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Liu X, Wang L, Choera T, Fang X, Wang G, Chen W, Lee YW, Mohamed SR, Dawood DH, Shi J, Xu J, Keller NP. Paralogous FgIDO genes with differential roles in tryptophan catabolism, fungal development and virulence in Fusarium graminearum. Microbiol Res 2023; 272:127382. [PMID: 37030080 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (Ido) is a tryptophan-degrading enzyme that is widely distributed across species. Ido catalyzes the first step of tryptophan (TRP) degradation and drives the de novo synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) coenzymes via the kynurenine (KYN) pathway. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses a single IDO gene (BNA2) that is responsible for NAD+ synthesis, whereas a number of fungal species contain multiple IDO genes. However, the biological roles of IDO paralogs in plant pathogens remain unclear. In the current study, we identified three FgIDOs from the wheat head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum. FgIDOA/B/C expression was significantly induced upon TRP treatment. Targeted disruption of FgIDOA and/or FgIDOB caused different levels of NAD+ auxotrophy, thus resulting in pleotropic phenotypic defects. Loss of FgIDOA resulted in abnormal conidial morphology, reduced mycelial growth, decreased virulence in wheat heads and reduced deoxynivalenol accumulation. Exogenous addition of KYN or various intermediates involved in the KYN pathway rescued auxotrophy of the mutants. Metabolomics analysis revealed shifts toward alternative TRP degradation pathways to melatonin and indole derivatives in mutants lacking FgIDOB. Upregulation of partner genes in auxotrophic mutants and the capacity to rescue the auxotroph by overexpressing a partner gene indicated functional complementation among FgIDOA/B/C. Taken together, the results of this study provide insights into differential roles in paralogous FgIDOs and how fungal TRP catabolism modulates fungal development and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, WI, USA; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liwen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tsokyi Choera
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, WI, USA
| | - Xin Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenhua Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sherif Ramzy Mohamed
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Dawood H Dawood
- Department of Agriculture Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jianrong Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, WI, USA.
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Kwak SH, Ahn S, Shin MH, Leem AY, Lee SH, Chung K, Kim YS, Lee SG, Park MS. Identification of Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury and Prediction of Renal Recovery in the Intensive Care Unit. Yonsei Med J 2023; 64:181-190. [PMID: 36825344 PMCID: PMC9971432 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2022.0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute kidney injury (AKI) following sepsis is associated with higher mortality; however, reliable biomarkers for AKI development and recovery remain to be elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with sepsis admitted to the medical intensive care unit (ICU) of Severance Hospital between June 2018 and May 2019 were prospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into those with and without AKI within 48 hours. Patients with septic AKI were subdivided into AKI-recovery and non-recovery groups based on whether their kidney injury recovered within 7 days. RESULTS A total of 84 patients were enrolled. The baseline creatinine (2.9 mg/dL vs. 0.8 mg/dL vs. 1.2 mg/dL, p<0.001), Charlson Comorbidity Index (4.5 vs. 2.0 vs. 3.0, p=0.002), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (10.0 vs. 6.5 vs. 8.0, p<0.001), and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores (32.0 vs. 21.5 vs. 30.5, p=0.004) were higher in the non-recovery AKI group compared to the non-AKI and AKI-recovery groups. The Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that non-recovery from AKI was associated with lower survival (p<0.001). High-lactate (p≤0.05) and kynurenine levels (p≤0.05) were associated with non-recovery of renal function following AKI. The areas under the curve for predicting non-recovery from AKI were 0.693 and 0.721 for lactate and kynurenine, respectively. The survival rate was lower in the high-kynurenine (p=0.040) and high-lactate (p=0.010) groups. CONCLUSION The mortality of patients who recovered from AKI was comparable to that of patients without AKI. Lactate and kynurenine could be useful biomarkers for the diagnosis and recovery of AKI following sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hyun Kwak
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea
| | - Sunyoung Ahn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Hwa Shin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ah Young Leem
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Hwan Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Chung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Sam Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Guk Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Moo Suk Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Arinola GO, Abdullahi I, Rahamon SK, Fasasi ZB, Adedeji OO, Kehinde A, Bakare AA. Activities of plasma indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme in Nigerian patients with lung diseases: basis for tryptophan supplementation or IDO inhibitor use. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BRONCHOLOGY 2023; 17:2. [PMCID: PMC9828369 DOI: 10.1186/s43168-022-00174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical trial of IDO inhibitor or uses of micro-nutrient supplements during management of diseases is commonly done without having adequate basis for the practise. Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid needed for T-lymphocyte function, and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a potent immunoregulatory molecule that catalyses the rate-limiting step of Trp degradation in the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway. Materials and methods Human IDO in the plasma samples was measured using ELISA in patients with non-infectious (asthma) and infectious diseases (pulmonary tuberculosis and COVID-19) compared with corresponding un-infected controls. Results Mean IDO activity in COVID-19 patients was significantly higher compared with corresponding control (p = 0.001) while mean IDO activity in pulmonary tuberculosis patients was non-significantly higher compared with corresponding control (p = 0.520), and mean IDO activity in asthma patients was non-significantly lower compared with corresponding control (p = 0.102). Conclusion Our data suggest that IDO activity as an innate immune factor is increased in infectious lung diseases (COVID-19 and pulmonary tuberculosis) but reduced in non-infectious disease (asthma) and that use of tryptophan supplementation or IDO inhibitor may not be necessary in all lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganiyu Olatunbosun Arinola
- grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983Department of Immunology, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Issa Abdullahi
- grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Sheu Kadiri Rahamon
- grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983Department of Immunology, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Zainab Bolanle Fasasi
- grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Adigun Kehinde
- grid.412438.80000 0004 1764 5403Department of Family Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adekunle Akeem Bakare
- grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Gut Non-Bacterial Microbiota: Emerging Link to Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090596. [PMID: 36136534 PMCID: PMC9503233 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) significantly affects personal health and imposes a substantial economic burden on society, but the current understanding of its occurrence and treatment is still inadequate. Emerging evidence suggests that IBS is associated with gut microbial dysbiosis, but most studies focus on the bacteria and neglect other communities of the microbiota, including fungi, viruses, archaea, and other parasitic microorganisms. This review summarizes the latest findings that link the nonbacterial microbiota with IBS. IBS patients show less fungal and viral diversity but some alterations in mycobiome, virome, and archaeome, such as an increased abundance of Candida albicans. Moreover, fungi and methanogens can aid in diagnosis. Fungi are related to distinct IBS symptoms and induce immune responses, intestinal barrier disruption, and visceral hypersensitivity via specific receptors, cells, and metabolites. Novel therapeutic methods for IBS include fungicides, inhibitors targeting fungal pathogenic pathways, probiotic fungi, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. Additionally, viruses, methanogens, and parasitic microorganisms are also involved in the pathophysiology and treatment. Therefore, the gut nonbacterial microbiota is involved in the pathogenesis of IBS, which provides a novel perspective on the noninvasive diagnosis and precise treatment of this disease.
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Gonçalves SM, Ferreira AV, Cunha C, Carvalho A. Targeting immunometabolism in host-directed therapies to fungal disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 208:158-166. [PMID: 35641161 PMCID: PMC9188340 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections affect over a billion people and are responsible for more than 1.5 million deaths each year. Despite progress in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, the management of severe fungal infections remains a challenge. Recently, the reprogramming of cellular metabolism has emerged as a central mechanism through which the effector functions of immune cells are supported to promote antifungal activity. An improved understanding of the immunometabolic signatures that orchestrate antifungal immunity, together with the dissection of the mechanisms that underlie heterogeneity in individual immune responses, may therefore unveil new targets amenable to adjunctive host-directed therapies. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the metabolic regulation of host-fungus interactions and antifungal immune responses, and outline targetable pathways and mechanisms with promising therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Anaísa V Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
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Esmaeili SA, Hajavi J. The role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in allergic disorders. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:3297-3306. [PMID: 35028850 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The amino acid tryptophan (TRP) is critical for the expansion and survival of cells. During the past few years, the manipulation of tryptophan metabolism via indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) has been presented as a significant regulatory mechanism for tolerance stimulation and the regulation of immune responses. Currently, a considerable number of studies suggest that the role of IDO in T helper 2 (Th2) cell regulation may be different from that of T helper 1 (Th1) immune responses. IDO acts as an immunosuppressive tolerogenic enzyme to decrease allergic responses through the stimulation of the Kynurenine-IDO pathway, the subsequent reduction of TRP, and the promotion of Kynurenine products. Kynurenine products motivate T-cell apoptosis and anergy, the propagation of Treg and Th17 cells, and the aberration of the Th1/Th2 response. We suggest that the IDO-kynurenine pathway can function as a negative reaction round for Th1 cells; however, it may play a different role in upregulating principal Th2 immune responses. In this review, we intend to integrate novel results on this pathway in correlation with allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jafar Hajavi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Science, 9691793718, Gonabad, Iran.
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7
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Yang RB, Wu LP, Lu XX, Zhang C, Liu H, Huang Y, Jia Z, Gao YC, Zhao SZ. Immunologic mechanism of fungal keratitis. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1100-1106. [PMID: 34282397 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.07.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a refractory disease that poses a serious threat to vision, with common risk factors like eye trauma, contact lens wearing, topical corticosteroids and antibiotic abuse. Nowadays, topical and systemic anti-fungal drugs and ocular surgeries are still the main therapeutic modalities. However, the pathogenesis of FK, especially the immunologic mechanism within it, has not yet been deeply clarified. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of FK is imperative for more effective therapies and prognosis. Meanwhile, the immune protection strategies are also urgently required to manage FK. This review highlights recent advances in the immunologic mechanism in the pathogenesis of FK, in hope of providing valuable reference information for more effective anti-fungal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Bo Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Li-Ping Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhe Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yi-Chen Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shao-Zhen Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
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8
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Crowther RR, Qualls JE. Metabolic Regulation of Immune Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Spotlight on L-Arginine and L-Tryptophan Metabolism. Front Immunol 2021; 11:628432. [PMID: 33633745 PMCID: PMC7900187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.628432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite decades of research, there is still much to be uncovered regarding the immune response to Mtb infection. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on anti-Mtb immunity, with a spotlight on immune cell amino acid metabolism. Specifically, we discuss L-arginine and L-tryptophan, focusing on their requirements, regulatory roles, and potential use as adjunctive therapy in TB patients. By continuing to uncover the immune cell contribution during Mtb infection and how amino acid utilization regulates their functions, it is anticipated that novel host-directed therapies may be developed and/or refined, helping to eradicate TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Crowther
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Jiang N, Zhang L, Zhao G, Lin J, Wang Q, Xu Q, Li C, Hu L, Peng X, Yu F, Xu M. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Regulates Macrophage Recruitment, Polarization and Phagocytosis in Aspergillus Fumigatus Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:28. [PMID: 32692841 PMCID: PMC7425693 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.8.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the influence of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) on macrophage recruitment, polarization and phagocytosis in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Methods A murine model of A. fumigatus keratitis and peritoneal macrophages incubated with the hyphae of A. fumigatus were used. Macrophage recruitment in corneas was evaluated using immunofluorescence staining. The polarization of macrophages, which was stimulated by A. fumigatus and pretreatment with or without 1-methyltryptophan (1-MT), interferon gamma (IFNG), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) antagonist, and p38 antagonist, was determined using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. P38 and ERK levels were determined using Western blotting. Macrophage phagocytosis was examined using colony-forming units. Results Compared with the A.F. group, recruitment of macrophages increased, tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression decreased, whereas arginase-1 (Arg-1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression increased in the mouse corneas of the 1-MT+A.F. group. The ratio of CD206+/CD86+ macrophages in the corneas and spleens of 1-MT+A.F. group increased. Furthermore, in peritoneal macrophages stimulated by A. fumigatus, 1-MT promoted Arg-1 and IL-10 expression while upregulating the ratio of CD206+/CD86+ macrophages. Conversely, IDO agonist IFNG promoted TNF-α and iNOS expression, inhibited Arg-1 and IL-10 expression and downregulated the ratio of CD206+/CD86+ macrophages. The role of IFNG was reversed by the antagonist of P38 or ERK. P38 and ERK levels were downregulated in corneas of 1-MT+A.F. group. Besides, IFNG inhibited macrophage phagocytosis. Conclusions IDO inhibited macrophage recruitment and phagocytosis in A. fumigatus keratitis. Mechanistically, IDO is involved in M1 macrophage polarization in A. fumigatus keratitis through a MAPK/ERK-dependent pathway.
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Pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis in AhR deficient hosts is severe and associated with defective Treg and Th22 responses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11312. [PMID: 32647342 PMCID: PMC7347857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays an important role in the innate and adaptive immune responses. In infection models, it has been associated with host responses that promote or inhibit disease progression. In pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis, a primary fungal infection endemic in Latin America, immune protection is mediated by Th1/Th17 cells and disease severity with predominant Th2/Th9/Treg responses. Because of its important role at epithelial barriers, we evaluate the role of AhR in the outcome of a pulmonary model of paracoccidioidomycosis. AhR−/− mice show increased fungal burdens, enhanced tissue pathology and mortality. During the infection, AhR−/− mice have more pulmonary myeloid cells with activated phenotype and reduced numbers expressing indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1. AhR-deficient lungs have altered production of cytokines and reduced numbers of innate lymphoid cells (NK, ILC3 and NCR IL-22). The lungs of AhR−/− mice showed increased presence Th17 cells concomitant with reduced numbers of Th1, Th22 and Foxp3+ Treg cells. Furthermore, treatment of infected WT mice with an AhR-specific antagonist (CH223191) reproduced the main findings obtained in AhR−/− mice. Collectively our data demonstrate that in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis AhR controls fungal burden and excessive tissue inflammation and is a possible target for antifungal therapy.
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11
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Claytor SC, Gummer JPA, Grogan LF, Skerratt LF, Webb RJ, Brannelly LA, Berger L, Roberts AA. Susceptibility of frogs to chytridiomycosis correlates with increased levels of immunomodulatory serotonin in the skin. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13089. [PMID: 31373151 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is a skin disease responsible for the global decline of amphibians. Frog species and populations can vary in susceptibility, but this phenomenon remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated serotonin in the skin of infected and uninfected frogs. In more susceptible frog populations, skin serotonin rose with increasing infection intensity, but decreased in later stages of the disease. The more resistant population maintained a basal level of skin serotonin. Serotonin inhibited both Bd sporangial growth and Jurkat lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. However, serotonin accumulates in skin granular glands, and this compartmentalisation may prevent inhibition of Bd growth in vivo. We suggest that skin serotonin increases in susceptible frogs due to pathogen excretion of precursor tryptophan, but that resistant frogs are able to control the levels of serotonin. Overall, the immunosuppressive effects of serotonin may contribute to the susceptibility of frogs to chytridiomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieara C Claytor
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Joel P A Gummer
- Separation Science and Metabolomics Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.,Metabolomics Australia, Western Australia Node, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Laura F Grogan
- Griffith Wildlife Disease Ecology Group, Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Lee F Skerratt
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Webb
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Laura A Brannelly
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Australia
| | - Lee Berger
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Australia
| | - Alexandra A Roberts
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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12
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Chytridiomycosis causes catastrophic organism-wide metabolic dysregulation including profound failure of cellular energy pathways. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8188. [PMID: 29844538 PMCID: PMC5974026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chytridiomycosis is among several recently emerged fungal diseases of wildlife that have caused decline or extinction of naïve populations. Despite recent advances in understanding pathogenesis, host response to infection remains poorly understood. Here we modelled a total of 162 metabolites across skin and liver tissues of 61 frogs from four populations (three long-exposed and one naïve to the fungus) of the Australian alpine tree frog (Litoria verreauxii alpina) throughout a longitudinal exposure experiment involving both infected and negative control individuals. We found that chytridiomycosis dramatically altered the organism-wide metabolism of clinically diseased frogs. Chytridiomycosis caused catastrophic failure of normal homeostatic mechanisms (interruption of biosynthetic and degradation metabolic pathways), and pronounced dysregulation of cellular energy metabolism. Key intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle were markedly depleted, including in particular α-ketoglutarate and glutamate that together constitute a key nutrient pathway for immune processes. This study was the first to apply a non-targeted metabolomics approach to a fungal wildlife disease and specifically to dissect the host-pathogen interface of Bd-infected frogs. The patterns of metabolite accumulation we have identified reveal whole-body metabolic dysfunction induced by a fungal skin infection, and these findings have broad relevance for other fungal diseases.
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13
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Strati F, Calabrò A, Donati C, De Felice C, Hayek J, Jousson O, Leoncini S, Renzi D, Rizzetto L, De Filippo C, Cavalieri D. Intestinal Candida parapsilosis isolates from Rett syndrome subjects bear potential virulent traits and capacity to persist within the host. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18:57. [PMID: 29720131 PMCID: PMC5930502 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-018-0785-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurological disorder mainly caused by mutations in MeCP2 gene. It has been shown that MeCP2 impairments can lead to cytokine dysregulation due to MeCP2 regulatory role in T-helper and T-reg mediated responses, thus contributing to the pro-inflammatory status associated with RTT. Furthermore, RTT subjects suffer from an intestinal dysbiosis characterized by an abnormal expansion of the Candida population, a known factor responsible for the hyper-activation of pro-inflammatory immune responses. Therefore, we asked whether the intestinal fungal population of RTT subjects might contribute the sub-inflammatory status triggered by MeCP2 deficiency. METHODS We evaluated the cultivable gut mycobiota from a cohort of 50 RTT patients and 29 healthy controls characterizing the faecal fungal isolates for their virulence-related traits, antifungal resistance and immune reactivity in order to elucidate the role of fungi in RTT's intestinal dysbiosis and gastrointestinal physiology. RESULTS Candida parapsilosis, the most abundant yeast species in RTT subjects, showed distinct genotypic profiles if compared to healthy controls' isolates as measured by hierarchical clustering analysis from RAPD genotyping. Their phenotypical analysis revealed that RTT's isolates produced more biofilm and were significantly more resistant to azole antifungals compared to the isolates from the healthy controls. In addition, the high levels of IL-1β and IL-10 produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the mixed Th1/Th17 cells population induced by RTT C. parapsilosis isolates suggest the capacity of these intestinal fungi to persist within the host, being potentially involved in chronic, pro-inflammatory responses. CONCLUSIONS Here we demonstrated that intestinal C. parapsilosis isolates from RTT subjects hold phenotypic traits that might favour the previously observed low-grade intestinal inflammatory status associated with RTT. Therefore, the presence of putative virulent, pro-inflammatory C. parapsilosis strains in RTT could represent an additional factor in RTT's gastrointestinal pathophysiology, whose mechanisms are not yet clearly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Strati
- Computational Biology Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123, Trento, Italy.,Present address: T Cell Development Lab, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, CH-6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Calabrò
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 40, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Donati
- Computational Biology Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Claudio De Felice
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital AOUS, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Joussef Hayek
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University Hospital AOUS, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Olivier Jousson
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Silvia Leoncini
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University Hospital AOUS, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Renzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 40, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Lisa Rizzetto
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Carlotta De Filippo
- Institute of Agriculture Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Duccio Cavalieri
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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14
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Abstract
The balance between reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species production by the host and stress response by fungi is a key axis of the host-pathogen interaction. This review will describe emerging themes in fungal pathogenesis underpinning this axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilia Warris
- Medical Research Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Ballou
- Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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15
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Choera T, Zelante T, Romani L, Keller NP. A Multifaceted Role of Tryptophan Metabolism and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Activity in Aspergillus fumigatus-Host Interactions. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1996. [PMID: 29403477 PMCID: PMC5786828 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the most prevalent filamentous fungal pathogen of humans, causing either severe allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis or often fatal invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in individuals with hyper- or hypo-immune deficiencies, respectively. Disease is primarily initiated upon the inhalation of the ubiquitous airborne conidia—the initial inoculum produced by A. fumigatus—which are complete developmental units with an ability to exploit diverse environments, ranging from agricultural composts to animal lungs. Upon infection, conidia initially rely on their own metabolic processes for survival in the host’s lungs, a nutritionally limiting environment. One such nutritional limitation is the availability of aromatic amino acids (AAAs) as animals lack the enzymes to synthesize tryptophan (Trp) and phenylalanine and only produce tyrosine from dietary phenylalanine. However, A. fumigatus produces all three AAAs through the shikimate–chorismate pathway, where they play a critical role in fungal growth and development and in yielding many downstream metabolites. The downstream metabolites of Trp in A. fumigatus include the immunomodulatory kynurenine derived from indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and toxins such as fumiquinazolines, gliotoxin, and fumitremorgins. Host IDO activity and/or host/microbe-derived kynurenines are increasingly correlated with many Aspergillus diseases including IPA and infections of chronic granulomatous disease patients. In this review, we will describe the potential metabolic cross talk between the host and the pathogen, specifically focusing on Trp metabolism, the implications for therapeutics, and the recent studies on the coevolution of host and microbe IDO activation in regulating inflammation, while controlling infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsokyi Choera
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Teresa Zelante
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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16
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Thomas S, Izard J, Walsh E, Batich K, Chongsathidkiet P, Clarke G, Sela DA, Muller AJ, Mullin JM, Albert K, Gilligan JP, DiGuilio K, Dilbarova R, Alexander W, Prendergast GC. The Host Microbiome Regulates and Maintains Human Health: A Primer and Perspective for Non-Microbiologists. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1783-1812. [PMID: 28292977 PMCID: PMC5392374 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Humans consider themselves discrete autonomous organisms, but recent research is rapidly strengthening the appreciation that associated microorganisms make essential contributions to human health and well being. Each person is inhabited and also surrounded by his/her own signature microbial cloud. A low diversity of microorganisms is associated with a plethora of diseases, including allergy, diabetes, obesity, arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and even neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, an interaction of microorganisms with the host immune system is required for a healthy body. Exposure to microorganisms from the moment we are born and appropriate microbiome assembly during childhood are essential for establishing an active immune system necessary to prevent disease later in life. Exposure to microorganisms educates the immune system, induces adaptive immunity, and initiates memory B and T cells that are essential to combat various pathogens. The correct microbial-based education of immune cells may be critical in preventing the development of autoimmune diseases and cancer. This review provides a broad overview of the importance of the host microbiome and accumulating knowledge of how it regulates and maintains a healthy human system. Cancer Res; 77(8); 1783-812. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Thomas
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania.
| | - Jacques Izard
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Emily Walsh
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristen Batich
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pakawat Chongsathidkiet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, APC Microbiome Institute University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - David A Sela
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Center for Microbiome Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | - James M Mullin
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
| | - Korin Albert
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - John P Gilligan
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Rima Dilbarova
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
| | - Walker Alexander
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
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17
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Strati F, Cavalieri D, Albanese D, De Felice C, Donati C, Hayek J, Jousson O, Leoncini S, Renzi D, Calabrò A, De Filippo C. New evidences on the altered gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorders. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:24. [PMID: 28222761 PMCID: PMC5320696 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by social and behavioural impairments. In addition to neurological symptoms, ASD subjects frequently suffer from gastrointestinal abnormalities, thus implying a role of the gut microbiota in ASD gastrointestinal pathophysiology. RESULTS Here, we characterized the bacterial and fungal gut microbiota in a cohort of autistic individuals demonstrating the presence of an altered microbial community structure. A fraction of 90% of the autistic subjects were classified as severe ASDs. We found a significant increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in autistic subjects due to a reduction of the Bacteroidetes relative abundance. At the genus level, we observed a decrease in the relative abundance of Alistipes, Bilophila, Dialister, Parabacteroides, and Veillonella in the ASD cohort, while Collinsella, Corynebacterium, Dorea, and Lactobacillus were significantly increased. Constipation has been then associated with different bacterial patterns in autistic and neurotypical subjects, with constipated autistic individuals characterized by high levels of bacterial taxa belonging to Escherichia/Shigella and Clostridium cluster XVIII. We also observed that the relative abundance of the fungal genus Candida was more than double in the autistic than neurotypical subjects, yet due to a larger dispersion of values, this difference was only partially significant. CONCLUSIONS The finding that, besides the bacterial gut microbiota, also the gut mycobiota contributes to the alteration of the intestinal microbial community structure in ASDs opens the possibility for new potential intervention strategies aimed at the relief of gastrointestinal symptoms in ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Strati
- Computational Biology Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all' Adige, Italy
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Duccio Cavalieri
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Davide Albanese
- Computational Biology Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all' Adige, Italy
| | - Claudio De Felice
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Siena University Hospital AOUS, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio Donati
- Computational Biology Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all' Adige, Italy
| | - Joussef Hayek
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Siena University Hospital AOUS, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Umbria 2, Via D. Bramante 37, 05100, Terni, Italy
| | - Olivier Jousson
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Silvia Leoncini
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Siena University Hospital AOUS, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Renzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 40, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Calabrò
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 40, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlotta De Filippo
- Institute of Agriculture Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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18
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Detection of Multidrug-Resistant Fungal Infections in Cancer Patients. Fungal Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-34106-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Lovelace MD, Varney B, Sundaram G, Franco NF, Ng ML, Pai S, Lim CK, Guillemin GJ, Brew BJ. Current Evidence for a Role of the Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:246. [PMID: 27540379 PMCID: PMC4972824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the major metabolic pathway of the essential amino acid tryptophan (TRP). Stimulation by inflammatory molecules, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), is the trigger for induction of the KP, driving a complex cascade of production of both neuroprotective and neurotoxic metabolites, and in turn, regulation of the immune response and responses of brain cells to the KP metabolites. Consequently, substantial evidence has accumulated over the past couple of decades that dysregulation of the KP and the production of neurotoxic metabolites are associated with many neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, AIDS-related dementia, motor neurone disease, schizophrenia, Huntington’s disease, and brain cancers. In the past decade, evidence of the link between the KP and multiple sclerosis (MS) has rapidly grown and has implicated the KP in MS pathogenesis. KP enzymes, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) and tryptophan dioxygenase (highest expression in hepatic cells), are the principal enzymes triggering activation of the KP to produce kynurenine from TRP. This is in preference to other routes such as serotonin and melatonin production. In neurological disease, degradation of the blood–brain barrier, even if transient, allows the entry of blood monocytes into the brain parenchyma. Similar to microglia and macrophages, these cells are highly responsive to IFN-γ, which upregulates the expression of enzymes, including IDO-1, producing neurotoxic KP metabolites such as quinolinic acid. These metabolites circulate systemically or are released locally in the brain and can contribute to the excitotoxic death of oligodendrocytes and neurons in neurological disease principally by virtue of their agonist activity at N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors. The latest evidence is presented and discussed. The enzymes that control the checkpoints in the KP represent an attractive therapeutic target, and consequently several KP inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for other neurological diseases, and hence may make suitable candidates for MS patients. Underpinning these drug discovery endeavors, in recent years, several advances have been made in how KP metabolites are assayed in various biological fluids, and tremendous advancements have been made in how specimens are imaged to determine disease progression and involvement of various cell types and molecules in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Lovelace
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bianca Varney
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Gayathri Sundaram
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Nunzio F Franco
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Mei Li Ng
- Faculty of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Saparna Pai
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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Jiang N, Zhao GQ, Lin J, Hu LT, Che CY, Li C, Wang Q, Xu Q, Zhang J, Peng XD. Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in a murine model of Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:491-6. [PMID: 27162718 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.04.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To observe the presence and expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) during the corneal immunity to Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) in the murine models. METHODS The murine model of fungal keratitis was established by smearing with colonies of A. fumigatus after scraping central epithelium of cornea and covering with contact lenses in C57BL/6 mice. The mice were randomly divided into control group, sham group and A. fumigatus keratitis group. The cornea was monitored daily using a slit lamp and recorded disease score after infection. Corneal lesion was detected by immunofluorescence staining. IDO mRNA and protein were also detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. RESULTS The disease score and slit lamp photography indicated that disease severity was consistent with corneal inflammation in the murine models, and the disease scores in A. fumigatus keratitis group were obviously higher than those in the sham group. By immunofluorescence staining, IDO was mainly localized in corneal epithelium and stroma in the murine corneal tissues with A. fumigatus keratitis. Compared with the sham group, IDO mRNA expression was significantly enhanced in corneal epithelium infected by A. fumigatus. Furthermore, IDO protein expression detected by Western blot was in accord with transcript levels of IDO mRNA measured by qRT-PCR. IDO protein expression was enhanced after A. fumigatus infection compared with the sham group. CONCLUSION IDO is detected in corneal epithelium and stroma locally, which indicates IDO takes part in the pathogenesis of A. fumigatus keratitis and plays a key role in immune regulation at the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Gui-Qiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li-Ting Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cheng-Ye Che
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xu-Dong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
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21
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Ban Y, Zhao Y, Liu F, Dong B, Kong B, Qu X. Effect of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Expressed in HTR-8/SVneo Cells on Decidual NK Cell Cytotoxicity. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 75:519-28. [PMID: 26782048 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM To study the effect of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expressed in HTR-8/SVneo cells on NKG2D and NKp46 expression and cytotoxicity of decidual NK (dNK) and peripheral NK (pNK) cells. METHOD OF STUDY CD56(+) dNK and pNK cells purified were cultured with HTR-8/SVneo cell conditioned medium (CM), 1-MT+HTR-8/SVneo cell CM, and complete RPMI 1640 medium (negative control) in vitro. The mRNA and protein expression of NKG2D and NKp46 in NK cells were then assessed by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry, respectively. Their cytotoxicity was evaluated with LDH assays, and TNF-α secretion was analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS For dNK cells, the mRNA and protein expression of NKp46 as well as NKG2D did not differ significantly among the three groups (P > 0.05), whereas for pNK cells, the expression level was significantly decreased in HTR-8/SVneo cell CM group than the other two groups (P < 0.01). Peripheral NK cells cultured with HTR-8/SVneo cell CM showed reduced cytotoxicity and TNF-α secretion than the other two groups (P < 0.01), although there were no significant differences among three groups for dNK cells (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION IDO expressed by HTR-8/SVneo cells can down-regulate NKp46 and NKG2D expression and reduce cytotoxicity in pNK cells, and may contribute to keep dNK cytotoxicity at a low level, suggesting an important role for IDO in the maintenance of normal pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Ban
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Baihua Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Beihua Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Xun Qu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
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22
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The Janus-faced nature of IDO1 in infectious diseases: challenges and therapeutic opportunities. Future Med Chem 2015; 8:39-54. [PMID: 26692277 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of IDO1 is a strategy pursued to develop novel therapeutic treatments for cancer. Recent years have witnessed growing evidence that the enzyme plays a pivotal role in viral, bacterial and fungal infections. These studies have underscored the Janus-faced nature of IDO1 in the regulation of host-pathogen interactions and commensalism. Starting with an outlook on the advances in the structural features of IDO1, herein we report recent findings that pinpoint the involvement of IDO1 in infectious diseases. Then, we present an overview of IDO1 inhibitors that have been enrolled in clinical trials as well as other distinct modulators of the enzyme that may enable further investigations of IDO1 and its role in infectious disease.
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O'Farrell K, Harkin A. Stress-related regulation of the kynurenine pathway: Relevance to neuropsychiatric and degenerative disorders. Neuropharmacology 2015; 112:307-323. [PMID: 26690895 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP), which is activated in times of stress and infection has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Activation of this tryptophan metabolising pathway results in the production of neuroactive metabolites which have the potential to interfere with normal neuronal functioning which may contribute to altered neuronal transmission and the emergence of symptoms of these brain disorders. This review investigates the involvement of the KP in a range of neurological disorders, examining recent in vitro, in vivo and clinical discoveries highlights evidence to indicate that the KP is a potential therapeutic target in both neurodegenerative and stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders. Furthermore, this review identifies gaps in our knowledge with regard to this field which are yet to be examined to lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the role of KP activation in brain health and disease. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'The Kynurenine Pathway in Health and Disease'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine O'Farrell
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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Jiang N, Zhao G, Lin J, Hu L, Che C, Li C, Wang Q, Xu Q, Peng X. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Is Involved in the Inflammation Response of Corneal Epithelial Cells to Aspergillus fumigatus Infections. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137423. [PMID: 26361229 PMCID: PMC4567309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which is mainly expressed in activated dendritic cells, is known as a regulator of immune responses. However, the role of IDO in immune responses against fungal corneal infection has not been investigated. To evaluate the regulatory mechanisms of IDO in fungal inflammation, we resorted to human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs), known as the first barrier of cornea against pathogenic microorganisms. We found that IDO was significantly up-regulated in corneal epithelium infected with Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) and HCECs incubated with spores of A. fumigatus. Furthermore, IDO inhibitor (1-methyltryptophan, 1-MT) enhanced inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 expression which were up-regulated by A. fumigatus spores infection. Dectin-1, as one of the important C-type lectin receptors, can identify β-glucan, and mediate fungal innate immune responses. In the present study, pre-treatment with curdlan, a Dectin-1 agonist, further enhanced IDO expression compared with A. fumigatus stimulation. While laminarin, the Dectin-1 specific inhibitor, partially inhibited IDO expression stimulated by A. fumigatus. Further studies demonstrated inhibition of IDO activity amplified the expressions of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 induced by activation of Dectin-1. These results suggested that IDO was involved in the immune responses of fungal keratitis. The activation of Dectin-1 may contribute to A. fumigatus spores-induced up-regulation of IDO.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aspergillus fumigatus/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epithelium, Corneal/metabolism
- Epithelium, Corneal/microbiology
- Epithelium, Corneal/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Keratitis/diagnosis
- Keratitis/metabolism
- Keratitis/microbiology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mice
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- beta-Glucans/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liting Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chengye Che
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
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Abstract
IDO1 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1) is a member of a unique class of mammalian haem dioxygenases that catalyse the oxidative catabolism of the least-abundant essential amino acid, L-Trp (L-tryptophan), along the kynurenine pathway. Significant increases in knowledge have been recently gained with respect to understanding the fundamental biochemistry of IDO1 including its catalytic reaction mechanism, the scope of enzyme reactions it catalyses, the biochemical mechanisms controlling IDO1 expression and enzyme activity, and the discovery of enzyme inhibitors. Major advances in understanding the roles of IDO1 in physiology and disease have also been realised. IDO1 is recognised as a prominent immune regulatory enzyme capable of modulating immune cell activation status and phenotype via several molecular mechanisms including enzyme-dependent deprivation of L-Trp and its conversion into the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand kynurenine and other bioactive kynurenine pathway metabolites, or non-enzymatic cell signalling actions involving tyrosine phosphorylation of IDO1. Through these different modes of biochemical signalling, IDO1 regulates certain physiological functions (e.g. pregnancy) and modulates the pathogenesis and severity of diverse conditions including chronic inflammation, infectious disease, allergic and autoimmune disorders, transplantation, neuropathology and cancer. In the present review, we detail the current understanding of IDO1’s catalytic actions and the biochemical mechanisms regulating IDO1 expression and activity. We also discuss the biological functions of IDO1 with a focus on the enzyme's immune-modulatory function, its medical implications in diverse pathological settings and its utility as a therapeutic target.
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Araújo EF, Loures FV, Bazan SB, Feriotti C, Pina A, Schanoski AS, Costa TA, Calich VLG. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase controls fungal loads and immunity in Paracoccidioidomicosis but is more important to susceptible than resistant hosts. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3330. [PMID: 25411790 PMCID: PMC4238999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paracoccidioidomycosis, a primary fungal infection restricted to Latin America, is acquired by inhalation of fungal particles. The immunoregulatory mechanisms that control the severe and mild forms of paracoccidioidomycosis are still unclear. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an IFN-γ induced enzyme that catalyzes tryptophan metabolism, can control host-pathogen interaction by inhibiting pathogen growth, T cell immunity and tissue inflammation. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we investigated the role of IDO in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis of susceptible and resistant mice. IDO was blocked by 1-methyl-dl-tryptophan (1MT), and fungal infection studied in vitro and in vivo. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection was more severe in 1MT treated than untreated macrophages of resistant and susceptible mice, concurrently with decreased production of kynurenines and IDO mRNA. Similar results were observed in the pulmonary infection. Independent of the host genetic pattern, IDO inhibition reduced fungal clearance but enhanced T cell immunity. The early IDO inhibition resulted in increased differentiation of dendritic and Th17 cells, accompanied by reduced responses of Th1 and Treg cells. Despite these equivalent biological effects, only in susceptible mice the temporary IDO blockade caused sustained fungal growth, increased tissue pathology and mortality rates. In contrast, resistant mice were able to recover the transitory IDO blockade by the late control of fungal burdens without enhanced tissue pathology. Conclusions/Significance Our studies demonstrate for the first time that in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis, IDO is an important immunoregulatory enzyme that promotes fungal clearance and inhibits T cell immunity and inflammation, with prominent importance to susceptible hosts. In fact, only in the susceptible background IDO inhibition resulted in uncontrolled tissue pathology and mortality rates. Our findings open new perspectives to understand the immunopathology of paracoccidioidomycosis, and suggest that an insufficient IDO activity could be associated with the severe cases of human PCM characterized by inefficient fungal clearance and excessive inflammation. Immunoprotection to paracoccidiodomycosis, a systemic mycosis endemic in Latin America, is mediated by T cell immunity whereas immunosuppression characterizes the severe forms of the disease. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme mainly induced by IFN-γ, catabolizes tryptophan along the kynurenines pathway. Tryptophan deficiency has been associated with reduced pathogen growth, while elevated levels of kynurenines with suppressed immune responses. In this study, the role of IDO in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis was investigated using resistant and susceptible mice. In both mouse strains, IDO blockade by 1-methyl tryptophan resulted in inefficient fungal clearance accompanied by enhanced T cell immunity. Despite these equivalent biological effects, only in susceptible mice IDO inhibition caused progressive fungal growth and tissue pathology resulting in increased mortality. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that IDO exert a yet unexplored immunoregulatory role in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis that can be particularly important in the severe cases of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu F. Araújo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio V. Loures
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia B. Bazan
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Feriotti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Pina
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra S. Schanoski
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia A. Costa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera L. G. Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Karumuthil-Melethil S, Gudi R, Johnson BM, Perez N, Vasu C. Fungal β-glucan, a Dectin-1 ligand, promotes protection from type 1 diabetes by inducing regulatory innate immune response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3308-21. [PMID: 25143443 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides in cereal grains, mushrooms, algae, or microbes, including bacteria, fungi, and yeast. Immune cells recognize these β-glucans through a cell surface pathogen recognition receptor called Dectin-1. Studies using β-glucans and other Dectin-1 binding components have demonstrated the potential of these agents in activating the immune cells for cancer treatment and controlling infections. In this study, we show that the β-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces the expression of immune regulatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β1, and IL-2) and a tolerogenic enzyme (IDO) in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells as well as spleen cells. These properties can be exploited to modulate autoimmunity in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Treatment of prediabetic NOD mice with low-dose β-glucan resulted in a profound delay in hyperglycemia, and this protection was associated with increase in the frequencies of Foxp3(+), LAP(+), and GARP(+) T cells. Upon Ag presentation, β-glucan-exposed dendritic cells induced a significant increase in Foxp3(+) and LAP(+) T cells in in vitro cultures. Furthermore, systemic coadministration of β-glucan plus pancreatic β cell Ag resulted in an enhanced protection of NOD mice from T1D as compared with treatment with β-glucan alone. These observations demonstrate that the innate immune response induced by low-dose β-glucan is regulatory in nature and can be exploited to modulate T cell response to β cell Ag for inducing an effective protection from T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radhika Gudi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and
| | - Benjamin M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Nicolas Perez
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Chenthamarakshan Vasu
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612; Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
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28
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Blockade of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase reduces mortality from peritonitis and sepsis in mice by regulating functions of CD11b+ peritoneal cells. Infect Immun 2014; 82:4487-95. [PMID: 25114116 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02113-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (Ido), which catalyzes the first and limiting step of tryptophan catabolism, has been implicated in immune tolerance. However, the roles of Ido in systemic bacterial infection are complicated and remain controversial. To explore this issue, we examined the roles of Ido in bacterial peritonitis and sepsis after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in mice by using the Ido inhibitor 1-methyl-d,l-tryptophan (1-MT), by comparing Ido(+/+) and Ido(-/-) mice, or by using chimeric mice in which Ido in the bone marrow-derived cells was deficient. Ido expression in the peritoneal CD11b(+) cells and its metabolite l-kynurenine in the serum were increased after CLP. 1-MT treatment or Ido deficiency, especially in bone marrow-derived cells, reduced mortality after CLP. Compared to Ido(+/+) mice, Ido(-/-) mice showed increased recruitment of neutrophils and mononuclear cells into the peritoneal cavity and a decreased bacterial count in the blood accompanied by increased CXCL-2 and CXCL-1 mRNA in the peritoneal cells. Ido has an inhibitory effect on LPS-induced CXCL-2 and CXCL-1 production in cultured peritoneal cells. These findings indicate that inhibition of Ido reduces mortality from peritonitis and sepsis after CLP via recruitment of neutrophils and mononuclear cells by chemokine production in peritoneal CD11b(+) cells. Thus, blockade of Ido plays a beneficial role in host protection during bacterial peritonitis and sepsis.
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29
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Lowe MM, Mold JE, Kanwar B, Huang Y, Louie A, Pollastri MP, Wang C, Patel G, Franks DG, Schlezinger J, Sherr DH, Silverstone AE, Hahn ME, McCune JM. Identification of cinnabarinic acid as a novel endogenous aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand that drives IL-22 production. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87877. [PMID: 24498387 PMCID: PMC3912126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) binds to environmental toxicants including synthetic halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons and is involved in a diverse array of biological processes. Recently, the AHR was shown to control host immunity by affecting the balance between inflammatory T cells that produce IL-17 (Th17) and IL-22 versus regulatory T cells (Treg) involved in tolerance. While environmental AHR ligands can mediate this effect, endogenous ligands are likely to be more relevant in host immune responses. We investigated downstream metabolites of tryptophan as potential AHR ligands because (1) tryptophan metabolites have been implicated in regulating the balance between Th17 and Treg cells and (2) many of the AHR ligands identified thus far are derivatives of tryptophan. We characterized the ability of tryptophan metabolites to bind and activate the AHR and to increase IL-22 production in human T cells. We report that the tryptophan metabolite, cinnabarinic acid (CA), is an AHR ligand that stimulates the differentiation of human and mouse T cells producing IL-22. We compare the IL-22-stimulating activity of CA to that of other tryptophan metabolites and define stimulation conditions that lead to CA production from immune cells. Our findings link tryptophan metabolism to AHR activation and define a novel endogenous AHR agonist with potentially broad biological functions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/metabolism
- Humans
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Oxazines/metabolism
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/physiology
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Th17 Cells
- Tryptophan/metabolism
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Lowe
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeff E. Mold
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bittoo Kanwar
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yong Huang
- Drug Studies Unit, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander Louie
- Drug Studies Unit, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Pollastri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cuihua Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gautam Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Diana G. Franks
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Schlezinger
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David H. Sherr
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Allen E. Silverstone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. McCune
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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30
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Romani L, Puccetti P. Controlling pathogenic inflammation to fungi. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 5:1007-17. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.5.6.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with current chemotherapy regimens is still disappointing, with overall survival rates of ≤40% at 5 years. It is now well established that AML cells can evade the immune system through multiple mechanisms, including the expression of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase. Immunotherapeutic strategies, including both active, such as vaccination with leukemia-associated antigens, and passive, such as adoptive transfer of allogeneic natural killer cells, may overcome leukemia escape and lead to improved cure. Allogeneic hemopoeitic stem cell transplantation, the most effective treatment of AML, is the best known model of immunotherapy. Following transplant, recipient AML cells are eradicated by donor immune cells through the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. However, GVL is clinically associated with graft-versus-host disease, the major cause of mortality after transplant. GVL is mediated by donor T cells recognizing either leukemia-associated antigens or minor as well as major histocompatibility antigens. Several innovative strategies have been devised to generate leukemia reactive T cells so as to increase GVL responses with no or little graft-versus-host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Arpinati
- Department of Hematology & Oncological Sciences ‘Seragnoli’, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Curti
- Department of Hematology & Oncological Sciences ‘Seragnoli’, University of Bologna, Italy
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32
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Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in mixed lymphocyte reaction affects glucose influx and enzymes involved in aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis in alloreactive T-cells. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1501-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.08.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Murakami Y, Hoshi M, Imamura Y, Arioka Y, Yamamoto Y, Saito K. Remarkable role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan metabolites in infectious diseases: potential role in macrophage-mediated inflammatory diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:391984. [PMID: 23476103 PMCID: PMC3588179 DOI: 10.1155/2013/391984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), the L-tryptophan-degrading enzyme, plays a key role in the immunomodulatory effects on several types of immune cells. Originally known for its regulatory function during pregnancy and chronic inflammation in tumorigenesis, the activity of IDO1 seems to modify the inflammatory state of infectious diseases. The pathophysiologic activity of L-tryptophan metabolites, kynurenines, is well recognized. Therefore, an understanding of the regulation of IDO1 and the subsequent biochemical reactions is essential for the design of therapeutic strategies in certain immune diseases. In this paper, current knowledge about the role of IDO1 and its metabolites during various infectious diseases is presented. Particularly, the regulation of type I interferons (IFNs) production via IDO1 in virus infection is discussed. This paper offers insights into new therapeutic strategies in the modulation of viral infection and several immune-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Murakami
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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34
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McGaha TL, Huang L, Lemos H, Metz R, Mautino M, Prendergast GC, Mellor AL. Amino acid catabolism: a pivotal regulator of innate and adaptive immunity. Immunol Rev 2013; 249:135-57. [PMID: 22889220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced amino acid catabolism is a common response to inflammation, but the immunologic significance of altered amino acid consumption remains unclear. The finding that tryptophan catabolism helped maintain fetal tolerance during pregnancy provided novel insights into the significance of amino acid metabolism in controlling immunity. Recent advances in identifying molecular pathways that enhance amino acid catabolism and downstream mechanisms that affect immune cells in response to inflammatory cues support the notion that amino acid catabolism regulates innate and adaptive immune cells in pathologic settings. Cells expressing enzymes that degrade amino acids modulate antigen-presenting cell and lymphocyte functions and reveal critical roles for amino acid- and catabolite-sensing pathways in controlling gene expression, functions, and survival of immune cells. Basal amino acid catabolism may contribute to immune homeostasis that prevents autoimmunity, whereas elevated amino acid catalytic activity may reinforce immune suppression to promote tumorigenesis and persistence of some pathogens that cause chronic infections. For these reasons, there is considerable interest in generating novel drugs that inhibit or induce amino acid consumption and target downstream molecular pathways that control immunity. In this review, we summarize recent developments and highlight novel concepts and key outstanding questions in this active research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L McGaha
- Immunotherapy Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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35
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Ghannoum MA, Mukherjee PK, Jurevic RJ, Retuerto M, Brown RE, Sikaroodi M, Webster-Cyriaque J, Gillevet PM. Metabolomics reveals differential levels of oral metabolites in HIV-infected patients: toward novel diagnostic targets. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 17:5-15. [PMID: 21751871 PMCID: PMC3545316 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2011.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to characterize the profile of oral metabolites in HIV-infected patients using metabolomics. Oral wash samples were collected from 12 HIV-infected and 12 healthy individuals (matched for age, sex, and ethnicity), processed, and analyzed by metabolomics. We detected 198 identifiable and 85 nonidentifiable metabolites; 27 identifiable metabolites were differentially present (12 increased, 15 decreased) in HIV-infected patients. Elevated metabolites included p-cresol sulfate, nucleotides (e.g., allantoin), and amino acids (e.g., phenylalanine, tryptophan), whereas decreased oral metabolites included fucose, fumarate, and N-acetylglucosamine. Pathway network analysis revealed the largest multinode network in healthy versus HIV-infected patients to involve carbohydrate biosynthesis and degradation. HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) showed the largest number (12) of statistically significant metabolite correlation differences compared with healthy controls. Interestingly, the oral phenlyalanine:tyrosine ratio increased in ART-naive HIV-infected patients (mean ± SEM = 2.58 ± 0.87) compared with healthy individuals (1.33 ± 0.10, p = 0.062) or ART-experienced patients (1.78 ± 0.30, p = 0.441). This is the first study to reveal differential levels of oral metabolites in HIV-infected patients compared withj healthy volunteers, and that oral phenlyalanine:tyrosine ratio may be a useful marker for noninvasive monitoring of the immune status during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio 44106-5028, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Various pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS) are accompanied by alterations in tryptophan metabolism. The main metabolic route of tryptophan degradation is the kynurenine pathway; its metabolites are responsible for a broad spectrum of effects, including the endogenous regulation of neuronal excitability and the initiation of immune tolerance. This Review highlights the involvement of the kynurenine system in the pathology of neurodegenerative disorders, pain syndromes and autoimmune diseases through a detailed discussion of its potential implications in Huntington's disease, migraine and multiple sclerosis. The most effective preclinical drug candidates are discussed and attention is paid to currently under-investigated roles of the kynurenine pathway in the CNS, where modulation of kynurenine metabolism might be of therapeutic value.
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37
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Hage CA, Horan DJ, Durkin M, Connolly P, Desta Z, Skaar TC, Knox KS, Wheat LJ. Histoplasma capsulatum preferentially induces IDO in the lung. Med Mycol 2012. [PMID: 23181600 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.710857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) plays an important role in immunoregulation as it is involved in downregulating immune responses to infections. We sought to characterize IDO activity in histoplasmosis and to do so, C57Bl6 mice were infected intranasally with Histoplasma capsulatum. After infection, lung and spleen IDO activity was assessed by HPLC and IDO expression by qRT-PCR. The distribution of IDO was determined by immunohistochemical staining. Cytokine levels were measured in lung and spleen homogenates using cytokine bead array. Fungal burden was quantified by culture. Subcutaneous pellets containing methyltryptophane (1-MT) were employed to inhibit IDO in vivo. Histoplasma infection strongly induced functional lung IDO, with activity at its highest at weeks 1 and 2 and then decreased thereafter as the mice cleared the infection. Lung IDO activity positively correlated with the fungal burden (Rho = 0.845), interferon-γ (Rho = 0.839) and tumor necrosis factor-α (Rho = 0.791) levels, P < 0.001. In contrast, spleen IDO activity was not induced despite high infection burden and cytokine levels. IDO expressing cells were predominately located at the ring edge of Histoplasma-induced granulomas. IDO inhibition prior to infection reduced fungal burdens and inflammation in lungs and spleen. Histoplasma preferentially induces lung IDO, as early as one week after infection. IDO appears to modulate the immune response to Histoplasma infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadi A Hage
- Indiana University School of Medicine and Roudebush Veterans' Administration Medical Center, Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. @iupui.edu
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Barth H, Raghuraman S. Persistent infectious diseases say - IDO. Role of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase in disease pathogenesis and implications for therapy. Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 40:360-8. [PMID: 23174025 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.742037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme that catabolises tryptophan - an essential amino acid critical for T cell proliferation. Initially recognized as a first line of host defense against infectious pathogens, IDO has been subsequently identified as an important immune-regulator inhibiting T-cell responses and promoting immune tolerance. Research over the past few years has demonstrated a crucial role for IDO in the pathogenesis of persistent infections that place an enormous burden on public health. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about IDO's role in causing pathogen persistence and progression to clinical disease. We conclude with a perspective on the potential benefits and risks of therapeutic IDO manipulation.
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Fallarino F, Grohmann U, Puccetti P. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: from catalyst to signaling function. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1932-7. [PMID: 22865044 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Control of tryptophan metabolism by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in dendritic cells (DCs) is a highly versatile regulator of innate and adaptive immune responses. In acute reactions, the otherwise inflammatory cytokine interferon γ (IFN-γ) acts in a feedback fashion to induce IDO's enzymatic function--and thus prevent potentially harmful, exaggerated responses--through the combined effects of tryptophan starvation and tryptophan catabolites acting via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor of T cells. IDO, however, is also involved in the maintenance of stable tolerance to self in noninflammatory contexts, thus restraining autoimmunity. Exposure, indeed, of mouse plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) to transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) provides IDO with regulatory effects that are distinct, in nature, from its enzymic activity. Once phosphorylated, IDO mediates signaling events culminating in self-amplification and maintenance of a stably regulatory condition in pDCs. Therefore, IDO has dual immunoregulatory functions driven by distinct cytokines. Firstly, the IFN-γ-IDO axis is crucial in generating and sustaining the function of regulatory T cells. Secondly, a nonenzymic function of IDO--as a signaling molecule--contributes to TGF-β-driven tolerance. The latter function is part of a regulatory circuit in pDCs whereby--in response to TGF-β--the kinase Fyn mediates tyrosine phosphorylation of IDO-associated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs, resulting in downstream effects that regulate gene expression and preside over a proper, homeostatic balance between immunity and tolerance. All these aspects are covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fallarino
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Lewkowicz N, Klink M, Mycko MP, Lewkowicz P. Neutrophil--CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cell interactions: a possible new mechanism of infectious tolerance. Immunobiology 2012; 218:455-64. [PMID: 22749980 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(low) regulatory T (Treg) cells might induce immunosuppressive properties in apoptotic neutrophils. Treg cells are recognized as a major subset of immune cells possessing potent suppressive properties directed at T effector cells. However, Treg cells have recently been found to inhibit neutrophil function and promote their apoptosis. One of the mechanisms of action of Treg cells is the induction of other suppressor cell populations according to an infectious tolerance model. We showed that LPS-activated Treg cells promote generation of IL-10 and TGF-β1, inhibit IL-6 production by PMNs and induce the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 molecule (SOCS3). However, CD3/CD28-activated Treg cells were seen to promote TGF-β1 production, as well as IDO and HO-1 expression by PMNs. These findings suggest that Treg cells might play an important role in the direct control of innate immune responses through the induction of neutrophils with immunosuppressive properties that generate IL-10, TGF-β1, IDO and HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Lewkowicz
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Karioti A, Antoniadi G, Liakopoulos V, Dafopoulou K, Pournaras S, Koukoulis G, Stefanidis I. The Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase Inhibitor 1-methyl-tryptophan Suppresses Mitochondrial Function, Induces Aerobic Glycolysis and Decreases Interleukin-10 Production in Human Lymphocytes. Immunol Invest 2012; 41:507-20. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2012.682244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Yuasa HJ, Ball HJ. The evolution of three types of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenases in fungi with distinct molecular and biochemical characteristics. Gene 2012; 504:64-74. [PMID: 22564706 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan-degrading enzyme and known as a mammalian immunosuppressive molecule. In fungi, the primary role of IDO is to supply nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) via the kynurenine pathway. We previously reported that the koji-mold, Aspergillus oryzae has two IDO genes, IDOα and IDOβ. In the present study, we found that A. oryzae also has the third IDO, IDOγ. These three-types of IDOs are widely distributed among the Pezizomycotina fungi, although the black truffle, Tuber melanosporum has only one corresponding gene to IDOα/IDOβ. The yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a single IDO gene. Generally, Pezizomycotina IDOα showed similar enzymatic properties to the yeast IDO, suggesting that the IDOα is a functional homologue of the S. cerevisiae IDO. In contrast to IDOα, the K(m) value of IDOβ is higher. However, the reaction velocity of IDOβ is very fast, resulting in comparable or higher catalytic efficiency than IDOα. Thus IDOβ may functionally substitute for IDOα in fungal L-Trp metabolism. The enzymatic activity of IDOγ was comparatively very low with the values of enzymatic parameters comparable to vertebrate IDO2 enzymes. IDOα and IDOβ have similar gene structures, suggesting that they were generated by gene duplication which occurred rather early in Pezizomycotina evolution, although the timing of the duplication remains debatable. In contrast, the phylogenetic trees suggest that IDOγs form an evolutionarily distinct group of IDO enzymes, with a closer relationship to group I bacterial IDOs than other fungal IDOs. The ancestor of the IDOγ family is likely to have diverged from other eukaryotic IDOs at a very early stage of eukaryotic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime J Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, National University Corporation Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
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Schmid M, Lehmann MJ, Lucius R, Gupta N. Apicomplexan parasite, Eimeria falciformis, co-opts host tryptophan catabolism for life cycle progression in mouse. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:20197-207. [PMID: 22535959 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.351999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasites, e.g. Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium species, induce an IFNγ-driven induction of host indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the first and rate-limiting enzyme of tryptophan catabolism in the kynurenine pathway. Induction of IDO1 supposedly depletes cellular levels of tryptophan in host cells, which is proposed to inhibit the in vitro growth of auxotrophic pathogens. In vivo function of IDO during infections, however, is not clear, let alone controversial. We show that Eimeria falciformis, an apicomplexan parasite infecting the mouse caecum, induces IDO1 in the epithelial cells of the organ, and the enzyme expression coincides with the parasite development. The absence or inhibition of IDO1/2 and of two downstream enzymes in infected animals is detrimental to the Eimeria growth. The reduced parasite yield is not due to a lack of an immunosuppressive effect of IDO1 in the parasitized IDO1(-/-) or inhibitor-treated mice because they did not show an accentuated Th1 and IFNγ response. Noticeably, the parasite development is entirely rescued by xanthurenic acid, a by-product of tryptophan catabolism inducing exflagellation in male gametes of Plasmodium in the mosquito mid-gut. Our data demonstrate a conceptual subversion of the host defense (IFNγ, IDO) by an intracellular pathogen for progression of its natural life cycle. Besides, we show utility of E. falciformis, a monoxenous parasite of a well appreciated host, i.e. mouse, to identify in vivo factors underlying the parasite-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Schmid
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Loughman JA, Hunstad DA. Induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by uropathogenic bacteria attenuates innate responses to epithelial infection. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1830-9. [PMID: 22474038 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the chief cause of urinary tract infections. Although neutrophilic inflammation is a hallmark of disease, previous data indicate that UPEC promotes local dampening of host innate immune responses. Here, we show that UPEC attenuates innate responses to epithelial infection by inducing expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a host enzyme with previously defined roles in adaptive immune regulation. UPEC induced IDO expression in human uroepithelial cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in vitro and in bladder tissue during murine cystitis via a noncanonical, interferon-independent pathway. In the bladders of UPEC-infected IDO-deficient mice, we observed augmented expression of proinflammatory cytokines and local inflammation, correlated with reduced survival of extracellular bacteria. Pharmacologic inhibition of IDO also increased human PMN transepithelial migration. Stimulation of IDO expression therefore represents a pathogen strategy to create local immune privilege at epithelial surfaces, attenuating innate responses to promote colonization and the establishment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Loughman
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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Hoshi M, Matsumoto K, Ito H, Ohtaki H, Arioka Y, Osawa Y, Yamamoto Y, Matsunami H, Hara A, Seishima M, Saito K. L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway metabolites regulate type I IFNs of acute viral myocarditis in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3980-7. [PMID: 22422885 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The activity of IDO that catalyzes the degradation of tryptophan (Trp) into kynurenine (Kyn) increases after diseases caused by different infectious agents. Previously, we demonstrated that IDO has an important immunomodulatory function in immune-related diseases. However, the pathophysiological role of IDO following acute viral infection is not fully understood. To investigate the role of IDO in the l-Trp-Kyn pathway during acute viral myocarditis, mice were infected with encephalomyocarditis virus, which induces acute myocarditis. We used IDO-deficient (IDO(-/-)) mice and mice treated with 1-methyl-d,l-Trp (1-MT), an inhibitor of IDO, to study the importance of Trp-Kyn pathway metabolites. Postinfection with encephalomyocarditis virus infection, the serum levels of Kyn increased, whereas those of Trp decreased, and IDO activity increased in the spleen and heart. The survival rate of IDO(-/-) or 1-MT-treated mice was significantly greater than that of IDO(+/+) mice. Indeed, the viral load was suppressed in the IDO(-/-) or 1-MT-treated mice. Furthermore, the levels of type I IFNs in IDO(-/-) mice and IDO(-/-) bone marrow-transplanted IDO(+/+) mice were significantly higher than those in IDO(+/+) mice, and treatment of IDO(-/-) mice with Kyn metabolites eliminated the effects of IDO(-/-) on the improved survival rates. These results suggest that IDO has an important role in acute viral myocarditis. Specifically, IDO increases the accumulation of Kyn pathway metabolites, which suppress type I IFNs production and enhance viral replication. We concluded that inhibition of the Trp-Kyn pathway ameliorates acute viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hoshi
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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Effects of echinocandins on cytokine/chemokine production by human monocytes activated by infection with Candida glabrata or by lipopolysaccharide. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 72:226-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Serum indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity predicts prognosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:436-42. [PMID: 22219312 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05402-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major health problem, and there are few biomarkers for predicting prognosis. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a potent immunoregulatory molecule, catalyzes the rate-limiting step of tryptophan (Trp) degradation in the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway. An increase in IDO activity determined by the serum Trp/Kyn ratio has been shown to be associated with poor prognosis in cancers and bacteremia. In TB, however, there are no studies measuring serum IDO activity to determine its clinical significance. We evaluated serum IDO activity with 174 pulmonary TB (PTB) patients and 85 controls, using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. IDO activity was estimated by calculating the serum Kyn-to-Trp ratio. PTB patients had significantly higher Kyn concentrations and IDO activity and significantly lower Trp concentrations (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, and P < 0.0001, respectively) than the controls. Of 174 PTB patients, 39 (22.4%) died. The patients who died had significantly higher concentrations of Kyn and significantly lower Trp concentrations, resulting in significantly higher IDO activity (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, and P < 0.0001, respectively). In a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, serum IDO activity had the highest area under the curve (0.850), and this activity was an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis. These results suggest that serum IDO activity can be used as a novel prognostic marker in PTB.
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Interplay between the gastric bacterial microbiota and Candida albicans during postantibiotic recolonization and gastritis. Infect Immun 2011; 80:150-8. [PMID: 21986629 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05162-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The indigenous bacterial microbiome of the stomach, including lactobacilli, is vital in promoting colonization resistance against Candida albicans. However, there are gaps in our understanding about C. albicans gastric colonization versus disease, especially during the postantibiotic recovery phase. This study compared the gastric responses to C. albicans strains CHN1 and SC5314 in microbiome-disturbed and germfree mice to elucidate the contribution of the indigenous microbiota in C. albicans colonization versus disease and yeast-bacterium antagonism during the post-cefoperazone recolonization period. C. albicans can prevent the regrowth of Lactobacillus spp. in the stomach after cefoperazone and promote increased colonization by Enterococcus spp. Using a culture-independent analysis, the effects of oral cefoperazone on the gastric bacterial microbiota were observed to last at least 3 weeks after the cessation of the antibiotic. Disturbance of the gastric bacterial community by cefoperazone alone was not sufficient to cause gastritis, C. albicans colonization was also needed. Gastritis was not evident until after day 7 in cefoperazone-treated infected mice. In contrast, in germfree mice which lack a gastric microbiota, C. albicans induced gastric inflammation within 1 week of inoculation. Therefore, the gastric bacterial community in cefoperazone-treated mice during the first week of postantibiotic recolonization was sufficient to prevent the development of gastritis, despite being ineffective at conferring colonization resistance against C. albicans. Altogether, these data implicate a dichotomy between C. albicans colonization and gastric disease that is bacterial microbiome dependent.
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von Bubnoff D, Wilms H, Scheler M, Brenk M, Koch S, Bieber T. Human myeloid dendritic cells are refractory to tryptophan metabolites. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:791-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Suzuki Y, Suda T, Yokomura K, Suzuki M, Fujie M, Furuhashi K, Hahimoto D, Enomto N, Fujisawa T, Nakamura Y, Inui N, Nakano Y, Nakamura H, Chida K. Serum activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase predicts prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia. J Infect 2011; 63:215-22. [PMID: 21784100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of tryptophan (Trp) degradation in the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway. By depleting Trp, IDO plays a critical role in inducing immune suppression and tolerance. The aim of present study was to investigate serum IDO activity, determined by Kyn-to-Trp ratio (Kyn/Trp ratio), in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and to examine its clinical significance. METHODS This study subjects consisted of 129 consecutive patients with CAP and 64 healthy controls. The concentrations of Kyn and Trp were measured simultaneously by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The CAP patients had significantly higher Kyn concentrations and significant lower Trp concentrations than the controls (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Accordingly, IDO activity was significantly higher (2.4-fold) in the patients than in the controls (p < 0.0001). IDO activity correlated well with PSI (Pneumonia Severity Index) and CURB65 (p = 0.0005 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Moreover, the IDO activity and Kyn concentration were significantly higher in the nonsurvivors and were found to predict mortality in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS IDO activity was increased in CAP, and this activity was associated with the severity and outcome of this disease. These results suggest that IDO activity can predict prognosis of CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Suzuki
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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