injections of IT-IC (25 mcg) on days 5-9. Tumor growth and survival were followed. In addition, tumors were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Similar to RT, CY enhanced the antitumor effect of IC. The strongest antitumor effect was achieved when CY, RT and IC were combined, as compared to combinations of IC+RT or IC+CY. Flow cytometric analyses showed that the combined treatment with CY, RT and IC decreased Tregs and increased the ratio of CD8+ cells/Tregs within the tumors. Moreover, in mice bearing two separate tumors, the combination of RT and IT-IC delivered to one tumor, together with systemic CY, led to a systemic antitumor effect detected as shrinkage of the tumor not treated directly with RT and IT-IC. Cured mice developed immunological memory as they were able to reject B78 tumor rechallenge. Conclusion Taken together, these preclinical results show that CY can augment the antitumor efficacy of IT- IC, given alone or in combination with local RT, suggesting potential benefit in clinical testing of these combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Tsarovsky
- Department of Human Oncology, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mildred Felder
- Department of Human Oncology, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mackenzie Heck
- Department of Human Oncology, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | | | | | - Jen Zaborek
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Zachary S. Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, Madison, WI, United States
- Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Amy K. Erbe
- Department of Human Oncology, Madison, WI, United States
- Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Paul M. Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, Madison, WI, United States
- Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Alexander L. Rakhmilevich
- Department of Human Oncology, Madison, WI, United States
- Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI, United States
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Pieper AA, Spiegelman DV, Felder MAR, Feils AS, Tsarovsky NW, Zaborek J, Morris ZS, Erbe AK, Rakhmilevich AL, Sondel PM. Factors impacting the efficacy of the in-situ vaccine with CpG and OX40 agonist. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:2459-2471. [PMID: 37016127 PMCID: PMC10264285 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The in-situ vaccine using CpG oligodeoxynucleotide combined with OX40 agonist antibody (CpG + OX40) has been shown to be an effective therapy activating an anti-tumor T cell response in certain settings. The roles of tumor volume, tumor model, and the addition of checkpoint blockade in the efficacy of CpG + OX40 in-situ vaccination remains unknown. METHODS Mice bearing flank tumors (B78 melanoma or A20 lymphoma) were treated with combinations of CpG, OX40, and anti-CTLA-4. Tumor growth and survival were monitored. In vivo T cell depletion, tumor cell phenotype, and tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) studies were performed. Tumor cell sensitivity to CpG and macrophages were evaluated in vitro. RESULTS As tumor volumes increased in the B78 (one-tumor) and A20 (one-tumor or two-tumor) models, the anti-tumor efficacy of the in-situ vaccine decreased. In vitro, CpG had a direct effect on A20 proliferation and phenotype and an indirect effect on B78 proliferation via macrophage activation. As A20 tumors progressed in vivo, tumor cell phenotype changed, and T cells became more involved in the local CpG + OX40 mediated anti-tumor response. In mice with larger tumors that were poorly responsive to CpG + OX40, the addition of anti-CTLA-4 enhanced the anti-tumor efficacy in the A20 but not B78 models. CONCLUSIONS Increased tumor volume negatively impacts the anti-tumor capability of CpG + OX40 in-situ vaccine. The addition of checkpoint blockade augmented the efficacy of CpG + OX40 in the A20 but not B78 model. These results highlight the importance of considering multiple preclinical model conditions when assessing the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy regimens and their translation to clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Pieper
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dan V Spiegelman
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mildred A R Felder
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Arika S Feils
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Noah W Tsarovsky
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jen Zaborek
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zachary S Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amy K Erbe
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alexander L Rakhmilevich
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- 4159 MACC Fund UW Childhood Cancer Research Wing, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705-2275, USA.
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Heaton AR, Hoefges A, Rehani PR, Burkard NJ, Feils AS, Spiegelman DV, Tsarovsky NW, Hampton AA, Gurel AKE, Rakhmilevich AL, Sondel PM, Skala MC. Abstract 2389: In vivo multiphoton autofluorescence imaging is sensitive to CD8 T cell and tumor cell metabolic changes during immunotherapy in a murine melanoma model. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: In vivo multiphoton autofluorescence microscopy provides live, label free, single cell imaging of metabolic changes. These metabolic changes are quantified via the metabolic coenzymes NAD(P)H and FAD which are autofluorescent molecules endogenous to all cells. Metabolic reprogramming of tumor and immune cells is closely associated with cancer progression and cell phenotype. We aim to study metabolic changes during administration of an effective, triple-combination immunotherapy within murine melanoma tumors. This therapy includes external beam radiation, intratumoral hu14.18-IL2 immunocytokine (anti-GD2 mAb fused to IL2, provided by Anyxis Immuno-Oncology GmbH of Vienna, Austria), and intraperitoneal anti-CTLA-4 leading to in situ vaccination and cure of GD2+ murine tumors. Previous work has shown that a T cell response is critical to the efficacy of this therapy, so we created an mCherry-labeled T cell mouse model to study this response.
Methods: We implanted syngeneic B78 (GD2+) melanoma cells into the flanks of mCherry-labeled CD8 T cell reporter mice (C57Bl/6 background) to induce tumors. Under anesthesia, skin flap surgery was performed and tumors were imaged at several time points during therapy. Multiphoton imaging was performed to collect NAD(P)H, FAD, mCherry, and collagen signal with a 40X objective. Fluorescence lifetime data was collected using time correlated single photon counting electronics. Tissues were harvested and analyzed via flow cytometry and multiplex immunofluorescence to corroborate intravital imaging findings and characterize the immune infiltrate.
Results: Here we demonstrate that our in vivo imaging is sensitive to metabolic changes in both B78 melanoma and CD8 T cells from immunotherapy treated versus control tumors. These metabolic differences include changes in protein binding, redox balance, and fluorescence lifetime. We also show remodeling of collagen, a major component of the extracellular matrix, during immunotherapy that may be explained by an observed decrease in macrophages. Flow cytometry and multiplex immunofluorescence illustrate changes in the immune infiltrate composition, activation, cytotoxicity, and spatial distribution during therapy. We are also currently investigating metabolic changes in an MC38 mouse model - a hot tumor model - that we anticipate will provide excellent metabolic contrast to our B78 immunologically cold tumor model.
Conclusions: These results show that in vivo metabolic imaging enables single cell quantification of metabolic changes in tumor and immune cells during therapy. Combined with other traditional assays, we can elucidate key immune cell populations and the crucial timepoints during therapy where changes are occurring. With continued efforts, this imaging platform may be leveraged to develop new combinations of immunotherapies.
Citation Format: Alexa R. Heaton, Anna Hoefges, Peter R. Rehani, Nathaniel J. Burkard, Arika S. Feils, Dan V. Spiegelman, Noah W. Tsarovsky, Alina A. Hampton, Amy K. Erbe Gurel, Alexander L. Rakhmilevich, Paul M. Sondel, Melissa C. Skala. In vivo multiphoton autofluorescence imaging is sensitive to CD8 T cell and tumor cell metabolic changes during immunotherapy in a murine melanoma model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2389.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa R. Heaton
- 1Morgridge Institute for Research and University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Melissa C. Skala
- 1Morgridge Institute for Research and University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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7
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Carlson PM, Patel RB, Birstler J, Rodriquez M, Sun C, Erbe AK, Bates AM, Marsh I, Grudzinski J, Hernandez R, Pieper AA, Feils AS, Rakhmilevich AL, Weichert JP, Bednarz BP, Sondel PM, Morris ZS. Radiation to all macroscopic sites of tumor permits greater systemic antitumor response to in situ vaccination. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e005463. [PMID: 36639155 PMCID: PMC9843201 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antitumor effects of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) are mediated, in part, by an immune response. We have reported that a single fraction of 12 Gy EBRT combined with intratumoral anti-GD2 hu14.18-IL2 immunocytokine (IC) generates an effective in situ vaccine (ISV) against GD2-positive murine tumors. This ISV is effective in eradicating single tumors with sustained immune memory; however, it does not generate an adequate abscopal response against macroscopic distant tumors. Given the immune-stimulatory capacity of radiation therapy (RT), we hypothesized that delivering RT to all sites of disease would augment systemic antitumor responses to ISV. METHODS We used a syngeneic B78 murine melanoma model consisting of a 'primary' flank tumor and a contralateral smaller 'secondary' flank tumor, treated with 12 Gy EBRT and intratumoral IC immunotherapy to the primary and additional EBRT to the secondary tumor. As a means of delivering RT to all sites of disease, both known and occult, we also used a novel alkylphosphocholine analog, NM600, conjugated to 90Y as a targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). Tumor growth, overall survival, and cause of death were measured. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate immune population changes in both tumors. RESULTS Abscopal effects of local ISV were amplified by delivering as little as 2-6 Gy of EBRT to the secondary tumor. When the primary tumor ISV regimen was delivered in mice receiving 12 Gy EBRT to the secondary tumor, we observed improved overall survival and more disease-free mice with immune memory compared with either ISV or 12 Gy EBRT alone. Similarly, TRT combined with ISV resulted in improved overall survival and a trend towards reduced tumor growth rates when compared with either treatment alone. Using flow cytometry, we identified an influx of CD8+ T cells with a less exhausted phenotype in both the ISV-targeted primary and the distant secondary tumor following the combination of secondary tumor EBRT or TRT with primary tumor ISV. CONCLUSIONS We report a novel use for low-dose RT, not as a direct antitumor modality but as an immunomodulator capable of driving and expanding antitumor immunity against metastatic tumor sites following ISV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Carlson
- Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ravi B Patel
- Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jen Birstler
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Matthew Rodriquez
- Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Claire Sun
- Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amy K Erbe
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amber M Bates
- Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ian Marsh
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Grudzinski
- Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Alexander A Pieper
- Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Arika S Feils
- Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexander L Rakhmilevich
- Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jamey P Weichert
- Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bryan P Bednarz
- Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul M Sondel
- Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zachary S Morris
- Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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8
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Zhang Y, Sriramaneni RN, Clark PA, Jagodinsky JC, Ye M, Jin W, Wang Y, Bates A, Kerr CP, Le T, Allawi R, Wang X, Xie R, Havighurst TC, Chakravarty I, Rakhmilevich AL, O'Leary KA, Schuler LA, Sondel PM, Kim K, Gong S, Morris ZS. Multifunctional nanoparticle potentiates the in situ vaccination effect of radiation therapy and enhances response to immune checkpoint blockade. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4948. [PMID: 35999216 PMCID: PMC9399096 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32645-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) activates an in situ vaccine effect when combined with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), yet this effect may be limited because RT does not fully optimize tumor antigen presentation or fully overcome suppressive mechanisms in the tumor-immune microenvironment. To overcome this, we develop a multifunctional nanoparticle composed of polylysine, iron oxide, and CpG (PIC) to increase tumor antigen presentation, increase the ratio of M1:M2 tumor-associated macrophages, and enhance stimulation of a type I interferon response in conjunction with RT. In syngeneic immunologically "cold" murine tumor models, the combination of RT, PIC, and ICB significantly improves tumor response and overall survival resulting in cure of many mice and consistent activation of tumor-specific immune memory. Combining RT with PIC to elicit a robust in situ vaccine effect presents a simple and readily translatable strategy to potentiate adaptive anti-tumor immunity and augment response to ICB or potentially other immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Paul A Clark
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Justin C Jagodinsky
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mingzhou Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Wonjong Jin
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yuyuan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amber Bates
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Caroline P Kerr
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Trang Le
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raad Allawi
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xiuxiu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ruosen Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas C Havighurst
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ishan Chakravarty
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Kathleen A O'Leary
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Linda A Schuler
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kyungmann Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shaoqin Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Zachary S Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Hoefges A, McIlwain SJ, Erbe AK, Le TQ, Tetreault K, Mathers N, Rakhmilevich AL, Hank JA, Patel J, Garcia B, Morris ZS, Ong IM, Sondel PM. Abstract 1377: Endogenous antibodies recognize multiple proteins on B78 melanoma in mice cured via immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Antibodies can play an important role in innate and adaptive immune responses against cancer. By using a high-density whole mouse proteome peptide array, we were able to assess potential protein-targets for antibodies present in mice cured of their melanoma by a combination immunotherapy regimen of 12Gy local radiation and intratumoral administration of a tumor-specific immunocytokine (anti-GD2 antibody linked to IL-2). This regimen can induce an “in situ vaccine” effect (ISV) enabling mice to be cured of their tumors with long-term immune memory.
Methods: Immunocompetent C57/BL6 mice bearing large B78 (GD2-expressing) melanoma tumors were treated with ISV. Sera were collected at different timepoints (before tumor implantation, after implantation before treatment, after completion of treatment, after the mouse was rendered tumor-free and after a rejected rechallenge). Tumor cell surface binding of these serum samples was assessed via flow cytometry and showed a strong increase in binding of sample obtained following immunotherapy, and after rejection of a tumor rechallenge. Binding was assessed against the original tumor line, B78, as well as B16 (parental to B78 without GD2 expression).We used the naïve and immune sera on a Nimble Therapeutics whole mouse proteome peptide array to determine specific antibody-binding sites. Whole proteome data was analyzed using a newly developed algorithm which scans adjacent peptides to detect differential binding between naïve and immune samples.
Results: Multiple proteins were selectively identified by immune sera which were not well detected by sera from naïve mice. Hundreds of proteins were targeted by 3 or more of 6 mice and exhibited strong antibody binding only by immune sera. Some proteins were recognized via the same binding epitopes, others via different epitopes in separate mice. Some of the whole protein peptide array results were validated via JPT multi-well peptide array and some via independent peptide ELISA. Results from Nimble peptide array and ELISA validated well.
Conclusions: We were able to detect antibody in immune sera binding selectively to specific linear epitopes and identify proteins of interest for further investigation as potential targets for antibody-based or cellular therapies. Results from our whole proteome peptide array were validated in separate assays via peptide ELISA. We are also exploring if some of the identified tumor-specific endogenous antibodies could be used as biomarkers to predict response to our ISV regimen and potentially other immunotherapy treatments.
Citation Format: Anna Hoefges, Sean J. McIlwain, Amy K. Erbe, Trang Q. Le, Kaitlin Tetreault, Nicholas Mathers, Alexander L. Rakhmilevich, Jacquelyn A. Hank, Jigar Patel, Brad Garcia, Zachary S. Morris, Irene M. Ong, Paul M. Sondel. Endogenous antibodies recognize multiple proteins on B78 melanoma in mice cured via immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1377.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy K. Erbe
- 1University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Trang Q. Le
- 1University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI
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10
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Aiken TJ, Erbe AK, Zebertavage L, Komjathy D, Feils AS, Rodriguez M, Stuckwisch A, Gillies SD, Morris ZS, Birstler J, Rakhmilevich AL, Sondel PM. Mechanism of effective combination radio-immunotherapy against 9464D-GD2, an immunologically cold murine neuroblastoma. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e004834. [PMID: 35618290 PMCID: PMC9125770 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most pediatric cancers are considered immunologically cold with relatively few responding to immune checkpoint inhibition. We recently described an effective combination radio-immunotherapy treatment regimen ( c ombination a daptive- i nnate immunotherapy r egimen (CAIR)) targeting adaptive and innate immunity in 9464D-GD2, an immunologically cold model of neuroblastoma. Here, we characterize the mechanism of CAIR and the role of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) in the treatment response. METHODS Mice bearing GD2-expressing 9464D-GD2 tumors were treated with CAIR (external beam radiotherapy, hu14.18-IL2 immunocytokine, CpG, anti-CD40, and anti-CTLA4) and tumor growth and survival were tracked. Depletion of specific immune cell lineages, as well as testing in immunodeficient R2G2 mice, were used to determine the populations necessary for treatment efficacy. Induction of MHC-I expression in 9464D-GD2 cells in response to interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and CAIR was measured in vitro and in vivo, respectively, by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR. A cell line with IFN-γ-inducible MHC-I expression (9464D-GD2-I) was generated by transfecting a subclone of the parental cell line capable of expressing MHC-I with GD2 synthase and was used in vivo to assess the impact of MHC-I expression on responsiveness to CAIR. RESULTS CAIR cures some mice bearing small (50 mm3) but not larger (100 mm3) 9464D-GD2 tumors and these cured mice develop weak memory responses against tumor rechallenge. Early suppression of 9464D-GD2 tumors by CAIR does not require T or natural killer (NK) cells, but eventual tumor cures are NK cell dependent. Unlike the parental 9464D cell line, 9464D-GD2 cells have uniformly very low MHC-I expression at baseline and fail to upregulate expression in response to IFN-γ. In contrast, 9464D-GD2-I upregulates MHC-I in response to IFN-γ and is less responsive to CAIR. CONCLUSION Treatment with CAIR cures 9464D-GD2 tumors in a NK cell dependent manner and induction of MHC-I by tumors cells was associated with decreased efficacy. These results demonstrate that the early tumor response to this regimen is T and NK cell independent, but that NK cells have a role in generating lasting cures in the absence of MHC-I expression by tumor cells. Further strategies to better inhibit tumor outgrowth in this setting may require further NK activation or the ability to engage alternative immune effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Aiken
- Department of General Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amy K Erbe
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lauren Zebertavage
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David Komjathy
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Arika S Feils
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Matthew Rodriguez
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ashley Stuckwisch
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Zachary S Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jen Birstler
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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11
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Abstract
It has been well established that CD8+ T cells serve as effector cells of the adaptive immune response against tumors, whereas CD4+ T cells either help or suppress the generation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. However, in several experimental models as well as in cancer patients, it has been shown that CD4+ T cells can also mediate antitumor immunity either directly by killing tumor cells or indirectly by activating innate immune cells or by reducing tumor angiogenesis. In this review, we discuss the growing evidence of this underappreciated role of CD4+ T cells as mediators of antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy S. Kravtsov
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Amy K. Erbe
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Paul M. Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Alexander L. Rakhmilevich
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Alexander L. Rakhmilevich,
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12
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Aiken TJ, Komjathy D, Rodriguez M, Stuckwisch A, Feils A, Subbotin V, Birstler J, Gillies SD, Rakhmilevich AL, Erbe AK, Sondel PM. Short-course neoadjuvant in situ vaccination for murine melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e003586. [PMID: 35039460 PMCID: PMC8765065 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical resection remains an important component of multimodality treatment for most solid tumors. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy has several potential advantages, including in-situ tumor vaccination and pathologic assessment of response in the surgical specimen. We previously described an in-situ tumor vaccination strategy in melanoma using local radiation (RT) and an intratumoral injection of tumor-specific anti-GD2 immunocytokine (IT-IC). Here we tested whether neoadjuvant in-situ tumor vaccination using anti-GD2 immunocytokine and surgical resection, without RT, could generate immunologic memory capable of preventing recurrence or distant metastasis. METHODS Mice bearing GD2 expressing B78 melanoma tumors were treated with neoadjuvant radiation, IT-IC, or combined RT + IT-IC. Surgical resection was performed following neoadjuvant immunotherapy. Immune infiltrate was assessed in the resection specimens. Mice were rechallenged with either B78 contralateral flank tumors or pulmonary seeding of non-GD2 expressing B16 melanoma metastasis induced experimentally. Rejection of rechallenge in mice treated with the various treatment regimens was considered evidence of immunologic memory. RESULTS Neoadjuvant IT-IC and surgical resection resulted in increased CD8 T cell infiltration, a higher CD8:regulatory T cell ratio, and immunologic memory against contralateral flank rechallenge. The timing of resection did not significantly impact the development of memory, which was present as early as the day of surgery. There was less local wound toxicity with neoadjuvant IT-IC compared with neoadjuvant RT +IT IC. Neoadjuvant IT-IC and resection resulted in the rejection of B16 lung metastasis in a CD4 T cell dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Neoadjuvant IT-IC generates immunologic memory capable of preventing distant metastasis despite limited efficacy against large primary melanoma tumors. By combining neoadjuvant tumor vaccination and surgery, the toxicity of local RT was avoided. These preclinical data support further investigation regarding the use of neoadjuvant IT-IC in patients with melanoma at high risk for occult distant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Aiken
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David Komjathy
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Matthew Rodriguez
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ashley Stuckwisch
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Arika Feils
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vladimir Subbotin
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Inc, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jen Birstler
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | - Amy K Erbe
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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13
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Pieper AA, Zangl LM, Speigelman DV, Feils AS, Hoefges A, Jagodinsky JC, Felder MA, Tsarovsky NW, Arthur IS, Brown RJ, Birstler J, Le T, Carlson PM, Bates AM, Hank JA, Rakhmilevich AL, Erbe AK, Sondel PM, Patel RB, Morris ZS. Radiation Augments the Local Anti-Tumor Effect of In Situ Vaccine With CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotides and Anti-OX40 in Immunologically Cold Tumor Models. Front Immunol 2021; 12:763888. [PMID: 34868010 PMCID: PMC8634717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.763888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Combining CpG oligodeoxynucleotides with anti-OX40 agonist antibody (CpG+OX40) is able to generate an effective in situ vaccine in some tumor models, including the A20 lymphoma model. Immunologically "cold" tumors, which are typically less responsive to immunotherapy, are characterized by few tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), low mutation burden, and limited neoantigen expression. Radiation therapy (RT) can change the tumor microenvironment (TME) of an immunologically "cold" tumor. This study investigated the effect of combining RT with the in situ vaccine CpG+OX40 in immunologically "cold" tumor models. Methods Mice bearing flank tumors (A20 lymphoma, B78 melanoma or 4T1 breast cancer) were treated with combinations of local RT, CpG, and/or OX40, and response to treatment was monitored. Flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) experiments were conducted to study differences in the TME, secondary lymphoid organs, and immune activation after treatment. Results An in situ vaccine regimen of CpG+OX40, which was effective in the A20 model, did not significantly improve tumor response or survival in the "cold" B78 and 4T1 models, as tested here. In both models, treatment with RT prior to CpG+OX40 enabled a local response to this in situ vaccine, significantly improving the anti-tumor response and survival compared to RT alone or CpG+OX40 alone. RT increased OX40 expression on tumor infiltrating CD4+ non-regulatory T cells. RT+CpG+OX40 increased the ratio of tumor-infiltrating effector T cells to T regulatory cells and significantly increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation in the tumor draining lymph node (TDLN) and spleen. Conclusion RT significantly improves the local anti-tumor effect of the in situ vaccine CpG+OX40 in immunologically "cold", solid, murine tumor models where RT or CpG+OX40 alone fail to stimulate tumor regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Pieper
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Luke M. Zangl
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dan V. Speigelman
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Arika S. Feils
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Anna Hoefges
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Justin C. Jagodinsky
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mildred A. Felder
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Noah W. Tsarovsky
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ian S. Arthur
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ryan J. Brown
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jen Birstler
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Trang Le
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Peter M. Carlson
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Amber M. Bates
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jacquelyn A. Hank
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Alexander L. Rakhmilevich
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Amy K. Erbe
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Paul M. Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ravi B. Patel
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Zachary S. Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
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14
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Bates PD, Rakhmilevich AL, Cho MM, Bouchlaka MN, Rao SL, Hales JM, Orentas RJ, Fry TJ, Gilles SD, Sondel PM, Capitini CM. Combining Immunocytokine and Ex Vivo Activated NK Cells as a Platform for Enhancing Graft-Versus-Tumor Effects Against GD2 + Murine Neuroblastoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:668307. [PMID: 34489927 PMCID: PMC8417312 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Management for high-risk neuroblastoma (NBL) has included autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) and anti-GD2 immunotherapy, but survival remains around 50%. The aim of this study was to determine if allogeneic HSCT could serve as a platform for inducing a graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect against NBL with combination immunocytokine and NK cells in a murine model. Lethally irradiated C57BL/6 (B6) x A/J recipients were transplanted with B6 bone marrow on Day +0. On day +10, allogeneic HSCT recipients were challenged with NXS2, a GD2+ NBL. On days +14-16, mice were treated with the anti-GD2 immunocytokine hu14.18-IL2. In select groups, hu14.18-IL2 was combined with infusions of B6 NK cells activated with IL-15/IL-15Rα and CD137L ex vivo. Allogeneic HSCT alone was insufficient to control NXS2 tumor growth, but the addition of hu14.18-IL2 controlled tumor growth and improved survival. Adoptive transfer of ex vivo CD137L/IL-15/IL-15Rα activated NK cells with or without hu14.18-IL2 exacerbated lethality. CD137L/IL-15/IL-15Rα activated NK cells showed enhanced cytotoxicity and produced high levels of TNF-α in vitro, but induced cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in vivo. Infusing Perforin-/- CD137L/IL-15/IL-15Rα activated NK cells had no impact on GVT, whereas TNF-α-/- CD137L/IL-15/IL-15Rα activated NK cells improved GVT by decreasing peripheral effector cell subsets while preserving tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Depletion of Ly49H+ NK cells also improved GVT. Using allogeneic HSCT for NBL is a viable platform for immunocytokines and ex vivo activated NK cell infusions, but must be balanced with induction of CRS. Regulation of TNFα or activating NK subsets may be needed to improve GVT effects.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Female
- Gangliosides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Gangliosides/immunology
- Gangliosides/metabolism
- Graft vs Tumor Effect
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/transplantation
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neuroblastoma/immunology
- Neuroblastoma/metabolism
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Neuroblastoma/therapy
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Bates
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Alexander L. Rakhmilevich
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Monica M. Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Myriam N. Bouchlaka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Seema L. Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Joanna M. Hales
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rimas J. Orentas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Terry J. Fry
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Paul M. Sondel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Christian M. Capitini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
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15
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Patel RB, Hernandez R, Carlson P, Grudzinski J, Bates AM, Jagodinsky JC, Erbe A, Marsh IR, Arthur I, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Sriramaneni RN, Jin WJ, Massey C, Rakhmilevich AL, Vail D, Engle JW, Le T, Kim K, Bednarz B, Sondel PM, Weichert J, Morris ZS. Low-dose targeted radionuclide therapy renders immunologically cold tumors responsive to immune checkpoint blockade. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/602/eabb3631. [PMID: 34261797 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb3631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular and cellular effects of radiotherapy on tumor microenvironment (TME) can help prime and propagate antitumor immunity. We hypothesized that delivering radiation to all tumor sites could augment response to immunotherapies. We tested an approach to enhance response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) by using targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) to deliver radiation semiselectively to tumors. NM600, an alkylphosphocholine analog that preferentially accumulates in most tumor types, chelates a radioisotope and semiselectively delivers it to the TME for therapeutic or diagnostic applications. Using serial 86Y-NM600 positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, we estimated the dosimetry of 90Y-NM600 in immunologically cold syngeneic murine models that do not respond to ICIs alone. We observed strong therapeutic efficacy and reported optimal dose (2.5 to 5 gray) and sequence for 90Y-NM600 in combination with ICIs. After combined treatment, 45 to 66% of mice exhibited complete response and tumor-specific T cell memory, compared to 0% with 90Y-NM600 or ICI alone. This required expression of STING in tumor cells. Combined TRT and ICI activated production of proinflammatory cytokines in the TME, promoted tumor infiltration by and clonal expansion of CD8+ T cells, and reduced metastases. In mice bearing multiple tumors, combining TRT with moderate-dose (12 gray) external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) targeting a single tumor augmented response to ICIs compared to combination of ICIs with either TRT or EBRT alone. The safety of TRT was confirmed in a companion canine study. Low-dose TRT represents a translatable approach to promote response to ICIs for many tumor types, regardless of location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi B Patel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Reinier Hernandez
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Peter Carlson
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Joseph Grudzinski
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Amber M Bates
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Justin C Jagodinsky
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Amy Erbe
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Ian R Marsh
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Ian Arthur
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | | | - Raghava N Sriramaneni
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Won Jong Jin
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Christopher Massey
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | | | - David Vail
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA.,Barbara A. Suran Comparative Oncology Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Johnathan W Engle
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Trang Le
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - KyungMann Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Bryan Bednarz
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Jamey Weichert
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Zachary S Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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16
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Pieper AA, Rakhmilevich AL, Spiegelman DV, Patel RB, Birstler J, Jin WJ, Carlson PM, Charych DH, Hank JA, Erbe AK, Overwijk WW, Morris ZS, Sondel PM. Combination of radiation therapy, bempegaldesleukin, and checkpoint blockade eradicates advanced solid tumors and metastases in mice. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002715. [PMID: 34172518 PMCID: PMC8237721 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current clinical trials are using radiation therapy (RT) to enhance an antitumor response elicited by high-dose interleukin (IL)-2 therapy or immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Bempegaldesleukin (BEMPEG) is an investigational CD122-preferential IL-2 pathway agonist with prolonged in vivo half-life and preferential intratumoral expansion of T effector cells over T regulatory cells. BEMPEG has shown encouraging safety and efficacy in clinical trials when used in combination with PD-1 checkpoint blockade. In this study, we investigated the antitumor effect of local RT combined with BEMPEG in multiple immunologically ‘cold’ tumor models. Additionally, we asked if ICB could further enhance the local and distant antitumor effect of RT+BEMPEG in the setting of advanced solid tumors or metastatic disease. Methods Mice bearing flank tumors (B78 melanoma, 4T1 breast cancer, or MOC2 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma) were treated with combinations of RT and immunotherapy (including BEMPEG, high-dose IL-2, anti(α)-CTLA-4, and α-PD-L1). Mice bearing B78 flank tumors were injected intravenously with B16 melanoma cells to mimic metastatic disease and were subsequently treated with RT and/or immunotherapy. Tumor growth and survival were monitored. Peripheral T cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were assessed via flow cytometry. Results A cooperative antitumor effect was observed in all models when RT was combined with BEMPEG, and RT increased IL-2 receptor expression on peripheral T cells. This cooperative interaction was associated with increased IL-2 receptor expression on peripheral T cells following RT. In the B78 melanoma model, RT+BEMPEG resulted in complete tumor regression in the majority of mice with a single ~400 mm3 tumor. This antitumor response was T-cell dependent and supported by long-lasting immune memory. Adding ICB to RT+BEMPEG strengthened the antitumor response and cured the majority of mice with a single ~1000 mm3 B78 tumor. In models with disseminated metastasis (B78 primary with B16 metastasis, 4T1, and MOC2), the triple combination of RT, BEMPEG, and ICB significantly improved primary tumor response and survival. Conclusion The combination of local RT, BEMPEG, and ICB cured mice with advanced, immunologically cold tumors and distant metastasis in a T cell-dependent manner, suggesting this triple combination warrants clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Pieper
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Daniel V Spiegelman
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ravi B Patel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jen Birstler
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Won Jong Jin
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Peter M Carlson
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Jacquelyn A Hank
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amy K Erbe
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Zachary S Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Aiken TJ, Komjathy D, Rodriguez M, Feils A, Gillies SD, Erbe AK, Rakhmilevich AL, Sondel PM. Short-course neoadjuvant intratumoral immunotherapy establishes immunologic memory in murine melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e21561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
e21561 Background: GD2 is disialoganglioside preferentially expressed in neuroblastoma and melanoma and anti-GD2 directed therapies are used clinically in neuroblastoma, with ongoing clinical trials in melanoma. We are currently developing an in situ vaccination approach using intratumoral (IT) delivery of an immunocytokine (IC) consisting of IL-2 linked to an anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody. While IT-IC monotherapy does not cure mice bearing established B78 melanoma tumors, it is effective when combined with local radiation therapy (RT). Here, we tested whether short course IT-IC monotherapy prior to surgical resection could result in a robust adaptive immune response preventing tumor recurrence following rechallenge after surgery. Methods: Mice bearing 50-100mm3 GD2-expressing melanoma (B78) tumors were treated with a 5-day course of 50μg IT-IC and complete surgical resection was performed 3 days following the final treatment. The immune infiltrate of resected tumors was assessed by flow cytometry. Rechallenge experiments consisted of either 2x106 B78 cells injected into the contralateral flank or 2x105 B16-GD2 cells injected via tail vein for pulmonary metastasis rechallenge. Results: IT-IC treated tumors had fewer viable tumor cells, increased CD8 T-cells, and an improved CD8:Treg ratio. Rejection of B78 contralateral flank rechallenge (implanted 40 days following surgical resection of the primary tumor) was observed in 78% (7/9) of mice treated with IT-IC compared to 50% (5/10) that received surgery alone and 0% (0/5) of naïve mice. Immunologic memory was potent in neoadjuvant-treated mice early after surgery, with all mice (5/5) rejecting contralateral B78 rechallenge that occurred on the day of surgery compared to 0% (0/5) in both surgery-alone and naïve mice. Neoadjuvant IT-IC also prevented the development of B16-GD2 lung metastasis compared to naïve mice or the surgery-alone group (when the IV injected experimental metastases were given 80 days following surgery). Conclusions: While ineffective in curing large B78 melanoma flank tumors as monotherapy, mice receiving neoadjuvant IT-IC developed robust immunologic memory preventing recurrence following surgery. The memory response was present as early as the day of surgery and was sufficient to prevent pulmonary metastasis. IT-IC should be further investigated as a neoadjuvant therapy for preventing recurrence in high-risk settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arika Feils
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Amy K. Erbe
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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18
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Carlson PM, Mohan M, Rodriguez M, Subbotin V, Sun CX, Patel RB, Birstler J, Hank JA, Rakhmilevich AL, Morris ZS, Erbe AK, Sondel PM. Depth of tumor implantation affects response to in situ vaccination in a syngeneic murine melanoma model. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002107. [PMID: 33858849 PMCID: PMC8055108 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An important component of research using animal models is ensuring rigor and reproducibility. This study was prompted after two experimenters performing virtually identical studies obtained different results when syngeneic B78 murine melanoma cells were implanted into the skin overlying the flank and treated with an in situ vaccine (ISV) immunotherapy. Although both experimenters thought they were using identical technique, we determined that one was implanting the tumors intradermally (ID) and the other was implanting them subcutaneously (SC). Though the baseline in vivo immunogenicity of tumors can depend on depth of their implantation, the response to immunotherapy as a function of tumor depth, particularly in immunologically 'cold' tumors, has not been well studied. The goal of this study was to evaluate the difference in growth kinetics and response to immunotherapy between identically sized melanoma tumors following ID versus SC implantation. We injected C57BL/6 mice with syngeneic B78 melanoma cells either ID or SC in the flank. When tumors reached 190-230 mm3, they were grouped into a 'wave' and treated with our previously published ISV regimen (12 Gy local external beam radiation and intratumoral hu14.18-IL2 immunocytokine). Physical examination demonstrated that ID-implanted tumors were mobile on palpation, while SC-implanted tumors became fixed to the underlying fascia. Histologic examination identified a critical fascial layer, the panniculus carnosus, which separated ID and SC tumors. SC tumors reached the target tumor volume significantly faster compared with ID tumors. Most ID tumors exhibited either partial or complete response to this immunotherapy, whereas most SC tumors did not. Further, the 'mobile' or 'fixed' phenotype of tumors predicted response to therapy, regardless of intended implantation depth. These findings were then extended to additional immunotherapy regimens in four separate tumor models. These data indicate that the physical 'fixed' versus 'mobile' characterization of the tumors may be one simple method of ensuring homogeneity among implanted tumors prior to initiation of treatment. Overall, this short report demonstrates that small differences in depth of tumor implantation can translate to differences in response to immunotherapy, and proposes a simple physical examination technique to ensure consistent tumor depth when conducting implantable tumor immunotherapy experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Carlson
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Manasi Mohan
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Matthew Rodriguez
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vladimir Subbotin
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Claire X Sun
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ravi B Patel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jen Birstler
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jacquelyn A Hank
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Zachary S Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amy K Erbe
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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19
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Baniel CC, Sumiec EG, Hank JA, Bates AM, Erbe AK, Pieper AA, Hoefges AG, Patel RB, Rakhmilevich AL, Morris ZS, Sondel PM. Intratumoral injection reduces toxicity and antibody-mediated neutralization of immunocytokine in a mouse melanoma model. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001262. [PMID: 33115944 PMCID: PMC7594540 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some patients with cancer treated with anticancer monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) develop antidrug antibodies (ADAs) that recognize and bind the therapeutic antibody. This response may neutralize the therapeutic mAb, interfere with mAb effector function or cause toxicities. We investigated the potential influence of ADA to modify the tumor-binding capability of a tumor-reactive ‘immunocytokine’ (IC), namely, a fusion protein (hu14.18-IL2) consisting of a humanized, tumor-reactive, anti-GD2 mAb genetically linked to interleukin 2. We characterize the role of treatment delivery of IC (intravenous vs intratumoral) on the impact of ADA on therapeutic outcome following IC treatments in an established antimelanoma (MEL) regimen involving radiotherapy (RT) +IC. Methods C57BL/6 mice were injected with human IgG or the hu14.18-IL2 IC to develop a mouse anti-human antibody (MAHA) response (MAHA+). In vitro assays were performed to assess ADA binding to IC using sera from MAHA+ and MAHA− mice. In vivo experiments assessed the levels of IC bound to tumor in MAHA+ and MAHA− mice, and the influence of IC route of delivery on its ability to bind to B78 (GD2+) MEL tumors. Results MAHA is inducible in C57BL/6 mice. In vitro assays show that MAHA is capable of inhibiting the binding of IC to GD2 antigen on B78 cells, resulting in impaired ADCC mediated by IC. When B78-bearing mice are injected intravenously with IC, less IC binds to B78-MEL tumors in MAHA+ mice than in MAHA− mice. In contrast, when IC is injected intratumorally in tumor-bearing mice, the presence of MAHA does not detectibly impact IC binding to the tumor. Combination therapy with RT+IT-IC showed improved tumor regression compared with RT alone in MAHA+ mice. If given intratumorally, IC could be safely readministered in tumor-bearing MAHA+ mice, while intravenous injections of IC in MAHA+ mice caused severe toxicity. Histamine levels were elevated in MAHA+ mice compared with MAHA− mice after reintroduction of IC. Conclusions Intratumoral injection may be a means of overcoming ADA neutralization of therapeutic activity of tumor-reactive mAbs or ICs and may reduce systemic toxicity, which could have significant translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Baniel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Sumiec
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jacquelyn A Hank
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amber M Bates
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amy K Erbe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexander A Pieper
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anna G Hoefges
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ravi B Patel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Zachary S Morris
- Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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20
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Sriramaneni RN, Clark PA, Bates AM, Anderson BR, Jin W, Jagodinsky JC, Rakhmilevich AL, Morris ZS. Abstract 2256: Low dose brain radiotherapy enhances the efficacy of an extracranial in situ vaccine regimen against melanoma brain metastases in a pre-clinical murine model. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Brain metastases develop in >60% of advanced melanoma patients, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. We previously showed that a regimen combining radiation (RT) and intra-tumoral (IT) injection of immunocytokine (IC: αGD2 antibody fused to IL2) resulted in enhanced response to immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI: αCTLA4 Ab) in mice bearing immunologically cold murine melanoma tumors. Here, we used the immunologically cold B78 murine melanoma model to investigate the efficacy of this in situ vaccine (ISV) regimen (RT + IT-IC + ICI) in mice bearing melanoma tumors in the brain and at extracranial sites. B78 (GD2+) cells were implanted into the right and left flanks and the right striatum of the brain in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. Right flank tumors (150-200 mm3) were treated following a previously optimized ISV regimen [RT (12Gy, day 1), IT-IC (days 6-10) and αCTLA4 (days 3, 6, 9)]. ISV eliminated both flank tumors [22/22 complete response (CR)] compared to αCTLA-4 alone (0/8 CR). However, ISV had only modest effect in prolonging survival in mice with a B78 brain melanoma tumor and all mice succumbed to progressive brain tumor burden. Comparing tumors from the left flank and brain of mice treated with ISV to a right flank tumor, qPCR demonstrated no difference in the expression of Mhc-1 or of various checkpoint receptors/ligands (including Ctla4, Tigit, Pd-L1, Lag3). Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry at day 15 after ISV demonstrated decreased regulatory T cells (Tregs; CD4+, FOXP3+, CD25+) and a higher ratio of CD8+ T cells:Tregs in the left flank tumor compared to the brain tumor. In contrast, these levels did not differ between left flank and brain tumors in untreated mice. Following ISV, CD8+ T cell:Treg ratio at both the left flank and brain tumor sites significantly increased compared to these respective tumor sites in untreated mice. Multiplex profiling of 32 cytokines demonstrated indistinguishable cytokine expression between untreated tumors in the left flank and brain but showed a distinct pattern of response at these locations following right flank ISV with reduced activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain melanoma tumor. Given the capacity of low dose RT to temporarily deplete Tregs and increase production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, we hypothesized that low dose whole brain (WB) RT (4 Gy x 1) would enhance ISV response of melanoma brain tumors. Addition of WBRT at day 15 after ISV significantly increased survival of mice with a melanoma tumor in the brain compared to ISV or WBRT alone with 2/11 exhibiting durable CR compared to 0/10 with either ISV or WBRT alone. Interestingly, WBRT administered concurrently on day 1 with ISV had no survival benefit compared to ISV alone - suggesting a critical immunomodulatory role for WBRT at day 15. With WBRT + ISV, we observed an increased ratio of CD8+:FOXP3+ T cells in melanoma brain tumors compared to ISV alone. These results suggest that low dose brain RT may enhance the response to an extracranial ISV at immunologically cold brain metastases.
Citation Format: Raghava N. Sriramaneni, Paul A. Clark, Amber M. Bates, Bryce R. Anderson, Wonjong Jin, Justin C. Jagodinsky, Alexander L. Rakhmilevich, Zachary S. Morris. Low dose brain radiotherapy enhances the efficacy of an extracranial in situ vaccine regimen against melanoma brain metastases in a pre-clinical murine model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2256.
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21
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Clark PA, Sriramaneni RN, Pieper A, Bates AM, Anderson BR, Jin W, Jagodinsky JC, Rakhmilevich AL, Morris ZS. Abstract 4440: Bempegaldesleukin (NKTR-214), a CD122 preferential IL-2 pathway agonist, augments thein situvaccine response to radiation of an extracranial tumor in a murine melanoma model, conferring response at non-radiated tumor sites in the brain. Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-4440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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22
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Baniel CC, Heinze CM, Hoefges A, Sumiec EG, Hank JA, Carlson PM, Jin WJ, Patel RB, Sriramaneni RN, Gillies SD, Erbe AK, Schwarz CN, Pieper AA, Rakhmilevich AL, Sondel PM, Morris ZS. In situ Vaccine Plus Checkpoint Blockade Induces Memory Humoral Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1610. [PMID: 32849544 PMCID: PMC7396490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In a syngeneic murine melanoma (MEL) model, we recently reported an in situ vaccination response to combined radiation (RT) and intra-tumoral (IT) injection of anti-GD2 hu14. 18-IL2 immunocytokine (IC). This combined treatment resulted in 71% complete and durable regression of 5-week tumors, a tumor-specific memory T cell response, and augmented response to systemic anti-CTLA-4 antibody checkpoint blockade. While the ability of radiation to diversify anti-tumor T cell response has been reported, we hypothesize that mice rendered disease-free (DF) by a RT-based ISV might also exhibit a heightened B cell response. C57BL/6 mice were engrafted with 2 × 106 GD2+ B78 MEL and treated at a target tumor size of ~200 mm3 with 12 Gy RT, IT-IC on day (D)6-D10, and anti-CTLA-4 on D3, 6, and 9. Serum was collected via facial vein before tumor injection, before treatment, during treatment, after becoming DF, and following rejection of subcutaneous 2 × 106 B78 MEL re-challenge on D90. Flow cytometry demonstrated the presence of tumor-specific IgG in sera from mice rendered DF and rejecting re-challenge with B78 MEL at D90 after starting treatment. Consistent with an adaptive endogenous anti-tumor humoral memory response, these anti-tumor antibodies bound to B78 cells and parental B16 cells (GD2-), but not to the unrelated syngeneic Panc02 or Panc02 GD2+ cell lines. We evaluated the kinetics of this response and observed that tumor-specific IgG was consistently detected by D22 after initiation of treatment, corresponding to a time of rapid tumor regression. The amount of tumor-specific antibody binding to tumor cells (as measured by flow MFI) did not correlate with host animal prognosis. Incubation of B16 MEL cells in DF serum, vs. naïve serum, prior to IV injection, did not delay engraftment of B16 metastases and showed similar overall survival rates. B cell depletion using anti-CD20 or anti-CD19 and anti-B220 did not impact the efficacy of ISV treatment. Thus, treatment with RT + IC + anti-CTLA-4 results in adaptive anti-tumor humoral memory response. This endogenous tumor-specific antibody response does not appear to have therapeutic efficacy but may serve as a biomarker for an anti-tumor T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Baniel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Clinton M Heinze
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Anna Hoefges
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Elizabeth G Sumiec
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jaquelyn A Hank
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Peter M Carlson
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Won Jong Jin
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ravi B Patel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | | | - Amy K Erbe
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ciara N Schwarz
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Alexander A Pieper
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Zachary S Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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23
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Hoefges A, Erbe-Gurel AK, McIlwain SJ, Melby AS, Xu A, Mathers N, Rakhmilevich AL, Hank JA, Baniel C, Pinapati R, Garcia B, Patel J, Morris ZS, Ong IM, Sondel PM. Thousands of new antigens are recognized in mice via endogenous antibodies after being cured of a B78 melanoma via immunotherapy. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.243.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Antibodies can play an important role in innate and adaptive immune responses against cancer. Using a high-density peptide array, we assessed potential protein-targets for antibodies activated in mice cured of their melanoma through a combined immunotherapy regimen. Our goal was to determine the linear peptide sequences recognized by anti-tumor antibodies produced in mice cured of their melanoma with immunotherapy.
Mice with GD2-expressing syngeneic B78 melanoma were treated with a combination immunotherapy capable of inducing an “in situ vaccine” effect (ISV), enabling mice to be cured of their tumors with long-term immune memory. Naïve and immune sera were collected from these mice. Using flow cytometry, immune sera showed strong antibody-binding against B16 (parental cell line of B78 without GD2 expression). These sera were then used on a Nimble Therapeutics’ peptide-array (either whole proteome or a curated list of ~650 proteins) to determine specific antibody-binding sites, and data were analyzed using a probabilistic model. Using the “curated list” peptide array, proteins were selected if the protein was bound in immune sera but not bound in the sera from naïve or non-responding tumor-bearing mice. When focusing on the whole mouse proteome data, thousands of peptides were targeted by 2 or more mice and exhibited strong antibody binding only by immune sera.
We are continuing to refine our analytical methods and are further investigating all identified proteins. These peptides may be new targets for antibody-based or cellular therapies and some of the tumor-specific endogenous antibodies that we have identified may be used as biomarkers to predict response to our ISV regimen and potentially other immunotherapy treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hoefges
- 1Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | | | - Sean J McIlwain
- 2Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Andrew S Melby
- 1Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Angie Xu
- 1Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | | | | | | | - Claire Baniel
- 1Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | | | | | | | | | - Irene M Ong
- 2Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Paul M Sondel
- 1Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
- 4Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Voeller J, Erbe AK, Slowinski J, Rasmussen K, Carlson PM, Hoefges A, VandenHeuvel S, Stuckwisch A, Wang X, Gillies SD, Patel RB, Farrel A, Rokita JL, Maris J, Hank JA, Morris ZS, Rakhmilevich AL, Sondel PM. Combined innate and adaptive immunotherapy overcomes resistance of immunologically cold syngeneic murine neuroblastoma to checkpoint inhibition. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:344. [PMID: 31810498 PMCID: PMC6898936 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0823-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike some adult cancers, most pediatric cancers are considered immunologically cold and generally less responsive to immunotherapy. While immunotherapy has already been incorporated into standard of care treatment for pediatric patients with high-risk neuroblastoma, overall survival remains poor. In a mouse melanoma model, we found that radiation and tumor-specific immunocytokine generate an in situ vaccination response in syngeneic mice bearing large tumors. Here, we tested whether a novel immunotherapeutic approach utilizing radiation and immunocytokine together with innate immune stimulation could generate a potent antitumor response with immunologic memory against syngeneic murine neuroblastoma. METHODS Mice bearing disialoganglioside (GD2)-expressing neuroblastoma tumors (either NXS2 or 9464D-GD2) were treated with radiation and immunotherapy (including anti-GD2 immunocytokine with or without anti-CTLA-4, CpG and anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody). Tumor growth, animal survival and immune cell infiltrate were analyzed in the tumor microenvironment in response to various treatment regimens. RESULTS NXS2 had a moderate tumor mutation burden (TMB) while N-MYC driven 9464D-GD2 had a low TMB, therefore the latter served as a better model for high-risk neuroblastoma (an immunologically cold tumor). Radiation and immunocytokine induced a potent in situ vaccination response against NXS2 tumors, but not in the 9464D-GD2 tumor model. Addition of checkpoint blockade with anti-CTLA-4 was not effective alone against 9464D-GD2 tumors; inclusion of CpG and anti-CD40 achieved a potent antitumor response with decreased T regulatory cells within the tumors and induction of immunologic memory. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that a combined innate and adaptive immunotherapeutic approach can be effective against immunologically cold syngeneic murine neuroblastoma. Further testing is needed to determine how these concepts might translate into development of more effective immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of clinically high-risk neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Voeller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, 4159 WIMR Bldg., UWCCC, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Amy K Erbe
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 4159 WIMR Bldg., UWCCC, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Jacob Slowinski
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 4159 WIMR Bldg., UWCCC, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Kayla Rasmussen
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 4159 WIMR Bldg., UWCCC, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Peter M Carlson
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 4159 WIMR Bldg., UWCCC, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Anna Hoefges
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 4159 WIMR Bldg., UWCCC, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Sabrina VandenHeuvel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 4159 WIMR Bldg., UWCCC, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Ashley Stuckwisch
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 4159 WIMR Bldg., UWCCC, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Ravi B Patel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 4159 WIMR Bldg., UWCCC, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Alvin Farrel
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - John Maris
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacquelyn A Hank
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 4159 WIMR Bldg., UWCCC, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Zachary S Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 4159 WIMR Bldg., UWCCC, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Alexander L Rakhmilevich
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 4159 WIMR Bldg., UWCCC, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, 4159 WIMR Bldg., UWCCC, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53711, USA.,Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 4159 WIMR Bldg., UWCCC, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
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Felder M, Kapur A, Rakhmilevich AL, Qu X, Sondel PM, Gillies SD, Connor J, Patankar MS. MUC16 suppresses human and murine innate immune responses. Gynecol Oncol 2019; 152:618-628. [PMID: 30626487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MUC16, the mucin that contains the CA125 epitopes, suppresses the cytolytic responses of human NK cells and inhibits the efficacy of therapeutic antibodies. Here, we provide further evidence of the regulatory role of MUC16 on human and murine NK cells and macrophages. METHODS Target cell cytolysis and doublet formation assays were performed to assess effects of MUC16 on human NK cells. The effect of MUC16 on ovarian tumor growth was determined in a mouse model by monitoring survival and ascites formation. Innate immune cells from spleens and peritoneal cavities of mice were isolated and stimulated in vitro with anti-CD40 antibody, lipopolysaccharide and IFN-γ and their ability to cytolyse MUC16 expressing and non-expressing cells was determined. RESULTS We confirm that MUC16 inhibits cytolysis by human NK cells as well as the formation of NK-tumor conjugates. Mice implanted with MUC16-knockdown OVCAR-3 show >2-fold increase in survival compared to controls. Murine NK cells and macrophages are more efficient at lysing MUC16-knockdown cells. In vitro cytotoxicity assays with NK cells and macrophages isolated from mice stimulated with anti-CD40 antibody showed 2-3-fold increased activity against the MUC16-knockdown cells as compared to matching target cells expressing this mucin. Finally, knockdown of MUC16 increased the susceptibility of cancer cells to ADCC by murine splenocytes. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we demonstrate the immunoregulatory effects of MUC16 on murine NK cells and macrophages. Our study implies that the immunoregulatory role of MUC16 on murine NK cells and macrophages should be considered when examining the biology of MUC16 in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mildred Felder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Arvinder Kapur
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Xiaoyi Qu
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul M Sondel
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Joseph Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
| | - Manish S Patankar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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Morris ZS, Guy EI, Werner LR, Carlson PM, Heinze CM, Kler JS, Busche SM, Jaquish AA, Sriramaneni RN, Carmichael LL, Loibner H, Gillies SD, Korman AJ, Erbe AK, Hank JA, Rakhmilevich AL, Harari PM, Sondel PM. Tumor-Specific Inhibition of In Situ Vaccination by Distant Untreated Tumor Sites. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:825-834. [PMID: 29748391 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In situ vaccination is an emerging cancer treatment strategy that uses local therapies to stimulate a systemic antitumor immune response. We previously reported an in situ vaccination effect when combining radiation (RT) with intratumor (IT) injection of tumor-specific immunocytokine (IC), a fusion of tumor-specific antibody and IL2 cytokine. In mice bearing two tumors, we initially hypothesized that delivering RT plus IT-IC to the "primary" tumor would induce a systemic antitumor response causing regression of the "secondary" tumor. To test this, mice bearing one or two syngeneic murine tumors of B78 melanoma and/or Panc02 pancreatic cancer were treated with combined external beam RT and IT-IC to the designated "primary" tumor only. Primary and secondary tumor response as well as animal survival were monitored. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR were used to quantify tumor infiltration with regulatory T cells (Treg). Transgenic "DEREG" mice or IgG2a anti-CTLA-4 were used to transiently deplete tumor Tregs. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, we observed that the presence of an untreated secondary tumor antagonized the therapeutic effect of RT + IT-IC delivered to the primary tumor. We observed reciprocal tumor specificity for this effect, which was circumvented if all tumors received RT or by transient depletion of Tregs. Primary tumor treatment with RT + IT-IC together with systemic administration of Treg-depleting anti-CTLA-4 resulted in a renewed in situ vaccination effect. Our findings show that untreated tumors can exert a tumor-specific, Treg-dependent, suppressive effect on the efficacy of in situ vaccination and demonstrate clinically viable approaches to overcome this effect. Untreated tumor sites antagonize the systemic and local antitumor immune response to an in situ vaccination regimen. This effect is radiation sensitive and may be mediated by tumor-specific regulatory T cells harbored in the untreated tumor sites. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(7); 825-34. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.
| | - Emily I Guy
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lauryn R Werner
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Peter M Carlson
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Clinton M Heinze
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jasdeep S Kler
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sara M Busche
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Abigail A Jaquish
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Raghava N Sriramaneni
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lakeesha L Carmichael
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | | | | | - Amy K Erbe
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jacquelyn A Hank
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Alexander L Rakhmilevich
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Paul M Harari
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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Perez Horta Z, Saseedhar S, Rakhmilevich AL, Carmichael L, Hank JA, Boyden M, Gillies SD, Sondel PM. Human and murine IL2 receptors differentially respond to the human-IL2 component of immunocytokines. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1238538. [PMID: 31069147 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1238538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The humanized immunocytokine, hu14.18-IL2 (ICp), leads to the immune cell-mediated destruction of GD2-expressing tumors in mouse models, resulting in potent antitumor effects with negligible IL2-related toxicity. In contrast, when ICp is used clinically, antitumor activity is accompanied by dose-limiting IL2-related toxicities. These species-specific differences in ICp toxicity may be linked to differential binding to mouse vs. human IL2 receptors (IL2Rs). We evaluated immunocytokines genetically engineered to preferentially bind either high-affinity αβγ-IL2Rs or intermediate-affinity βγ-IL2Rs. These ICs have the IL2 fused to the C-terminus of the IgG light chains rather than the heavy chains. We found that IC35, containing intact huIL2, maintained activation of human and mouse αβγ-IL2Rs but exhibited a 20-fold reduction in the ability to stimulate human βγ-IL2Rs, with no activation of mouse βγ-IL2Rs at the concentrations tested. The reduced ability of IC35 to stimulate human βγ-IL2Rs (associated with IL2-toxicities) makes it a potential candidate for clinical trials where higher clinical IC doses might enable better tumor targeting and increased antitumor effects with less toxicity. Contrastingly, ICSK (IC with an IL2 mutein that has enhanced binding to the IL2R β-chain) showed increased activation over ICp on mouse βγ-IL2Rs, with a dose-response curve similar to that seen with IC35 on human βγ-IL2Rs. Our data suggest that ICSK might be used in mouse models to simulate the anticipated effects of IC35 in clinical testing. Understanding the differences in species-dependent IL2R activation should facilitate the design of reagents and mouse models that better simulate the potential activity of IL2-based immunotherapy in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swetha Saseedhar
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Lakeesha Carmichael
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jacquelyn A Hank
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Margaret Boyden
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Felder M, Kapur A, Rakhmilevich AL, Qu X, Connor J, Patankar MS. Abstract MIP-068: TUMOR–PROMOTING EFFECTS OF THE OVARIAN CANCER MUCIN, MUC16, ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SUPPRESSION OF INNATE IMMUNITY. Clin Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.ovcasymp16-mip-068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The membrane-spanning mucin MUC16 promotes proliferation and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells. Here, we demonstrate that mice implanted with MUC16-knockdown human ovarian tumors show greater than two-fold increase in survival as compared to controls with tumors that express this mucin. While the lower survival of mice bearing MUC16-positive tumors is reportedly attributable to the ability of MUC16 to increase proliferation and metastasis, we also show that murine NK cells and macrophages are more efficient at lysing MUC16-knockdown cells. Macrophages showed infiltration in the MUC16-knockdown tumors but were restricted to the surrounding stroma in MUC16-positive tumors. In vitro cytotoxicity assays with NK cells and macrophages isolated from mice stimulated with agonistic anti-CD40 antibody showed 2-3-fold increased activity against the MUC16-knockdown cells as compared to matching target cells expressing this mucin. Finally, knockdown of MUC16 increased the susceptibility of cancer cells to ADCC and lysis by KS-IL2, an immunocytokine investigated as a treatment for ovarian cancer. Collectively our results support a role for MUC16 in promoting tumor growth. The ability of murine innate cells to selectively target MUC16-knockdown cells indicates that in vivo experiments investigating the biology of this mucin should be interpreted taking into account its immunomodulating activity as well as its growth promoting properties.
Citation Format: Mildred Felder, Arvinder Kapur, Alexander L. Rakhmilevich, Xiaoyi Qu2, Joseph Connor, and Manish S. Patankar. TUMOR–PROMOTING EFFECTS OF THE OVARIAN CANCER MUCIN, MUC16, ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SUPPRESSION OF INNATE IMMUNITY [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Ovarian Cancer Research Symposium; Sep 12-13, 2016; Seattle, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr MIP-068.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joseph Connor
- 3Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI-53792
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Baniel C, Hank JA, Guy EI, Gillies SD, Korman AJ, Loibner H, Rakhmilevich AL, Harari PM, Sondel PM, Morris ZS. In situ vaccination with local radiation and intratumoral immunocytokine to elicit a tumor-specific memory B-cell response. J Clin Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.35.7_suppl.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
69 Background: In a murine melanoma (MEL) model, we reported an in situ vaccination response to combined radiation (RT) and intra-tumor (IT) injection of anti-GD2 hu14.18-IL2 immunocytokine (IC). This treatment resulted in 71% complete regression of 5-week (~ 200mm3) tumors, a memory T cell response, and augmented response to systemic anti-CTLA-4 antibody (mAb) checkpoint blockade. We hypothesized that mice rendered disease-free (DF) by RT, IT-IC, and anti-CTLA-4 mAb might also exhibit a memory B cell response. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were implanted with 2x106 syngeneic, GD2+ B78 MEL cells and tumors developed for 5 weeks. Mice were treated with 12 Gy RT to this tumor followed by 5 daily IT injections of hu14.18-IL2 d6-10 after RT and IP injection of anti-CTLA-4 d3, 6, and 9 after RT. DF mice and naïve controls were challenged by subcutaneous implantation with 2x106 B78 MEL cells. Peripheral blood was collected from mice before and after B78 challenge and serum was evaluated for presence of tumor-specific mAbs using flow cytometry and ELISA. Results: Seventy-three percent of mice were rendered DF by treatment with RT, IT-hu14.18-IL2, and anti-CTLA-4. All of these (13/13) rejected a rechallange B78 implantation > 1 year later (range d378 – 511), whereas no naïve mice rejected B78 implantation (0/66). IgG from serum of DF mice bound selectively to B78 and parental GD2- B16 MEL cells and the level of this mAb response appeared to increase modestly d14 after B78 challenge. In naïve mice, a modest increase in tumor-specific mAb was identified between non-tumor implanted mice and d35 post-implantation mice (bearing tumors > 200mm3), however this level remained ~ 5 fold below that observed in DF mice prior to B78 rechallenge. In contrast, no appreciable mAb response was observed for unrelated syngeneic GD2+ Panc02 pancreatic tumor cells in serum of DF or naïve mice. Conclusions: We report an endogenous anti-tumor IgG humoral response in DF mice > 1 year after treatment with RT, IT-IC, and anti-CTLA-4 mAb, concurrent with demonstration of long lasting immune protection from re-challenge. Studies are underway to determine whether this response is involved in the therapeutic efficacy of this in situ vaccination regimen.
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Capitini CM, Bates PD, Rakhmilevich AL, Gillies SD, Sondel PM. Incorporating Immunocytokine and Ex Vivo Expanded NK Cells to Improve Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplant for Neuroblastoma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2016.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rakhmilevich AL, Felder M, Lever L, Slowinski J, Rasmussen K, Hoefges A, Van De Voort TJ, Loibner H, Korman AJ, Gillies SD, Sondel PM. Effective Combination of Innate and Adaptive Immunotherapeutic Approaches in a Mouse Melanoma Model. J Immunol 2017; 198:1575-1584. [PMID: 28062694 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Most cancer immunotherapies include activation of either innate or adaptive immune responses. We hypothesized that the combined activation of both innate and adaptive immunity will result in better antitumor efficacy. We have previously shown the synergy of an agonistic anti-CD40 mAb (anti-CD40) and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides in activating macrophages to induce tumor cell killing in mice. Separately, we have shown that a direct intratumoral injection of immunocytokine (IC), an anti-GD2 Ab linked to IL-2, can activate T and NK cells resulting in antitumor effects. We hypothesized that activation of macrophages with anti-CD40/CpG, and NK cells with IC, would cause innate tumor destruction, leading to increased presentation of tumor Ags and adaptive T cell activation; the latter could be further augmented by anti-CTLA-4 Ab to achieve tumor eradication and immunological memory. Using the mouse GD2+ B78 melanoma model, we show that anti-CD40/CpG treatment led to upregulation of T cell activation markers in draining lymph nodes. Anti-CD40/CpG + IC/anti-CTLA-4 synergistically induced regression of advanced s.c. tumors, resulting in cure of some mice and development of immunological memory against B78 and wild type B16 tumors. Although the antitumor effect of anti-CD40/CpG did not require T cells, the antitumor effect of IC/anti-CTLA-4 was dependent on T cells. The combined treatment with anti-CD40/CpG + IC/anti-CTLA-4 reduced T regulatory cells in the tumors and was effective against distant solid tumors and lung metastases. We suggest that a combination of anti-CD40/CpG and IC/anti-CTLA-4 should be developed for clinical testing as a potentially effective novel immunotherapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Rakhmilevich
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705; .,Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Mildred Felder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Lauren Lever
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Jacob Slowinski
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Kayla Rasmussen
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Anna Hoefges
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | | | | | - Alan J Korman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Redwood City, CA 94063
| | | | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705.,Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
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Hirsh V, Pignata S, Bersanelli M, Gnetti L, Azzoni C, Bottarelli L, Gasparro D, Leonardi F, Silini EM, Buti S, Wennerberg E, Mediero A, Cronstein B, Formenti S, Demaria S, Vanpouille-Box C, Pilones K, Rudqvist N, Diamond J, Formenti S, Demaria S, Morris ZS, Guy EI, Francis DM, Gressett MM, Armstrong EA, Huang S, Gilles SD, Korman AJ, Hank JA, Hoefges A, Rakhmilevich AL, Harari PM, Sondel PM, Hailemichael Y, Overwijk WW, Straten PT, Lugli A, Dawson H, Blank A, Zlobec I, Fattore L, Costantini S, Acunzo M, Romano G, Nigita G, Laganà A, Malpicci D, Ruggiero CF, Pisanu ME, Noto A, De Vitis C, Croce CM, Ascierto PA, Mancini R, Ciliberto G, Postow M, Luke J, Stroncek D, Castiello L, Chen W, Jin P, Ren J, Sabatino M, Ferrone S, Duong CPM, Vetizou M, Zitvogel L, Pisanu ME, Noto A, Fattore L, Malpicci D, Ciliberto G, Mancini R, Occelli M, Cauchi C, Sciancalepore G, Lo Nigro C, Rovera M, Varamo C, Vivenza D, Seia Z, Palazzini S, Errico F, Basso D, Quaranta L, Forte G, Lavagna F, Violante S, Bosio P, Lattanzio L, Merlano MC, Moogk D, Zhong S, Yu Z, Liadi I, Rittase W, Fang V, Dougherty J, Perez-Garcia A, Osman I, Zhu C, Varadarajan N, Restifo NP, Frey A, Krogsgaard M, Balatoni T, Moho A, Sebestyén T, Varga A, Oláh J, Lengyel Z, Emri G, Liszkay G, Ladányi A, Polini B, Fogli S, Carpi S, Pardini B, Naccarati A, Dubbini N, Breschi MC, Romanini A, Nieri P, Morgese F, Soldato D, Pagliaretta S, Giampieri R, Brancorsini D, Rinaldi S, Torniai M, Campanati A, Ganzetti G, Offidani A, Giacchetti A, Ricotti G, Savini A, Onofri A, Bianchi F, Berardi R, Galdo G, Orlandino G, Serio S, Massariello D, Fabrizio T, Montagnani V, Benelli M, Apollo A, Pescucci C, Licastro D, Urso C, Gerlini G, Borgognoni L, Luzzatto L, Stecca B, Gambale E, Tinari C, Quinzii A, Cortellini A, Carella C, De Tursi M, De Francesco AE, De Fina M, Zito MC, Bisceglia MD, Esposito S, Fersini G, Morello S, Sorrentino C, Pinto A, Di Sarno A, Bianco A, D’Aniello C, Andreozzi F, Festina L, Vanella V, Ascierto PA, Montesarchio V, Kotlan B, Godeny M, Emil F, Toth L, Horvath S, Eles K, Balatoni T, Savolt A, Szollar A, Kasler M, Liszkay G, Yiu D, Grizzi F, Patrinicola F, Chiriva-Internati M, Motta S, Monti M, Benini L, Ugel S, Cingarlini S, Fiore A, Grego E, Tortora G, Bronte V, Tondulli L, Di Monta G, Caracò C, Marone U, Festino L, Ascierto PA, Mozzillo N. Immunotherapy Bridge 2016 and Melanoma Bridge 2016: meeting abstracts. Lab Invest 2017. [PMCID: PMC5267294 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ager C, Reilley M, Nicholas C, Bartkowiak T, Jaiswal A, Curran M, Albershardt TC, Bajaj A, Archer JF, Reeves RS, Ngo LY, Berglund P, ter Meulen J, Denis C, Ghadially H, Arnoux T, Chanuc F, Fuseri N, Wilkinson RW, Wagtmann N, Morel Y, Andre P, Atkins MB, Carlino MS, Ribas A, Thompson JA, Choueiri TK, Hodi FS, Hwu WJ, McDermott DF, Atkinson V, Cebon JS, Fitzharris B, Jameson MB, McNeil C, Hill AG, Mangin E, Ahamadi M, van Vugt M, van Zutphen M, Ibrahim N, Long GV, Gartrell R, Blake Z, Simoes I, Fu Y, Saito T, Qian Y, Lu Y, Saenger YM, Budhu S, De Henau O, Zappasodi R, Schlunegger K, Freimark B, Hutchins J, Barker CA, Wolchok JD, Merghoub T, Burova E, Allbritton O, Hong P, Dai J, Pei J, Liu M, Kantrowitz J, Lai V, Poueymirou W, MacDonald D, Ioffe E, Mohrs M, Olson W, Thurston G, Capasso C, Frascaro F, Carpi S, Tähtinen S, Feola S, Fusciello M, Peltonen K, Martins B, Sjöberg M, Pesonen S, Ranki T, Kyruk L, Ylösmäki E, Cerullo V, Cerignoli F, Xi B, Guenther G, Yu N, Muir L, Zhao L, Abassi 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Millar D, Speers E, Ruth N, Wong G, Thimme R, Adams D, Cobbold M, Thomas R, Hendrickx W, Al-Muftah M, Decock J, Wong MKK, Morse M, McDermott DF, Clark JI, Kaufman HL, Daniels GA, Hua H, Rao T, Dutcher JP, Kang K, Saunthararajah Y, Velcheti V, Kumar V, Anwar F, Verma A, Chheda Z, Kohanbash G, Sidney J, Okada K, Shrivastav S, Carrera DA, Liu S, Jahan N, Mueller S, Pollack IF, Carcaboso AM, Sette A, Hou Y, Okada H, Field JJ, Zeng W, Shih VFS, Law CL, Senter PD, Gardai SJ, Okeley NM, Penny SA, Abelin JG, Saeed AZ, Malaker SA, Myers PT, Shabanowitz J, Ward ST, Hunt DF, Cobbold M, Profusek P, Wood L, Shepard D, Grivas P, Kapp K, Volz B, Oswald D, Wittig B, Schmidt M, Sefrin JP, Hillringhaus L, Lifke V, Lifke A, Skaletskaya A, Ponte J, Chittenden T, Setiady Y, Valsesia-Wittmann S, Sivado E, Thomas V, El Alaoui M, Papot S, Dumontet C, Dyson M, McCafferty J, El Alaoui S, Verma A, Kumar V, Bommareddy PK, Kaufman HL, Zloza A, Kohlhapp F, Silk AW, Jhawar S, Paneque T, Bommareddy PK, Kohlhapp F, Newman J, Beltran P, Zloza A, Kaufman HL, Cao F, Hong BX, Rodriguez-Cruz T, Song XT, Gottschalk S, Calderon H, Illingworth S, Brown A, Fisher K, Seymour L, Champion B, Eriksson E, Wenthe J, Hellström AC, Paul-Wetterberg G, Loskog A, Eriksson E, Milenova I, Wenthe J, Ståhle M, Jarblad-Leja J, Ullenhag G, Dimberg A, Moreno R, Alemany R, Loskog A, Eriksson E, Milenova I, Moreno R. 31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016): part two. J Immunother Cancer 2016. [PMCID: PMC5123381 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Morris ZS, Guy E, Francis D, Gressett MM, Armstrong EA, Huang S, Werner LR, Gillies SD, Korman A, Hank JA, Rakhmilevich AL, Harari PM, Sondel PM. Abstract 4011: Effective in situ immunization via local radiation therapy (RT) and tumor-specific immunocytokine (IC): Suppression from distant tumor is blocked by RT or Treg-depleting CTLA-4 antibody. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-4011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
PURPOSE: Use “off the shelf” reagents to eradicate an established tumor and induce a tumor specific T cell response that destroys distant tumor.
PROCEDURES: We have identified a cooperative interaction between local tumor RT, intratumoral (IT) injection of IC hu14.18-IL2 (anti-GD2 hu14.18 mAb linked to IL2), and checkpoint blockade with anti-CTLA4 mAb. C57Bl/6 mice were implanted with 2×106 B78 (GD2+) melanoma in one flank (1-tumor model). In the 2-tumor model, mice received 2×106 B78 3 weeks (w) later in the opposite flank. After 5w the primary (1st) tumor was ∼200mm3, and ∼500mm3 after 7w. The 2nd tumor was ∼ 50mm3 at 5w. At 5w or 7w, mice received single fraction RT (12Gy) to the 1st tumor and 6 days later received 5-daily 50μg injections of IC (IT-IC). When used, anti-CTLA4 was given i.p. on days 3, 6 and 9 after RT.
NEW UNPUBLISHED DATA: For mice bearing a single 200mm3 tumor, RT+ IT-IC results in complete response (CR) in 71% of mice and a tumor-specific memory T cell response. Mice with a single 500mm3 tumor showed slowing of tumor growth, but only 27% CR after radiation + IT-IC. Adding anti-CTLA-4 to RT + IT-IC improved tumor response (73% CR) and survival compared to doublet combinations of these 3 modalities. In contrast, in the 2-tumor model, providing RT + IT-IC to the 1st ∼200mm3 tumor, but not to the distant ∼50mm3 tumor, did not enhance 1st tumor shrinkage compared to RT alone and had no effect on the 2nd 50mm3 tumor. The presence of the 2nd B78 tumor resulted in systemic immune suppression that prevented the local RT and IT-IC from eliminating the 1st tumor. This was tumor specific, as local RT + IT-IC to the 1st ∼200mm3 B78 tumor was still effective in treating the 1st tumor if the 2nd (∼50 mm3 tumor) was the syngeneic but unrelated Panc02 tumor. Delivering RT to both the 1st + 2nd B78 tumors eliminated the inhibitory effect of the 2nd tumor, enabling IT-IC to the 200mm3 tumor to cause eradication of that tumor in 64% of mice. Preliminary PCR analyses of FoxP3 in the 1st tumor showed Tregs are depleted by 1st tumor RT only in mice with 1 tumor and not in mice with 2 tumors. In this 2 tumor model we combined RT + IT-IC of the 1st tumor with anti-CTLA-4. The IgG2b anti-CTLA-4 (which doesn't substantially deplete Tregs) had minimal effect on 1st tumor response to RT + IT-IC. In contrast the IgG2a anti-CTLA-4 (that depletes Tregs) rendered 60% of mice disease-free (durable CR of both the treated 200mm3 and the untreated 50mm3 tumors). Preliminary data, using DEREG mice that enable diphtheria toxin to deplete Tregs, show Treg depletion in the 2 tumor model also enables eradication of both 1st and 2nd tumors in 60% of mice after RT + IT-IC to only the 1st tumor.
CONCLUSIONS: Local RT+ IT-IC can result in long-term tumor eradication of macroscopic tumors via adaptive immunity to the “in situ vaccine”, provided that Treg-associated immune suppression from distant tumor is eliminated by RT or Treg-depletion.
Citation Format: Zachary S. Morris, Emily Guy, David Francis, Monica M. Gressett, Eric A. Armstrong, Shyhmin Huang, Lauryn R. Werner, Stephen D. Gillies, Alan Korman, Jacquelyn A. Hank, Alexander L. Rakhmilevich, Paul M. Harari, Paul M. Sondel. Effective in situ immunization via local radiation therapy (RT) and tumor-specific immunocytokine (IC): Suppression from distant tumor is blocked by RT or Treg-depleting CTLA-4 antibody. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4011.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Guy
- 1University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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Morris ZS, Guy EI, Francis DM, Gressett MM, Werner LR, Carmichael LL, Yang RK, Armstrong EA, Huang S, Navid F, Gillies SD, Korman A, Hank JA, Rakhmilevich AL, Harari PM, Sondel PM. In Situ Tumor Vaccination by Combining Local Radiation and Tumor-Specific Antibody or Immunocytokine Treatments. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3929-41. [PMID: 27197149 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Interest in combining radiotherapy and immune checkpoint therapy is growing rapidly. In this study, we explored a novel combination of this type to augment antitumor immune responses in preclinical murine models of melanoma, neuroblastoma, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cooperative effects were observed with local radiotherapy and intratumoral injection of tumor-specific antibodies, arising in part from enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). We could improve this response by combining radiation with intratumoral injection of an IL2-linked tumor-specific antibody (termed here an immunocytokine), resulting in complete regression of established tumors in most animals associated with a tumor-specific memory T-cell response. Given the T-cell response elicited by combined local radiation and intratumoral immunocytokine, we tested the potential benefit of adding this treatment to immune checkpoint blockade. In mice bearing large primary tumors or disseminated metastases, the triple-combination of intratumoral immunocytokine, radiation, and systemic anti-CTLA-4 improved primary tumor response and animal survival compared with combinations of any two of these three interventions. Taken together, our results show how combining radiation and intratumoral immunocytokine in murine tumor models can eradicate large tumors and metastases, eliciting an in situ vaccination effect that can be leveraged further by T-cell checkpoint blockade, with immediate implications for clinical evaluation. Cancer Res; 76(13); 3929-41. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
| | - Emily I Guy
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David M Francis
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Monica M Gressett
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lauryn R Werner
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lakeesha L Carmichael
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Richard K Yang
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Eric A Armstrong
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Shyhmin Huang
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Fariba Navid
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Jacquelyn A Hank
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Paul M Harari
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Morris ZS, Guy EI, Francis DM, Gressett MM, Armstrong EA, Huang S, Gillies SD, Korman AJ, Hank JA, Rakhmilevich AL, Harari PM, Sondel PM. Immunocytokine augments local and abscopal response and animal survival when added to radiation and CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibition in a murine melanoma model. J Immunother Cancer 2015. [PMCID: PMC4649374 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-3-s2-p308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Felder M, Kapur A, Rakhmilevich AL, Qu X, Connor J, Patankar MS. Abstract POSTER-BIOL-1341: MUC16 (CA125) knockdown as a potential strategy to decrease tumor growth. Clin Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.ovcasymp14-poster-biol-1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
MUC16 (CA125), a membrane spanning mucin, promotes proliferation and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells. Here, we demonstrate that MUC16 protects cancer cells from cytolysis by NK cells and macrophages. SCID mice implanted with MUC16-positive and MUC16-knockdown human ovarian tumors have a median survival of 75 and 181 days, respectively. Animals bearing MUC16-positive tumors developed ascites fluid and were moribund because of high tumor volume. In contrast, none of the mice with MUC16-knockdown tumors developed ascites. Decreased growth of MUC16-knockdown tumors correlated with increased cytolysis by murine splenocytes from naïve and anti-CD40 antibody treated mice. Murine NK cells showed a 2.5-fold higher preference for MUC16-knockdown cells. Unstimulated and LPS or IFN-γ-activated peritoneal macrophages from SCID mice also preferentially inhibited proliferation of MUC16-knockdown targets. Even in SCID/Beige mice, where cytolysis by resident NK cells is impaired, median survival MUC16-positive tumor-bearing animals was 75 days as compared to 189 days for animals with MUC16-knockdown tumors. All ten SCID/Beige mice with MUC16-knockdown tumors showed significant macrophage infiltration throughout the tumor nests and only two of the ten developed ascites. In contrast, 80% of SCID/Beige mice with MUC16-positive tumors had significant ascites and macrophages were predominantly found in the stroma. Finally, knockdown of MUC16 increased the susceptibility of cancer cells to natural cytotoxic responses of human NK cells, and increased their susceptibility to ADCC and lysis in the presence of immunocytokines. Therefore, strategies that decrease the expression of immunosuppressive MUC16 coupled with NK or macrophage-based immunotherapies should be investigated for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Citation Format: Mildred Felder, Arvinder Kapur, Alexander L. Rakhmilevich, Xiaoyi Qu, Joseph Connor, Manish S. Patankar. MUC16 (CA125) knockdown as a potential strategy to decrease tumor growth [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Ovarian Cancer Research Symposium; Sep 8-9, 2014; Seattle, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(16 Suppl):Abstract nr POSTER-BIOL-1341.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joseph Connor
- 3Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI-53792
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Qu X, Felder MAR, Perez Horta Z, Sondel PM, Rakhmilevich AL. Antitumor effects of anti-CD40/CpG immunotherapy combined with gemcitabine or 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy in the B16 melanoma model. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:1141-7. [PMID: 24201083 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that anti-CD40 mAb (anti-CD40) can synergize with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG) to mediate antitumor effects by activating myeloid cells, such as macrophages in tumor-bearing mice. Separate teams have shown that chemotherapy with gemcitabine (GEM) or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) can reduce tumor-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in mice. In this study we asked if the same chemotherapy regimens with GEM or 5-FU will enhance the antitumor effect of anti-CD40 and CpG. Using the model of B16 melanoma growing intraperitoneally in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, we show that these GEM or 5-FU treatment regimens reduced MDSC in the peritoneal cavity of tumor-bearing mice. Treatment of mice with GEM or 5-FU did not significantly affect the antitumor function of macrophages as assessed in vitro. In vivo, treatment with these GEM or 5-FU regimens followed by anti-CD40/CpG resulted in antitumor effects similar to those of anti-CD40/CpG in the absence of GEM or 5-FU. Likewise, reduction of MDSC by in vivo anti-Gr-1 mAb treatment did not significantly affect anti-CD40/CpG antitumor responses. Together, the results show that the GEM or 5-FU chemotherapy regimens did not substantially affect the antitumor effects induced by anti-CD40/CpG immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Qu
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Human Oncology, Madison, WI, USA
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Abstract
CD40 ligation has been shown to induce antitumor effects in mice and cancer patients. Most of the studies have focused on the ability of an agonistic anti-CD40 mAb to either directly kill CD40-positive tumor cells or activate T-cell immune responses. In this review the authors focus on the ability of CD40 ligation to activate antitumor effector mechanisms of the cells of innate immunity such as macrophages and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Rakhmilevich
- Department of Human Oncology and Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Yang RK, Kalogriopoulos NA, Rakhmilevich AL, Ranheim EA, Seo S, Kim K, Alderson KL, Gan J, Reisfeld RA, Gillies SD, Hank JA, Sondel PM. Intratumoral hu14.18-IL-2 (IC) induces local and systemic antitumor effects that involve both activated T and NK cells as well as enhanced IC retention. J Immunol 2012; 189:2656-64. [PMID: 22844125 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
hu14.18-IL-2 (IC) is an immunocytokine consisting of human IL-2 linked to hu14.18 mAb, which recognizes the GD2 disialoganglioside. Phase 2 clinical trials of i.v. hu14.18-IL-2 (i.v.-IC) in neuroblastoma and melanoma are underway and have already demonstrated activity in neuroblastoma. We showed previously that intratumoral hu14.18-IL-2 (IT-IC) results in enhanced antitumor activity in mouse models compared with i.v.-IC. The studies presented in this article were designed to determine the mechanisms involved in this enhanced activity and to support the future clinical testing of intratumoral administration of immunocytokines. Improved survival and inhibition of growth of both local and distant tumors were observed in A/J mice bearing s.c. NXS2 neuroblastomas treated with IT-IC compared with those treated with i.v.-IC or control mice. The local and systemic antitumor effects of IT-IC were inhibited by depletion of NK cells or T cells. IT-IC resulted in increased NKG2D receptors on intratumoral NKG2A/C/E⁺ NKp46⁺ NK cells and NKG2A/C/E⁺ CD8⁺ T cells compared with control mice or mice treated with i.v.-IC. NKG2D levels were augmented more in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes compared with splenocytes, supporting the localized nature of the intratumoral changes induced by IT-IC treatment. Prolonged retention of IC at the tumor site was seen with IT-IC compared with i.v.-IC. Overall, IT-IC resulted in increased numbers of activated T and NK cells within tumors, better IC retention in the tumor, enhanced inhibition of tumor growth, and improved survival compared with i.v.-IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Yang
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Yang RK, Kalogriopoulos NA, Rakhmilevich AL, Ranheim EA, Seo S, Kim K, Alderson KL, Gan J, Reisfeld RA, Gillies SD, Hank JA, Sondel PM. Abstract 1538: Enhanced antitumor effects of intratumoral (IT) hu14.18-IL2 immunocytokine (IC) compared to intravenous (IV) hu14.18-IL2 are distinguished by increased activated tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and IC retention. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Hu14.18-IL2 (APN301, Apeiron Biologics) is an immunocytokine (IC) consisting of human IL2 linked to each IgG heavy chain of the hu14.18 mAb, which recognizes the GD2 disialoganglioside. Phase 2 clinical trials of IV hu14.18-IL2 IC in neuroblastoma and melanoma are underway, with activity already demonstrated in neuroblastoma. We have previously shown that intratumoral IC treatment (IT-IC) results in enhanced anti-tumor activity in mouse models. These studies were designed to determine the mechanisms involved in the enhanced activity and to provide justification for future clinical testing of localized IT administration of this and other immunocytokines. Methods: We characterize tumor growth, survival outcomes, histology and phenotype of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) by flow cytometry of IT-hu.14.18-IL2 treatment of A/J mice bearing subcutaneous NXS2 neuroblastomas. Looking at these parameters, IT-IC treated mice are compared to IV-IC treated, IT PBS treated and untreated mice. Data: Mice receiving IT-IC show significant increases [by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and by flow cytometry] of NKp46+ Natural Killer (NK) cells and CD8a+ cytotoxic T cells in TIL populations compared to control tumor-bearing mice. Improved survival and inhibition of tumor growth are observed in mice receiving IT-IC vs. untreated mice or mice receiving IV-IC. Comparisons within treatment groups, or independent of treatment groups, show that the number of NK or CD8 T cells in the tumor correlates inversely with change in tumor size. Analyses by IHC and flow-cytometry show greater IC detection in tumor after IT-IC vs. IV-IC. Moreover, IT-IC results in improved IC retention in tumors and increased NKG2D effector receptors on intratumoral NKG2A/C/E cells and on CD8 T cells when compared to control mice or mice receiving IV-IC. The augmented NKG2D seen in TILs was not seen in spleen cells, supporting the localized nature of the intratumoral changes induced by this treatment. Conclusions: In this murine neuroblastoma model, enhanced antitumor effects of IT hu14.18-IL2 compared to IV hu14.18-IL2 are distinguished by increased activated TILs and IC retention, improved survival and inhibition of tumor growth. These observations suggest that localized administration of immunocytokines in human patients may show analogous advantages over IV administration. In accordance, we have designed a phase I/II clinical trial protocol investigating the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and efficacy endpoints of intratumorally administered hu14.18-IL2 in stage III/IV melanoma patients with recurrent or refractory disease, and are working towards approval for its activation. Supported by R01-CA-32685-27.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1538. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1538
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jacek Gan
- 1The UW Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI
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Rakhmilevich AL, Baldeshwiler MJ, Van De Voort TJ, Felder MAR, Yang RK, Kalogriopoulos NA, Koslov DS, Van Rooijen N, Sondel PM. Tumor-associated myeloid cells can be activated in vitro and in vivo to mediate antitumor effects. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1683-97. [PMID: 22392192 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumor growth is often accompanied by the accumulation of myeloid cells in the tumors and lymphoid organs. These cells can suppress T cell immunity, thereby posing an obstacle to T cell-targeted cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we tested the possibility of activating tumor-associated myeloid cells to mediate antitumor effects. Using the peritoneal model of B16 melanoma, we show that peritoneal cells (PEC) in tumor-bearing mice (TBM) had reduced ability to secrete nitric oxide (NO) following in vitro stimulation with interferon gamma and lipopolysaccharide, as compared to PEC from control mice. This reduced function of PEC was accompanied by the influx of CD11b(+) Gr-1(+) myeloid cells to the peritoneal cavity. Nonadherent PEC were responsible for most of the NO production in TBM, whereas in naïve mice NO was mainly secreted by adherent CD11b(+) F4/80(+) macrophages. Sorted CD11b(+) Gr-1(-) monocytic and CD11b(+) Gr-1(+) granulocytic PEC from TBM had a reduced ability to secrete NO following in vitro stimulation (compared to naïve PEC), but effectively suppressed proliferation of tumor cells in vitro. In vivo, treatment of mice bearing established peritoneal B16 tumors with anti-CD40 and CpG resulted in activation of tumor-associated PEC, reduction in local tumor burden and prolongation of mouse survival. Inhibition of NO did not abrogate the antitumor effects of stimulated myeloid cells. Taken together, the results indicate that in tumor-bearing hosts, tumor-associated myeloid cells can be activated to mediate antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Rakhmilevich
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 4136 WIMR, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Russ AJ, Xu K, Wentworth L, Alam S, Meyers JV, Macklin MD, Rakhmilevich AL, Rajamanickam V, Suresh M, Cho CS. Melanoma-induced suppression of tumor antigen-specific T cell expansion is comparable to suppression of global T cell expansion. Cell Immunol 2011; 271:104-9. [PMID: 21741629 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have observed that in vivo interaction between melanoma and resting T cells promotes suppression of antigen-driven proliferative T cell expansion. We hypothesized that this suppression would affect tumor antigen-specific T cell populations more potently than tumor-unrelated T cell populations. A B16F10 cell line was stably transfected to express low levels of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) glycoprotein GP33 (B16GP33). Mice bearing B16F10 or B16GP33 tumors were infected with LCMV, and proliferative expansion of LCMV epitope-specific T cell populations was quantified. In vitro and in vivo assays confirmed low levels of antigenic GP33 expression by B16GP33 tumors. Suppressed expansion of GP33-specific T cells was equivalent between mice bearing B16F10 and B16GP33 tumors. These observations suggest that the ability of growing melanoma tumors to impair antigen-driven proliferative expansion of activated T cells is global and not antigen-specific, and provide further insight into the influence of cancer on activated T cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Russ
- Section of Surgical Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792-7375, USA
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Soto BL, Hank JA, Van De Voort TJ, Subramanian L, Polans AS, Rakhmilevich AL, Yang RK, Seo S, Kim K, Reisfeld RA, Gillies SD, Sondel PM. The anti-tumor effect of resveratrol alone or in combination with immunotherapy in a neuroblastoma model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:731-8. [PMID: 21340652 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-0971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the anti-tumor effect of peritumoral resveratrol in combination with immunotherapy in vivo in neuroblastoma-bearing mice. Subcutaneous NXS2 tumors were induced in A/J mice. On day 10, some mice received 15 mcg of intravenous immunocytokine for 5 days, mice received 20 mg of peritumoral resveratrol twice a week (starting on day 12) for a total of 5 injections, and a separate group received a combination of both regimens. Tumor progression and survival were assessed every 3-4 days. Blood and primary tumor tissue samples were collected on day 20 for Complete Blood Count and CD45 immunohistochemistry and histology, respectively. The primary tumor regressed in all mice receiving peritumoral resveratrol. Most of these mice receiving peritumoral resveratrol alone developed metastatic tumors and recurrence of the primary tumor after cessation of therapy. When resveratrol and immunocytokine regimens were combined, 61% of the mice receiving this combination therapy resolved their primary tumors and survived without developing metastatic tumors, compared to 15 and 13% receiving resveratrol or immunocytokine alone, respectively. None of the therapeutic regimes prevented lymphocyte infiltration or affected the complete blood count. Greater necrosis was observed microscopically in tumors from mice receiving the combination therapy. These results demonstrate that the combination therapy of peritumoral resveratrol plus intravenous immunocytokine provides better anti-tumor effects in this model than either therapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda L Soto
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Buhtoiarov IN, Neal ZC, Gan J, Buhtoiarova TN, Patankar MS, Gubbels JAA, Hank JA, Yamane B, Rakhmilevich AL, Reisfeld RA, Gillies SD, Sondel PM. Differential internalization of hu14.18-IL2 immunocytokine by NK and tumor cell: impact on conjugation, cytotoxicity, and targeting. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 89:625-38. [PMID: 21248148 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0710422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The hu14.18-IL2 (EMD 273063) IC, consisting of a GD(2)-specific mAb genetically engineered to two molecules of IL-2, is in clinical trials for treatment of GD(2)-expressing tumors. Anti-tumor activity of IC in vivo and in vitro involves NK cells. We studied the kinetics of retention of IC on the surface of human CD25(+)CD16(-) NK cell lines (NKL and RL12) and GD(2)(+) M21 melanoma after IC binding to the cells via IL-2R and GD(2), respectively. For NK cells, ∼ 50% of IC was internalized by 3 h and ∼ 90% by 24 h of cell culture. The decrease of surface IC levels on NK cells correlated with the loss of their ability to bind to tumor cells and mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in vitro. Unlike NK cells, M21 cells retained ∼ 70% of IC on the surface following 24 h of culture and maintained the ability to become conjugated and lysed by NK cells. When NKL cells were injected into M21-bearing SCID mice, IT delivery of IC augmented NK cell migration into the tumor. These studies demonstrate that once IC binds to the tumor, it is present on the tumor surface for a prolonged time, inducing the recruitment of NK cells to the tumor site, followed by tumor cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia N Buhtoiarov
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, 4159 MACC Fund UW Childhood Cancer Research Wing, WIMR, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA
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Buhtoiarov IN, Sondel PM, Wigginton JM, Buhtoiarova TN, Yanke EM, Mahvi DA, Rakhmilevich AL. Anti-tumour synergy of cytotoxic chemotherapy and anti-CD40 plus CpG-ODN immunotherapy through repolarization of tumour-associated macrophages. Immunology 2010; 132:226-39. [PMID: 21039467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the effectiveness of monoclonal anti-CD40 + cytosine-phosphate-guanosine-containing oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 (CpG-ODN) immunotherapy (IT) in mice treated with multidrug chemotherapy (CT) consisting of vincristine, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin. Combining CT with IT led to synergistic anti-tumour effects in C57BL/6 mice with established B16 melanoma or 9464D neuroblastoma. CT suppressed the functions of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, but primed naïve peritoneal macrophages (Mφ) to in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), resulting in augmented nitric oxide (NO) production. IT, given after CT, did not restore the responsiveness of T cells and NK cells, but further activated Mφ to secrete NO, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-12p40 and to suppress the proliferation of tumour cells in vitro. These functional changes were accompanied by immunophenotype alterations on Mφ, including the up-regulation of Gr-1. CD11b(+) F4/80(+) Mφ comprised the major population of B16 tumour-infiltrating leucocytes. CT + IT treatment up-regulated molecules associated with the M1 effector Mφ phenotype [CD40, CD80, CD86, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, IFN-γ, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-12] and down-regulated molecules associated with the M2 inhibitory Mφ phenotype (IL-4Rα, B7-H1, IL-4 and IL-10) on the tumour-associated Mφ compared with untreated controls. Together, the results show that CT and anti-CD40 + CpG-ODN IT synergize in the induction of anti-tumour effects which are associated with the phenotypic repolarization of tumour-associated Mφ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia N Buhtoiarov
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA
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Soto BL, Hank JA, Polans AS, van de Voort T, Rakhmilevich AL, Seo S, Kuyungmann K, Gillies SD, Sondel PM. Abstract LB-325: Antitumor effect of resveratrol combined with immunocytokine immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-lb-325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Resveratrol (RV) is a natural compound which is currently being investigated for many possible health promoting activities. It has anti-tumor activity on cancer cells in vitro and in vivo in some animal models of cancer. We are currently examining the ability of RV to be combined with immunotherapy to treat cancer. Our immunotherapy is the hu14.18-IL2 immunocytokine (IC), consisting of the hu14.18 mAb (that targets GD2 on the surface of some tumor cells) linked to interleukin-2 (IL2). The IL2 component attracts and activates immune effector cells expressing IL2 receptors and induces localized destruction of the tumor via antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by NK cells. Prior studies have found RV to be immunosuppressive in vitro but not in vivo. RV at a daily intragastric (i.g.) dose of 50mg/kg (1mg per mouse) slowed tumor growth in mice bearing neuroblastoma and was not immunosuppressive. At this dose the peak serum RV level was ∼ 1mcM. Using proliferative and cytotoxicity assays we were defining a dose in vitro and a regimen in vivo that does not suppress the immune system and is additive or synergistic in mediating anti-tumor effects when combined with immunotherapy. In our in vitro studies high concentrations of RV (≥ 25mcM) were found to inhibit both tumor cell proliferation and the ability of PHA and IL2 to stimulate proliferation of human and murine effector cells (measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation and by dilution of CFSE in daughter cells). These cells were arrested in their G1 phase. In addition, these high RV concentrations prevented effector cells from mediating ADCC in vitro. In contrast, 1mcM (as found in serum after i.g. treatment) was not tumoristatic or immunosuppressive in vitro. Systemic RV regimens, although inhibiting tumor growth in vivo, did not induce tumor regression in these models, probably because of the limited amount of RV reaching the tumor. In order to increase the amount of RV in the tumor, studies on the anti-tumor effect of peritumoral (p.t.) injections of 20mg RV in vivo in NXS2 neuroblastoma-bearing mice were performed. The results of these studies showed that peritumoral RV had a robust but transient anti-tumor effect. Primary subcutaneous tumors initially regressed; however, most mice then developed metastatic tumors, and in some cases re-growth of the primary tumor, after cessation of RV therapy. In order to circumvent tumor recurrence and metastasis, intravenous (i.v) immunotherapy was combined with the p.t. injections of 20mg RV. Peritumoral injection with resveratrol enhanced the subsequent efficacy of immunotherapy. Further, most mice receiving p.t. RV in combination with IC not only resolved their primary tumors, but also survived without development of metastatic tumors. Sixty-one % of the mice receiving the combined therapy showed no detectable tumors by day 100 compared to 15-13% of the mice in the RV-alone or the IC-alone groups, respectively (p=0.001 and p=0.0003). These studies indicate the potential for a combined regimen of RV and hu14.18-IL2.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-325.
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Alderson KL, Luangrath M, Gillies SD, Navid F, Rakhmilevich AL, Sondel PM. Abstract LB-195: Anti-CD40 and CpG-ODN enhance the antimelanoma response of hu14.18K322A in vivo.. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-lb-195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Discussion
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-195.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fariba Navid
- 3St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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Johnson EE, Yamane BH, Buhtoiarov IN, Lum HD, Rakhmilevich AL, Mahvi DM, Gillies SD, Sondel PM. Radiofrequency ablation combined with KS-IL2 immunocytokine (EMD 273066) results in an enhanced antitumor effect against murine colon adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:4875-84. [PMID: 19638464 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a common treatment modality for surgically unresectable tumors. However, there is a high rate of both local and systemic recurrence. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this preclinical study, we sought to enhance the antitumor effect of RFA by combining it with huKS-IL2 immunocytokine [tumor-specific monoclonal antibody fused to interleukin-2 (IL2)] in mice bearing CT26-KS colon adenocarcinoma. Mice were treated with RFA, huKS-IL2 via intratumoral injection, or combination therapy. RESULTS Treatment of mice bearing s.c. tumors with RFA and huKS-IL2 resulted in significantly greater tumor growth suppression and enhanced survival compared with mice treated with RFA or huKS-IL2 alone. When subtherapeutic regimens of RFA or huKS-IL2 were used, tumors progressed in all treated mice. In contrast, the combination of RFA and immunocytokine resulted in complete tumor resolution in 50% of mice. Treatment of a tumor with RFA and intratumoral huKS-IL2 also showed antitumor effects against a distant untreated tumor. Tumor-free mice after treatment with RFA and huKS-IL2 showed immunologic memory based on their ability to reject subsequent challenges of CT26-KS and the more aggressive parental CT26 tumors. Flow cytometry analysis of tumor-reactive T cells from mice with complete tumor resolution showed that treatment with RFA and huKS-IL2 resulted in a greater proportion of cytokine-producing CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells compared with mice treated with RFA or huKS-IL2 alone. CONCLUSIONS These results show that the addition of huKS-IL2 to RFA significantly enhances the antitumor response in this murine model, resulting in complete tumor resolution and induction of immunologic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik E Johnson
- Departments of Surgery, Human Oncology, and Pediatrics and Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Wu QL, Buhtoiarov IN, Sondel PM, Rakhmilevich AL, Ranheim EA. Tumoricidal effects of activated macrophages in a mouse model of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Immunol 2009; 182:6771-8. [PMID: 19454672 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Emu-TCL1 transgenic mouse spontaneously develops a CD5(+) B cell lymphoproliferative disorder similar to human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Given the ineffectual T cell antitumor responses in this mouse model of CLL, we sought to determine whether combined treatment with anti-CD40 mAb (alphaCD40) and CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG) could exert immunotherapeutic effects. We have previously shown that macrophages activated by sequential ligation of CD40 and TLR9 could become cytotoxic against solid tumor cell lines both in vitro and in vivo. In the current study, we find that alphaCD40 plus CpG-activated macrophages induce tumor B cell apoptosis in vitro and that alphaCD40 plus CpG treatment markedly retards tumor growth in immunodeficient SCID/Beige mice following transplantation of primary tumor B cells. Our results suggest a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for CLL that may be effective even in the face of tumor or chemotherapy-induced T cell immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Li Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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